[GUI] update icon to .ico format

* GUI: redesign library as a cover-art grid with game management

Replace the sidebar game list with a full-width grid of cover tiles.
Cover art is loaded automatically from each game's sce_sys/icon0.png
(pic0.png fallback) and decoded off the UI thread; games without art
get a deterministic gradient placeholder with the title's initials.

- New layout: search/scan toolbar, tile grid with hover and selection
  states, bottom launch bar with cover thumbnail, collapsible launch
  options and console panels (console auto-opens on launch)
- Right-click context menu on tiles: launch, open game folder, copy
  path/title ID, remove from library
- Removed games persist in an ExcludedGames settings list; re-adding
  a folder restores any removed games beneath it
- Search now also matches title IDs
- Fix: placeholder brushes were constructed on the scan thread, which
  throws in Avalonia and was silently swallowed, yielding empty scans

* GUI: show full install folder size instead of eboot.bin size

The library previously displayed the size of eboot.bin alone, which
wildly understates a game's real footprint. The install folder is now
totaled recursively in the existing background pass (after cover art,
which is cheaper and more visible), and each tile updates live once
its size is ready.

* GUI: selection backdrop, smaller tiles, controller navigation

Address review feedback on the library redesign:

- Selecting a game fades its key art (sce_sys/pic0.png, pic1.png
  fallback) in as the window backdrop, dimmed by a gradient scrim;
  decoded off the UI thread and cached per entry
- Cover tiles reduced from 156px to 128px
- The library can be driven with a DualSense: d-pad/left stick moves
  the selection (hold-to-repeat, row-aware), Cross launches, Circle
  stops; input is ignored while the launcher window is unfocused.
  Reuses the pad HID reader by compile-linking its dependency-free
  sources instead of referencing all of SharpEmu.Libs

.gitignore

@@ -37,3 +37,5 @@ packages/
 Thumbs.db
 Desktop.ini
 ehthumbs.db
+
+.vs/

Directory.Packages.props

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!--
+<!--
 Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
 SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 -->
@@ -7,10 +7,16 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
     <ManagePackageVersionsCentrally>true</ManagePackageVersionsCentrally>
   </PropertyGroup>
   <ItemGroup>
+    <PackageVersion Include="Avalonia" Version="11.3.18" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Avalonia.Desktop" Version="11.3.18" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Avalonia.Fonts.Inter" Version="11.3.18" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Avalonia.Themes.Fluent" Version="11.3.18" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Iced" Version="1.21.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Silk.NET.Vulkan" Version="2.23.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Silk.NET.Vulkan.Extensions.EXT" Version="2.23.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Silk.NET.Vulkan.Extensions.KHR" Version="2.23.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Silk.NET.Windowing" Version="2.23.0" />
+    <!-- Transitive of Avalonia.Desktop; pinned to fix GHSA-xrw6-gwf8-vvr9 -->
+    <PackageVersion Include="Tmds.DBus.Protocol" Version="0.21.3" />
   </ItemGroup>
 </Project>

SharpEmu.slnx

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
   <Folder Name="/src/">
     <Project Path="src/SharpEmu.CLI/SharpEmu.CLI.csproj" />
     <Project Path="src/SharpEmu.Core/SharpEmu.Core.csproj" />
+    <Project Path="src/SharpEmu.GUI/SharpEmu.GUI.csproj" />
     <Project Path="src/SharpEmu.HLE/SharpEmu.HLE.csproj" />
     <Project Path="src/SharpEmu.Libs/SharpEmu.Libs.csproj" />
     <Project Path="src/SharpEmu.Logging/SharpEmu.Logging.csproj" />

global.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "sdk": {
         "version": "10.0.103",
-        "rollForward": "disable"
+        "rollForward": "latestFeature"
     }
 }

src/SharpEmu.CLI/Program.cs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 using SharpEmu.Core.Runtime;
 using SharpEmu.Core.Cpu;
+using SharpEmu.GUI;
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
 using SharpEmu.Logging;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
@@ -24,12 +25,44 @@ internal static partial class Program
     private const ulong PROCESS_CREATION_MITIGATION_POLICY2_CET_USER_SHADOW_STACKS_ALWAYS_OFF = 0x00000002UL << 28;
     private const ulong PROCESS_CREATION_MITIGATION_POLICY2_USER_CET_SET_CONTEXT_IP_VALIDATION_ALWAYS_OFF = 0x00000002UL << 32;
     private const ulong PROCESS_CREATION_MITIGATION_POLICY2_XTENDED_CONTROL_FLOW_GUARD_ALWAYS_OFF = 0x00000002UL << 40;
+    private const int ATTACH_PARENT_PROCESS = -1;
+    private const int STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE = -11;
+    private const int STD_ERROR_HANDLE = -12;
+    private const uint GENERIC_READ = 0x80000000;
+    private const uint GENERIC_WRITE = 0x40000000;
+    private const uint FILE_SHARE_READ = 0x00000001;
+    private const uint FILE_SHARE_WRITE = 0x00000002;
+    private const uint OPEN_EXISTING = 3;
 
+    [STAThread]
     private static int Main(string[] args)
     {
+        try
+        {
+            return Run(args);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            SharpEmuLog.Shutdown();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static int Run(string[] args)
+    {
+        args = NormalizeInternalArguments(args, out var isMitigatedChild);
+        if (args.Length == 0 && !isMitigatedChild)
+        {
+            // No arguments: open the desktop frontend. Any argument selects
+            // the classic CLI behavior below.
+            return GuiLauncher.Run();
+        }
+
+        // The executable uses the GUI subsystem, so CLI mode has to connect
+        // itself to a console before the first write.
+        EnsureCliConsole();
+
         Console.Error.WriteLine($"[DEBUG] SharpEmu starting with {args.Length} args");
 
-        args = NormalizeInternalArguments(args, out var isMitigatedChild);
         if (!isMitigatedChild && TryRunMitigatedChild(args, out var childExitCode))
         {
             return childExitCode;
@@ -45,7 +78,7 @@ internal static partial class Program
 
         ebootPath = Path.GetFullPath(ebootPath);
         Console.Error.WriteLine($"[DEBUG] Full path: {ebootPath}");
-        
+
         if (!File.Exists(ebootPath))
         {
             Log.Error($"EBOOT file was not found: {ebootPath}");
@@ -101,6 +134,58 @@ internal static partial class Program
         return result == OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK ? 0 : 4;
     }
 
+    private static void EnsureCliConsole()
+    {
+        if (!OperatingSystem.IsWindows())
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Standard handles already provided (pipes or file redirection, e.g.
+        // when the GUI or a script launches us): use them as-is.
+        if (IsHandleValid(GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE)) && IsHandleValid(GetStdHandle(STD_ERROR_HANDLE)))
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Prefer the console of the parent process (interactive terminal);
+        // create one only when started with arguments but no terminal at all
+        // (e.g. a shortcut), so usage and errors remain visible.
+        if (!AttachConsole(ATTACH_PARENT_PROCESS) && GetConsoleWindow() == 0)
+        {
+            _ = AllocConsole();
+        }
+
+        RebindStdHandleToConsole(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
+        RebindStdHandleToConsole(STD_ERROR_HANDLE);
+    }
+
+    private static void RebindStdHandleToConsole(int stdHandle)
+    {
+        if (IsHandleValid(GetStdHandle(stdHandle)) || GetConsoleWindow() == 0)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        var conOut = CreateFileW(
+            "CONOUT$",
+            GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,
+            FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE,
+            0,
+            OPEN_EXISTING,
+            0,
+            0);
+        if (IsHandleValid(conOut))
+        {
+            _ = SetStdHandle(stdHandle, conOut);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static bool IsHandleValid(nint handle)
+    {
+        return handle != 0 && handle != -1;
+    }
+
     private static string[] NormalizeInternalArguments(string[] args, out bool isMitigatedChild)
     {
         isMitigatedChild = false;
@@ -670,4 +755,32 @@ internal static partial class Program
     [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
     [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
     private static extern bool CloseHandle(nint handle);
+
+    [DllImport("kernel32.dll")]
+    private static extern nint GetConsoleWindow();
+
+    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
+    [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
+    private static extern bool AttachConsole(int processId);
+
+    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
+    [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
+    private static extern bool AllocConsole();
+
+    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
+    private static extern nint GetStdHandle(int stdHandle);
+
+    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
+    [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
+    private static extern bool SetStdHandle(int stdHandle, nint handle);
+
+    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", EntryPoint = "CreateFileW", SetLastError = true, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
+    private static extern nint CreateFileW(
+        string fileName,
+        uint desiredAccess,
+        uint shareMode,
+        nint securityAttributes,
+        uint creationDisposition,
+        uint flagsAndAttributes,
+        nint templateFile);
 }

src/SharpEmu.CLI/SharpEmu.CLI.csproj

@@ -7,16 +7,19 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
   <ItemGroup>
     <ProjectReference Include="..\SharpEmu.Core\SharpEmu.Core.csproj" />
+    <ProjectReference Include="..\SharpEmu.GUI\SharpEmu.GUI.csproj" />
     <ProjectReference Include="..\SharpEmu.Logging\SharpEmu.Logging.csproj" />
   </ItemGroup>
 
   <PropertyGroup>
-    <OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
+    <!-- GUI subsystem so starting without arguments opens the frontend with no
+         console window; CLI mode re-attaches to the parent terminal's console. -->
+    <OutputType>WinExe</OutputType>
     <AssemblyName>SharpEmu</AssemblyName>
     <RuntimeIdentifiers>win-x64;linux-x64;osx-arm64</RuntimeIdentifiers>
     <SelfContained>true</SelfContained>
     <PublishSingleFile>true</PublishSingleFile>
-    <!-- <IncludeNativeLibrariesForSelfExtract>true</IncludeNativeLibrariesForSelfExtract> -->
+    <IncludeNativeLibrariesForSelfExtract>true</IncludeNativeLibrariesForSelfExtract>
     <EnableCompressionInSingleFile>true</EnableCompressionInSingleFile>
     <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
     <AllowUnsafeBlocks>true</AllowUnsafeBlocks>
@@ -35,6 +38,10 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
     <Win32Icon>..\..\assets\images\SharpEmu.ico</Win32Icon>
   </PropertyGroup>
 
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <NoWarn>$(NoWarn);1591</NoWarn>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  
   <ItemGroup>
     <Content Include="..\..\LICENSE.txt">
       <CopyToOutputDirectory>Always</CopyToOutputDirectory>
@@ -43,4 +50,17 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
     </Content>
   </ItemGroup>
 
+  <!-- Keep glfw as a loose file next to the executable; every other native
+       library is embedded into the single-file bundle. -->
+  <Target Name="KeepGlfwOutsideSingleFile" AfterTargets="ComputeResolvedFilesToPublishList">
+    <ItemGroup>
+      <_GlfwPublishFiles Include="@(ResolvedFileToPublish)"
+                         Condition="$([System.String]::Copy('%(ResolvedFileToPublish.Filename)').StartsWith('glfw'))" />
+      <ResolvedFileToPublish Remove="@(_GlfwPublishFiles)" />
+      <ResolvedFileToPublish Include="@(_GlfwPublishFiles)">
+        <ExcludeFromSingleFile>true</ExcludeFromSingleFile>
+      </ResolvedFileToPublish>
+    </ItemGroup>
+  </Target>
+
 </Project>

src/SharpEmu.CLI/packages.lock.json

@@ -4,9 +4,108 @@
     "net10.0": {
       "Microsoft.NET.ILLink.Tasks": {
         "type": "Direct",
-        "requested": "[10.0.3, )",
-        "resolved": "10.0.3",
-        "contentHash": "0B6nZyCHWXnvmlB559oduOspVdNOnpNXPjhpWVMovLPAsDVG7A4jJR9rzECf67JUzxP8/ee/wA8clwIzJcWNFA=="
+        "requested": "[10.0.9, )",
+        "resolved": "10.0.9",
+        "contentHash": "4Iw41e2h7I4t70SJcX2GCmbyKJIlA273Cfm9RJMM050/3VBejGAG1KcthP5Z2L6SQcbfbf6BhNWO26+ZG+GzMg=="
+      },
+      "Avalonia.Angle.Windows.Natives": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.1.25547.20250602",
+        "contentHash": "ZL0VLc4s9rvNNFt19Pxm5UNAkmKNylugAwJPX9ulXZ6JWs/l6XZihPWWTyezaoNOVyEPU8YbURtW7XMAtqXH5A=="
+      },
+      "Avalonia.BuildServices": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "11.3.2",
+        "contentHash": "qHDToxto1e3hci5YqbG9n0Ty8mlp3zBUN5wT66wKqaDVzXyQ0do3EnRILd4Ke9jpvsktaPpgE0YjEk7hornryQ=="
+      },
+      "Avalonia.FreeDesktop": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "11.3.18",
+        "contentHash": "aUwv8BNruRUOaUfMu4U3uibIUS60/rSHgGOhd8zBkLkpxY3JFJvgRbeq5ZzHIyKXCuKi18PO00YHAgCarp3wdw==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Avalonia": "11.3.18",
+          "Tmds.DBus.Protocol": "0.21.3"
+        }
+      },
+      "Avalonia.Native": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "11.3.18",
+        "contentHash": "8g53DROFW6wVJAnTsE1Iu5bdZO5r0oqxbdbMQODs1QDYCK2IU/y/x/vQVKCYOvqxl4tXkzU9tExv8XqSGPWthQ==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Avalonia": "11.3.18"
+        }
+      },
+      "Avalonia.Remote.Protocol": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "11.3.18",
+        "contentHash": "vw+6ZfgTuu72dA9aVWn6u56t2nrBd5MoMU0wo/qI9XJAl/c0oYYphIvwLvJP1JorubQY4UE3d0ac8ULBhrGBiA=="
+      },
+      "Avalonia.Skia": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "11.3.18",
+        "contentHash": "/B4aXmNRNjG8I5U/a1xJI+bIi0XO6DDzS3mBrIKlVnJRY2CyZiUeESRQXLnIU77Z9TvqkUROs+D47s085YjFtA==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Avalonia": "11.3.18",
+          "HarfBuzzSharp": "8.3.1.1",
+          "HarfBuzzSharp.NativeAssets.Linux": "8.3.1.1",
+          "HarfBuzzSharp.NativeAssets.WebAssembly": "8.3.1.1",
+          "SkiaSharp": "2.88.9",
+          "SkiaSharp.NativeAssets.Linux": "2.88.9",
+          "SkiaSharp.NativeAssets.WebAssembly": "2.88.9"
+        }
+      },
+      "Avalonia.Win32": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "11.3.18",
+        "contentHash": "eioUHkM2PeLPETd1aEks3rvb9plbba6buIrNdrqCpwE/qgHKUjvRNBd5mUQfAbGgTLiAes524gB8uUMDhrsJVQ==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Avalonia": "11.3.18",
+          "Avalonia.Angle.Windows.Natives": "2.1.25547.20250602"
+        }
+      },
+      "Avalonia.X11": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "11.3.18",
+        "contentHash": "m4Ki/G5Dovnq+6QzfS0iGbK8V77Q6oTjToMLOB0CxPCCrl3Oxywh6kIjuGJDPaN6kopMmjxlNShyQf+vPYL+JA==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Avalonia": "11.3.18",
+          "Avalonia.FreeDesktop": "11.3.18",
+          "Avalonia.Skia": "11.3.18"
+        }
+      },
+      "HarfBuzzSharp": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "8.3.1.1",
+        "contentHash": "tLZN66oe/uiRPTZfrCU4i8ScVGwqHNh5MHrXj0yVf4l7Mz0FhTGnQ71RGySROTmdognAs0JtluHkL41pIabWuQ==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "HarfBuzzSharp.NativeAssets.Win32": "8.3.1.1",
+          "HarfBuzzSharp.NativeAssets.macOS": "8.3.1.1"
+        }
+      },
+      "HarfBuzzSharp.NativeAssets.Linux": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "8.3.1.1",
+        "contentHash": "3EZ1mpIiKWRLL5hUYA82ZHteeDIVaEA/Z0rA/wU6tjx6crcAkJnBPwDXZugBSfo8+J3EznvRJf49uMsqYfKrHg=="
+      },
+      "HarfBuzzSharp.NativeAssets.macOS": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "8.3.1.1",
+        "contentHash": "jbtCsgftcaFLCA13tVKo5iWdElJScrulLTKJre36O4YQTIlwDtPPqhRZNk+Y0vv4D1gxbscasGRucUDfS44ofQ=="
+      },
+      "HarfBuzzSharp.NativeAssets.WebAssembly": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "8.3.1.1",
+        "contentHash": "loJweK2u/mH/3C2zBa0ggJlITIszOkK64HLAZB7FUT670dTg965whLFYHDQo69NmC4+d9UN0icLC9VHidXaVCA=="
+      },
+      "HarfBuzzSharp.NativeAssets.Win32": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "8.3.1.1",
+        "contentHash": "UsJtQsfAJoFDZrXc4hCUfRPMqccfKZ0iumJ/upcUjz/cmsTgVFGNEL5yaJWmkqsuFYdMWbj/En5/kS4PFl9hBA=="
+      },
+      "MicroCom.Runtime": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "0.11.0",
+        "contentHash": "MEnrZ3UIiH40hjzMDsxrTyi8dtqB5ziv3iBeeU4bXsL/7NLSal9F1lZKpK+tfBRnUoDSdtcW3KufE4yhATOMCA=="
       },
       "Microsoft.DotNet.PlatformAbstractions": {
         "type": "Transitive",
@@ -59,6 +158,38 @@
           "Silk.NET.Windowing.Common": "2.23.0"
         }
       },
+      "SkiaSharp": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.88.9",
+        "contentHash": "3MD5VHjXXieSHCleRLuaTXmL2pD0mB7CcOB1x2kA1I4bhptf4e3R27iM93264ZYuAq6mkUyX5XbcxnZvMJYc1Q==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "SkiaSharp.NativeAssets.Win32": "2.88.9",
+          "SkiaSharp.NativeAssets.macOS": "2.88.9"
+        }
+      },
+      "SkiaSharp.NativeAssets.Linux": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.88.9",
+        "contentHash": "cWSaJKVPWAaT/WIn9c8T5uT/l4ETwHxNJTkEOtNKjphNo8AW6TF9O32aRkxqw3l8GUdUo66Bu7EiqtFh/XG0Zg==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "SkiaSharp": "2.88.9"
+        }
+      },
+      "SkiaSharp.NativeAssets.macOS": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.88.9",
+        "contentHash": "Nv5spmKc4505Ep7oUoJ5vp3KweFpeNqxpyGDWyeEPTX2uR6S6syXIm3gj75dM0YJz7NPvcix48mR5laqs8dPuA=="
+      },
+      "SkiaSharp.NativeAssets.WebAssembly": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.88.9",
+        "contentHash": "kt06RccBHSnAs2wDYdBSfsjIDbY3EpsOVqnlDgKdgvyuRA8ZFDaHRdWNx1VHjGgYzmnFCGiTJBnXFl5BqGwGnA=="
+      },
+      "SkiaSharp.NativeAssets.Win32": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.88.9",
+        "contentHash": "wb2kYgU7iy84nQLYZwMeJXixvK++GoIuECjU4ECaUKNuflyRlJKyiRhN1MAHswvlvzuvkrjRWlK0Za6+kYQK7w=="
+      },
       "Ultz.Native.GLFW": {
         "type": "Transitive",
         "resolved": "3.4.0",
@@ -73,6 +204,16 @@
           "SharpEmu.Logging": "[1.0.0, )"
         }
       },
+      "sharpemu.gui": {
+        "type": "Project",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Avalonia": "[11.3.18, )",
+          "Avalonia.Desktop": "[11.3.18, )",
+          "Avalonia.Fonts.Inter": "[11.3.18, )",
+          "Avalonia.Themes.Fluent": "[11.3.18, )",
+          "Tmds.DBus.Protocol": "[0.21.3, )"
+        }
+      },
       "sharpemu.hle": {
         "type": "Project"
       },
@@ -89,6 +230,48 @@
       "sharpemu.logging": {
         "type": "Project"
       },
+      "Avalonia": {
+        "type": "CentralTransitive",
+        "requested": "[11.3.18, )",
+        "resolved": "11.3.18",
+        "contentHash": "2C4UxhWUObWGgYKWic1x5BMMWGJP6SElb91WeOxs+X/iR26rtkqpxFFwwo50FXS9AyYnHfk8QKXDEfe7oT/kZA==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Avalonia.BuildServices": "11.3.2",
+          "Avalonia.Remote.Protocol": "11.3.18",
+          "MicroCom.Runtime": "0.11.0"
+        }
+      },
+      "Avalonia.Desktop": {
+        "type": "CentralTransitive",
+        "requested": "[11.3.18, )",
+        "resolved": "11.3.18",
+        "contentHash": "bilMPa5vYiis6fbNovb6esKytBnOCEGojBa1XFegLCRHCP6g6PvZwS0XF/YOAGkENRlHG8dI7lohOpQ9bIkq1g==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Avalonia": "11.3.18",
+          "Avalonia.Native": "11.3.18",
+          "Avalonia.Skia": "11.3.18",
+          "Avalonia.Win32": "11.3.18",
+          "Avalonia.X11": "11.3.18"
+        }
+      },
+      "Avalonia.Fonts.Inter": {
+        "type": "CentralTransitive",
+        "requested": "[11.3.18, )",
+        "resolved": "11.3.18",
+        "contentHash": "27u6hB3Y2Ue586yjfeVakberY73VNQXtuKwe/P927XG1QPlhsfmOyifLHDDpSHG85Zl1x/Xv9IZ3+tk9FnjcZQ==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Avalonia": "11.3.18"
+        }
+      },
+      "Avalonia.Themes.Fluent": {
+        "type": "CentralTransitive",
+        "requested": "[11.3.18, )",
+        "resolved": "11.3.18",
+        "contentHash": "+Q/TJoynD0zNuu5w2gD+xcTl7GNKJFxlPYAndRLs/mTDrNbbsvv/271WyIysbMPsXSjCyBDp7RCZzQkpD6x5Bg==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Avalonia": "11.3.18"
+        }
+      },
       "Iced": {
         "type": "CentralTransitive",
         "requested": "[1.21.0, )",
@@ -133,9 +316,61 @@
           "Silk.NET.Windowing.Common": "2.23.0",
           "Silk.NET.Windowing.Glfw": "2.23.0"
         }
+      },
+      "Tmds.DBus.Protocol": {
+        "type": "CentralTransitive",
+        "requested": "[0.21.3, )",
+        "resolved": "0.21.3",
+        "contentHash": "hDwB8WsQoyALQKqIbwzS68UKdlnafDm4T/DkO/JrA/YIneP/rKv96SxYPVXeh3FP4i/SXfShrYftKLtciJAIlw=="
       }
     },
     "net10.0/linux-x64": {
+      "Avalonia.Angle.Windows.Natives": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.1.25547.20250602",
+        "contentHash": "ZL0VLc4s9rvNNFt19Pxm5UNAkmKNylugAwJPX9ulXZ6JWs/l6XZihPWWTyezaoNOVyEPU8YbURtW7XMAtqXH5A=="
+      },
+      "Avalonia.Native": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "11.3.18",
+        "contentHash": "8g53DROFW6wVJAnTsE1Iu5bdZO5r0oqxbdbMQODs1QDYCK2IU/y/x/vQVKCYOvqxl4tXkzU9tExv8XqSGPWthQ==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Avalonia": "11.3.18"
+        }
+      },
+      "HarfBuzzSharp.NativeAssets.Linux": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "8.3.1.1",
+        "contentHash": "3EZ1mpIiKWRLL5hUYA82ZHteeDIVaEA/Z0rA/wU6tjx6crcAkJnBPwDXZugBSfo8+J3EznvRJf49uMsqYfKrHg=="
+      },
+      "HarfBuzzSharp.NativeAssets.macOS": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "8.3.1.1",
+        "contentHash": "jbtCsgftcaFLCA13tVKo5iWdElJScrulLTKJre36O4YQTIlwDtPPqhRZNk+Y0vv4D1gxbscasGRucUDfS44ofQ=="
+      },
+      "HarfBuzzSharp.NativeAssets.Win32": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "8.3.1.1",
+        "contentHash": "UsJtQsfAJoFDZrXc4hCUfRPMqccfKZ0iumJ/upcUjz/cmsTgVFGNEL5yaJWmkqsuFYdMWbj/En5/kS4PFl9hBA=="
+      },
+      "SkiaSharp.NativeAssets.Linux": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.88.9",
+        "contentHash": "cWSaJKVPWAaT/WIn9c8T5uT/l4ETwHxNJTkEOtNKjphNo8AW6TF9O32aRkxqw3l8GUdUo66Bu7EiqtFh/XG0Zg==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "SkiaSharp": "2.88.9"
+        }
+      },
+      "SkiaSharp.NativeAssets.macOS": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.88.9",
+        "contentHash": "Nv5spmKc4505Ep7oUoJ5vp3KweFpeNqxpyGDWyeEPTX2uR6S6syXIm3gj75dM0YJz7NPvcix48mR5laqs8dPuA=="
+      },
+      "SkiaSharp.NativeAssets.Win32": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.88.9",
+        "contentHash": "wb2kYgU7iy84nQLYZwMeJXixvK++GoIuECjU4ECaUKNuflyRlJKyiRhN1MAHswvlvzuvkrjRWlK0Za6+kYQK7w=="
+      },
       "Ultz.Native.GLFW": {
         "type": "Transitive",
         "resolved": "3.4.0",
@@ -143,6 +378,52 @@
       }
     },
     "net10.0/osx-arm64": {
+      "Avalonia.Angle.Windows.Natives": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.1.25547.20250602",
+        "contentHash": "ZL0VLc4s9rvNNFt19Pxm5UNAkmKNylugAwJPX9ulXZ6JWs/l6XZihPWWTyezaoNOVyEPU8YbURtW7XMAtqXH5A=="
+      },
+      "Avalonia.Native": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "11.3.18",
+        "contentHash": "8g53DROFW6wVJAnTsE1Iu5bdZO5r0oqxbdbMQODs1QDYCK2IU/y/x/vQVKCYOvqxl4tXkzU9tExv8XqSGPWthQ==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Avalonia": "11.3.18"
+        }
+      },
+      "HarfBuzzSharp.NativeAssets.Linux": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "8.3.1.1",
+        "contentHash": "3EZ1mpIiKWRLL5hUYA82ZHteeDIVaEA/Z0rA/wU6tjx6crcAkJnBPwDXZugBSfo8+J3EznvRJf49uMsqYfKrHg=="
+      },
+      "HarfBuzzSharp.NativeAssets.macOS": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "8.3.1.1",
+        "contentHash": "jbtCsgftcaFLCA13tVKo5iWdElJScrulLTKJre36O4YQTIlwDtPPqhRZNk+Y0vv4D1gxbscasGRucUDfS44ofQ=="
+      },
+      "HarfBuzzSharp.NativeAssets.Win32": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "8.3.1.1",
+        "contentHash": "UsJtQsfAJoFDZrXc4hCUfRPMqccfKZ0iumJ/upcUjz/cmsTgVFGNEL5yaJWmkqsuFYdMWbj/En5/kS4PFl9hBA=="
+      },
+      "SkiaSharp.NativeAssets.Linux": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.88.9",
+        "contentHash": "cWSaJKVPWAaT/WIn9c8T5uT/l4ETwHxNJTkEOtNKjphNo8AW6TF9O32aRkxqw3l8GUdUo66Bu7EiqtFh/XG0Zg==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "SkiaSharp": "2.88.9"
+        }
+      },
+      "SkiaSharp.NativeAssets.macOS": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.88.9",
+        "contentHash": "Nv5spmKc4505Ep7oUoJ5vp3KweFpeNqxpyGDWyeEPTX2uR6S6syXIm3gj75dM0YJz7NPvcix48mR5laqs8dPuA=="
+      },
+      "SkiaSharp.NativeAssets.Win32": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.88.9",
+        "contentHash": "wb2kYgU7iy84nQLYZwMeJXixvK++GoIuECjU4ECaUKNuflyRlJKyiRhN1MAHswvlvzuvkrjRWlK0Za6+kYQK7w=="
+      },
       "Ultz.Native.GLFW": {
         "type": "Transitive",
         "resolved": "3.4.0",
@@ -150,6 +431,52 @@
       }
     },
     "net10.0/win-x64": {
+      "Avalonia.Angle.Windows.Natives": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.1.25547.20250602",
+        "contentHash": "ZL0VLc4s9rvNNFt19Pxm5UNAkmKNylugAwJPX9ulXZ6JWs/l6XZihPWWTyezaoNOVyEPU8YbURtW7XMAtqXH5A=="
+      },
+      "Avalonia.Native": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "11.3.18",
+        "contentHash": "8g53DROFW6wVJAnTsE1Iu5bdZO5r0oqxbdbMQODs1QDYCK2IU/y/x/vQVKCYOvqxl4tXkzU9tExv8XqSGPWthQ==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Avalonia": "11.3.18"
+        }
+      },
+      "HarfBuzzSharp.NativeAssets.Linux": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "8.3.1.1",
+        "contentHash": "3EZ1mpIiKWRLL5hUYA82ZHteeDIVaEA/Z0rA/wU6tjx6crcAkJnBPwDXZugBSfo8+J3EznvRJf49uMsqYfKrHg=="
+      },
+      "HarfBuzzSharp.NativeAssets.macOS": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "8.3.1.1",
+        "contentHash": "jbtCsgftcaFLCA13tVKo5iWdElJScrulLTKJre36O4YQTIlwDtPPqhRZNk+Y0vv4D1gxbscasGRucUDfS44ofQ=="
+      },
+      "HarfBuzzSharp.NativeAssets.Win32": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "8.3.1.1",
+        "contentHash": "UsJtQsfAJoFDZrXc4hCUfRPMqccfKZ0iumJ/upcUjz/cmsTgVFGNEL5yaJWmkqsuFYdMWbj/En5/kS4PFl9hBA=="
+      },
+      "SkiaSharp.NativeAssets.Linux": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.88.9",
+        "contentHash": "cWSaJKVPWAaT/WIn9c8T5uT/l4ETwHxNJTkEOtNKjphNo8AW6TF9O32aRkxqw3l8GUdUo66Bu7EiqtFh/XG0Zg==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "SkiaSharp": "2.88.9"
+        }
+      },
+      "SkiaSharp.NativeAssets.macOS": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.88.9",
+        "contentHash": "Nv5spmKc4505Ep7oUoJ5vp3KweFpeNqxpyGDWyeEPTX2uR6S6syXIm3gj75dM0YJz7NPvcix48mR5laqs8dPuA=="
+      },
+      "SkiaSharp.NativeAssets.Win32": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.88.9",
+        "contentHash": "wb2kYgU7iy84nQLYZwMeJXixvK++GoIuECjU4ECaUKNuflyRlJKyiRhN1MAHswvlvzuvkrjRWlK0Za6+kYQK7w=="
+      },
       "Ultz.Native.GLFW": {
         "type": "Transitive",
         "resolved": "3.4.0",
@@ -157,4 +484,4 @@
       }
     }
   }
-}
+}

src/SharpEmu.Core/Cpu/CpuDispatcher.cs

@@ -7,11 +7,14 @@ using SharpEmu.Core.Cpu.Native;
 using SharpEmu.Core.Loader;
 using SharpEmu.Core.Memory;
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
+using SharpEmu.Logging;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.Core.Cpu;
 
 public sealed class CpuDispatcher : ICpuDispatcher, IDisposable
 {
+    private static readonly SharpEmuLogger Log = SharpEmuLog.For("Dispatcher");
+
     private enum EntryFrameKind
     {
         ProcessEntry,
@@ -80,8 +83,8 @@ public sealed class CpuDispatcher : ICpuDispatcher, IDisposable
         string processImageName = "eboot.bin",
         CpuExecutionOptions executionOptions = default)
     {
-        Console.Error.WriteLine("[DISPATCHER] === DispatchEntry START ===");
-        Console.Error.WriteLine($"[DISPATCHER] entryPoint=0x{entryPoint:X16}, generation={generation}");
+        Log.Debug("=== DispatchEntry START ===");
+        Log.Debug($"entryPoint=0x{entryPoint:X16}, generation={generation}");
 
         try
         {
@@ -89,8 +92,7 @@ public sealed class CpuDispatcher : ICpuDispatcher, IDisposable
         }
         catch (Exception ex)
         {
-            Console.Error.WriteLine($"[DISPATCHER] FATAL EXCEPTION in DispatchEntry: {ex.GetType().Name}: {ex.Message}");
-            Console.Error.WriteLine($"[DISPATCHER] Stack trace: {ex.StackTrace}");
+            Log.Critical($"FATAL EXCEPTION in DispatchEntry: {ex.GetType().Name}: {ex.Message}", ex);
             throw;
         }
     }
@@ -103,8 +105,8 @@ public sealed class CpuDispatcher : ICpuDispatcher, IDisposable
         string moduleName = "module",
         CpuExecutionOptions executionOptions = default)
     {
-        Console.Error.WriteLine("[DISPATCHER] === DispatchModuleInitializer START ===");
-        Console.Error.WriteLine($"[DISPATCHER] moduleInit=0x{entryPoint:X16}, generation={generation}, module={moduleName}");
+        Log.Debug("=== DispatchModuleInitializer START ===");
+        Log.Debug($"moduleInit=0x{entryPoint:X16}, generation={generation}, module={moduleName}");
 
         try
         {
@@ -119,8 +121,7 @@ public sealed class CpuDispatcher : ICpuDispatcher, IDisposable
         }
         catch (Exception ex)
         {
-            Console.Error.WriteLine($"[DISPATCHER] FATAL EXCEPTION in DispatchModuleInitializer: {ex.GetType().Name}: {ex.Message}");
-            Console.Error.WriteLine($"[DISPATCHER] Stack trace: {ex.StackTrace}");
+            Log.Critical($"FATAL EXCEPTION in DispatchModuleInitializer: {ex.GetType().Name}: {ex.Message}", ex);
             throw;
         }
     }
@@ -134,7 +135,7 @@ public sealed class CpuDispatcher : ICpuDispatcher, IDisposable
         CpuExecutionOptions executionOptions = default,
         EntryFrameKind frameKind = EntryFrameKind.ProcessEntry)
     {
-        Console.Error.WriteLine("[DISPATCHER] DispatchEntryCore STARTING...");
+        Log.Debug("DispatchEntryCore STARTING...");
 
         LastEntryPoint = entryPoint;
         LastTrapInfo = null;
@@ -306,7 +307,7 @@ public sealed class CpuDispatcher : ICpuDispatcher, IDisposable
             LastMilestoneLog,
             Environment.NewLine,
             $"CpuEngine native-only failed: {backendError}");
-        Console.Error.WriteLine($"[DISPATCHER] Native backend FAILED: {backendError}");
+        Log.Error($"Native backend FAILED: {backendError}");
         return FailEarly(
             OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED,
             CpuExitReason.NativeBackendUnavailable);
@@ -415,8 +416,8 @@ public sealed class CpuDispatcher : ICpuDispatcher, IDisposable
 
         const ulong entryParamsSize = 0x20;
         var entryParamsAddress = AlignDown(argv0Address - entryParamsSize, 16);
-        if (!TryWriteUInt32(context, entryParamsAddress + 0x00, 1) ||
-            !TryWriteUInt32(context, entryParamsAddress + 0x04, 0) ||
+        if (!context.TryWriteUInt32(entryParamsAddress + 0x00, 1) ||
+            !context.TryWriteUInt32(entryParamsAddress + 0x04, 0) ||
             !context.TryWriteUInt64(entryParamsAddress + 0x08, argv0Address) ||
             !context.TryWriteUInt64(entryParamsAddress + 0x10, 0) ||
             !context.TryWriteUInt64(entryParamsAddress + 0x18, 0))
@@ -456,13 +457,6 @@ public sealed class CpuDispatcher : ICpuDispatcher, IDisposable
         return value & ~(alignment - 1);
     }
 
-    private static bool TryWriteUInt32(CpuContext context, ulong address, uint value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(buffer, value);
-        return context.Memory.TryWrite(address, buffer);
-    }
-
     private static string BuildEntryFrameDiagnostic(
         ulong entryPoint,
         CpuContext context,

src/SharpEmu.Core/Cpu/Native/DirectExecutionBackend.Imports.cs

@@ -358,12 +358,21 @@ public sealed partial class DirectExecutionBackend
 					}
 					orbisGen2Result = (OrbisGen2Result)returnValue;
 				}
-				else
-				{
-					dispatchResolved = false;
-					orbisGen2Result = OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-					cpuContext[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)(int)orbisGen2Result);
-				}
+                else if (importStubEntry.Export is { } mismatchedExport)
+                {
+                    dispatchResolved = true;
+                    orbisGen2Result = OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
+                    cpuContext[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)(int)orbisGen2Result);
+                    Console.Error.WriteLine(
+                        $"[LOADER][WARN] Import#{num} not implemented for generation {cpuContext.TargetGeneration}: " +
+                        $"nid={importStubEntry.Nid} targets={mismatchedExport.Target} ret=0x{num7:X16}");
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    dispatchResolved = false;
+                    orbisGen2Result = OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
+                    cpuContext[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)(int)orbisGen2Result);
+                }
 			}
 			finally
 			{
@@ -633,25 +642,56 @@ public sealed partial class DirectExecutionBackend
 			"ASoW5WE-UPo" or // sceKernelAprSubmitCommandBufferAndGetResult
 			"rqwFKI4PAiM" or // sceKernelAprWaitCommandBuffer
 			"eE4Szl8sil8" or // sceKernelAprSubmitCommandBuffer
-			"qvMUCyyaCSI";   // sceKernelAprSubmitCommandBufferAndGetId
+			"qvMUCyyaCSI" or // sceKernelAprSubmitCommandBufferAndGetId
+			"Q2V+iqvjgC0" or // vsnprintf
+			"q1cHNfGycLI" or // scePadRead
+			"xk0AcarP3V4" or // scePadOpen
+			"yH17Q6NWtVg" or // sceUserServiceGetEvent
+			"D-CzAxQL0XI" or // sceUserServiceGetPlatformPrivacySetting
+			"K-jXhbt2gn4";   // scePthreadMutexTrylock
 
 	private bool ShouldLogImportResult(string nid, OrbisGen2Result result)
 	{
+		var resultValue = unchecked((int)result);
+		if (resultValue > 0)
+		{
+			return false;
+		}
+
 		var expectedFileProbeMiss =
 			result == OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND &&
 			IsExpectedFileProbeNotFoundNid(nid);
 		var expectedTimedWaitTimeout =
 			string.Equals(nid, "27bAgiJmOh0", StringComparison.Ordinal) &&
 			unchecked((int)result) == 60;
+		var expectedEqueueTimeout =
+			string.Equals(nid, "fzyMKs9kim0", StringComparison.Ordinal) &&
+			result == OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_TIMED_OUT;
 		var expectedMutexTrylockBusy =
 			string.Equals(nid, "K-jXhbt2gn4", StringComparison.Ordinal) &&
 			result == OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_BUSY;
-		if (!expectedFileProbeMiss && !expectedTimedWaitTimeout && !expectedMutexTrylockBusy)
+		var expectedUserServiceNoEvent =
+			string.Equals(nid, "yH17Q6NWtVg", StringComparison.Ordinal) &&
+			resultValue == unchecked((int)0x80960007);
+		var expectedPrivacyInvalidParameter =
+			string.Equals(nid, "D-CzAxQL0XI", StringComparison.Ordinal) &&
+			resultValue == unchecked((int)0x80960009);
+		if (!expectedFileProbeMiss &&
+			!expectedTimedWaitTimeout &&
+			!expectedEqueueTimeout &&
+			!expectedMutexTrylockBusy &&
+			!expectedUserServiceNoEvent &&
+			!expectedPrivacyInvalidParameter)
 		{
 			return true;
 		}
 
-		var key = nid + "\0" + (int)result;
+		if (!ShouldLogExpectedImportResults())
+		{
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		var key = nid + "\0" + resultValue;
 		int count;
 		lock (_importResultLogSampleGate)
 		{
@@ -663,6 +703,12 @@ public sealed partial class DirectExecutionBackend
 		return count <= 8 || count % 10000 == 0;
 	}
 
+	private static bool ShouldLogExpectedImportResults() =>
+		string.Equals(
+			Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_EXPECTED_IMPORT_RESULTS"),
+			"1",
+			StringComparison.Ordinal);
+
 	private static bool IsExpectedFileProbeNotFoundNid(string nid) =>
 		nid is
 			"eV9wAD2riIA" or // sceKernelStat

src/SharpEmu.Core/Cpu/Native/DirectExecutionBackend.cs

@@ -1679,10 +1679,14 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 			ptr2[num++] = 65;
 			ptr2[num++] = 95;
 			ptr2[num++] = 195;
-			uint num2 = default(uint);
-			VirtualProtect(ptr, 192u, 32u, &num2);
-			FlushInstructionCache(GetCurrentProcess(), ptr, 192u);
-			return (nint)ptr;
+		uint num2 = default(uint);
+		if (!VirtualProtect(ptr, 192u, 32u, &num2))
+		{
+			Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][ERROR] VirtualProtect failed for import dispatch stub at 0x{(nint)ptr:X16}");
+			return 0;
+		}
+		FlushInstructionCache(GetCurrentProcess(), ptr, 192u);
+		return (nint)ptr;
 		}
 		catch
 		{
@@ -1763,7 +1767,11 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 		tlsHandlerAddress[num++] = 195;
 		_tlsPatchStubOffset = (num + 15) & ~15;
 		uint num2 = default(uint);
-		VirtualProtect((void*)_tlsHandlerAddress, TlsHandlerRegionSize, 32u, &num2);
+		if (!VirtualProtect((void*)_tlsHandlerAddress, TlsHandlerRegionSize, 32u, &num2))
+		{
+			Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][ERROR] VirtualProtect failed for TLS handler at 0x{_tlsHandlerAddress:X16}");
+			return;
+		}
 		FlushInstructionCache(GetCurrentProcess(), (void*)_tlsHandlerAddress, TlsHandlerRegionSize);
 		Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][INFO] TLS handler at 0x{_tlsHandlerAddress:X16}");
 	}
@@ -1784,7 +1792,11 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 			ptr2[i] = 144;
 		}
 		uint num = default(uint);
-		VirtualProtect(ptr, 4096u, 32u, &num);
+		if (!VirtualProtect(ptr, 4096u, 32u, &num))
+		{
+			Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][ERROR] VirtualProtect failed for unresolved return stub at 0x{(nint)ptr:X16}");
+			return 0;
+		}
 		FlushInstructionCache(GetCurrentProcess(), ptr, 16u);
 		return (nint)ptr;
 	}
@@ -1831,7 +1843,11 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 		EmitByte(code, ref offset, 0xC3);
 
 		uint oldProtect = default;
-		VirtualProtect(ptr, stubSize, 32u, &oldProtect);
+		if (!VirtualProtect(ptr, stubSize, 32u, &oldProtect))
+		{
+			Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][ERROR] VirtualProtect failed for guest return stub at 0x{(nint)ptr:X16}");
+			return 0;
+		}
 		FlushInstructionCache(GetCurrentProcess(), ptr, (nuint)offset);
 		return (nint)ptr;
 	}
@@ -1923,7 +1939,11 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 		*(int*)(code + guestRestoreJump) = restoreOffset - (guestRestoreJump + sizeof(int));
 
 		uint oldProtect = default;
-		VirtualProtect(ptr, stubSize, 32u, &oldProtect);
+		if (!VirtualProtect(ptr, stubSize, 32u, &oldProtect))
+		{
+			Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][ERROR] VirtualProtect failed for exception handler trampoline at 0x{(nint)ptr:X16}");
+			return 0;
+		}
 		FlushInstructionCache(GetCurrentProcess(), ptr, (nuint)offset);
 		return (nint)ptr;
 	}
@@ -2254,7 +2274,11 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 			ptr[num2++] = 144;
 		}
 		uint flNewProtect = default(uint);
-		VirtualProtect((void*)num, 32u, 32u, &flNewProtect);
+		if (!VirtualProtect((void*)num, 32u, 32u, &flNewProtect))
+		{
+			Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][ERROR] VirtualProtect failed for TLS store helper at 0x{num:X16}");
+			return 0;
+		}
 		FlushInstructionCache(GetCurrentProcess(), (void*)num, 32u);
 		return num;
 	}
@@ -3591,7 +3615,11 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 				return GuestNativeCallExitReason.Exception;
 			}
 			uint oldProtect = default(uint);
-			VirtualProtect(ptr, stubSize, 64u, &oldProtect);
+			if (!VirtualProtect(ptr, stubSize, 64u, &oldProtect))
+			{
+				reason = $"VirtualProtect failed for guest thread entry stub at 0x{(nint)ptr:X16}";
+				return GuestNativeCallExitReason.Exception;
+			}
 			FlushInstructionCache(GetCurrentProcess(), ptr, stubSize);
 			TlsSetValue(_hostRspSlotTlsIndex, (nint)hostRspSlot);
 			ActiveGuestThreadYieldRequested = false;
@@ -3728,7 +3756,11 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 				return GuestNativeCallExitReason.Exception;
 			}
 			uint oldProtect = default(uint);
-			VirtualProtect(ptr, stubSize, 64u, &oldProtect);
+			if (!VirtualProtect(ptr, stubSize, 64u, &oldProtect))
+			{
+				reason = $"VirtualProtect failed for guest continuation stub at 0x{(nint)ptr:X16}";
+				return GuestNativeCallExitReason.Exception;
+			}
 			FlushInstructionCache(GetCurrentProcess(), ptr, stubSize);
 			TlsSetValue(_hostRspSlotTlsIndex, (nint)hostRspSlot);
 			ActiveGuestThreadYieldRequested = false;
@@ -3988,7 +4020,12 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 				return false;
 			}
 			uint num5 = default(uint);
-			VirtualProtect(ptr, stubSize, 64u, &num5);
+			if (!VirtualProtect(ptr, stubSize, 64u, &num5))
+			{
+				LastError = $"VirtualProtect failed for guest entry stub at 0x{(nint)ptr:X16}";
+				result = OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
+				return false;
+			}
 			FlushInstructionCache(GetCurrentProcess(), ptr, stubSize);
 			if (_hostRspSlotStorage != 0)
 			{

src/SharpEmu.Core/Memory/PhysicalVirtualMemory.cs

@@ -4,14 +4,19 @@
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using SharpEmu.Core.Loader;
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
+using SharpEmu.Logging;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.Core.Memory;
 
 public sealed unsafe class PhysicalVirtualMemory : IVirtualMemory, IGuestMemoryAllocator, IDisposable
 {
+    private static readonly SharpEmuLogger Log = SharpEmuLog.For("VMEM");
+
     private readonly ReaderWriterLockSlim _gate = new(LockRecursionPolicy.SupportsRecursion);
     private readonly object _guestAllocationGate = new();
+    private readonly object _allocationSearchHintGate = new();
     private readonly List<MemoryRegion> _regions = new();
+    private readonly Dictionary<(ulong DesiredAddress, ulong Alignment, bool Executable), ulong> _allocationSearchHints = new();
     private readonly Dictionary<ulong, ProgramHeaderFlags> _pageProtections = new();
     private bool _disposed;
     private const ulong PageSize = 0x1000;
@@ -19,7 +24,8 @@ public sealed unsafe class PhysicalVirtualMemory : IVirtualMemory, IGuestMemoryA
     private const ulong GuestAllocationArenaSize = 0x0100_0000;
     private const ulong GuestAllocationArenaStartOffset = PageSize;
     private const ulong LargeDataReserveThreshold = 0x4000_0000UL; // 1 GiB
-    private const ulong LazyReservePrimeBytes = 0x5000_0000UL; // 1.25 GiB
+    private const ulong FullCommitRegionLimit = 4UL << 30;
+    private const ulong DefaultLazyReservePrimeBytes = 0x0400_0000UL; // 64 MiB
     private const ulong LazyReservePrimeChunkBytes = 0x0200_0000UL; // 32 MiB
 
     private const uint MEM_COMMIT = 0x1000;
@@ -35,6 +41,7 @@ public sealed unsafe class PhysicalVirtualMemory : IVirtualMemory, IGuestMemoryA
 
     private ulong _guestAllocationArenaBase;
     private ulong _guestAllocationOffset;
+    private static readonly ulong LazyReservePrimeBytes = ResolveLazyReservePrimeBytes();
 
     [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
     private static extern void* VirtualAlloc(void* lpAddress, nuint dwSize, uint flAllocationType, uint flProtect);
@@ -51,7 +58,11 @@ public sealed unsafe class PhysicalVirtualMemory : IVirtualMemory, IGuestMemoryA
     private static extern nuint VirtualQuery(void* lpAddress, out MemoryBasicInformation64 lpBuffer, nuint dwLength);
 
     [DllImport("kernel32.dll")]
-    private static extern void FlushInstructionCache(void* hProcess, void* lpBaseAddress, nuint dwSize);
+    private static extern void* GetCurrentProcess();
+
+    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
+    [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
+    private static extern bool FlushInstructionCache(void* hProcess, void* lpBaseAddress, nuint dwSize);
 
     public bool TryAllocateAtExact(ulong desiredAddress, ulong size, bool executable, out ulong actualAddress)
     {
@@ -96,7 +107,7 @@ public sealed unsafe class PhysicalVirtualMemory : IVirtualMemory, IGuestMemoryA
         }
 
         var allocationKind = executable ? "executable memory" : "data memory";
-        Console.Error.WriteLine($"[VMEM] Allocated exact {allocationKind}: 0x{actualAddress:X16} - 0x{actualAddress + alignedSize:X16} ({alignedSize} bytes)");
+        TraceVmem($"Allocated exact {allocationKind}: 0x{actualAddress:X16} - 0x{actualAddress + alignedSize:X16} ({alignedSize} bytes)");
         return true;
     }
 
@@ -110,7 +121,9 @@ public sealed unsafe class PhysicalVirtualMemory : IVirtualMemory, IGuestMemoryA
         var protection = executable ? PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE : PAGE_READWRITE;
         var allocationType = MEM_COMMIT | MEM_RESERVE;
         var reservedOnly = false;
-        var preferReserveOnly = !executable && alignedSize >= LargeDataReserveThreshold;
+        var preferReserveOnly = !executable &&
+            alignedSize >= LargeDataReserveThreshold &&
+            alignedSize > FullCommitRegionLimit;
 
         void* result = null;
         if (preferReserveOnly)
@@ -139,7 +152,7 @@ public sealed unsafe class PhysicalVirtualMemory : IVirtualMemory, IGuestMemoryA
                 throw new InvalidOperationException($"Failed to allocate exact mapping at 0x{desiredAddress:X16} ({alignedSize} bytes)");
             }
 
-            Console.Error.WriteLine($"[VMEM] Could not allocate at 0x{desiredAddress:X16}, trying any address...");
+            TraceVmem($"Could not allocate at 0x{desiredAddress:X16}, trying any address...");
             result = VirtualAlloc(null, (nuint)alignedSize, allocationType, protection);
 
             if (result == null)
@@ -193,12 +206,12 @@ public sealed unsafe class PhysicalVirtualMemory : IVirtualMemory, IGuestMemoryA
                     lazyPrimeState = committedBytes == primeBytes
                         ? $"ok:{committedBytes:X}"
                         : $"partial:{committedBytes:X}/{primeBytes:X}";
-                    Console.Error.WriteLine($"[VMEM] Primed lazy region: 0x{actualAddress:X16} - 0x{actualAddress + committedBytes:X16} ({committedBytes} bytes)");
+                    TraceVmem($"Primed lazy region: 0x{actualAddress:X16} - 0x{actualAddress + committedBytes:X16} ({committedBytes} bytes)");
                 }
                 else
                 {
                     lazyPrimeState = $"fail:{primeBytes:X}";
-                    Console.Error.WriteLine($"[VMEM] Failed to prime lazy region at 0x{actualAddress:X16} ({primeBytes} bytes), continuing with on-demand commit");
+                    TraceVmem($"Failed to prime lazy region at 0x{actualAddress:X16} ({primeBytes} bytes), continuing with on-demand commit");
                 }
             }
             else
@@ -227,7 +240,7 @@ public sealed unsafe class PhysicalVirtualMemory : IVirtualMemory, IGuestMemoryA
         var allocationKind = reservedOnly
             ? "reserved data memory (lazy commit)"
             : (executable ? "executable memory" : "data memory");
-        Console.Error.WriteLine($"[VMEM] Allocated {allocationKind}: 0x{actualAddress:X16} - 0x{actualAddress + alignedSize:X16} ({alignedSize} bytes) lazy_prime={lazyPrimeState}");
+        TraceVmem($"Allocated {allocationKind}: 0x{actualAddress:X16} - 0x{actualAddress + alignedSize:X16} ({alignedSize} bytes) lazy_prime={lazyPrimeState}");
 
         return actualAddress;
     }
@@ -247,7 +260,8 @@ public sealed unsafe class PhysicalVirtualMemory : IVirtualMemory, IGuestMemoryA
 
         var alignedSize = AlignUp(size, PageSize);
         var effectiveAlignment = Math.Max(PageSize, alignment == 0 ? PageSize : alignment);
-        var cursor = AlignUp(desiredAddress, effectiveAlignment);
+        var requestedCursor = AlignUp(desiredAddress, effectiveAlignment);
+        var cursor = GetAllocationSearchCursor(desiredAddress, requestedCursor, effectiveAlignment, executable);
 
         for (var attempt = 0; attempt < 0x10000; attempt++)
         {
@@ -267,6 +281,7 @@ public sealed unsafe class PhysicalVirtualMemory : IVirtualMemory, IGuestMemoryA
                 actualAddress = AllocateAt(cursor, alignedSize, executable, allowAlternative: false);
                 if (actualAddress == cursor)
                 {
+                    UpdateAllocationSearchCursor(desiredAddress, effectiveAlignment, executable, actualAddress + alignedSize);
                     return true;
                 }
 
@@ -334,6 +349,10 @@ public sealed unsafe class PhysicalVirtualMemory : IVirtualMemory, IGuestMemoryA
                 }
                 _regions.Clear();
                 _pageProtections.Clear();
+                lock (_allocationSearchHintGate)
+                {
+                    _allocationSearchHints.Clear();
+                }
             }
             finally
             {
@@ -390,7 +409,7 @@ public sealed unsafe class PhysicalVirtualMemory : IVirtualMemory, IGuestMemoryA
 
             ApplySegmentProtection(mapStart, mapEnd, protection);
 
-            Console.Error.WriteLine($"[VMEM] Mapped segment: 0x{virtualAddress:X16} - 0x{virtualAddress + memorySize:X16} (file: {fileData.Length} bytes, prot: {protection})");
+            TraceVmem($"Mapped segment: 0x{virtualAddress:X16} - 0x{virtualAddress + memorySize:X16} (file: {fileData.Length} bytes, prot: {protection})");
         }
         finally
         {
@@ -439,7 +458,7 @@ public sealed unsafe class PhysicalVirtualMemory : IVirtualMemory, IGuestMemoryA
 
         if ((flags & ProgramHeaderFlags.Execute) != 0)
         {
-            FlushInstructionCache(null, (void*)address, (nuint)size);
+            FlushInstructionCache(GetCurrentProcess(), (void*)address, (nuint)size);
         }
     }
 
@@ -687,7 +706,7 @@ public sealed unsafe class PhysicalVirtualMemory : IVirtualMemory, IGuestMemoryA
                 VirtualProtect(destPtr, (nuint)source.Length, oldProtect, out _);
                 if (IsExecutableProtection(oldProtect))
                 {
-                    FlushInstructionCache(null, destPtr, (nuint)source.Length);
+                    FlushInstructionCache(GetCurrentProcess(), destPtr, (nuint)source.Length);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -793,6 +812,16 @@ public sealed unsafe class PhysicalVirtualMemory : IVirtualMemory, IGuestMemoryA
             foreach (var region in _regions)
             {
                 var regionEnd = region.VirtualAddress + region.Size;
+                if (region.VirtualAddress >= end)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                if (regionEnd <= address)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
                 if (address < regionEnd && region.VirtualAddress < end)
                 {
                     overlapEnd = Math.Max(overlapEnd, regionEnd);
@@ -807,6 +836,37 @@ public sealed unsafe class PhysicalVirtualMemory : IVirtualMemory, IGuestMemoryA
         return overlapEnd != 0;
     }
 
+    private ulong GetAllocationSearchCursor(
+        ulong desiredAddress,
+        ulong requestedCursor,
+        ulong alignment,
+        bool executable)
+    {
+        lock (_allocationSearchHintGate)
+        {
+            var key = (desiredAddress, alignment, executable);
+            if (_allocationSearchHints.TryGetValue(key, out var hintedCursor) &&
+                hintedCursor > requestedCursor)
+            {
+                return AlignUp(hintedCursor, alignment);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return requestedCursor;
+    }
+
+    private void UpdateAllocationSearchCursor(
+        ulong desiredAddress,
+        ulong alignment,
+        bool executable,
+        ulong nextCursor)
+    {
+        lock (_allocationSearchHintGate)
+        {
+            _allocationSearchHints[(desiredAddress, alignment, executable)] = AlignUp(nextCursor, alignment);
+        }
+    }
+
     private static bool TryResolveRegionOffset(ulong address, ulong size, MemoryRegion region, out ulong offset)
     {
         offset = 0;
@@ -975,6 +1035,29 @@ public sealed unsafe class PhysicalVirtualMemory : IVirtualMemory, IGuestMemoryA
         return checked((value + mask) & ~mask);
     }
 
+    private static ulong ResolveLazyReservePrimeBytes()
+    {
+        var configured = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LAZY_RESERVE_PRIME_MB");
+        if (ulong.TryParse(configured, out var megabytes))
+        {
+            return megabytes == 0
+                ? 0
+                : checked(Math.Min(megabytes, 4096UL) * 1024UL * 1024UL);
+        }
+
+        return DefaultLazyReservePrimeBytes;
+    }
+
+    private static void TraceVmem(string message)
+    {
+        if (!string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_VMEM"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal))
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Log.Debug(message);
+    }
+
     public void Dispose()
     {
         if (!_disposed)

src/SharpEmu.Core/Runtime/SharpEmuRuntime.cs

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ using SharpEmu.Libs.VideoOut;
 using SharpEmu.Libs.Kernel;
 using SharpEmu.Libs.AppContent;
 using SharpEmu.Libs.SaveData;
+using SharpEmu.Logging;
 using System.Buffers.Binary;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Linq;
@@ -20,6 +21,8 @@ namespace SharpEmu.Core.Runtime;
 
 public sealed class SharpEmuRuntime : ISharpEmuRuntime
 {
+    private static readonly SharpEmuLogger Log = SharpEmuLog.For("Runtime");
+
     private readonly record struct LoadedModuleImage(string Path, SelfImage Image);
 
     private static readonly HashSet<string> PreloadSkipModules = new(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
@@ -128,7 +131,7 @@ public sealed class SharpEmuRuntime : ISharpEmuRuntime
     {
         var normalizedEbootPath = Path.GetFullPath(ebootPath);
         using var app0Binding = BindApp0Root(normalizedEbootPath);
-        Console.Error.WriteLine($"[RUNTIME] Loading: {ebootPath}");
+        Log.Info($"Loading: {ebootPath}");
         LastExecutionDiagnostics = null;
         LastExecutionTrace = null;
         LastSessionSummary = null;
@@ -140,7 +143,7 @@ public sealed class SharpEmuRuntime : ISharpEmuRuntime
         SaveDataExports.ConfigureApplicationInfo(image.TitleId);
         RegisterLoadedModule(normalizedEbootPath, image, isMain: true, isSystemModule: false);
         KernelRuntimeCompatExports.ConfigureProcessProcParamAddress(image.ProcParamAddress);
-        Console.Error.WriteLine($"[RUNTIME] Entry: 0x{image.EntryPoint:X16}");
+        Log.Info($"Entry: 0x{image.EntryPoint:X16}");
         var generation = image.ElfHeader.AbiVersion == 2 ? Generation.Gen5 : Generation.Gen4;
         var activeImportStubs = new Dictionary<ulong, string>(image.ImportStubs);
         var activeRuntimeSymbols = new Dictionary<string, ulong>(image.RuntimeSymbols, StringComparer.Ordinal);
@@ -163,7 +166,7 @@ public sealed class SharpEmuRuntime : ISharpEmuRuntime
             processImageName);
         if (initializerResult is { } failedInitializerResult)
         {
-            Console.Error.WriteLine($"[RUNTIME] Initializer dispatch failed: {failedInitializerResult}");
+            Log.Error($"Initializer dispatch failed: {failedInitializerResult}");
             LastExecutionTrace = _cpuDispatcher.LastImportResolutionTrace;
             LastMilestoneLog = _cpuDispatcher.LastMilestoneLog;
             LastSessionSummary = BuildSessionSummary(_cpuDispatcher.LastSessionSummary);
@@ -171,8 +174,8 @@ public sealed class SharpEmuRuntime : ISharpEmuRuntime
             return failedInitializerResult;
         }
 
-        Console.Error.WriteLine($"[RUNTIME] Dispatching, gen: {generation}");
-        Console.Error.WriteLine($"[RUNTIME] About to call DispatchEntry with entryPoint=0x{image.EntryPoint:X16}");
+        Log.Info($"Dispatching, gen: {generation}");
+        Log.Debug($"About to call DispatchEntry with entryPoint=0x{image.EntryPoint:X16}");
 
         var result = _cpuDispatcher.DispatchEntry(
             image.EntryPoint,
@@ -182,8 +185,8 @@ public sealed class SharpEmuRuntime : ISharpEmuRuntime
             processImageName,
             _cpuExecutionOptions);
 
-        Console.Error.WriteLine($"[RUNTIME] DispatchEntry returned: {result}");
-        Console.Error.WriteLine($"[RUNTIME] Dispatch result: {result}");
+        Log.Info($"DispatchEntry returned: {result}");
+        Log.Info($"Dispatch result: {result}");
         LastExecutionTrace = _cpuDispatcher.LastImportResolutionTrace;
         LastMilestoneLog = _cpuDispatcher.LastMilestoneLog;
         LastSessionSummary = BuildSessionSummary(_cpuDispatcher.LastSessionSummary);
@@ -434,8 +437,8 @@ public sealed class SharpEmuRuntime : ISharpEmuRuntime
                 moduleName = $"module#{i}";
             }
 
-            Console.Error.WriteLine(
-                $"[RUNTIME] Starting module {moduleName}: dt_init=0x{initEntryPoint:X16}");
+            Log.Info(
+                $"Starting module {moduleName}: dt_init=0x{initEntryPoint:X16}");
 
             var result = _cpuDispatcher.DispatchModuleInitializer(
                 initEntryPoint,
@@ -446,8 +449,8 @@ public sealed class SharpEmuRuntime : ISharpEmuRuntime
                 _cpuExecutionOptions);
             if (result != OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK)
             {
-                Console.Error.WriteLine(
-                    $"[RUNTIME] Module start failed: {moduleName} -> {result}");
+                Log.Error(
+                    $"Module start failed: {moduleName} -> {result}");
                 return result;
             }
         }
@@ -468,8 +471,8 @@ public sealed class SharpEmuRuntime : ISharpEmuRuntime
             return null;
         }
 
-        Console.Error.WriteLine(
-            $"[RUNTIME] Running initializers for {label}: preinit={image.PreInitializerFunctions.Count}, init={image.InitializerFunctions.Count}");
+        Log.Info(
+            $"Running initializers for {label}: preinit={image.PreInitializerFunctions.Count}, init={image.InitializerFunctions.Count}");
 
         var result = RunInitializerList(
             $"{label}:preinit",
@@ -508,8 +511,8 @@ public sealed class SharpEmuRuntime : ISharpEmuRuntime
                 continue;
             }
 
-            Console.Error.WriteLine(
-                $"[RUNTIME]   Initializer {label}[{i}] -> 0x{initializerAddress:X16}");
+            Log.Debug(
+                $"  Initializer {label}[{i}] -> 0x{initializerAddress:X16}");
 
             var result = _cpuDispatcher.DispatchEntry(
                 initializerAddress,
@@ -577,7 +580,7 @@ public sealed class SharpEmuRuntime : ISharpEmuRuntime
             .ToArray();
         if (skippedModules.Length > 0)
         {
-            Console.Error.WriteLine($"[RUNTIME] Skipping {skippedModules.Length} core module(s): {string.Join(", ", skippedModules)}");
+            Log.Info($"Skipping {skippedModules.Length} core module(s): {string.Join(", ", skippedModules)}");
         }
 
         if (modulePaths.Length == 0)
@@ -585,8 +588,8 @@ public sealed class SharpEmuRuntime : ISharpEmuRuntime
             return loadedImages;
         }
 
-        Console.Error.WriteLine($"[RUNTIME] Module search directories: {string.Join(", ", moduleDirectories)}");
-        Console.Error.WriteLine($"[RUNTIME] Loading {modulePaths.Length} module(s)...");
+        Log.Debug($"Module search directories: {string.Join(", ", moduleDirectories)}");
+        Log.Info($"Loading {modulePaths.Length} module(s)...");
         var loadedModules = 0;
         var failedModules = 0;
         var mergedImportCount = 0;
@@ -621,18 +624,18 @@ public sealed class SharpEmuRuntime : ISharpEmuRuntime
                 loadedImages.Add(new LoadedModuleImage(modulePath, moduleImage));
                 loadedModules++;
 
-                Console.Error.WriteLine(
-                    $"[RUNTIME] Loaded module {Path.GetFileName(modulePath)}: entry=0x{moduleImage.EntryPoint:X16}, imports={moduleImage.ImportStubs.Count}, symbols={moduleImage.RuntimeSymbols.Count}");
+                Log.Info(
+                    $"Loaded module {Path.GetFileName(modulePath)}: entry=0x{moduleImage.EntryPoint:X16}, imports={moduleImage.ImportStubs.Count}, symbols={moduleImage.RuntimeSymbols.Count}");
             }
             catch (Exception ex)
             {
                 failedModules++;
-                Console.Error.WriteLine($"[RUNTIME] Module load failed: {modulePath} ({ex.GetType().Name}: {ex.Message})");
+                Log.Error($"Module load failed: {modulePath} ({ex.GetType().Name}: {ex.Message})", ex);
             }
         }
 
-        Console.Error.WriteLine(
-            $"[RUNTIME] Module preload summary: loaded={loadedModules}, failed={failedModules}, merged_imports={mergedImportCount}, merged_symbols={mergedSymbolCount}");
+        Log.Info(
+            $"Module preload summary: loaded={loadedModules}, failed={failedModules}, merged_imports={mergedImportCount}, merged_symbols={mergedSymbolCount}");
         return loadedImages;
     }
 
@@ -652,8 +655,8 @@ public sealed class SharpEmuRuntime : ISharpEmuRuntime
 
         if (rebound != 0 || unresolved != 0)
         {
-            Console.Error.WriteLine(
-                $"[RUNTIME] Imported data rebind: rebound={rebound}, unresolved={unresolved}");
+            Log.Info(
+                $"Imported data rebind: rebound={rebound}, unresolved={unresolved}");
         }
     }
 
@@ -685,8 +688,8 @@ public sealed class SharpEmuRuntime : ISharpEmuRuntime
             {
                 if (logRebind)
                 {
-                    Console.Error.WriteLine(
-                        $"[RUNTIME] Imported data unresolved: nid={relocation.Nid} target=0x{relocation.TargetAddress:X16} addend=0x{unchecked((ulong)relocation.Addend):X16}");
+                    Log.Warning(
+                        $"Imported data unresolved: nid={relocation.Nid} target=0x{relocation.TargetAddress:X16} addend=0x{unchecked((ulong)relocation.Addend):X16}");
                 }
 
                 unresolved++;
@@ -698,8 +701,8 @@ public sealed class SharpEmuRuntime : ISharpEmuRuntime
             {
                 if (logRebind)
                 {
-                    Console.Error.WriteLine(
-                        $"[RUNTIME] Imported data write-failed: nid={relocation.Nid} target=0x{relocation.TargetAddress:X16} value=0x{reboundValue:X16}");
+                    Log.Error(
+                        $"Imported data write-failed: nid={relocation.Nid} target=0x{relocation.TargetAddress:X16} value=0x{reboundValue:X16}");
                 }
 
                 unresolved++;
@@ -708,8 +711,8 @@ public sealed class SharpEmuRuntime : ISharpEmuRuntime
 
             if (logRebind)
             {
-                Console.Error.WriteLine(
-                    $"[RUNTIME] Imported data rebound: nid={relocation.Nid} target=0x{relocation.TargetAddress:X16} value=0x{reboundValue:X16}");
+                Log.Debug(
+                    $"Imported data rebound: nid={relocation.Nid} target=0x{relocation.TargetAddress:X16} value=0x{reboundValue:X16}");
             }
 
             rebound++;
@@ -745,8 +748,8 @@ public sealed class SharpEmuRuntime : ISharpEmuRuntime
             {
                 if (!string.Equals(existingNid, nid, StringComparison.Ordinal))
                 {
-                    Console.Error.WriteLine(
-                        $"[RUNTIME] Import stub conflict at 0x{address:X16}: keep={existingNid}, skip={nid} ({Path.GetFileName(modulePath)})");
+                    Log.Warning(
+                        $"Import stub conflict at 0x{address:X16}: keep={existingNid}, skip={nid} ({Path.GetFileName(modulePath)})");
                 }
 
                 continue;
@@ -855,8 +858,8 @@ public sealed class SharpEmuRuntime : ISharpEmuRuntime
             image.EntryPoint,
             isMain,
             isSystemModule);
-        Console.Error.WriteLine(
-            $"[RUNTIME] Registered module handle={handle} name={Path.GetFileName(modulePath)} base=0x{baseAddress:X16} size=0x{size:X16}");
+        Log.Info(
+            $"Registered module handle={handle} name={Path.GetFileName(modulePath)} base=0x{baseAddress:X16} size=0x{size:X16}");
     }
 
     private static bool TryComputeImageRange(SelfImage image, out ulong baseAddress, out ulong size)

src/SharpEmu.Core/SharpEmu.Core.csproj

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!--
+<!--
 Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
 SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 -->
@@ -14,6 +14,10 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
     <PackageReference Include="Iced" />
   </ItemGroup>
 
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <NoWarn>$(NoWarn);1591</NoWarn>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
   <PropertyGroup>
     <AllowUnsafeBlocks>true</AllowUnsafeBlocks>
   </PropertyGroup>

src/SharpEmu.GUI/App.axaml

@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+<!--
+Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+-->
+
+<Application xmlns="https://github.com/avaloniaui"
+             xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
+             x:Class="SharpEmu.GUI.App"
+             RequestedThemeVariant="Dark">
+
+  <Application.Resources>
+    <Color x:Key="SystemAccentColor">#7C5CFC</Color>
+
+    <LinearGradientBrush x:Key="BgBrush" StartPoint="0%,0%" EndPoint="100%,100%">
+      <GradientStop Offset="0" Color="#12151F" />
+      <GradientStop Offset="0.55" Color="#0D1017" />
+      <GradientStop Offset="1" Color="#0B0D14" />
+    </LinearGradientBrush>
+
+    <SolidColorBrush x:Key="ChromeBrush" Color="#090C12" />
+    <SolidColorBrush x:Key="CardBrush" Color="#141924" />
+    <SolidColorBrush x:Key="CardBorderBrush" Color="#232B3A" />
+    <SolidColorBrush x:Key="ElevatedBrush" Color="#1B2230" />
+    <SolidColorBrush x:Key="TextBrush" Color="#E8ECF4" />
+    <SolidColorBrush x:Key="MutedBrush" Color="#8B94A7" />
+    <SolidColorBrush x:Key="FaintBrush" Color="#5A6478" />
+    <SolidColorBrush x:Key="AccentBrush" Color="#7C5CFC" />
+    <SolidColorBrush x:Key="AccentHoverBrush" Color="#8F73FF" />
+    <SolidColorBrush x:Key="DangerBrush" Color="#E5484D" />
+    <SolidColorBrush x:Key="DangerHoverBrush" Color="#F2555A" />
+    <SolidColorBrush x:Key="SuccessBrush" Color="#46C46B" />
+    <SolidColorBrush x:Key="TileHoverBrush" Color="#1A2130" />
+    <SolidColorBrush x:Key="TileSelectedBrush" Color="#212A3F" />
+  </Application.Resources>
+
+  <Application.Styles>
+    <FluentTheme />
+
+    <Style Selector="Window">
+      <Setter Property="FontFamily" Value="Inter, Segoe UI, sans-serif" />
+      <Setter Property="Foreground" Value="{StaticResource TextBrush}" />
+    </Style>
+
+    <Style Selector="Border.card">
+      <Setter Property="Background" Value="{StaticResource CardBrush}" />
+      <Setter Property="BorderBrush" Value="{StaticResource CardBorderBrush}" />
+      <Setter Property="BorderThickness" Value="1" />
+      <Setter Property="CornerRadius" Value="12" />
+      <Setter Property="Padding" Value="16" />
+    </Style>
+
+    <Style Selector="Border.pill">
+      <Setter Property="Background" Value="{StaticResource ElevatedBrush}" />
+      <Setter Property="CornerRadius" Value="999" />
+      <Setter Property="Padding" Value="10,3" />
+    </Style>
+
+    <Style Selector="TextBlock.sectionTitle">
+      <Setter Property="FontSize" Value="11" />
+      <Setter Property="FontWeight" Value="SemiBold" />
+      <Setter Property="LetterSpacing" Value="1.5" />
+      <Setter Property="Foreground" Value="{StaticResource MutedBrush}" />
+    </Style>
+
+    <Style Selector="TextBlock.fieldLabel">
+      <Setter Property="FontSize" Value="12" />
+      <Setter Property="Foreground" Value="{StaticResource MutedBrush}" />
+      <Setter Property="Margin" Value="0,0,0,6" />
+    </Style>
+
+    <Style Selector="TextBox">
+      <Setter Property="CornerRadius" Value="8" />
+    </Style>
+
+    <Style Selector="Button.accent">
+      <Setter Property="Background" Value="{StaticResource AccentBrush}" />
+      <Setter Property="Foreground" Value="White" />
+      <Setter Property="FontWeight" Value="SemiBold" />
+      <Setter Property="Padding" Value="22,10" />
+      <Setter Property="CornerRadius" Value="8" />
+    </Style>
+    <Style Selector="Button.accent:pointerover /template/ ContentPresenter#PART_ContentPresenter">
+      <Setter Property="Background" Value="{StaticResource AccentHoverBrush}" />
+      <Setter Property="Foreground" Value="White" />
+    </Style>
+
+    <Style Selector="Button.danger">
+      <Setter Property="Background" Value="{StaticResource DangerBrush}" />
+      <Setter Property="Foreground" Value="White" />
+      <Setter Property="FontWeight" Value="SemiBold" />
+      <Setter Property="Padding" Value="22,10" />
+      <Setter Property="CornerRadius" Value="8" />
+    </Style>
+    <Style Selector="Button.danger:pointerover /template/ ContentPresenter#PART_ContentPresenter">
+      <Setter Property="Background" Value="{StaticResource DangerHoverBrush}" />
+      <Setter Property="Foreground" Value="White" />
+    </Style>
+
+    <Style Selector="Button.ghost">
+      <Setter Property="Background" Value="Transparent" />
+      <Setter Property="BorderBrush" Value="{StaticResource CardBorderBrush}" />
+      <Setter Property="BorderThickness" Value="1" />
+      <Setter Property="Foreground" Value="{StaticResource TextBrush}" />
+      <Setter Property="Padding" Value="12,7" />
+      <Setter Property="CornerRadius" Value="8" />
+    </Style>
+    <Style Selector="Button.ghost:pointerover /template/ ContentPresenter#PART_ContentPresenter">
+      <Setter Property="Background" Value="{StaticResource ElevatedBrush}" />
+      <Setter Property="Foreground" Value="{StaticResource TextBrush}" />
+    </Style>
+
+    <Style Selector="ToggleButton.ghost">
+      <Setter Property="Background" Value="Transparent" />
+      <Setter Property="BorderBrush" Value="{StaticResource CardBorderBrush}" />
+      <Setter Property="BorderThickness" Value="1" />
+      <Setter Property="Foreground" Value="{StaticResource TextBrush}" />
+      <Setter Property="Padding" Value="12,7" />
+      <Setter Property="CornerRadius" Value="8" />
+    </Style>
+    <Style Selector="ToggleButton.ghost:pointerover /template/ ContentPresenter#PART_ContentPresenter">
+      <Setter Property="Background" Value="{StaticResource ElevatedBrush}" />
+      <Setter Property="Foreground" Value="{StaticResource TextBrush}" />
+    </Style>
+    <Style Selector="ToggleButton.ghost:checked /template/ ContentPresenter#PART_ContentPresenter">
+      <Setter Property="Background" Value="{StaticResource ElevatedBrush}" />
+      <Setter Property="BorderBrush" Value="{StaticResource AccentBrush}" />
+      <Setter Property="Foreground" Value="{StaticResource TextBrush}" />
+    </Style>
+
+    <Style Selector="ContextMenu">
+      <Setter Property="Background" Value="{StaticResource CardBrush}" />
+      <Setter Property="BorderBrush" Value="{StaticResource CardBorderBrush}" />
+      <Setter Property="BorderThickness" Value="1" />
+      <Setter Property="CornerRadius" Value="10" />
+      <Setter Property="Padding" Value="6" />
+    </Style>
+    <Style Selector="ContextMenu MenuItem">
+      <Setter Property="Padding" Value="10,7" />
+      <Setter Property="CornerRadius" Value="7" />
+    </Style>
+    <Style Selector="ContextMenu Separator">
+      <Setter Property="Background" Value="{StaticResource CardBorderBrush}" />
+      <Setter Property="Height" Value="1" />
+      <Setter Property="Margin" Value="8,4" />
+    </Style>
+
+    <Style Selector="ListBox.console">
+      <Setter Property="Background" Value="#0B0E14" />
+      <Setter Property="FontFamily" Value="Cascadia Mono, Consolas, Courier New, monospace" />
+      <Setter Property="FontSize" Value="12" />
+    </Style>
+    <Style Selector="ListBox.console ListBoxItem">
+      <Setter Property="Padding" Value="10,1" />
+      <Setter Property="MinHeight" Value="0" />
+    </Style>
+
+    <!-- Cover-art library grid -->
+    <Style Selector="ListBox.tileGrid ListBoxItem">
+      <Setter Property="Padding" Value="10" />
+      <Setter Property="Margin" Value="5" />
+      <Setter Property="CornerRadius" Value="14" />
+      <Setter Property="Background" Value="Transparent" />
+      <Setter Property="BorderThickness" Value="1" />
+      <Setter Property="BorderBrush" Value="Transparent" />
+      <Setter Property="RenderTransform" Value="translateY(0px)" />
+      <Setter Property="Transitions">
+        <Transitions>
+          <TransformOperationsTransition Property="RenderTransform" Duration="0:0:0.12" />
+        </Transitions>
+      </Setter>
+    </Style>
+    <Style Selector="ListBox.tileGrid ListBoxItem:pointerover">
+      <Setter Property="RenderTransform" Value="translateY(-3px)" />
+    </Style>
+    <Style Selector="ListBox.tileGrid ListBoxItem:pointerover /template/ ContentPresenter#PART_ContentPresenter">
+      <Setter Property="Background" Value="{StaticResource TileHoverBrush}" />
+    </Style>
+    <Style Selector="ListBox.tileGrid ListBoxItem:selected /template/ ContentPresenter#PART_ContentPresenter">
+      <Setter Property="Background" Value="{StaticResource TileSelectedBrush}" />
+      <Setter Property="BorderBrush" Value="{StaticResource AccentBrush}" />
+    </Style>
+    <Style Selector="ListBox.tileGrid ListBoxItem:selected:pointerover /template/ ContentPresenter#PART_ContentPresenter">
+      <Setter Property="Background" Value="{StaticResource TileSelectedBrush}" />
+      <Setter Property="BorderBrush" Value="{StaticResource AccentHoverBrush}" />
+    </Style>
+
+    <Style Selector="Border.coverShadow">
+      <Setter Property="CornerRadius" Value="10" />
+      <Setter Property="BoxShadow" Value="0 6 14 0 #55000000" />
+    </Style>
+    <Style Selector="Border.coverClip">
+      <Setter Property="CornerRadius" Value="10" />
+      <Setter Property="ClipToBounds" Value="True" />
+      <Setter Property="Background" Value="{StaticResource ElevatedBrush}" />
+    </Style>
+  </Application.Styles>
+
+</Application>

src/SharpEmu.GUI/App.axaml.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using Avalonia;
+using Avalonia.Controls.ApplicationLifetimes;
+using Avalonia.Markup.Xaml;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.GUI;
+
+public partial class App : Application
+{
+    public override void Initialize()
+    {
+        AvaloniaXamlLoader.Load(this);
+    }
+
+    public override void OnFrameworkInitializationCompleted()
+    {
+        if (ApplicationLifetime is IClassicDesktopStyleApplicationLifetime desktop)
+        {
+            desktop.MainWindow = new MainWindow();
+        }
+
+        base.OnFrameworkInitializationCompleted();
+    }
+}

src/SharpEmu.GUI/EmulatorProcess.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,645 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using System.ComponentModel;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Text;
+using Microsoft.Win32.SafeHandles;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.GUI;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Launches the SharpEmu CLI as a child process with the same CET/CFG mitigation
+/// opt-outs the CLI would apply to its own relaunched child, while capturing
+/// stdout/stderr through pipes. The CLI's internal relaunch is suppressed via
+/// SHARPEMU_DISABLE_MITIGATION_RELAUNCH so output is not lost to a detached
+/// console. A kill-on-close job object ties the emulator's lifetime to the GUI.
+/// </summary>
+internal sealed class EmulatorProcess : IDisposable
+{
+    private const uint EXTENDED_STARTUPINFO_PRESENT = 0x00080000;
+    private const uint CREATE_NO_WINDOW = 0x08000000;
+    private const int STARTF_USESTDHANDLES = 0x00000100;
+    private const uint HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT = 0x00000001;
+    private const uint INFINITE = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+    private const int PROC_THREAD_ATTRIBUTE_MITIGATION_POLICY = 0x00020007;
+    private const uint JOB_OBJECT_LIMIT_KILL_ON_JOB_CLOSE = 0x00002000;
+    private const int JobObjectExtendedLimitInformation = 9;
+    private const ulong PROCESS_CREATION_MITIGATION_POLICY_CONTROL_FLOW_GUARD_ALWAYS_OFF = 0x00000002UL << 40;
+    private const ulong PROCESS_CREATION_MITIGATION_POLICY2_CET_USER_SHADOW_STACKS_ALWAYS_OFF = 0x00000002UL << 28;
+    private const ulong PROCESS_CREATION_MITIGATION_POLICY2_USER_CET_SET_CONTEXT_IP_VALIDATION_ALWAYS_OFF = 0x00000002UL << 32;
+    private const ulong PROCESS_CREATION_MITIGATION_POLICY2_XTENDED_CONTROL_FLOW_GUARD_ALWAYS_OFF = 0x00000002UL << 40;
+
+    private readonly object _sync = new();
+    private nint _processHandle;
+    private nint _jobHandle;
+    private Process? _fallbackProcess;
+    private bool _running;
+    private bool _disposed;
+
+    public event Action<string, bool>? OutputReceived;
+
+    public event Action<int>? Exited;
+
+    public bool IsRunning
+    {
+        get
+        {
+            lock (_sync)
+            {
+                return _running;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void Start(string exePath, IReadOnlyList<string> arguments, string? workingDirectory)
+    {
+        lock (_sync)
+        {
+            ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(_disposed, this);
+            if (_running)
+            {
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("The emulator process is already running.");
+            }
+
+            if (OperatingSystem.IsWindows())
+            {
+                StartWindows(exePath, arguments, workingDirectory);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                StartFallback(exePath, arguments, workingDirectory);
+            }
+
+            _running = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void Stop()
+    {
+        lock (_sync)
+        {
+            if (!_running)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (_processHandle != 0)
+            {
+                _ = TerminateProcess(_processHandle, 1);
+            }
+
+            try
+            {
+                _fallbackProcess?.Kill(entireProcessTree: true);
+            }
+            catch (InvalidOperationException)
+            {
+                // Already exited.
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void Dispose()
+    {
+        lock (_sync)
+        {
+            if (_disposed)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            _disposed = true;
+        }
+
+        Stop();
+    }
+
+    private void StartWindows(string exePath, IReadOnlyList<string> arguments, string? workingDirectory)
+    {
+        // The CLI would otherwise relaunch itself into a mitigated child whose
+        // console output cannot flow through our pipes.
+        Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_DISABLE_MITIGATION_RELAUNCH", "1");
+
+        var securityAttributes = new SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES
+        {
+            nLength = Marshal.SizeOf<SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES>(),
+            bInheritHandle = 1,
+        };
+
+        if (!CreatePipe(out var stdoutRead, out var stdoutWrite, ref securityAttributes, 0) ||
+            !CreatePipe(out var stderrRead, out var stderrWrite, ref securityAttributes, 0))
+        {
+            throw new Win32Exception(Marshal.GetLastWin32Error(), "Failed to create output pipes.");
+        }
+
+        _ = SetHandleInformation(stdoutRead, HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT, 0);
+        _ = SetHandleInformation(stderrRead, HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT, 0);
+
+        var startupInfoEx = new STARTUPINFOEX();
+        startupInfoEx.StartupInfo.cb = Marshal.SizeOf<STARTUPINFOEX>();
+        startupInfoEx.StartupInfo.dwFlags = STARTF_USESTDHANDLES;
+        startupInfoEx.StartupInfo.hStdOutput = stdoutWrite;
+        startupInfoEx.StartupInfo.hStdError = stderrWrite;
+
+        nint attributeList = 0;
+        nint mitigationPolicies = 0;
+        try
+        {
+            nuint attributeListSize = 0;
+            _ = InitializeProcThreadAttributeList(0, 1, 0, ref attributeListSize);
+            attributeList = Marshal.AllocHGlobal((nint)attributeListSize);
+            if (!InitializeProcThreadAttributeList(attributeList, 1, 0, ref attributeListSize))
+            {
+                throw new Win32Exception(Marshal.GetLastWin32Error(), "Failed to initialize the process attribute list.");
+            }
+
+            startupInfoEx.lpAttributeList = attributeList;
+
+            var policy1 = PROCESS_CREATION_MITIGATION_POLICY_CONTROL_FLOW_GUARD_ALWAYS_OFF;
+            var policy2 =
+                PROCESS_CREATION_MITIGATION_POLICY2_CET_USER_SHADOW_STACKS_ALWAYS_OFF |
+                PROCESS_CREATION_MITIGATION_POLICY2_USER_CET_SET_CONTEXT_IP_VALIDATION_ALWAYS_OFF |
+                PROCESS_CREATION_MITIGATION_POLICY2_XTENDED_CONTROL_FLOW_GUARD_ALWAYS_OFF;
+
+            mitigationPolicies = Marshal.AllocHGlobal(sizeof(ulong) * 2);
+            Marshal.WriteInt64(mitigationPolicies, unchecked((long)policy1));
+            Marshal.WriteInt64(nint.Add(mitigationPolicies, sizeof(long)), unchecked((long)policy2));
+
+            if (!UpdateProcThreadAttribute(
+                attributeList,
+                0,
+                PROC_THREAD_ATTRIBUTE_MITIGATION_POLICY,
+                mitigationPolicies,
+                (nuint)(sizeof(ulong) * 2),
+                0,
+                0))
+            {
+                throw new Win32Exception(Marshal.GetLastWin32Error(), "Failed to apply the mitigation policy.");
+            }
+
+            var currentDirectory = workingDirectory ?? Environment.CurrentDirectory;
+            var created = CreateProcessW(
+                exePath,
+                new StringBuilder(BuildCommandLine(exePath, arguments)),
+                0,
+                0,
+                true,
+                EXTENDED_STARTUPINFO_PRESENT | CREATE_NO_WINDOW,
+                0,
+                currentDirectory,
+                ref startupInfoEx,
+                out var processInfo);
+
+            if (!created)
+            {
+                // Some mitigation policy bits (e.g. XFG) are not supported on
+                // older Windows builds. Mirror the CLI's behavior and fall back
+                // to launching without the mitigation attribute list.
+                startupInfoEx.lpAttributeList = 0;
+                created = CreateProcessW(
+                    exePath,
+                    new StringBuilder(BuildCommandLine(exePath, arguments)),
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    true,
+                    CREATE_NO_WINDOW,
+                    0,
+                    currentDirectory,
+                    ref startupInfoEx,
+                    out processInfo);
+            }
+
+            if (!created)
+            {
+                var error = Marshal.GetLastWin32Error();
+                throw new Win32Exception(error, $"Failed to start '{exePath}' (Win32 error {error}: {new Win32Exception(error).Message}).");
+            }
+
+            CloseHandle(processInfo.hThread);
+            _processHandle = processInfo.hProcess;
+
+            _jobHandle = CreateJobObjectW(0, null);
+            if (_jobHandle != 0 &&
+                (!TryEnableKillOnJobClose(_jobHandle) || !AssignProcessToJobObject(_jobHandle, processInfo.hProcess)))
+            {
+                CloseHandle(_jobHandle);
+                _jobHandle = 0;
+            }
+
+            StartReaderThread(stdoutRead, isError: false);
+            StartReaderThread(stderrRead, isError: true);
+            StartExitWatcherThread();
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            CloseHandle(stdoutRead);
+            CloseHandle(stderrRead);
+            throw;
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            // The child owns duplicated pipe write ends; closing ours lets the
+            // readers observe EOF when the child exits.
+            CloseHandle(stdoutWrite);
+            CloseHandle(stderrWrite);
+
+            if (attributeList != 0)
+            {
+                DeleteProcThreadAttributeList(attributeList);
+                Marshal.FreeHGlobal(attributeList);
+            }
+
+            if (mitigationPolicies != 0)
+            {
+                Marshal.FreeHGlobal(mitigationPolicies);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void StartFallback(string exePath, IReadOnlyList<string> arguments, string? workingDirectory)
+    {
+        var startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
+        {
+            FileName = exePath,
+            WorkingDirectory = workingDirectory ?? Environment.CurrentDirectory,
+            UseShellExecute = false,
+            CreateNoWindow = true,
+            RedirectStandardOutput = true,
+            RedirectStandardError = true,
+        };
+        foreach (var argument in arguments)
+        {
+            startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(argument);
+        }
+
+        var process = new Process { StartInfo = startInfo, EnableRaisingEvents = true };
+        process.OutputDataReceived += (_, e) =>
+        {
+            if (e.Data is not null)
+            {
+                OutputReceived?.Invoke(e.Data, false);
+            }
+        };
+        process.ErrorDataReceived += (_, e) =>
+        {
+            if (e.Data is not null)
+            {
+                OutputReceived?.Invoke(e.Data, true);
+            }
+        };
+        process.Exited += (_, _) =>
+        {
+            int exitCode;
+            try
+            {
+                exitCode = process.ExitCode;
+            }
+            catch (InvalidOperationException)
+            {
+                exitCode = -1;
+            }
+
+            OnExited(exitCode);
+        };
+
+        process.Start();
+        process.BeginOutputReadLine();
+        process.BeginErrorReadLine();
+        _fallbackProcess = process;
+    }
+
+    private void StartReaderThread(nint readHandle, bool isError)
+    {
+        var thread = new Thread(() =>
+        {
+            using var stream = new FileStream(new SafeFileHandle(readHandle, ownsHandle: true), FileAccess.Read);
+            using var reader = new StreamReader(stream, Encoding.UTF8);
+            try
+            {
+                while (reader.ReadLine() is { } line)
+                {
+                    OutputReceived?.Invoke(line, isError);
+                }
+            }
+            catch (IOException)
+            {
+                // Pipe broken on process teardown.
+            }
+        })
+        {
+            IsBackground = true,
+            Name = isError ? "SharpEmu stderr reader" : "SharpEmu stdout reader",
+        };
+        thread.Start();
+    }
+
+    private void StartExitWatcherThread()
+    {
+        var processHandle = _processHandle;
+        var thread = new Thread(() =>
+        {
+            _ = WaitForSingleObject(processHandle, INFINITE);
+            var exitCode = GetExitCodeProcess(processHandle, out var rawExitCode)
+                ? unchecked((int)rawExitCode)
+                : -1;
+            OnExited(exitCode);
+        })
+        {
+            IsBackground = true,
+            Name = "SharpEmu exit watcher",
+        };
+        thread.Start();
+    }
+
+    private void OnExited(int exitCode)
+    {
+        lock (_sync)
+        {
+            if (!_running)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            _running = false;
+            if (_processHandle != 0)
+            {
+                CloseHandle(_processHandle);
+                _processHandle = 0;
+            }
+
+            if (_jobHandle != 0)
+            {
+                CloseHandle(_jobHandle);
+                _jobHandle = 0;
+            }
+
+            _fallbackProcess?.Dispose();
+            _fallbackProcess = null;
+        }
+
+        Exited?.Invoke(exitCode);
+    }
+
+    private static bool TryEnableKillOnJobClose(nint jobHandle)
+    {
+        var extendedLimitInfo = new JOBOBJECT_EXTENDED_LIMIT_INFORMATION
+        {
+            BasicLimitInformation = new JOBOBJECT_BASIC_LIMIT_INFORMATION
+            {
+                LimitFlags = JOB_OBJECT_LIMIT_KILL_ON_JOB_CLOSE,
+            },
+        };
+
+        var size = Marshal.SizeOf<JOBOBJECT_EXTENDED_LIMIT_INFORMATION>();
+        var memory = Marshal.AllocHGlobal(size);
+        try
+        {
+            Marshal.StructureToPtr(extendedLimitInfo, memory, false);
+            return SetInformationJobObject(
+                jobHandle,
+                JobObjectExtendedLimitInformation,
+                memory,
+                unchecked((uint)size));
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            Marshal.FreeHGlobal(memory);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static string BuildCommandLine(string processPath, IReadOnlyList<string> args)
+    {
+        var builder = new StringBuilder();
+        builder.Append(QuoteArgument(processPath));
+        for (var i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+        {
+            builder.Append(' ');
+            builder.Append(QuoteArgument(args[i]));
+        }
+
+        return builder.ToString();
+    }
+
+    private static string QuoteArgument(string argument)
+    {
+        if (argument.Length == 0)
+        {
+            return "\"\"";
+        }
+
+        var needsQuotes = false;
+        foreach (var c in argument)
+        {
+            if (char.IsWhiteSpace(c) || c == '"')
+            {
+                needsQuotes = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!needsQuotes)
+        {
+            return argument;
+        }
+
+        var builder = new StringBuilder(argument.Length + 2);
+        builder.Append('"');
+
+        var backslashCount = 0;
+        foreach (var c in argument)
+        {
+            if (c == '\\')
+            {
+                backslashCount++;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (c == '"')
+            {
+                builder.Append('\\', (backslashCount * 2) + 1);
+                builder.Append('"');
+                backslashCount = 0;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (backslashCount > 0)
+            {
+                builder.Append('\\', backslashCount);
+                backslashCount = 0;
+            }
+
+            builder.Append(c);
+        }
+
+        if (backslashCount > 0)
+        {
+            builder.Append('\\', backslashCount * 2);
+        }
+
+        builder.Append('"');
+        return builder.ToString();
+    }
+
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+    private struct SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES
+    {
+        public int nLength;
+        public nint lpSecurityDescriptor;
+        public int bInheritHandle;
+    }
+
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
+    private struct STARTUPINFO
+    {
+        public int cb;
+        public nint lpReserved;
+        public nint lpDesktop;
+        public nint lpTitle;
+        public int dwX;
+        public int dwY;
+        public int dwXSize;
+        public int dwYSize;
+        public int dwXCountChars;
+        public int dwYCountChars;
+        public int dwFillAttribute;
+        public int dwFlags;
+        public short wShowWindow;
+        public short cbReserved2;
+        public nint lpReserved2;
+        public nint hStdInput;
+        public nint hStdOutput;
+        public nint hStdError;
+    }
+
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+    private struct STARTUPINFOEX
+    {
+        public STARTUPINFO StartupInfo;
+        public nint lpAttributeList;
+    }
+
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+    private struct PROCESS_INFORMATION
+    {
+        public nint hProcess;
+        public nint hThread;
+        public int dwProcessId;
+        public int dwThreadId;
+    }
+
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+    private struct JOBOBJECT_BASIC_LIMIT_INFORMATION
+    {
+        public long PerProcessUserTimeLimit;
+        public long PerJobUserTimeLimit;
+        public uint LimitFlags;
+        public nuint MinimumWorkingSetSize;
+        public nuint MaximumWorkingSetSize;
+        public uint ActiveProcessLimit;
+        public nint Affinity;
+        public uint PriorityClass;
+        public uint SchedulingClass;
+    }
+
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+    private struct IO_COUNTERS
+    {
+        public ulong ReadOperationCount;
+        public ulong WriteOperationCount;
+        public ulong OtherOperationCount;
+        public ulong ReadTransferCount;
+        public ulong WriteTransferCount;
+        public ulong OtherTransferCount;
+    }
+
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+    private struct JOBOBJECT_EXTENDED_LIMIT_INFORMATION
+    {
+        public JOBOBJECT_BASIC_LIMIT_INFORMATION BasicLimitInformation;
+        public IO_COUNTERS IoInfo;
+        public nuint ProcessMemoryLimit;
+        public nuint JobMemoryLimit;
+        public nuint PeakProcessMemoryUsed;
+        public nuint PeakJobMemoryUsed;
+    }
+
+    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
+    [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
+    private static extern bool CreatePipe(
+        out nint hReadPipe,
+        out nint hWritePipe,
+        ref SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES lpPipeAttributes,
+        uint nSize);
+
+    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
+    [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
+    private static extern bool SetHandleInformation(nint hObject, uint dwMask, uint dwFlags);
+
+    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
+    [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
+    private static extern bool InitializeProcThreadAttributeList(
+        nint lpAttributeList,
+        int dwAttributeCount,
+        int dwFlags,
+        ref nuint lpSize);
+
+    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
+    [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
+    private static extern bool UpdateProcThreadAttribute(
+        nint lpAttributeList,
+        uint dwFlags,
+        nint attribute,
+        nint lpValue,
+        nuint cbSize,
+        nint lpPreviousValue,
+        nint lpReturnSize);
+
+    [DllImport("kernel32.dll")]
+    private static extern void DeleteProcThreadAttributeList(nint lpAttributeList);
+
+    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", EntryPoint = "CreateJobObjectW", SetLastError = true, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
+    private static extern nint CreateJobObjectW(nint lpJobAttributes, string? lpName);
+
+    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
+    [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
+    private static extern bool SetInformationJobObject(
+        nint hJob,
+        int jobObjectInfoClass,
+        nint lpJobObjectInfo,
+        uint cbJobObjectInfoLength);
+
+    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
+    [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
+    private static extern bool AssignProcessToJobObject(nint hJob, nint hProcess);
+
+    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", EntryPoint = "CreateProcessW", SetLastError = true, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
+    [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
+    private static extern bool CreateProcessW(
+        string applicationName,
+        StringBuilder commandLine,
+        nint processAttributes,
+        nint threadAttributes,
+        [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)] bool inheritHandles,
+        uint creationFlags,
+        nint environment,
+        string currentDirectory,
+        ref STARTUPINFOEX startupInfo,
+        out PROCESS_INFORMATION processInformation);
+
+    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
+    private static extern uint WaitForSingleObject(nint handle, uint milliseconds);
+
+    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
+    [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
+    private static extern bool GetExitCodeProcess(nint process, out uint exitCode);
+
+    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
+    [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
+    private static extern bool TerminateProcess(nint process, uint exitCode);
+
+    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
+    [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
+    private static extern bool CloseHandle(nint handle);
+}

src/SharpEmu.GUI/GameEntry.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using System.ComponentModel;
+using Avalonia;
+using Avalonia.Media;
+using Avalonia.Media.Imaging;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.GUI;
+
+public sealed class GameEntry : INotifyPropertyChanged
+{
+    // Placeholder gradients for games without cover art, picked
+    // deterministically from the game name so a game keeps its color.
+    private static readonly (Color Start, Color End)[] PlaceholderPalette =
+    {
+        (Color.Parse("#5B4B8A"), Color.Parse("#2C2A4A")),
+        (Color.Parse("#1F6E8C"), Color.Parse("#173B45")),
+        (Color.Parse("#7A4069"), Color.Parse("#3B1C32")),
+        (Color.Parse("#2D6A4F"), Color.Parse("#1B3A2B")),
+        (Color.Parse("#8C5425"), Color.Parse("#4A2B12")),
+        (Color.Parse("#4F6D9E"), Color.Parse("#263349")),
+        (Color.Parse("#8A4B4B"), Color.Parse("#3F2222")),
+        (Color.Parse("#3E7C7B"), Color.Parse("#1E3D3C")),
+    };
+
+    private Bitmap? _cover;
+    private IBrush? _placeholderBrush;
+    private long _sizeBytes;
+
+    public GameEntry(
+        string name, string? titleId, string path, long sizeBytes, string? coverPath, string? backgroundPath)
+    {
+        Name = name;
+        TitleId = titleId;
+        Path = path;
+        _sizeBytes = sizeBytes;
+        CoverPath = coverPath;
+        BackgroundPath = backgroundPath;
+        Initials = ComputeInitials(name);
+    }
+
+    public event PropertyChangedEventHandler? PropertyChanged;
+
+    public string Name { get; }
+
+    public string? TitleId { get; }
+
+    public string Path { get; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Total size of the game. Initially the eboot's own size from the scan;
+    /// replaced with the full install folder size once computed in the
+    /// background.
+    /// </summary>
+    public long SizeBytes
+    {
+        get => _sizeBytes;
+        set
+        {
+            if (_sizeBytes == value)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            _sizeBytes = value;
+            PropertyChanged?.Invoke(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(nameof(SizeBytes)));
+            PropertyChanged?.Invoke(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(nameof(Detail)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Path to the cover art image shipped with the game, if found.</summary>
+    public string? CoverPath { get; }
+
+    /// <summary>Path to the key art (pic0/pic1) shipped with the game, if found.</summary>
+    public string? BackgroundPath { get; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Decoded key art used as the window backdrop while this game is
+    /// selected. Loaded on demand and cached; not exposed via binding.
+    /// </summary>
+    public Bitmap? Background { get; set; }
+
+    public string Initials { get; }
+
+    // Built lazily: brushes are AvaloniaObjects that must be created on the
+    // UI thread, while GameEntry itself is constructed on the scan thread.
+    public IBrush PlaceholderBrush => _placeholderBrush ??= BuildPlaceholderBrush(Name);
+
+    /// <summary>Decoded cover art; loaded asynchronously after the library scan.</summary>
+    public Bitmap? Cover
+    {
+        get => _cover;
+        set
+        {
+            if (ReferenceEquals(_cover, value))
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            _cover = value;
+            PropertyChanged?.Invoke(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(nameof(Cover)));
+            PropertyChanged?.Invoke(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(nameof(HasCover)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public bool HasCover => _cover is not null;
+
+    public string Detail => TitleId is not null
+        ? $"{TitleId}  •  {FormatSize(SizeBytes)}"
+        : FormatSize(SizeBytes);
+
+    private static string ComputeInitials(string name)
+    {
+        var initials = name
+            .Split(' ', StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries | StringSplitOptions.TrimEntries)
+            .Where(word => char.IsLetterOrDigit(word[0]))
+            .Select(word => char.ToUpperInvariant(word[0]))
+            .Take(2)
+            .ToArray();
+
+        return initials.Length > 0 ? new string(initials) : "?";
+    }
+
+    private static IBrush BuildPlaceholderBrush(string name)
+    {
+        var hash = 0;
+        foreach (var ch in name)
+        {
+            hash = unchecked(hash * 31 + ch);
+        }
+
+        var (start, end) = PlaceholderPalette[(int)((uint)hash % PlaceholderPalette.Length)];
+        return new LinearGradientBrush
+        {
+            StartPoint = new RelativePoint(0, 0, RelativeUnit.Relative),
+            EndPoint = new RelativePoint(1, 1, RelativeUnit.Relative),
+            GradientStops =
+            {
+                new GradientStop(start, 0),
+                new GradientStop(end, 1),
+            },
+        };
+    }
+
+    private static string FormatSize(long bytes)
+    {
+        return bytes switch
+        {
+            >= 1L << 30 => $"{bytes / (double)(1L << 30):0.0} GiB",
+            >= 1L << 20 => $"{bytes / (double)(1L << 20):0.0} MiB",
+            >= 1L << 10 => $"{bytes / (double)(1L << 10):0.0} KiB",
+            _ => $"{bytes} B",
+        };
+    }
+}

src/SharpEmu.GUI/GuiLauncher.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using Avalonia;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.GUI;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Entry point for the desktop frontend, hosted by the SharpEmu executable
+/// when it is started without command-line arguments.
+/// </summary>
+public static class GuiLauncher
+{
+    public static int Run()
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            BuildAvaloniaApp().StartWithClassicDesktopLifetime(Array.Empty<string>());
+            return 0;
+        }
+        catch (Exception ex)
+        {
+            WriteCrashLog(ex);
+            throw;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static AppBuilder BuildAvaloniaApp()
+        => AppBuilder.Configure<App>()
+            .UsePlatformDetect()
+            .WithInterFont()
+            .LogToTrace();
+
+    private static void WriteCrashLog(Exception ex)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            File.AppendAllText(
+                Path.Combine(AppContext.BaseDirectory, "gui-crash.log"),
+                $"[{DateTime.Now:yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss}] {ex}{Environment.NewLine}{Environment.NewLine}");
+        }
+        catch (Exception)
+        {
+            // Crash logging is best-effort.
+        }
+    }
+}

src/SharpEmu.GUI/GuiSettings.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using System.Text.Json;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.GUI;
+
+public sealed class GuiSettings
+{
+    private static readonly JsonSerializerOptions SerializerOptions = new()
+    {
+        WriteIndented = true,
+    };
+
+    public List<string> GameFolders { get; set; } = new();
+
+    /// <summary>Eboot paths hidden from the library via "Remove from library".</summary>
+    public List<string> ExcludedGames { get; set; } = new();
+
+    public string LogLevel { get; set; } = "Info";
+
+    public int ImportTraceLimit { get; set; }
+
+    public bool StrictDynlibResolution { get; set; }
+
+    public string? EmulatorPath { get; set; }
+
+    // The emulator is portable and keeps its data next to the executable;
+    // the GUI follows the same convention.
+    public static string SettingsPath => Path.Combine(AppContext.BaseDirectory, "gui-settings.json");
+
+    public static GuiSettings Load()
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            if (File.Exists(SettingsPath))
+            {
+                var json = File.ReadAllText(SettingsPath);
+                return JsonSerializer.Deserialize<GuiSettings>(json, SerializerOptions) ?? new GuiSettings();
+            }
+        }
+        catch (Exception)
+        {
+            // Corrupt or unreadable settings fall back to defaults.
+        }
+
+        return new GuiSettings();
+    }
+
+    public void Save()
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            var directory = Path.GetDirectoryName(SettingsPath);
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(directory))
+            {
+                Directory.CreateDirectory(directory);
+            }
+
+            File.WriteAllText(SettingsPath, JsonSerializer.Serialize(this, SerializerOptions));
+        }
+        catch (Exception)
+        {
+            // Settings persistence is best-effort.
+        }
+    }
+}

src/SharpEmu.GUI/LogLine.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using Avalonia.Media;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.GUI;
+
+public sealed record LogLine(string Text, IBrush Brush);

src/SharpEmu.GUI/MainWindow.axaml

@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+<!--
+Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+-->
+
+<Window xmlns="https://github.com/avaloniaui"
+        xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
+        x:Class="SharpEmu.GUI.MainWindow"
+        Title="SharpEmu"
+        Width="1280" Height="820"
+        MinWidth="980" MinHeight="640"
+        WindowStartupLocation="CenterScreen"
+        Background="{StaticResource BgBrush}"
+        ExtendClientAreaToDecorationsHint="True"
+        ExtendClientAreaChromeHints="PreferSystemChrome"
+        ExtendClientAreaTitleBarHeightHint="44"
+        Icon="avares://SharpEmu.GUI/Assets/SharpEmu.ico">
+
+  <Grid RowDefinitions="44,*,32">
+
+    <!-- Selected-game backdrop: key art behind the main content, dimmed by
+         a scrim so tiles and text stay readable. Fades on selection. -->
+    <Panel Grid.Row="1" ClipToBounds="True">
+      <Image x:Name="BackdropImage" Stretch="UniformToFill" Opacity="0"
+             HorizontalAlignment="Center" VerticalAlignment="Center">
+        <Image.Transitions>
+          <Transitions>
+            <DoubleTransition Property="Opacity" Duration="0:0:0.35" />
+          </Transitions>
+        </Image.Transitions>
+      </Image>
+      <Border>
+        <Border.Background>
+          <LinearGradientBrush StartPoint="0%,0%" EndPoint="0%,100%">
+            <GradientStop Offset="0" Color="#730D1017" />
+            <GradientStop Offset="0.55" Color="#BF0D1017" />
+            <GradientStop Offset="1" Color="#EB0D1017" />
+          </LinearGradientBrush>
+        </Border.Background>
+      </Border>
+    </Panel>
+
+    <!-- Title bar -->
+    <Grid x:Name="TitleBar" Grid.Row="0" Background="{StaticResource ChromeBrush}">
+      <StackPanel Orientation="Horizontal" Spacing="10" Margin="16,0" VerticalAlignment="Center">
+        <Image Source="avares://SharpEmu.GUI/Assets/SharpEmu.ico" Width="20" Height="20"
+               RenderOptions.BitmapInterpolationMode="HighQuality" />
+        <TextBlock Text="SharpEmu" FontSize="14" FontWeight="SemiBold" VerticalAlignment="Center" />
+        <Border Classes="pill">
+          <TextBlock x:Name="VersionText" Text="v0.0.1" FontSize="11" Foreground="{StaticResource MutedBrush}" />
+        </Border>
+      </StackPanel>
+    </Grid>
+
+    <!-- Main content -->
+    <Grid Grid.Row="1" Margin="18,14,18,14" RowDefinitions="Auto,*,Auto,Auto">
+
+      <!-- Library toolbar -->
+      <Grid Grid.Row="0" ColumnDefinitions="Auto,Auto,*,Auto,Auto,Auto,Auto" Margin="6,0,6,12">
+        <TextBlock Grid.Column="0" Text="Library" FontSize="22" FontWeight="Bold" VerticalAlignment="Center" />
+        <Border Grid.Column="1" Classes="pill" Margin="12,2,0,0" VerticalAlignment="Center">
+          <TextBlock x:Name="GameCountText" Text="0 games" FontSize="11" Foreground="{StaticResource MutedBrush}" />
+        </Border>
+        <TextBox Grid.Column="3" x:Name="SearchBox" Watermark="Search library…" Width="280"
+                 VerticalAlignment="Center" Margin="0,0,12,0" />
+        <Button Grid.Column="4" x:Name="AddFolderButton" Classes="ghost" Content="＋ Add folder"
+                VerticalAlignment="Center" Margin="0,0,8,0" />
+        <Button Grid.Column="5" x:Name="RescanButton" Classes="ghost" Content="⟳ Rescan"
+                VerticalAlignment="Center" Margin="0,0,8,0" />
+        <Button Grid.Column="6" x:Name="OpenFileButton" Classes="ghost" Content="Open file…"
+                VerticalAlignment="Center" />
+      </Grid>
+
+      <!-- Cover-art grid -->
+      <Panel Grid.Row="1">
+        <ListBox x:Name="GameList" Classes="tileGrid" Background="Transparent"
+                 SelectionMode="Single" Padding="0">
+          <ListBox.ContextMenu>
+            <ContextMenu x:Name="GameContextMenu" Placement="Pointer">
+              <MenuItem x:Name="CtxLaunch" Header="Launch" FontWeight="SemiBold">
+                <MenuItem.Icon>
+                  <TextBlock Text="▶" FontSize="11" Foreground="{StaticResource AccentHoverBrush}"
+                             HorizontalAlignment="Center" VerticalAlignment="Center" />
+                </MenuItem.Icon>
+              </MenuItem>
+              <MenuItem x:Name="CtxOpenFolder" Header="Open game folder">
+                <MenuItem.Icon>
+                  <TextBlock Text="📂" FontSize="12" HorizontalAlignment="Center" VerticalAlignment="Center" />
+                </MenuItem.Icon>
+              </MenuItem>
+              <Separator />
+              <MenuItem x:Name="CtxCopyPath" Header="Copy path">
+                <MenuItem.Icon>
+                  <TextBlock Text="⧉" FontSize="13" Foreground="{StaticResource MutedBrush}"
+                             HorizontalAlignment="Center" VerticalAlignment="Center" />
+                </MenuItem.Icon>
+              </MenuItem>
+              <MenuItem x:Name="CtxCopyTitleId" Header="Copy title ID">
+                <MenuItem.Icon>
+                  <TextBlock Text="⧉" FontSize="13" Foreground="{StaticResource MutedBrush}"
+                             HorizontalAlignment="Center" VerticalAlignment="Center" />
+                </MenuItem.Icon>
+              </MenuItem>
+              <Separator />
+              <MenuItem x:Name="CtxRemove" Header="Remove from library"
+                        Foreground="{StaticResource DangerHoverBrush}">
+                <MenuItem.Icon>
+                  <TextBlock Text="✕" FontSize="12" Foreground="{StaticResource DangerHoverBrush}"
+                             HorizontalAlignment="Center" VerticalAlignment="Center" />
+                </MenuItem.Icon>
+              </MenuItem>
+            </ContextMenu>
+          </ListBox.ContextMenu>
+          <ListBox.ItemsPanel>
+            <ItemsPanelTemplate>
+              <WrapPanel />
+            </ItemsPanelTemplate>
+          </ListBox.ItemsPanel>
+          <ListBox.ItemTemplate>
+            <DataTemplate>
+              <StackPanel Width="128" Height="186" Spacing="7">
+                <Border Classes="coverShadow" Width="128" Height="128">
+                  <Border Classes="coverClip">
+                    <Panel>
+                      <Border Background="{Binding PlaceholderBrush}" IsVisible="{Binding !HasCover}">
+                        <TextBlock Text="{Binding Initials}" FontSize="36" FontWeight="Bold"
+                                   Foreground="#E8ECF4" Opacity="0.85"
+                                   HorizontalAlignment="Center" VerticalAlignment="Center" />
+                      </Border>
+                      <Image Source="{Binding Cover}" Stretch="UniformToFill" IsVisible="{Binding HasCover}" />
+                    </Panel>
+                  </Border>
+                </Border>
+                <StackPanel Spacing="2">
+                  <TextBlock Text="{Binding Name}" FontSize="13" FontWeight="SemiBold"
+                             TextWrapping="Wrap" MaxLines="2" TextTrimming="CharacterEllipsis" />
+                  <TextBlock Text="{Binding Detail}" FontSize="11" Foreground="{StaticResource MutedBrush}"
+                             TextTrimming="CharacterEllipsis" />
+                </StackPanel>
+              </StackPanel>
+            </DataTemplate>
+          </ListBox.ItemTemplate>
+        </ListBox>
+
+        <!-- Empty state -->
+        <StackPanel x:Name="EmptyState" Spacing="10" HorizontalAlignment="Center" VerticalAlignment="Center"
+                    IsVisible="False">
+          <TextBlock Text="🎮" FontSize="44" HorizontalAlignment="Center" Opacity="0.7" />
+          <TextBlock x:Name="EmptyStateTitle" Text="Your library is empty" FontSize="18" FontWeight="SemiBold"
+                     HorizontalAlignment="Center" />
+          <TextBlock x:Name="EmptyStateHint" Text="Add a folder containing your games to get started."
+                     FontSize="13" Foreground="{StaticResource MutedBrush}" HorizontalAlignment="Center" />
+          <Button x:Name="EmptyAddFolderButton" Classes="accent" Content="＋ Add game folder"
+                  HorizontalAlignment="Center" Margin="0,8,0,0" />
+        </StackPanel>
+      </Panel>
+
+      <!-- Console (collapsible) -->
+      <Border Grid.Row="2" x:Name="ConsolePanel" Classes="card" Padding="0" Height="240"
+              Margin="0,12,0,0" IsVisible="False">
+        <Grid RowDefinitions="Auto,*">
+          <Grid Grid.Row="0" ColumnDefinitions="*,Auto,Auto,Auto" Margin="16,12,16,8">
+            <TextBlock Classes="sectionTitle" Text="CONSOLE" VerticalAlignment="Center" />
+            <CheckBox Grid.Column="1" x:Name="AutoScrollCheck" Content="Auto-scroll" IsChecked="True"
+                      FontSize="12" Margin="0,0,12,0" />
+            <Button Grid.Column="2" x:Name="CopyLogButton" Classes="ghost" Content="Copy" FontSize="12"
+                    Padding="10,4" Margin="0,0,8,0" />
+            <Button Grid.Column="3" x:Name="ClearLogButton" Classes="ghost" Content="Clear" FontSize="12"
+                    Padding="10,4" />
+          </Grid>
+          <ListBox Grid.Row="1" x:Name="ConsoleList" Classes="console" BorderThickness="0,1,0,0"
+                   BorderBrush="{StaticResource CardBorderBrush}" CornerRadius="0,0,12,12">
+            <ListBox.ItemTemplate>
+              <DataTemplate>
+                <TextBlock Text="{Binding Text}" Foreground="{Binding Brush}" TextWrapping="NoWrap" />
+              </DataTemplate>
+            </ListBox.ItemTemplate>
+          </ListBox>
+        </Grid>
+      </Border>
+
+      <!-- Launch bar -->
+      <Border Grid.Row="3" Classes="card" Margin="0,12,0,0" Padding="14">
+        <StackPanel Spacing="14">
+          <Grid ColumnDefinitions="Auto,*,Auto">
+
+            <!-- Selected game cover thumbnail -->
+            <Border Grid.Column="0" Classes="coverClip" Width="56" Height="56" CornerRadius="8"
+                    VerticalAlignment="Center">
+              <Panel x:Name="SelectedCoverPanel">
+                <Border Background="{Binding PlaceholderBrush, FallbackValue={x:Null}}"
+                        IsVisible="{Binding !HasCover, FallbackValue=False}">
+                  <TextBlock Text="{Binding Initials}" FontSize="20" FontWeight="Bold"
+                             Foreground="#E8ECF4" Opacity="0.85"
+                             HorizontalAlignment="Center" VerticalAlignment="Center" />
+                </Border>
+                <Image Source="{Binding Cover}" Stretch="UniformToFill"
+                       IsVisible="{Binding HasCover, FallbackValue=False}" />
+              </Panel>
+            </Border>
+
+            <StackPanel Grid.Column="1" Spacing="3" VerticalAlignment="Center" Margin="14,0,14,0">
+              <TextBlock x:Name="SelectedGameTitle" Text="No game selected" FontSize="16" FontWeight="Bold"
+                         TextTrimming="CharacterEllipsis" />
+              <TextBlock x:Name="SelectedGamePath" Text="Pick a game from the library, or open an eboot.bin directly."
+                         FontSize="11" Foreground="{StaticResource MutedBrush}" TextTrimming="CharacterEllipsis" />
+              <StackPanel Orientation="Horizontal" Spacing="7">
+                <Ellipse x:Name="StatusDot" Width="8" Height="8" Fill="{StaticResource FaintBrush}"
+                         VerticalAlignment="Center" />
+                <TextBlock x:Name="StatusText" Text="Idle" FontSize="11" Foreground="{StaticResource MutedBrush}"
+                           VerticalAlignment="Center" />
+              </StackPanel>
+            </StackPanel>
+
+            <StackPanel Grid.Column="2" Orientation="Horizontal" Spacing="8" VerticalAlignment="Center">
+              <ToggleButton x:Name="OptionsToggle" Classes="ghost" Content="⚙ Options" />
+              <ToggleButton x:Name="ConsoleToggle" Classes="ghost" Content="≡ Console" />
+              <Button x:Name="LaunchButton" Classes="accent" Content="▶  Launch" IsEnabled="False" />
+              <Button x:Name="StopButton" Classes="danger" Content="■  Stop" IsEnabled="False" />
+            </StackPanel>
+          </Grid>
+
+          <!-- Launch options (collapsible) -->
+          <WrapPanel x:Name="OptionsPanel" IsVisible="False">
+            <StackPanel Margin="0,0,24,0">
+              <TextBlock Classes="fieldLabel" Text="CPU engine" />
+              <ComboBox x:Name="CpuEngineBox" Width="150" SelectedIndex="0" CornerRadius="8">
+                <ComboBoxItem Content="Native" />
+              </ComboBox>
+            </StackPanel>
+            <StackPanel Margin="0,0,24,0">
+              <TextBlock Classes="fieldLabel" Text="Log level" />
+              <ComboBox x:Name="LogLevelBox" Width="150" SelectedIndex="2" CornerRadius="8">
+                <ComboBoxItem Content="Trace" />
+                <ComboBoxItem Content="Debug" />
+                <ComboBoxItem Content="Info" />
+                <ComboBoxItem Content="Warning" />
+                <ComboBoxItem Content="Error" />
+                <ComboBoxItem Content="Critical" />
+              </ComboBox>
+            </StackPanel>
+            <StackPanel Margin="0,0,24,0">
+              <TextBlock Classes="fieldLabel" Text="Import trace limit (0 = off)" />
+              <NumericUpDown x:Name="TraceImportsBox" Width="170" Minimum="0" Maximum="4096" Increment="16"
+                             Value="0" FormatString="0" CornerRadius="8" />
+            </StackPanel>
+            <StackPanel>
+              <TextBlock Classes="fieldLabel" Text="Strict dynlib resolution" />
+              <ToggleSwitch x:Name="StrictToggle" OnContent="On" OffContent="Off" />
+            </StackPanel>
+          </WrapPanel>
+        </StackPanel>
+      </Border>
+    </Grid>
+
+    <!-- Status bar -->
+    <Grid Grid.Row="2" Background="{StaticResource ChromeBrush}" ColumnDefinitions="*,Auto">
+      <TextBlock x:Name="EmulatorPathText" Grid.Column="0" Text="Emulator: locating…" FontSize="11"
+                 Foreground="{StaticResource FaintBrush}" VerticalAlignment="Center" Margin="16,0"
+                 TextTrimming="CharacterEllipsis" />
+      <TextBlock x:Name="StatusBarRight" Grid.Column="1" Text="" FontSize="11"
+                 Foreground="{StaticResource FaintBrush}" VerticalAlignment="Center" Margin="16,0" />
+    </Grid>
+  </Grid>
+</Window>

src/SharpEmu.GUI/SharpEmu.GUI.csproj

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<!--
+Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+-->
+
+<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
+
+  <!-- Class library: the GUI is hosted by SharpEmu.CLI, which opens it when
+       the executable is started without arguments. -->
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <GenerateDocumentationFile>false</GenerateDocumentationFile>
+    <Version>0.0.1</Version>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <PackageReference Include="Avalonia" />
+    <PackageReference Include="Avalonia.Desktop" />
+    <PackageReference Include="Avalonia.Fonts.Inter" />
+    <PackageReference Include="Avalonia.Themes.Fluent" />
+    <PackageReference Include="Tmds.DBus.Protocol" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <AvaloniaResource Include="..\..\assets\images\SharpEmu.ico" Link="Assets/SharpEmu.ico" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+  <!-- The DualSense HID reader is shared with the emulator's pad HLE. It is
+       dependency-free, so it is compiled in directly rather than pulling a
+       reference to all of SharpEmu.Libs into the launcher. -->
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <Compile Include="..\SharpEmu.Libs\Pad\HidNative.cs" Link="Input/HidNative.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="..\SharpEmu.Libs\Pad\DualSenseReader.cs" Link="Input/DualSenseReader.cs" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+</Project>

src/SharpEmu.GUI/packages.lock.json

@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+{
+  "version": 2,
+  "dependencies": {
+    "net10.0": {
+      "Avalonia": {
+        "type": "Direct",
+        "requested": "[11.3.18, )",
+        "resolved": "11.3.18",
+        "contentHash": "2C4UxhWUObWGgYKWic1x5BMMWGJP6SElb91WeOxs+X/iR26rtkqpxFFwwo50FXS9AyYnHfk8QKXDEfe7oT/kZA==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Avalonia.BuildServices": "11.3.2",
+          "Avalonia.Remote.Protocol": "11.3.18",
+          "MicroCom.Runtime": "0.11.0"
+        }
+      },
+      "Avalonia.Desktop": {
+        "type": "Direct",
+        "requested": "[11.3.18, )",
+        "resolved": "11.3.18",
+        "contentHash": "bilMPa5vYiis6fbNovb6esKytBnOCEGojBa1XFegLCRHCP6g6PvZwS0XF/YOAGkENRlHG8dI7lohOpQ9bIkq1g==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Avalonia": "11.3.18",
+          "Avalonia.Native": "11.3.18",
+          "Avalonia.Skia": "11.3.18",
+          "Avalonia.Win32": "11.3.18",
+          "Avalonia.X11": "11.3.18"
+        }
+      },
+      "Avalonia.Fonts.Inter": {
+        "type": "Direct",
+        "requested": "[11.3.18, )",
+        "resolved": "11.3.18",
+        "contentHash": "27u6hB3Y2Ue586yjfeVakberY73VNQXtuKwe/P927XG1QPlhsfmOyifLHDDpSHG85Zl1x/Xv9IZ3+tk9FnjcZQ==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Avalonia": "11.3.18"
+        }
+      },
+      "Avalonia.Themes.Fluent": {
+        "type": "Direct",
+        "requested": "[11.3.18, )",
+        "resolved": "11.3.18",
+        "contentHash": "+Q/TJoynD0zNuu5w2gD+xcTl7GNKJFxlPYAndRLs/mTDrNbbsvv/271WyIysbMPsXSjCyBDp7RCZzQkpD6x5Bg==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Avalonia": "11.3.18"
+        }
+      },
+      "Tmds.DBus.Protocol": {
+        "type": "Direct",
+        "requested": "[0.21.3, )",
+        "resolved": "0.21.3",
+        "contentHash": "hDwB8WsQoyALQKqIbwzS68UKdlnafDm4T/DkO/JrA/YIneP/rKv96SxYPVXeh3FP4i/SXfShrYftKLtciJAIlw=="
+      },
+      "Avalonia.Angle.Windows.Natives": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.1.25547.20250602",
+        "contentHash": "ZL0VLc4s9rvNNFt19Pxm5UNAkmKNylugAwJPX9ulXZ6JWs/l6XZihPWWTyezaoNOVyEPU8YbURtW7XMAtqXH5A=="
+      },
+      "Avalonia.BuildServices": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "11.3.2",
+        "contentHash": "qHDToxto1e3hci5YqbG9n0Ty8mlp3zBUN5wT66wKqaDVzXyQ0do3EnRILd4Ke9jpvsktaPpgE0YjEk7hornryQ=="
+      },
+      "Avalonia.FreeDesktop": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "11.3.18",
+        "contentHash": "aUwv8BNruRUOaUfMu4U3uibIUS60/rSHgGOhd8zBkLkpxY3JFJvgRbeq5ZzHIyKXCuKi18PO00YHAgCarp3wdw==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Avalonia": "11.3.18",
+          "Tmds.DBus.Protocol": "0.21.3"
+        }
+      },
+      "Avalonia.Native": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "11.3.18",
+        "contentHash": "8g53DROFW6wVJAnTsE1Iu5bdZO5r0oqxbdbMQODs1QDYCK2IU/y/x/vQVKCYOvqxl4tXkzU9tExv8XqSGPWthQ==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Avalonia": "11.3.18"
+        }
+      },
+      "Avalonia.Remote.Protocol": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "11.3.18",
+        "contentHash": "vw+6ZfgTuu72dA9aVWn6u56t2nrBd5MoMU0wo/qI9XJAl/c0oYYphIvwLvJP1JorubQY4UE3d0ac8ULBhrGBiA=="
+      },
+      "Avalonia.Skia": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "11.3.18",
+        "contentHash": "/B4aXmNRNjG8I5U/a1xJI+bIi0XO6DDzS3mBrIKlVnJRY2CyZiUeESRQXLnIU77Z9TvqkUROs+D47s085YjFtA==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Avalonia": "11.3.18",
+          "HarfBuzzSharp": "8.3.1.1",
+          "HarfBuzzSharp.NativeAssets.Linux": "8.3.1.1",
+          "HarfBuzzSharp.NativeAssets.WebAssembly": "8.3.1.1",
+          "SkiaSharp": "2.88.9",
+          "SkiaSharp.NativeAssets.Linux": "2.88.9",
+          "SkiaSharp.NativeAssets.WebAssembly": "2.88.9"
+        }
+      },
+      "Avalonia.Win32": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "11.3.18",
+        "contentHash": "eioUHkM2PeLPETd1aEks3rvb9plbba6buIrNdrqCpwE/qgHKUjvRNBd5mUQfAbGgTLiAes524gB8uUMDhrsJVQ==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Avalonia": "11.3.18",
+          "Avalonia.Angle.Windows.Natives": "2.1.25547.20250602"
+        }
+      },
+      "Avalonia.X11": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "11.3.18",
+        "contentHash": "m4Ki/G5Dovnq+6QzfS0iGbK8V77Q6oTjToMLOB0CxPCCrl3Oxywh6kIjuGJDPaN6kopMmjxlNShyQf+vPYL+JA==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Avalonia": "11.3.18",
+          "Avalonia.FreeDesktop": "11.3.18",
+          "Avalonia.Skia": "11.3.18"
+        }
+      },
+      "HarfBuzzSharp": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "8.3.1.1",
+        "contentHash": "tLZN66oe/uiRPTZfrCU4i8ScVGwqHNh5MHrXj0yVf4l7Mz0FhTGnQ71RGySROTmdognAs0JtluHkL41pIabWuQ==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "HarfBuzzSharp.NativeAssets.Win32": "8.3.1.1",
+          "HarfBuzzSharp.NativeAssets.macOS": "8.3.1.1"
+        }
+      },
+      "HarfBuzzSharp.NativeAssets.Linux": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "8.3.1.1",
+        "contentHash": "3EZ1mpIiKWRLL5hUYA82ZHteeDIVaEA/Z0rA/wU6tjx6crcAkJnBPwDXZugBSfo8+J3EznvRJf49uMsqYfKrHg=="
+      },
+      "HarfBuzzSharp.NativeAssets.macOS": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "8.3.1.1",
+        "contentHash": "jbtCsgftcaFLCA13tVKo5iWdElJScrulLTKJre36O4YQTIlwDtPPqhRZNk+Y0vv4D1gxbscasGRucUDfS44ofQ=="
+      },
+      "HarfBuzzSharp.NativeAssets.WebAssembly": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "8.3.1.1",
+        "contentHash": "loJweK2u/mH/3C2zBa0ggJlITIszOkK64HLAZB7FUT670dTg965whLFYHDQo69NmC4+d9UN0icLC9VHidXaVCA=="
+      },
+      "HarfBuzzSharp.NativeAssets.Win32": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "8.3.1.1",
+        "contentHash": "UsJtQsfAJoFDZrXc4hCUfRPMqccfKZ0iumJ/upcUjz/cmsTgVFGNEL5yaJWmkqsuFYdMWbj/En5/kS4PFl9hBA=="
+      },
+      "MicroCom.Runtime": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "0.11.0",
+        "contentHash": "MEnrZ3UIiH40hjzMDsxrTyi8dtqB5ziv3iBeeU4bXsL/7NLSal9F1lZKpK+tfBRnUoDSdtcW3KufE4yhATOMCA=="
+      },
+      "SkiaSharp": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.88.9",
+        "contentHash": "3MD5VHjXXieSHCleRLuaTXmL2pD0mB7CcOB1x2kA1I4bhptf4e3R27iM93264ZYuAq6mkUyX5XbcxnZvMJYc1Q==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "SkiaSharp.NativeAssets.Win32": "2.88.9",
+          "SkiaSharp.NativeAssets.macOS": "2.88.9"
+        }
+      },
+      "SkiaSharp.NativeAssets.Linux": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.88.9",
+        "contentHash": "cWSaJKVPWAaT/WIn9c8T5uT/l4ETwHxNJTkEOtNKjphNo8AW6TF9O32aRkxqw3l8GUdUo66Bu7EiqtFh/XG0Zg==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "SkiaSharp": "2.88.9"
+        }
+      },
+      "SkiaSharp.NativeAssets.macOS": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.88.9",
+        "contentHash": "Nv5spmKc4505Ep7oUoJ5vp3KweFpeNqxpyGDWyeEPTX2uR6S6syXIm3gj75dM0YJz7NPvcix48mR5laqs8dPuA=="
+      },
+      "SkiaSharp.NativeAssets.WebAssembly": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.88.9",
+        "contentHash": "kt06RccBHSnAs2wDYdBSfsjIDbY3EpsOVqnlDgKdgvyuRA8ZFDaHRdWNx1VHjGgYzmnFCGiTJBnXFl5BqGwGnA=="
+      },
+      "SkiaSharp.NativeAssets.Win32": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.88.9",
+        "contentHash": "wb2kYgU7iy84nQLYZwMeJXixvK++GoIuECjU4ECaUKNuflyRlJKyiRhN1MAHswvlvzuvkrjRWlK0Za6+kYQK7w=="
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}

src/SharpEmu.HLE/CpuContext.cs

@@ -2,25 +2,20 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
 using System.Buffers.Binary;
+using System.Text;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.HLE;
 
-public sealed class CpuContext
+public sealed class CpuContext(ICpuMemory memory, Generation generation)
 {
     private readonly ulong[] _registers = new ulong[16];
     private readonly ulong[] _xmmRegisters = new ulong[32];
     private readonly ulong[] _ymmUpperRegisters = new ulong[32];
     private bool _raxWritten;
 
-    public CpuContext(ICpuMemory memory, Generation generation)
-    {
-        Memory = memory ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(memory));
-        TargetGeneration = generation;
-    }
+    public ICpuMemory Memory { get; } = memory ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(memory));
 
-    public ICpuMemory Memory { get; }
-
-    public Generation TargetGeneration { get; }
+    public Generation TargetGeneration { get; } = generation;
 
     public ulong Rip { get; set; }
 
@@ -130,6 +125,91 @@ public sealed class CpuContext
         SetYmmUpper(registerIndex, highLow, highHigh);
     }
 
+    public bool TryReadByte(ulong address, out byte value)
+    {
+        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[1];
+        if (!Memory.TryRead(address, buffer))
+        {
+            value = 0;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        value = buffer[0];
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public bool TryReadUInt16(ulong address, out ushort value)
+    {
+        Span<byte> bytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(ushort)];
+        if (!Memory.TryRead(address, bytes))
+        {
+            value = 0;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        value = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt16LittleEndian(bytes);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public bool TryWriteUInt16(ulong address, ushort value)
+    {
+        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(ushort)];
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt16LittleEndian(buffer, value);
+        return Memory.TryWrite(address, buffer);
+    }
+
+    public bool TryReadInt32(ulong address, out int value)
+    {
+        Span<byte> bytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(int)];
+        if (!Memory.TryRead(address, bytes))
+        {
+            value = 0;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        value = BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt32LittleEndian(bytes);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public bool TryWriteInt32(ulong address, int value, bool checkNil = false)
+    {
+        if (checkNil && address == 0)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        Span<byte> bytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(int)];
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(bytes, value);
+        return Memory.TryWrite(address, bytes);
+    }
+
+    public bool TryReadUInt32(ulong address, out uint value)
+    {
+        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
+        if (!Memory.TryRead(address, buffer))
+        {
+            value = 0;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        value = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(buffer);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public bool TryWriteUInt32(ulong address, uint value)
+    {
+        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(buffer, value);
+        return Memory.TryWrite(address, buffer);
+    }
+
+    public bool TryWriteInt64(ulong address, long value)
+    {
+        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(long)];
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt64LittleEndian(buffer, value);
+        return Memory.TryWrite(address, buffer);
+    }
+
     public bool TryReadUInt64(ulong address, out ulong value)
     {
         Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(ulong)];
@@ -150,6 +230,33 @@ public sealed class CpuContext
         return Memory.TryWrite(address, buffer);
     }
 
+    public bool TryReadNullTerminatedUtf8(ulong address, int capacity, out string value)
+    {
+        value = string.Empty;
+        if (address == 0 || capacity <= 0)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        var bytes = new byte[capacity];
+        for (var index = 0; index < bytes.Length; index++)
+        {
+            if (!Memory.TryRead(address + (ulong)index, bytes.AsSpan(index, 1)))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (bytes[index] == 0)
+            {
+                value = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(bytes, 0, index);
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        value = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(bytes);
+        return true;
+    }
+
     public bool PushUInt64(ulong value)
     {
         var rsp = this[CpuRegister.Rsp];
@@ -169,4 +276,23 @@ public sealed class CpuContext
         this[CpuRegister.Rsp] = rsp + sizeof(ulong);
         return true;
     }
+
+    public int SetReturn(int result, Type? cast = null)
+    {
+        var value = cast switch
+        {
+            null => (ulong)result,
+            _ when cast == typeof(long) => (ulong)(long)result,
+            _ => throw new NotSupportedException(),
+        };
+
+        this[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked(value);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public int SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result result)
+    {
+        this[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)(int)result);
+        return (int)result;
+    }
 }

src/SharpEmu.HLE/ModuleManager.cs

@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ public sealed class ModuleManager : IModuleManager
                     var handler = CreateHandler(type, method, instances);
                     if (!_dispatchTable.TryAdd(exportInfo.Value.Nid, handler))
                     {
+                        Console.Error.WriteLine($"[HLE] Duplicate NID '{exportInfo.Value.Nid}' ({exportInfo.Value.ExportName}) — already registered, skipping.");
                         continue;
                     }
 
@@ -105,6 +106,7 @@ public sealed class ModuleManager : IModuleManager
 
         if (!_dispatchTable.TryGetValue(nid, out var function) || !_exportTable.TryGetValue(nid, out var export))
         {
+            Console.Error.WriteLine($"[HLE] NID '{nid}' not found in dispatch table.");
             context[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)(int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
             result = OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
             return false;
@@ -112,11 +114,13 @@ public sealed class ModuleManager : IModuleManager
 
         if ((export.Target & context.TargetGeneration) == 0)
         {
-            context[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)(int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
-            result = OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
+            Console.Error.WriteLine($"[HLE] NID '{nid}' ({export.Name}) found but not implemented for generation {context.TargetGeneration} (targets: {export.Target}).");
+            context[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)(int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED);
+            result = OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
             return false;
         }
 
+
         context.ClearRaxWriteFlag();
         int ret = ((SysAbiFunction)function).Invoke(context);
 

src/SharpEmu.HLE/SharpEmu.HLE.csproj

@@ -8,6 +8,10 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
     <AllowUnsafeBlocks>true</AllowUnsafeBlocks>
   </PropertyGroup>
 
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <NoWarn>$(NoWarn);1591</NoWarn>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
   <ItemGroup>
     <EmbeddedResource Include="Aerolib\aerolib.bin" />
   </ItemGroup>

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Agc/Gen5ShaderMetadataReader.cs

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
-using System.Buffers.Binary;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Agc;
 
@@ -18,9 +17,9 @@ internal static class Gen5ShaderMetadataReader
         out Gen5ShaderMetadata metadata)
     {
         metadata = default!;
-        if (!TryReadUInt64(ctx, shaderHeaderAddress + ShaderUserDataOffset, out var userDataAddress) ||
+        if (!ctx.TryReadUInt64(shaderHeaderAddress + ShaderUserDataOffset, out var userDataAddress) ||
             userDataAddress == 0 ||
-            !TryReadUInt64(ctx, userDataAddress, out var directResourceOffsetsAddress))
+            !ctx.TryReadUInt64(userDataAddress, out var directResourceOffsetsAddress))
         {
             return false;
         }
@@ -28,8 +27,7 @@ internal static class Gen5ShaderMetadataReader
         var resourceOffsets = new ulong[ResourceClassCount];
         for (var resourceClass = 0; resourceClass < ResourceClassCount; resourceClass++)
         {
-            if (!TryReadUInt64(
-                    ctx,
+            if (!ctx.TryReadUInt64(
                     userDataAddress + 0x08 + (ulong)(resourceClass * sizeof(ulong)),
                     out resourceOffsets[resourceClass]))
             {
@@ -37,9 +35,9 @@ internal static class Gen5ShaderMetadataReader
             }
         }
 
-        if (!TryReadUInt16(ctx, userDataAddress + 0x28, out var extendedUserDataSize) ||
-            !TryReadUInt16(ctx, userDataAddress + 0x2A, out var shaderResourceTableSize) ||
-            !TryReadUInt16(ctx, userDataAddress + 0x2C, out var directResourceCount) ||
+        if (!ctx.TryReadUInt16(userDataAddress + 0x28, out var extendedUserDataSize) ||
+            !ctx.TryReadUInt16(userDataAddress + 0x2A, out var shaderResourceTableSize) ||
+            !ctx.TryReadUInt16(userDataAddress + 0x2C, out var directResourceCount) ||
             directResourceCount > MaxMetadataEntries)
         {
             return false;
@@ -48,8 +46,7 @@ internal static class Gen5ShaderMetadataReader
         var resourceCounts = new ushort[ResourceClassCount];
         for (var resourceClass = 0; resourceClass < ResourceClassCount; resourceClass++)
         {
-            if (!TryReadUInt16(
-                    ctx,
+            if (!ctx.TryReadUInt16(
                     userDataAddress + 0x2E + (ulong)(resourceClass * sizeof(ushort)),
                     out resourceCounts[resourceClass]) ||
                 resourceCounts[resourceClass] > MaxMetadataEntries)
@@ -68,7 +65,7 @@ internal static class Gen5ShaderMetadataReader
 
             for (uint type = 0; type < directResourceCount; type++)
             {
-                if (!TryReadUInt16(ctx, directResourceOffsetsAddress + type * sizeof(ushort), out var offset))
+                if (!ctx.TryReadUInt16(directResourceOffsetsAddress + type * sizeof(ushort), out var offset))
                 {
                     return false;
                 }
@@ -96,8 +93,7 @@ internal static class Gen5ShaderMetadataReader
 
             for (uint slot = 0; slot < count; slot++)
             {
-                if (!TryReadUInt16(
-                        ctx,
+                if (!ctx.TryReadUInt16(
                         resourceOffsets[resourceClass] + slot * sizeof(ushort),
                         out var sharp))
                 {
@@ -125,30 +121,4 @@ internal static class Gen5ShaderMetadataReader
             resources);
         return true;
     }
-
-    private static bool TryReadUInt16(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, out ushort value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> bytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(ushort)];
-        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address, bytes))
-        {
-            value = 0;
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        value = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt16LittleEndian(bytes);
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    private static bool TryReadUInt64(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, out ulong value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> bytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(ulong)];
-        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address, bytes))
-        {
-            value = 0;
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        value = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt64LittleEndian(bytes);
-        return true;
-    }
 }

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Agc/Gen5ShaderScalarEvaluator.cs

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
 using SharpEmu.Libs.Kernel;
-using System.Buffers.Binary;
 using System.Numerics;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Agc;
@@ -1405,8 +1404,7 @@ internal static class Gen5ShaderScalarEvaluator
                 continue;
             }
 
-            if (!TryReadUInt32(
-                    ctx,
+            if (!ctx.TryReadUInt32(
                     address + (ulong)(index * sizeof(uint)),
                     out var value) &&
                 !TryReadUserDataScalarLoad(
@@ -1727,16 +1725,4 @@ internal static class Gen5ShaderScalarEvaluator
         opcode.StartsWith("ImageSample", StringComparison.Ordinal) ||
         opcode.StartsWith("ImageGather", StringComparison.Ordinal);
 
-    private static bool TryReadUInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, out uint value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> bytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
-        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address, bytes))
-        {
-            value = 0;
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        value = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(bytes);
-        return true;
-    }
 }

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Agc/Gen5ShaderTranslator.cs

@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ internal static class Gen5ShaderTranslator
         var instructionCount = 0;
         for (uint pc = 0; instructionCount < MaxInstructions;)
         {
-            if (!TryReadUInt32(ctx, address + pc, out var word))
+            if (!ctx.TryReadUInt32(address + pc, out var word))
             {
                 error = $"read-failed pc=0x{pc:X}";
                 return false;
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ internal static class Gen5ShaderTranslator
             words[0] = word;
             for (uint wordIndex = 1; wordIndex < sizeDwords; wordIndex++)
             {
-                if (!TryReadUInt32(ctx, address + pc + wordIndex * sizeof(uint), out words[wordIndex]))
+                if (!ctx.TryReadUInt32(address + pc + wordIndex * sizeof(uint), out words[wordIndex]))
                 {
                     error = $"read-failed pc=0x{pc + wordIndex * sizeof(uint):X}";
                     return false;
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ internal static class Gen5ShaderTranslator
             case 0x34:
             case 0x35:
                 encoding = Gen5ShaderEncoding.Vop3;
-                if (!TryReadUInt32(ctx, baseAddress + pc + sizeof(uint), out var vop3Extra))
+                if (!ctx.TryReadUInt32(baseAddress + pc + sizeof(uint), out var vop3Extra))
                 {
                     error = $"vop3-extra-read-failed pc=0x{pc:X}";
                     return false;
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ internal static class Gen5ShaderTranslator
                 return DecodeFlat(word, out name, out sizeDwords, out error);
             case 0x38:
                 encoding = Gen5ShaderEncoding.Mubuf;
-                if (!TryReadUInt32(ctx, baseAddress + pc + sizeof(uint), out var mubufExtra))
+                if (!ctx.TryReadUInt32(baseAddress + pc + sizeof(uint), out var mubufExtra))
                 {
                     error = $"mubuf-extra-read-failed pc=0x{pc:X}";
                     return false;
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ internal static class Gen5ShaderTranslator
                 return DecodeMubuf(word, mubufExtra, out name, out sizeDwords, out error);
             case 0x3A:
                 encoding = Gen5ShaderEncoding.Mtbuf;
-                if (!TryReadUInt32(ctx, baseAddress + pc + sizeof(uint), out var mtbufExtra))
+                if (!ctx.TryReadUInt32(baseAddress + pc + sizeof(uint), out var mtbufExtra))
                 {
                     error = $"mtbuf-extra-read-failed pc=0x{pc:X}";
                     return false;
@@ -1741,19 +1741,6 @@ internal static class Gen5ShaderTranslator
         counts[key] = count + 1;
     }
 
-    private static bool TryReadUInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, out uint value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> bytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
-        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address, bytes))
-        {
-            value = 0;
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        value = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(bytes);
-        return true;
-    }
-
     private readonly record struct ShaderDecodeInfo(
         int InstructionCount,
         Dictionary<string, int> Counts,

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Ampr/AmprExports.cs

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ public static class AmprExports
     private const uint KernelEventQueueRecordType = 2;
     private const uint WriteAddressRecordType = 3;
     private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, CommandBufferState> _commandBuffers = new();
+    private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, Lazy<CachedHostFile>> _hostFileCache = new(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
     private static readonly bool _traceAmpr =
         string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_AMPR"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal);
     private static readonly bool _traceAmprReads =
@@ -37,6 +38,23 @@ public static class AmprExports
         public ulong WriteOffset;
     }
 
+    private sealed class CachedHostFile
+    {
+        public CachedHostFile(string path)
+        {
+            Stream = new FileStream(
+                path,
+                FileMode.Open,
+                FileAccess.Read,
+                FileShare.ReadWrite | FileShare.Delete,
+                bufferSize: 1024 * 1024,
+                FileOptions.RandomAccess);
+        }
+
+        public object Gate { get; } = new();
+        public FileStream Stream { get; }
+    }
+
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "8aI7R7WaOlc",
         ExportName = "sceAmprCommandBufferConstructor",
@@ -249,7 +267,7 @@ public static class AmprExports
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
         }
 
-        if (!AmprFileRegistry.TryGetHostPath(fileId, out var hostPath) || !File.Exists(hostPath))
+        if (!AmprFileRegistry.TryGetHostPath(fileId, out var hostPath))
         {
             TraceAmprRead(ctx, commandBuffer, fileId, destination, size, fileOffset, bytesRead: 0, hostPath, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
@@ -435,7 +453,7 @@ public static class AmprExports
         var offset = 0UL;
         while (offset < writeOffset)
         {
-            if (!TryReadUInt32(ctx, buffer + offset, out var recordType))
+            if (!ctx.TryReadUInt32(buffer + offset, out var recordType))
             {
                 return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
             }
@@ -634,24 +652,43 @@ public static class AmprExports
 
         try
         {
-            using var stream = new FileStream(
-                hostPath,
-                FileMode.Open,
-                FileAccess.Read,
-                FileShare.ReadWrite | FileShare.Delete,
-                ChunkSize,
-                FileOptions.SequentialScan);
-            if (fileOffset >= (ulong)stream.Length)
+            if (!TryGetCachedHostFile(hostPath, out var cachedFile, out var openResult))
+            {
+                return openResult;
+            }
+
+            long fileLength;
+            lock (cachedFile.Gate)
+            {
+                fileLength = cachedFile.Stream.Length;
+            }
+
+            if (fileOffset >= (ulong)fileLength)
             {
                 return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
             }
 
-            stream.Position = unchecked((long)fileOffset);
-
             while (bytesRead < size)
             {
+                if (bytesRead > ulong.MaxValue - fileOffset)
+                {
+                    return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+                }
+
+                var absoluteOffset = fileOffset + bytesRead;
+                if (absoluteOffset > long.MaxValue)
+                {
+                    return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+                }
+
                 var request = (int)Math.Min((ulong)buffer.Length, size - bytesRead);
-                var read = stream.Read(buffer, 0, request);
+                int read;
+                lock (cachedFile.Gate)
+                {
+                    cachedFile.Stream.Position = unchecked((long)absoluteOffset);
+                    read = cachedFile.Stream.Read(buffer, 0, request);
+                }
+
                 if (read <= 0)
                 {
                     break;
@@ -681,6 +718,44 @@ public static class AmprExports
         return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
     }
 
+    private static bool TryGetCachedHostFile(string hostPath, out CachedHostFile file, out int result)
+    {
+        file = null!;
+        result = (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+
+        string cachePath;
+        try
+        {
+            cachePath = Path.GetFullPath(hostPath);
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            cachePath = hostPath;
+        }
+
+        var lazy = _hostFileCache.GetOrAdd(
+            cachePath,
+            static path => new Lazy<CachedHostFile>(() => new CachedHostFile(path), isThreadSafe: true));
+
+        try
+        {
+            file = lazy.Value;
+            return true;
+        }
+        catch (UnauthorizedAccessException)
+        {
+            _hostFileCache.TryRemove(cachePath, out _);
+            result = (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_PERMISSION_DENIED;
+            return false;
+        }
+        catch (IOException)
+        {
+            _hostFileCache.TryRemove(cachePath, out _);
+            result = (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
     private static bool AppendReadFileRecord(
         CpuContext ctx,
         ulong commandBuffer,
@@ -808,19 +883,6 @@ public static class AmprExports
         return true;
     }
 
-    private static bool TryReadUInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, out uint value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
-        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address, buffer))
-        {
-            value = 0;
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        value = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(buffer);
-        return true;
-    }
-
     private static void TraceAmpr(CpuContext ctx, string operation, ulong commandBuffer, ulong arg0, ulong arg1)
     {
         if (!_traceAmpr)

src/SharpEmu.Libs/AppContent/AppContentExports.cs

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ public static class AppContentExports
         var valueAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
         if (valueAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
         }
 
         int value;
@@ -83,18 +83,18 @@ public static class AppContentExports
         }
         else if (!TryReadUserDefinedParam(paramId, out value))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
         }
 
         Span<byte> valueBytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(int)];
         BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(valueBytes, value);
         if (!ctx.Memory.TryWrite(valueAddress, valueBytes))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
         }
 
         TraceAppContent($"app_param_get_int id={paramId} value={value}");
-        return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -168,12 +168,6 @@ public static class AppContentExports
         }
     }
 
-    private static int SetReturn(CpuContext ctx, OrbisGen2Result result)
-    {
-        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)(int)result);
-        return (int)result;
-    }
-
     private static void TraceAppContent(string message)
     {
         if (!string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_APP_CONTENT"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal))

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Audio/AudioOut2Exports.cs

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
 using System.Buffers.Binary;
-using System.Threading;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Audio;
 
@@ -37,7 +36,7 @@ public static class AudioOut2Exports
         var paramAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
         if (paramAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
         }
 
         Span<byte> param = stackalloc byte[AudioOut2ContextParamSize];
@@ -48,8 +47,8 @@ public static class AudioOut2Exports
         BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(param[0x0C..], 0x400);
 
         return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(paramAddress, param)
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
+            : ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -63,7 +62,7 @@ public static class AudioOut2Exports
         var memoryInfoAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
         if (paramAddress == 0 || memoryInfoAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
         }
 
         Span<byte> memoryInfo = stackalloc byte[0x20];
@@ -74,8 +73,8 @@ public static class AudioOut2Exports
         BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(memoryInfo[0x18..], AudioOut2ContextMemoryAlignment);
 
         return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(memoryInfoAddress, memoryInfo)
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
+            : ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -91,13 +90,13 @@ public static class AudioOut2Exports
         var outContextAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rcx];
         if (paramAddress == 0 || memoryAddress == 0 || memorySize == 0 || outContextAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
         }
 
         var handle = (ulong)Interlocked.Increment(ref _nextContextHandle);
-        return TryWriteUInt64(ctx, outContextAddress, handle)
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+        return ctx.TryWriteUInt64(outContextAddress, handle)
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
+            : ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -105,7 +104,7 @@ public static class AudioOut2Exports
         ExportName = "sceAudioOut2ContextDestroy",
         Target = Generation.Gen5,
         LibraryName = "libSceAudioOut2")]
-    public static int AudioOut2ContextDestroy(CpuContext ctx) => SetReturn(ctx, 0);
+    public static int AudioOut2ContextDestroy(CpuContext ctx) => ctx.SetReturn(0);
 
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "JK2wamZPzwM",
@@ -120,14 +119,14 @@ public static class AudioOut2Exports
         var contextAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rcx];
         if (type < 0 || type > 255 || paramAddress == 0 || outPortAddress == 0 || contextAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
         }
 
         var portId = unchecked((uint)Interlocked.Increment(ref _nextPortId)) & 0xFF;
         var handle = 0x2000_0000UL | ((ulong)(uint)type << 16) | portId;
-        return TryWriteUInt64(ctx, outPortAddress, handle)
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+        return ctx.TryWriteUInt64(outPortAddress, handle)
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
+            : ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -141,7 +140,7 @@ public static class AudioOut2Exports
         var stateAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
         if (handle == 0 || stateAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
         }
 
         var type = (int)((handle >> 16) & 0xFF);
@@ -154,8 +153,8 @@ public static class AudioOut2Exports
         BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt16LittleEndian(state[0x04..], -1);
 
         return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(stateAddress, state)
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
+            : ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -168,7 +167,7 @@ public static class AudioOut2Exports
         var infoAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
         if (infoAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
         }
 
         Span<byte> info = stackalloc byte[0x40];
@@ -178,8 +177,8 @@ public static class AudioOut2Exports
         BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(info[0x08..], 48000);
 
         return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(infoAddress, info)
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
+            : ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -187,14 +186,14 @@ public static class AudioOut2Exports
         ExportName = "sceAudioOut2PortDestroy",
         Target = Generation.Gen5,
         LibraryName = "libSceAudioOut2")]
-    public static int AudioOut2PortDestroy(CpuContext ctx) => SetReturn(ctx, 0);
+    public static int AudioOut2PortDestroy(CpuContext ctx) => ctx.SetReturn(0);
 
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "IaZXJ9M79uo",
         ExportName = "sceAudioOut2UserDestroy",
         Target = Generation.Gen5,
         LibraryName = "libSceAudioOut2")]
-    public static int AudioOut2UserDestroy(CpuContext ctx) => SetReturn(ctx, 0);
+    public static int AudioOut2UserDestroy(CpuContext ctx) => ctx.SetReturn(0);
 
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "xywYcRB7nbQ",
@@ -207,25 +206,12 @@ public static class AudioOut2Exports
         var outUserAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
         if ((userId != 0 && userId != 1 && userId != 255) || outUserAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
         }
 
         var handle = (ulong)Interlocked.Increment(ref _nextUserHandle);
-        return TryWriteUInt64(ctx, outUserAddress, handle)
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
-    }
-
-    private static bool TryWriteUInt64(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, ulong value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(ulong)];
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(buffer, value);
-        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(address, buffer);
-    }
-
-    private static int SetReturn(CpuContext ctx, int result)
-    {
-        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)result);
-        return result;
+        return ctx.TryWriteUInt64(outUserAddress, handle)
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
+            : ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
     }
 }

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Audio/AudioOutExports.cs

@@ -2,8 +2,9 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Concurrent;
-using System.Threading;
+using System.Diagnostics;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Audio;
 
@@ -12,14 +13,77 @@ public static class AudioOutExports
     private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<int, PortState> Ports = new();
     private static int _nextPortHandle;
 
-    private sealed record PortState(int UserId, int Type, uint BufferLength, uint Frequency, int Format);
+    private sealed class PortState : IDisposable
+    {
+        private readonly object _paceGate = new();
+        private long _nextSilentOutput;
+
+        public PortState(
+            int userId,
+            int type,
+            uint bufferLength,
+            uint frequency,
+            int format,
+            int channels,
+            int bytesPerSample,
+            bool isFloat,
+            WinMmAudioPort? backend)
+        {
+            UserId = userId;
+            Type = type;
+            BufferLength = bufferLength;
+            Frequency = frequency;
+            Format = format;
+            Channels = channels;
+            BytesPerSample = bytesPerSample;
+            IsFloat = isFloat;
+            Backend = backend;
+        }
+
+        public int UserId { get; }
+        public int Type { get; }
+        public uint BufferLength { get; }
+        public uint Frequency { get; }
+        public int Format { get; }
+        public int Channels { get; }
+        public int BytesPerSample { get; }
+        public bool IsFloat { get; }
+        public WinMmAudioPort? Backend { get; }
+        public int BufferByteLength =>
+            checked((int)BufferLength * Channels * BytesPerSample);
+
+        public void PaceSilence()
+        {
+            long delay;
+            lock (_paceGate)
+            {
+                var now = Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+                if (_nextSilentOutput < now)
+                {
+                    _nextSilentOutput = now;
+                }
+
+                delay = _nextSilentOutput - now;
+                _nextSilentOutput += checked(
+                    (long)Math.Ceiling(
+                        Stopwatch.Frequency * (double)BufferLength / Frequency));
+            }
+
+            if (delay > 0)
+            {
+                Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds((double)delay / Stopwatch.Frequency));
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose() => Backend?.Dispose();
+    }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "JfEPXVxhFqA",
         ExportName = "sceAudioOutInit",
         Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
         LibraryName = "libSceAudioOut")]
-    public static int AudioOutInit(CpuContext ctx) => SetReturn(ctx, 0);
+    public static int AudioOutInit(CpuContext ctx) => ctx.SetReturn(0);
 
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "ekNvsT22rsY",
@@ -33,14 +97,42 @@ public static class AudioOutExports
         var bufferLength = unchecked((uint)ctx[CpuRegister.Rcx]);
         var frequency = unchecked((uint)ctx[CpuRegister.R8]);
         var format = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.R9]);
-        if (bufferLength == 0 || frequency == 0)
+        if (bufferLength == 0 || frequency == 0 ||
+            !TryGetFormat(format, out var channels, out var bytesPerSample, out var isFloat))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+        }
+
+        WinMmAudioPort? backend = null;
+        string backendName;
+        try
+        {
+            backend = new WinMmAudioPort(frequency);
+            backendName = "winmm";
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception)
+        {
+            backendName = "silent";
+            Console.Error.WriteLine(
+                $"[LOADER][WARN] AudioOut host backend unavailable: {exception.Message}");
         }
 
         var handle = Interlocked.Increment(ref _nextPortHandle);
-        Ports[handle] = new PortState(userId, type, bufferLength, frequency, format);
-        return SetReturn(ctx, handle);
+        Ports[handle] = new PortState(
+            userId,
+            type,
+            bufferLength,
+            frequency,
+            format,
+            channels,
+            bytesPerSample,
+            isFloat,
+            backend);
+        Console.Error.WriteLine(
+            $"[LOADER][INFO] AudioOut port {handle}: {frequency} Hz, " +
+            $"{channels} ch, {(isFloat ? "float32" : "s16")}, " +
+            $"{bufferLength} frames, backend={backendName}");
+        return ctx.SetReturn(handle);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -51,11 +143,13 @@ public static class AudioOutExports
     public static int AudioOutClose(CpuContext ctx)
     {
         var handle = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
-        return SetReturn(
-            ctx,
-            Ports.TryRemove(handle, out _)
-                ? 0
-                : (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+        if (!Ports.TryRemove(handle, out var port))
+        {
+            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+        }
+
+        port.Dispose();
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -65,8 +159,44 @@ public static class AudioOutExports
         LibraryName = "libSceAudioOut")]
     public static int AudioOutOutput(CpuContext ctx)
     {
-        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = 0;
-        return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+        var handle = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        var sourceAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
+        if (!Ports.TryGetValue(handle, out var port))
+        {
+            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+        }
+
+        if (sourceAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return ctx.SetReturn(0);
+        }
+
+        var buffer = ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Rent(port.BufferByteLength);
+        try
+        {
+            var source = buffer.AsSpan(0, port.BufferByteLength);
+            if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(sourceAddress, source))
+            {
+                return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            }
+
+            if (port.Backend is null ||
+                !port.Backend.Submit(
+                    source,
+                    port.BufferLength,
+                    port.Channels,
+                    port.BytesPerSample,
+                    port.IsFloat))
+            {
+                port.PaceSilence();
+            }
+
+            return ctx.SetReturn(0);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Return(buffer);
+        }
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -77,16 +207,28 @@ public static class AudioOutExports
     public static int AudioOutSetVolume(CpuContext ctx)
     {
         var handle = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
-        return SetReturn(
-            ctx,
+        return ctx.SetReturn(
             Ports.ContainsKey(handle)
                 ? 0
                 : (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
     }
 
-    private static int SetReturn(CpuContext ctx, int result)
+    private static bool TryGetFormat(
+        int rawFormat,
+        out int channels,
+        out int bytesPerSample,
+        out bool isFloat)
     {
-        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)result);
-        return result;
+        var format = rawFormat & 0xFF;
+        channels = format switch
+        {
+            0 or 3 => 1,
+            1 or 4 => 2,
+            2 or 5 or 6 or 7 => 8,
+            _ => 0,
+        };
+        bytesPerSample = format is >= 3 and <= 5 or 7 ? 4 : 2;
+        isFloat = bytesPerSample == 4;
+        return channels != 0;
     }
 }

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Audio/WinMmAudioPort.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using System.Buffers;
+using System.Buffers.Binary;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Audio;
+
+internal sealed class WinMmAudioPort : IDisposable
+{
+    private const uint WaveMapper = uint.MaxValue;
+    private const uint CallbackEvent = 0x0005_0000;
+    private const ushort WaveFormatPcm = 1;
+    private const uint WaveHeaderDone = 0x0000_0001;
+    private const int MaximumQueuedPcmBytes = 32 * 1024;
+
+    private readonly object _gate = new();
+    private readonly AutoResetEvent _completion = new(false);
+    private readonly Queue<NativeBuffer> _buffers = new();
+    private IntPtr _device;
+    private int _queuedPcmBytes;
+    private bool _disposed;
+
+    public WinMmAudioPort(uint sampleRate)
+    {
+        if (!OperatingSystem.IsWindows())
+        {
+            throw new PlatformNotSupportedException("WinMM audio is only available on Windows.");
+        }
+
+        var format = new WaveFormat
+        {
+            FormatTag = WaveFormatPcm,
+            Channels = 2,
+            SamplesPerSecond = sampleRate,
+            AverageBytesPerSecond = checked(sampleRate * 4),
+            BlockAlign = 4,
+            BitsPerSample = 16,
+            ExtraSize = 0,
+        };
+        var result = WaveOutOpen(
+            out _device,
+            WaveMapper,
+            ref format,
+            _completion.SafeWaitHandle.DangerousGetHandle(),
+            IntPtr.Zero,
+            CallbackEvent);
+        if (result != 0)
+        {
+            throw new InvalidOperationException($"waveOutOpen failed with MMRESULT {result}.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public bool Submit(
+        ReadOnlySpan<byte> source,
+        uint frames,
+        int channels,
+        int bytesPerSample,
+        bool isFloat)
+    {
+        lock (_gate)
+        {
+            if (_disposed)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            var outputLength = checked((int)frames * 4);
+            ReapCompletedBuffers();
+            while (_queuedPcmBytes != 0 &&
+                   _queuedPcmBytes + outputLength > MaximumQueuedPcmBytes)
+            {
+                if (!_completion.WaitOne(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1)))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                ReapCompletedBuffers();
+            }
+
+            var output = ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Rent(outputLength);
+            try
+            {
+                ConvertToStereoPcm16(
+                    source,
+                    output.AsSpan(0, outputLength),
+                    checked((int)frames),
+                    channels,
+                    bytesPerSample,
+                    isFloat);
+                return QueueBuffer(output.AsSpan(0, outputLength));
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Return(output);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void Dispose()
+    {
+        lock (_gate)
+        {
+            if (_disposed)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            _disposed = true;
+            if (_device != IntPtr.Zero)
+            {
+                WaveOutReset(_device);
+                while (_buffers.TryDequeue(out var buffer))
+                {
+                    ReleaseBuffer(buffer);
+                }
+
+                WaveOutClose(_device);
+                _device = IntPtr.Zero;
+            }
+
+            _completion.Dispose();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private bool QueueBuffer(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data)
+    {
+        var dataAddress = Marshal.AllocHGlobal(data.Length);
+        var headerAddress = IntPtr.Zero;
+        try
+        {
+            unsafe
+            {
+                data.CopyTo(new Span<byte>((void*)dataAddress, data.Length));
+            }
+
+            var header = new WaveHeader
+            {
+                Data = dataAddress,
+                BufferLength = checked((uint)data.Length),
+            };
+            headerAddress = Marshal.AllocHGlobal(Marshal.SizeOf<WaveHeader>());
+            Marshal.StructureToPtr(header, headerAddress, false);
+
+            var result = WaveOutPrepareHeader(
+                _device,
+                headerAddress,
+                checked((uint)Marshal.SizeOf<WaveHeader>()));
+            if (result != 0)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            result = WaveOutWrite(
+                _device,
+                headerAddress,
+                checked((uint)Marshal.SizeOf<WaveHeader>()));
+            if (result != 0)
+            {
+                WaveOutUnprepareHeader(
+                    _device,
+                    headerAddress,
+                    checked((uint)Marshal.SizeOf<WaveHeader>()));
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            _buffers.Enqueue(new NativeBuffer(dataAddress, headerAddress, data.Length));
+            _queuedPcmBytes += data.Length;
+            dataAddress = IntPtr.Zero;
+            headerAddress = IntPtr.Zero;
+            return true;
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            if (headerAddress != IntPtr.Zero)
+            {
+                Marshal.FreeHGlobal(headerAddress);
+            }
+
+            if (dataAddress != IntPtr.Zero)
+            {
+                Marshal.FreeHGlobal(dataAddress);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void ReapCompletedBuffers()
+    {
+        while (_buffers.TryPeek(out var buffer))
+        {
+            var header = Marshal.PtrToStructure<WaveHeader>(buffer.Header);
+            if ((header.Flags & WaveHeaderDone) == 0)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            _buffers.Dequeue();
+            ReleaseBuffer(buffer);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void ReleaseBuffer(NativeBuffer buffer)
+    {
+        WaveOutUnprepareHeader(
+            _device,
+            buffer.Header,
+            checked((uint)Marshal.SizeOf<WaveHeader>()));
+        _queuedPcmBytes -= buffer.Length;
+        Marshal.FreeHGlobal(buffer.Header);
+        Marshal.FreeHGlobal(buffer.Data);
+    }
+
+    private static void ConvertToStereoPcm16(
+        ReadOnlySpan<byte> source,
+        Span<byte> destination,
+        int frames,
+        int channels,
+        int bytesPerSample,
+        bool isFloat)
+    {
+        var sourceFrameSize = checked(channels * bytesPerSample);
+        for (var frame = 0; frame < frames; frame++)
+        {
+            var sourceFrame = source.Slice(frame * sourceFrameSize, sourceFrameSize);
+            var left = ReadSample(sourceFrame, 0, bytesPerSample, isFloat);
+            var right = channels == 1
+                ? left
+                : ReadSample(sourceFrame, 1, bytesPerSample, isFloat);
+            BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt16LittleEndian(destination[(frame * 4)..], left);
+            BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt16LittleEndian(destination[((frame * 4) + 2)..], right);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static short ReadSample(
+        ReadOnlySpan<byte> frame,
+        int channel,
+        int bytesPerSample,
+        bool isFloat)
+    {
+        var sample = frame.Slice(channel * bytesPerSample, bytesPerSample);
+        if (!isFloat)
+        {
+            return BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt16LittleEndian(sample);
+        }
+
+        var bits = BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt32LittleEndian(sample);
+        var value = Math.Clamp(BitConverter.Int32BitsToSingle(bits), -1.0f, 1.0f);
+        return checked((short)MathF.Round(value * short.MaxValue));
+    }
+
+    private readonly record struct NativeBuffer(IntPtr Data, IntPtr Header, int Length);
+
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Pack = 2)]
+    private struct WaveFormat
+    {
+        public ushort FormatTag;
+        public ushort Channels;
+        public uint SamplesPerSecond;
+        public uint AverageBytesPerSecond;
+        public ushort BlockAlign;
+        public ushort BitsPerSample;
+        public ushort ExtraSize;
+    }
+
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+    private struct WaveHeader
+    {
+        public IntPtr Data;
+        public uint BufferLength;
+        public uint BytesRecorded;
+        public nuint User;
+        public uint Flags;
+        public uint Loops;
+        public IntPtr Next;
+        public nuint Reserved;
+    }
+
+    [DllImport("winmm.dll", EntryPoint = "waveOutOpen")]
+    private static extern uint WaveOutOpen(
+        out IntPtr device,
+        uint deviceId,
+        ref WaveFormat format,
+        IntPtr callback,
+        IntPtr instance,
+        uint flags);
+
+    [DllImport("winmm.dll", EntryPoint = "waveOutPrepareHeader")]
+    private static extern uint WaveOutPrepareHeader(IntPtr device, IntPtr header, uint headerSize);
+
+    [DllImport("winmm.dll", EntryPoint = "waveOutWrite")]
+    private static extern uint WaveOutWrite(IntPtr device, IntPtr header, uint headerSize);
+
+    [DllImport("winmm.dll", EntryPoint = "waveOutUnprepareHeader")]
+    private static extern uint WaveOutUnprepareHeader(IntPtr device, IntPtr header, uint headerSize);
+
+    [DllImport("winmm.dll", EntryPoint = "waveOutReset")]
+    private static extern uint WaveOutReset(IntPtr device);
+
+    [DllImport("winmm.dll", EntryPoint = "waveOutClose")]
+    private static extern uint WaveOutClose(IntPtr device);
+}

src/SharpEmu.Libs/AvPlayer/AvPlayerExports.cs

@@ -46,8 +46,7 @@ public static class AvPlayerExports
         var dataAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
         lock (StateGate)
         {
-            return SetReturn(
-                ctx,
+            return ctx.SetReturn(
                 handle != 0 && dataAddress != 0 && Players.Contains(handle)
                     ? 0
                     : InvalidParameters);
@@ -63,15 +62,7 @@ public static class AvPlayerExports
     {
         lock (StateGate)
         {
-            return SetReturn(
-                ctx,
-                Players.Remove(ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]) ? 0 : InvalidParameters);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(Players.Remove(ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]) ? 0 : InvalidParameters);
         }
     }
-
-    private static int SetReturn(CpuContext ctx, int result)
-    {
-        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)result);
-        return result;
-    }
 }

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Fiber/FiberExports.cs

@@ -104,17 +104,17 @@ public static class FiberExports
         var optParam = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
         if (optParam == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorNull);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorNull);
         }
 
         if ((optParam & 7) != 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorAlignment);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorAlignment);
         }
 
-        return TryWriteUInt32(ctx, optParam, FiberOptSignature)
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorInvalid);
+        return ctx.TryWriteUInt32(optParam, FiberOptSignature)
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
+            : ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorInvalid);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -127,24 +127,24 @@ public static class FiberExports
         var fiber = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
         if (!TryValidateFiber(ctx, fiber, out var error))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, error);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(error);
         }
 
-        if (!TryReadUInt32(ctx, fiber + FiberStateOffset, out var state))
+        if (!ctx.TryReadUInt32(fiber + FiberStateOffset, out var state))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorInvalid);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorInvalid);
         }
 
         if (state != FiberStateIdle)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorState);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorState);
         }
 
         _continuations.TryRemove(fiber, out _);
         _returnTargets.TryRemove(fiber, out _);
         _stackRanges.TryRemove(fiber, out _);
-        _ = TryWriteUInt32(ctx, fiber + FiberStateOffset, FiberStateTerminated);
-        return SetReturn(ctx, 0);
+        _ = ctx.TryWriteUInt32(fiber + FiberStateOffset, FiberStateTerminated);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -229,20 +229,20 @@ public static class FiberExports
         var fiberAddress = ResolveCurrentFiberAddress(ctx);
         if (fiberAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorPermission);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorPermission);
         }
 
         if (GuestThreadExecution.Scheduler is not { SupportsGuestContextTransfer: true } ||
             !GuestThreadExecution.TryGetCurrentImportCallFrame(out var frame))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorPermission);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorPermission);
         }
 
         var returnArgument = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
         var argOnRunAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
-        if (argOnRunAddress != 0 && !TryWriteUInt64(ctx, argOnRunAddress, 0))
+        if (argOnRunAddress != 0 && !ctx.TryWriteUInt64(argOnRunAddress, 0))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorInvalid);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorInvalid);
         }
 
         GuestCpuContinuation transferTarget;
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ public static class FiberExports
             if (!_returnTargets.TryRemove(fiberAddress, out var returnTarget))
             {
                 _continuations.TryRemove(fiberAddress, out _);
-                return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorPermission);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorPermission);
             }
 
             previousFiber = returnTarget.PreviousFiber;
@@ -264,10 +264,10 @@ public static class FiberExports
             {
                 if (!_continuations.TryRemove(previousFiber, out var previousContinuation) ||
                     !TryWriteResumeArgument(ctx, previousContinuation, returnArgument) ||
-                    !TryWriteUInt32(ctx, previousFiber + FiberStateOffset, FiberStateRun))
+                    !ctx.TryWriteUInt32(previousFiber + FiberStateOffset, FiberStateRun))
                 {
                     _continuations.TryRemove(fiberAddress, out _);
-                    return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorState);
+                    return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorState);
                 }
 
                 transferTarget = previousContinuation.Context with { Rax = 0 };
@@ -278,15 +278,15 @@ public static class FiberExports
                     !TryWriteResumeArgument(ctx, returnTarget.ThreadContinuation.Value, returnArgument))
                 {
                     _continuations.TryRemove(fiberAddress, out _);
-                    return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorState);
+                    return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorState);
                 }
 
                 transferTarget = returnTarget.ThreadContinuation.Value.Context with { Rax = 0 };
             }
 
-            if (!TryWriteUInt32(ctx, fiberAddress + FiberStateOffset, FiberStateIdle))
+            if (!ctx.TryWriteUInt32(fiberAddress + FiberStateOffset, FiberStateIdle))
             {
-                return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorInvalid);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorInvalid);
             }
         }
 
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ public static class FiberExports
         TraceFiber(
             $"return fiber=0x{fiberAddress:X16} to=0x{previousFiber:X16} " +
             $"resume=0x{transferTarget.Rip:X16} rsp=0x{transferTarget.Rsp:X16} arg=0x{returnArgument:X16}");
-        return SetReturn(ctx, 0);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -309,18 +309,18 @@ public static class FiberExports
         var outAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
         if (outAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorNull);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorNull);
         }
 
         var fiberAddress = ResolveCurrentFiberAddress(ctx);
         if (fiberAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorPermission);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorPermission);
         }
 
-        return TryWriteUInt64(ctx, outAddress, fiberAddress)
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorInvalid);
+        return ctx.TryWriteUInt64(outAddress, fiberAddress)
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
+            : ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorInvalid);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -334,35 +334,35 @@ public static class FiberExports
         var info = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
         if (info == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorNull);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorNull);
         }
 
         if (!TryValidateFiber(ctx, fiber, out var error))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, error);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(error);
         }
 
-        if (!TryReadUInt64(ctx, info, out var size) || size != FiberInfoSize)
+        if (!ctx.TryReadUInt64(info, out var size) || size != FiberInfoSize)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorInvalid);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorInvalid);
         }
 
         if (!TryReadFiberFields(ctx, fiber, out var fields))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorInvalid);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorInvalid);
         }
 
-        if (!TryWriteUInt64(ctx, info + 8, fields.Entry) ||
-            !TryWriteUInt64(ctx, info + 16, fields.ArgOnInitialize) ||
-            !TryWriteUInt64(ctx, info + 24, fields.ContextAddress) ||
-            !TryWriteUInt64(ctx, info + 32, fields.ContextSize) ||
+        if (!ctx.TryWriteUInt64(info + 8, fields.Entry) ||
+            !ctx.TryWriteUInt64(info + 16, fields.ArgOnInitialize) ||
+            !ctx.TryWriteUInt64(info + 24, fields.ContextAddress) ||
+            !ctx.TryWriteUInt64(info + 32, fields.ContextSize) ||
             !TryWriteName(ctx, info + 40, fields.Name) ||
-            !TryWriteUInt64(ctx, info + 72, ulong.MaxValue))
+            !ctx.TryWriteUInt64(info + 72, ulong.MaxValue))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorInvalid);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorInvalid);
         }
 
-        return SetReturn(ctx, 0);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -376,22 +376,22 @@ public static class FiberExports
         var nameAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
         if (!TryValidateFiber(ctx, fiber, out var error))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, error);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(error);
         }
 
         if (nameAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorNull);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorNull);
         }
 
-        if (!TryReadNullTerminatedUtf8(ctx, nameAddress, MaxNameLength + 1, out var name))
+        if (!ctx.TryReadNullTerminatedUtf8(nameAddress, MaxNameLength + 1, out var name))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorInvalid);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorInvalid);
         }
 
         return TryWriteName(ctx, fiber + FiberNameOffset, name)
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorInvalid);
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
+            : ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorInvalid);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -403,12 +403,12 @@ public static class FiberExports
     {
         if (ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] != 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorInvalid);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorInvalid);
         }
 
         return Interlocked.Exchange(ref _contextSizeCheck, 1) == 0
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorState);
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
+            : ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorState);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -419,8 +419,8 @@ public static class FiberExports
     public static int FiberStopContextSizeCheck(CpuContext ctx)
     {
         return Interlocked.Exchange(ref _contextSizeCheck, 0) == 1
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorState);
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
+            : ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorState);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -433,17 +433,17 @@ public static class FiberExports
         var outAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
         if (outAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorNull);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorNull);
         }
 
         if (ResolveCurrentFiberAddress(ctx) == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorPermission);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorPermission);
         }
 
-        return TryWriteUInt64(ctx, outAddress, ctx[CpuRegister.Rbp])
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorInvalid);
+        return ctx.TryWriteUInt64(outAddress, ctx[CpuRegister.Rbp])
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
+            : ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorInvalid);
     }
 
     private static int FiberInitializeCore(
@@ -459,37 +459,37 @@ public static class FiberExports
     {
         if (fiber == 0 || nameAddress == 0 || entry == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorNull);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorNull);
         }
 
         if ((fiber & 7) != 0 ||
             (contextAddress & 15) != 0 ||
             (optParam & 7) != 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorAlignment);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorAlignment);
         }
 
         if (contextSize != 0 && contextSize < FiberContextMinimumSize)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorRange);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorRange);
         }
 
         if ((contextSize & 15) != 0 ||
             (contextAddress == 0 && contextSize != 0) ||
             (contextAddress != 0 && contextSize == 0))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorInvalid);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorInvalid);
         }
 
         if (optParam != 0 &&
-            (!TryReadUInt32(ctx, optParam, out var optMagic) || optMagic != FiberOptSignature))
+            (!ctx.TryReadUInt32(optParam, out var optMagic) || optMagic != FiberOptSignature))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorInvalid);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorInvalid);
         }
 
-        if (!TryReadNullTerminatedUtf8(ctx, nameAddress, MaxNameLength + 1, out var name))
+        if (!ctx.TryReadNullTerminatedUtf8(nameAddress, MaxNameLength + 1, out var name))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorInvalid);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorInvalid);
         }
 
         if (Volatile.Read(ref _contextSizeCheck) != 0)
@@ -497,27 +497,27 @@ public static class FiberExports
             flags |= FiberFlagContextSizeCheck;
         }
 
-        if (!TryWriteUInt32(ctx, fiber + FiberMagicStartOffset, FiberSignature0) ||
-            !TryWriteUInt32(ctx, fiber + FiberStateOffset, FiberStateIdle) ||
-            !TryWriteUInt64(ctx, fiber + FiberEntryOffset, entry) ||
-            !TryWriteUInt64(ctx, fiber + FiberArgOnInitializeOffset, argOnInitialize) ||
-            !TryWriteUInt64(ctx, fiber + FiberContextAddressOffset, contextAddress) ||
-            !TryWriteUInt64(ctx, fiber + FiberContextSizeOffset, contextSize) ||
+        if (!ctx.TryWriteUInt32(fiber + FiberMagicStartOffset, FiberSignature0) ||
+            !ctx.TryWriteUInt32(fiber + FiberStateOffset, FiberStateIdle) ||
+            !ctx.TryWriteUInt64(fiber + FiberEntryOffset, entry) ||
+            !ctx.TryWriteUInt64(fiber + FiberArgOnInitializeOffset, argOnInitialize) ||
+            !ctx.TryWriteUInt64(fiber + FiberContextAddressOffset, contextAddress) ||
+            !ctx.TryWriteUInt64(fiber + FiberContextSizeOffset, contextSize) ||
             !TryWriteName(ctx, fiber + FiberNameOffset, name) ||
-            !TryWriteUInt64(ctx, fiber + FiberContextPointerOffset, 0) ||
-            !TryWriteUInt32(ctx, fiber + FiberFlagsOffset, flags) ||
-            !TryWriteUInt64(ctx, fiber + FiberContextStartOffset, contextAddress) ||
-            !TryWriteUInt64(ctx, fiber + FiberContextEndOffset, contextAddress == 0 ? 0 : contextAddress + contextSize) ||
-            !TryWriteUInt32(ctx, fiber + FiberMagicEndOffset, FiberSignature1))
+            !ctx.TryWriteUInt64(fiber + FiberContextPointerOffset, 0) ||
+            !ctx.TryWriteUInt32(fiber + FiberFlagsOffset, flags) ||
+            !ctx.TryWriteUInt64(fiber + FiberContextStartOffset, contextAddress) ||
+            !ctx.TryWriteUInt64(fiber + FiberContextEndOffset, contextAddress == 0 ? 0 : contextAddress + contextSize) ||
+            !ctx.TryWriteUInt32(fiber + FiberMagicEndOffset, FiberSignature1))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorInvalid);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorInvalid);
         }
 
         if (contextAddress != 0)
         {
-            if (!TryWriteUInt64(ctx, contextAddress, FiberStackSignature))
+            if (!ctx.TryWriteUInt64(contextAddress, FiberStackSignature))
             {
-                return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorInvalid);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorInvalid);
             }
 
             if ((flags & FiberFlagContextSizeCheck) != 0)
@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@ public static class FiberExports
         }
 
         TraceFiber($"init fiber=0x{fiber:X16} entry=0x{entry:X16} ctx=0x{contextAddress:X16} size=0x{contextSize:X} name='{name}'");
-        return SetReturn(ctx, 0);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
     private static int FiberRunCore(
@@ -547,12 +547,12 @@ public static class FiberExports
     {
         if (!TryValidateFiber(ctx, fiber, out var error))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, error);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(error);
         }
 
         if (!TryReadFiberFields(ctx, fiber, out var fields))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorInvalid);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorInvalid);
         }
 
         if (attachContextAddress != 0 || attachContextSize != 0)
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ public static class FiberExports
             var attachResult = AttachContext(ctx, fiber, attachContextAddress, attachContextSize, ref fields);
             if (attachResult != 0)
             {
-                return SetReturn(ctx, attachResult);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(attachResult);
             }
         }
 
@@ -568,16 +568,16 @@ public static class FiberExports
         if ((isSwitch && previousFiber == 0) ||
             (!isSwitch && previousFiber != 0))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorPermission);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorPermission);
         }
         if (previousFiber == fiber)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorState);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorState);
         }
         if (GuestThreadExecution.Scheduler is not { SupportsGuestContextTransfer: true } ||
             !GuestThreadExecution.TryGetCurrentImportCallFrame(out var frame))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorPermission);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorPermission);
         }
 
         GuestCpuContinuation transferTarget;
@@ -586,12 +586,12 @@ public static class FiberExports
         {
             if (!TryReadFiberFields(ctx, fiber, out fields))
             {
-                return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorInvalid);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorInvalid);
             }
             if (fields.State != FiberStateIdle)
             {
                 TraceFiber($"run-state-error reason={reason} fiber=0x{fiber:X16} state=0x{fields.State:X8}");
-                return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorState);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorState);
             }
 
             FiberContinuation targetContinuation;
@@ -602,12 +602,12 @@ public static class FiberExports
             }
             else if (!TryCreateInitialContinuation(ctx, fields, argOnRun, out targetContinuation))
             {
-                return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorInvalid);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorInvalid);
             }
 
             if (resumed && !TryWriteResumeArgument(ctx, targetContinuation, argOnRun))
             {
-                return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorInvalid);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorInvalid);
             }
 
             var callerContinuation = new FiberContinuation(
@@ -616,11 +616,11 @@ public static class FiberExports
 
             if (previousFiber != 0)
             {
-                if (!TryReadUInt32(ctx, previousFiber + FiberStateOffset, out var previousState) ||
+                if (!ctx.TryReadUInt32(previousFiber + FiberStateOffset, out var previousState) ||
                     previousState != FiberStateRun ||
-                    !TryWriteUInt32(ctx, previousFiber + FiberStateOffset, FiberStateIdle))
+                    !ctx.TryWriteUInt32(previousFiber + FiberStateOffset, FiberStateIdle))
                 {
-                    return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorState);
+                    return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorState);
                 }
 
                 _continuations[previousFiber] = callerContinuation;
@@ -631,15 +631,15 @@ public static class FiberExports
                 _returnTargets[fiber] = new FiberReturnTarget(0, callerContinuation);
             }
 
-            if (!TryWriteUInt32(ctx, fiber + FiberStateOffset, FiberStateRun))
+            if (!ctx.TryWriteUInt32(fiber + FiberStateOffset, FiberStateRun))
             {
                 if (previousFiber != 0)
                 {
                     _continuations.TryRemove(previousFiber, out _);
-                    _ = TryWriteUInt32(ctx, previousFiber + FiberStateOffset, FiberStateRun);
+                    _ = ctx.TryWriteUInt32(previousFiber + FiberStateOffset, FiberStateRun);
                 }
                 _returnTargets.TryRemove(fiber, out _);
-                return SetReturn(ctx, FiberErrorInvalid);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(FiberErrorInvalid);
             }
 
             if (resumed)
@@ -656,7 +656,7 @@ public static class FiberExports
         TraceFiber(
             $"transfer reason={reason} from=0x{previousFiber:X16} to=0x{fiber:X16} resume={resumed} " +
             $"rip=0x{transferTarget.Rip:X16} rsp=0x{transferTarget.Rsp:X16} arg=0x{argOnRun:X16}");
-        return SetReturn(ctx, 0);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
     private static bool TryCreateInitialContinuation(
@@ -673,7 +673,7 @@ public static class FiberExports
 
         var stackEnd = fields.ContextAddress + fields.ContextSize;
         var entryRsp = (stackEnd & ~15UL) - sizeof(ulong);
-        if (!TryWriteUInt64(ctx, entryRsp, 0))
+        if (!ctx.TryWriteUInt64(entryRsp, 0))
         {
             return false;
         }
@@ -708,7 +708,7 @@ public static class FiberExports
         FiberContinuation continuation,
         ulong argument) =>
         continuation.ArgOnRunAddress == 0 ||
-        TryWriteUInt64(ctx, continuation.ArgOnRunAddress, argument);
+        ctx.TryWriteUInt64(continuation.ArgOnRunAddress, argument);
 
     private static GuestCpuContinuation CaptureContinuation(
         CpuContext ctx,
@@ -779,11 +779,11 @@ public static class FiberExports
             return FiberErrorInvalid;
         }
 
-        if (!TryWriteUInt64(ctx, fiber + FiberContextAddressOffset, contextAddress) ||
-            !TryWriteUInt64(ctx, fiber + FiberContextSizeOffset, contextSize) ||
-            !TryWriteUInt64(ctx, fiber + FiberContextStartOffset, contextAddress) ||
-            !TryWriteUInt64(ctx, fiber + FiberContextEndOffset, contextAddress + contextSize) ||
-            !TryWriteUInt64(ctx, contextAddress, FiberStackSignature))
+        if (!ctx.TryWriteUInt64(fiber + FiberContextAddressOffset, contextAddress) ||
+            !ctx.TryWriteUInt64(fiber + FiberContextSizeOffset, contextSize) ||
+            !ctx.TryWriteUInt64(fiber + FiberContextStartOffset, contextAddress) ||
+            !ctx.TryWriteUInt64(fiber + FiberContextEndOffset, contextAddress + contextSize) ||
+            !ctx.TryWriteUInt64(contextAddress, FiberStackSignature))
         {
             return FiberErrorInvalid;
         }
@@ -839,8 +839,8 @@ public static class FiberExports
             return false;
         }
 
-        if (!TryReadUInt32(ctx, fiber + FiberMagicStartOffset, out var magicStart) ||
-            !TryReadUInt32(ctx, fiber + FiberMagicEndOffset, out var magicEnd) ||
+        if (!ctx.TryReadUInt32(fiber + FiberMagicStartOffset, out var magicStart) ||
+            !ctx.TryReadUInt32(fiber + FiberMagicEndOffset, out var magicEnd) ||
             magicStart != FiberSignature0 ||
             magicEnd != FiberSignature1)
         {
@@ -855,12 +855,12 @@ public static class FiberExports
     private static bool TryReadFiberFields(CpuContext ctx, ulong fiber, out FiberFields fields)
     {
         fields = default;
-        if (!TryReadUInt32(ctx, fiber + FiberStateOffset, out var state) ||
-            !TryReadUInt64(ctx, fiber + FiberEntryOffset, out var entry) ||
-            !TryReadUInt64(ctx, fiber + FiberArgOnInitializeOffset, out var argOnInitialize) ||
-            !TryReadUInt64(ctx, fiber + FiberContextAddressOffset, out var contextAddress) ||
-            !TryReadUInt64(ctx, fiber + FiberContextSizeOffset, out var contextSize) ||
-            !TryReadUInt32(ctx, fiber + FiberFlagsOffset, out var flags) ||
+        if (!ctx.TryReadUInt32(fiber + FiberStateOffset, out var state) ||
+            !ctx.TryReadUInt64(fiber + FiberEntryOffset, out var entry) ||
+            !ctx.TryReadUInt64(fiber + FiberArgOnInitializeOffset, out var argOnInitialize) ||
+            !ctx.TryReadUInt64(fiber + FiberContextAddressOffset, out var contextAddress) ||
+            !ctx.TryReadUInt64(fiber + FiberContextSizeOffset, out var contextSize) ||
+            !ctx.TryReadUInt32(fiber + FiberFlagsOffset, out var flags) ||
             !TryReadInlineName(ctx, fiber + FiberNameOffset, out var name))
         {
             return false;
@@ -898,46 +898,6 @@ public static class FiberExports
         return 0;
     }
 
-    private static bool TryReadUInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, out uint value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
-        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address, buffer))
-        {
-            value = 0;
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        value = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(buffer);
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    private static bool TryWriteUInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, uint value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(buffer, value);
-        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(address, buffer);
-    }
-
-    private static bool TryReadUInt64(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, out ulong value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(ulong)];
-        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address, buffer))
-        {
-            value = 0;
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        value = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt64LittleEndian(buffer);
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    private static bool TryWriteUInt64(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, ulong value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(ulong)];
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(buffer, value);
-        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(address, buffer);
-    }
-
     private static bool TryWriteName(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, string name)
     {
         Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[MaxNameLength + 1];
@@ -965,37 +925,6 @@ public static class FiberExports
         return true;
     }
 
-    private static bool TryReadNullTerminatedUtf8(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, int capacity, out string value)
-    {
-        var bytes = new byte[capacity];
-        for (var index = 0; index < bytes.Length; index++)
-        {
-            Span<byte> current = stackalloc byte[1];
-            if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address + (ulong)index, current))
-            {
-                value = string.Empty;
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            if (current[0] == 0)
-            {
-                value = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(bytes, 0, index);
-                return true;
-            }
-
-            bytes[index] = current[0];
-        }
-
-        value = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(bytes);
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    private static int SetReturn(CpuContext ctx, int result)
-    {
-        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)result);
-        return result;
-    }
-
     private static void TraceFiber(string message)
     {
         if (string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_FIBER"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal))

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Kernel/KernelAprCompatExports.cs

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
 using SharpEmu.Libs.Ampr;
-using System.Buffers.Binary;
 using System.Collections.Concurrent;
 using System.Threading;
 
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@ public static class KernelAprCompatExports
             return completionResult;
         }
 
-        if (outSubmissionId != 0 && !TryWriteUInt32(ctx, outSubmissionId, submissionId))
+        if (outSubmissionId != 0 && !ctx.TryWriteUInt32(outSubmissionId, submissionId))
         {
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
         }
@@ -141,7 +140,7 @@ public static class KernelAprCompatExports
             return completionResult;
         }
 
-        if (!TryWriteUInt32(ctx, outSubmissionId, submissionId))
+        if (!ctx.TryWriteUInt32(outSubmissionId, submissionId))
         {
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
         }
@@ -178,13 +177,6 @@ public static class KernelAprCompatExports
         return tag is 0x0C or 0x10;
     }
 
-    private static bool TryWriteUInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, uint value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(buffer, value);
-        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(address, buffer);
-    }
-
     private static void TraceApr(
         CpuContext ctx,
         string operation,

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Kernel/KernelEventFlagCompatExports.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
-using System.Buffers.Binary;
 using System.Collections.Concurrent;
 using System.Text;
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
@@ -52,17 +51,17 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
             optionAddress != 0 ||
             !IsValidAttributes(attributes))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
         }
 
-        if (!TryReadNullTerminatedUtf8(ctx, nameAddress, MaxEventFlagNameLength + 1, out var name))
+        if (!ctx.TryReadNullTerminatedUtf8(nameAddress, MaxEventFlagNameLength + 1, out var name))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
         }
 
         if (Encoding.UTF8.GetByteCount(name) > MaxEventFlagNameLength)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
         }
 
         var handle = unchecked((ulong)Interlocked.Increment(ref _nextEventFlagHandle));
@@ -76,11 +75,11 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
         if (!ctx.TryWriteUInt64(outAddress, handle))
         {
             _eventFlags.TryRemove(handle, out _);
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
         }
 
         TraceEventFlag($"create handle=0x{handle:X16} name='{name}' attr=0x{attributes:X2} bits=0x{initialPattern:X16}");
-        return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -93,7 +92,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
         var handle = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
         if (!_eventFlags.TryRemove(handle, out var state))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
         }
 
         lock (state.Gate)
@@ -102,7 +101,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
         }
 
         TraceEventFlag($"delete handle=0x{handle:X16} name='{state.Name}'");
-        return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -117,7 +116,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
         var returnRip = GetCurrentReturnRip();
         if (!_eventFlags.TryGetValue(handle, out var state))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
         }
 
         lock (state.Gate)
@@ -128,7 +127,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
         }
 
         _ = GuestThreadExecution.Scheduler?.WakeBlockedThreads(GetEventFlagWakeKey(handle));
-        return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -142,7 +141,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
         var pattern = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
         if (!_eventFlags.TryGetValue(handle, out var state))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
         }
 
         lock (state.Gate)
@@ -151,7 +150,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
             TraceEventFlag($"clear handle=0x{handle:X16} mask=0x{pattern:X16} bits=0x{state.Bits:X16}");
         }
 
-        return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -168,29 +167,29 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
 
         if (!_eventFlags.TryGetValue(handle, out var state))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
         }
 
         if (pattern == 0 || !IsValidWaitMode(waitMode))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
         }
 
         lock (state.Gate)
         {
             if (!TryWriteResultPattern(ctx, resultAddress, state.Bits))
             {
-                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
             }
 
             if (!IsSatisfied(state.Bits, pattern, waitMode))
             {
-                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_BUSY);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_BUSY);
             }
 
             ApplyClearMode(state, pattern, waitMode);
             TraceEventFlag($"poll handle=0x{handle:X16} pattern=0x{pattern:X16} mode=0x{waitMode:X2} bits=0x{state.Bits:X16}");
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
         }
     }
 
@@ -210,18 +209,18 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
 
         if (!_eventFlags.TryGetValue(handle, out var state))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
         }
 
         if (pattern == 0 || !IsValidWaitMode(waitMode))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
         }
 
         uint timeoutUsec = 0;
-        if (timeoutAddress != 0 && !TryReadUInt32(ctx, timeoutAddress, out timeoutUsec))
+        if (timeoutAddress != 0 && !ctx.TryReadUInt32(timeoutAddress, out timeoutUsec))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
         }
 
         Monitor.Enter(state.Gate);
@@ -229,15 +228,15 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
         {
             if (TryCompleteSatisfiedWait(ctx, state, pattern, waitMode, resultAddress, out var immediateWaitResult))
             {
-                return SetReturn(ctx, immediateWaitResult);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(immediateWaitResult);
             }
 
             if (timeoutAddress != 0)
             {
-                _ = TryWriteUInt32(ctx, timeoutAddress, 0);
+                _ = ctx.TryWriteUInt32(timeoutAddress, 0);
                 _ = TryWriteResultPattern(ctx, resultAddress, state.Bits);
                 TraceEventFlag($"wait-timeout handle=0x{handle:X16} pattern=0x{pattern:X16} timeout={timeoutUsec} ret=0x{returnRip:X16}");
-                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_TIMED_OUT);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_TIMED_OUT);
             }
 
             var currentGuestThread = GuestThreadExecution.CurrentGuestThreadHandle;
@@ -272,7 +271,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
                 var scheduler = GuestThreadExecution.Scheduler;
                 if (scheduler is null)
                 {
-                    return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_TRY_AGAIN);
+                    return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_TRY_AGAIN);
                 }
 
                 state.WaitingThreads++;
@@ -297,7 +296,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
                             state.WaitingThreads = Math.Max(0, state.WaitingThreads - 1);
                             releaseWaiter = false;
                             TraceEventFlag($"wait-wake handle=0x{handle:X16} pattern=0x{pattern:X16} bits=0x{state.Bits:X16} waiters={state.WaitingThreads} ret=0x{returnRip:X16}");
-                            return SetReturn(ctx, pumpedWaitResult);
+                            return ctx.SetReturn(pumpedWaitResult);
                         }
 
                         Monitor.Wait(state.Gate, HostWaitPumpMilliseconds);
@@ -314,7 +313,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
 
             state.WaitingThreads++;
             TraceEventFlag($"wait-block handle=0x{handle:X16} pattern=0x{pattern:X16} waiters={state.WaitingThreads} guest_thread=0x{currentGuestThread:X16} fiber=0x{currentFiber:X16} managed={managedThread} ret=0x{returnRip:X16}");
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
         }
         finally
         {
@@ -334,15 +333,15 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
         var waiterCountAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx];
         if (!_eventFlags.TryGetValue(handle, out var state))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
         }
 
         lock (state.Gate)
         {
             if (waiterCountAddress != 0 &&
-                !TryWriteUInt32(ctx, waiterCountAddress, unchecked((uint)state.WaitingThreads)))
+                !ctx.TryWriteUInt32(waiterCountAddress, unchecked((uint)state.WaitingThreads)))
             {
-                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
             }
 
             state.Bits = setPattern;
@@ -351,7 +350,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
             TraceEventFlag($"cancel handle=0x{handle:X16} bits=0x{setPattern:X16}");
         }
 
-        return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
     }
 
     private static bool IsValidAttributes(uint attributes)
@@ -453,84 +452,6 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
     private static bool TryWriteResultPattern(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, ulong bits) =>
         address == 0 || ctx.TryWriteUInt64(address, bits);
 
-    private static bool TryReadUInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, out uint value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
-        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address, buffer))
-        {
-            value = 0;
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        value = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(buffer);
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    private static bool TryReadUInt64(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, out ulong value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(ulong)];
-        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address, buffer))
-        {
-            value = 0;
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        value = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt64LittleEndian(buffer);
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    private static bool TryReadByte(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, out byte value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[1];
-        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address, buffer))
-        {
-            value = 0;
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        value = buffer[0];
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    private static bool TryWriteUInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, uint value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(buffer, value);
-        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(address, buffer);
-    }
-
-    private static bool TryReadNullTerminatedUtf8(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, int capacity, out string value)
-    {
-        var bytes = new byte[capacity];
-        for (var index = 0; index < bytes.Length; index++)
-        {
-            Span<byte> current = stackalloc byte[1];
-            if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address + (ulong)index, current))
-            {
-                value = string.Empty;
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            if (current[0] == 0)
-            {
-                value = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(bytes, 0, index);
-                return true;
-            }
-
-            bytes[index] = current[0];
-        }
-
-        value = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(bytes);
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    private static int SetReturn(CpuContext ctx, OrbisGen2Result result)
-    {
-        var value = (int)result;
-        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)value);
-        return value;
-    }
-
     private static void TraceEventFlag(string message)
     {
         if (string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_EVENT_FLAG"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal))
@@ -614,7 +535,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
 
     private static void AppendByte(StringBuilder builder, CpuContext ctx, ulong address, string name)
     {
-        if (TryReadByte(ctx, address, out var value))
+        if (ctx.TryReadByte(address, out var value))
         {
             builder.Append($" {name}=0x{value:X2}");
         }
@@ -622,7 +543,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
 
     private static void AppendUInt32(StringBuilder builder, CpuContext ctx, ulong address, string name)
     {
-        if (TryReadUInt32(ctx, address, out var value))
+        if (ctx.TryReadUInt32(address, out var value))
         {
             builder.Append($" {name}=0x{value:X8}");
         }
@@ -630,7 +551,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
 
     private static void AppendUInt64(StringBuilder builder, CpuContext ctx, ulong address, string name)
     {
-        if (TryReadUInt64(ctx, address, out var value))
+        if (ctx.TryReadUInt64(address, out var value))
         {
             builder.Append($" {name}=0x{value:X16}");
         }

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Kernel/KernelEventQueueCompatExports.cs

@@ -276,8 +276,24 @@ public static class KernelEventQueueCompatExports
         var outCountAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rcx];
         var timeoutAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.R8];
 
+        if (!IsValidEqueue(handle))
+        {
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
+        }
+
+        if (eventsAddress == 0 || eventCapacity < 1)
+        {
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+        }
+
+        uint timeoutUsec = 0;
+        if (timeoutAddress != 0 && !ctx.TryReadUInt32(timeoutAddress, out timeoutUsec))
+        {
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
+        }
+
         var deliveredCount = DequeueEvents(ctx, handle, eventsAddress, eventCapacity);
-        if (outCountAddress != 0 && !TryWriteUInt32(ctx, outCountAddress, (uint)deliveredCount))
+        if (outCountAddress != 0 && !ctx.TryWriteUInt32(outCountAddress, (uint)deliveredCount))
         {
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
         }
@@ -300,6 +316,41 @@ public static class KernelEventQueueCompatExports
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
         }
 
+        if (timeoutAddress != 0 && ctx.TryReadUInt64(timeoutAddress, out var timeoutRaw))
+        {
+            var timeoutMicros = timeoutRaw & 0xFFFF_FFFFUL;
+            var deadline = Environment.TickCount64 +
+                Math.Max(1L, (long)Math.Min(timeoutMicros / 1000, int.MaxValue));
+            lock (_eventQueueGate)
+            {
+                while (!HasPendingEvents(handle))
+                {
+                    var remaining = deadline - Environment.TickCount64;
+                    if (remaining <= 0)
+                    {
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    Monitor.Wait(_eventQueueGate, (int)Math.Min(remaining, 100));
+                }
+            }
+
+            deliveredCount = DequeueEvents(ctx, handle, eventsAddress, eventCapacity);
+            if (outCountAddress != 0 && !ctx.TryWriteUInt32(outCountAddress, (uint)deliveredCount))
+            {
+                return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
+            }
+
+            if (deliveredCount > 0)
+            {
+                TraceEventQueue(ctx, "wait-timed-deliver", handle);
+                return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+            }
+
+            TraceEventQueue(ctx, "wait-timeout", handle);
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_TIMED_OUT;
+        }
+
         TraceEventQueue(ctx, "wait", handle);
         return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
     }
@@ -330,6 +381,7 @@ public static class KernelEventQueueCompatExports
 
             queue.AddLast(queuedEvent);
             queued = true;
+            Monitor.PulseAll(_eventQueueGate);
         }
 
         if (queued)
@@ -489,12 +541,14 @@ public static class KernelEventQueueCompatExports
         ulong outCountAddress)
     {
         var deliveredCount = DequeueEvents(ctx, handle, eventsAddress, eventCapacity);
-        if (outCountAddress != 0 && !TryWriteUInt32(ctx, outCountAddress, (uint)deliveredCount))
+        if (outCountAddress != 0 && !ctx.TryWriteUInt32(outCountAddress, (uint)deliveredCount))
         {
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
         }
 
-        return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+        return deliveredCount > 0
+            ? (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK
+            : (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_TIMED_OUT;
     }
 
     private static bool HasPendingEvents(ulong handle)
@@ -600,16 +654,8 @@ public static class KernelEventQueueCompatExports
             return;
         }
 
-        var returnRip = 0UL;
-        _ = ctx.TryReadUInt64(ctx[CpuRegister.Rsp], out returnRip);
+        _ = ctx.TryReadUInt64(ctx[CpuRegister.Rsp], out ulong returnRip);
         Console.Error.WriteLine(
             $"[LOADER][TRACE] equeue.{operation}: handle=0x{handle:X16} rsi=0x{ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi]:X16} rdx=0x{ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx]:X16} ret=0x{returnRip:X16}");
     }
-
-    private static bool TryWriteUInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, uint value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(buffer, value);
-        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(address, buffer);
-    }
 }

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Kernel/KernelExceptionCompatExports.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using SharpEmu.HLE;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Kernel;
+
+public static class KernelExceptionCompatExports
+{
+    private static readonly HashSet<int> AllowedSignals = new() { 1, 4, 8, 10, 11, 30 };
+    private static readonly Dictionary<int, ulong> _installedHandlers = new();
+    private static readonly object _gate = new();
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "WkwEd3N7w0Y",
+        ExportName = "sceKernelInstallExceptionHandler",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libKernel")]
+    public static int InstallExceptionHandler(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var signum = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        var handler = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
+
+        if (!AllowedSignals.Contains(signum))
+        {
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+        }
+
+        lock (_gate)
+        {
+            if (_installedHandlers.ContainsKey(signum))
+            {
+                return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_ALREADY_EXISTS;
+            }
+
+            _installedHandlers[signum] = handler;
+        }
+
+        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = 0;
+        return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "Qhv5ARAoOEc",
+        ExportName = "sceKernelRemoveExceptionHandler",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libKernel")]
+    public static int RemoveExceptionHandler(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var signum = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+
+        if (!AllowedSignals.Contains(signum))
+        {
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+        }
+
+        lock (_gate)
+        {
+            _installedHandlers.Remove(signum);
+        }
+
+        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = 0;
+        return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+    }
+}

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Kernel/KernelExports.cs

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Kernel;
 
 public static class KernelExports
 {
-    private static int _nextFileDescriptor = 2;
     private static readonly object _cxaGate = new();
     private static readonly List<CxaDestructorEntry> _cxaDestructors = new();
     private static readonly object _coredumpGate = new();
@@ -365,6 +364,13 @@ public static class KernelExports
         LibraryName = "libKernel")]
     public static int KernelOpen(CpuContext ctx) => KernelMemoryCompatExports.KernelOpenUnderscore(ctx);
 
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "mqQMh1zPPT8",
+        ExportName = "fstat",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libc")]
+    public static int Fstat(CpuContext ctx) => KernelMemoryCompatExports.KernelFstat(ctx);
+
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "hcuQgD53UxM",
         ExportName = "printf",

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Kernel/KernelMemoryCompatExports.cs

@@ -5,11 +5,9 @@ using SharpEmu.HLE;
 using SharpEmu.Libs.Ampr;
 using System.Buffers;
 using System.Buffers.Binary;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
 using System.Text;
-using System.Threading;
-using System.Reflection;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
-using System.Linq;
 using System.Globalization;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Kernel;
@@ -108,6 +106,7 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
     private static readonly Dictionary<string, string> _guestMounts = new(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
     private static readonly HashSet<string> _tracedStatResults = new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
     private static readonly HashSet<string> _negativeStatCache = new(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+    private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, ulong> _aprFileSizeCache = new(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
     private static long _nextFileDescriptor = 2;
     private static ulong _nextPhysicalAddress;
     private static ulong _nextVirtualAddress;
@@ -1342,6 +1341,7 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
             if (IsMutatingOpen(flags))
             {
                 InvalidateNegativeStatCacheForPathAndAncestors(guestPath);
+                InvalidateAprFileSizeCache(hostPath);
             }
 
             LogOpenTrace($"_open file path='{guestPath}' host='{hostPath}' flags=0x{flags:X8} fd={fd}");
@@ -1550,6 +1550,7 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
 
             File.Delete(hostPath);
             InvalidateNegativeStatCacheForPathAndAncestors(guestPath);
+            InvalidateAprFileSizeCache(hostPath);
             AddNegativeStatCacheForGuestPath(guestPath);
             LogOpenTrace($"unlink path='{guestPath}' host='{hostPath}'");
             ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = 0;
@@ -2528,6 +2529,17 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
             if (fixedMapping && requestedAddress != 0)
             {
                 mappedAddress = requestedAddress;
+                reserved = IsGuestRangeBacked(ctx, requestedAddress, length);
+                if (!reserved)
+                {
+                    TryReserveExactGuestVirtualRange(ctx, requestedAddress, length, protection);
+                    reserved = IsGuestRangeBacked(ctx, requestedAddress, length);
+                }
+
+                if (!reserved)
+                {
+                    mappedAddress = 0;
+                }
             }
             else
             {
@@ -2538,7 +2550,7 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
                 Console.Error.WriteLine(
                     $"[LOADER][TRACE] map_direct reserve: requested=0x{requestedAddress:X16} desired=0x{desiredAddress:X16} reserved={reserved} mapped=0x{mappedAddress:X16}");
             }
-            if (!reserved)
+            if (!reserved && !fixedMapping)
             {
                 if (mappedAddress == 0)
                 {
@@ -2596,8 +2608,11 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
         var length = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
         var protection = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx]);
         var flags = ctx[CpuRegister.Rcx];
-        Console.Error.WriteLine(
-            $"[LOADER][TRACE] map_flexible: inout=0x{inOutAddressPointer:X16} len=0x{length:X16} prot=0x{protection:X8} flags=0x{flags:X16}");
+        if (ShouldTraceDirectMemory())
+        {
+            Console.Error.WriteLine(
+                $"[LOADER][TRACE] map_flexible: inout=0x{inOutAddressPointer:X16} len=0x{length:X16} prot=0x{protection:X8} flags=0x{flags:X16}");
+        }
         if (inOutAddressPointer == 0 || length == 0)
         {
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
@@ -2619,16 +2634,25 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
             if (fixedMapping && requestedAddress != 0)
             {
                 mappedAddress = requestedAddress;
+                if (!IsGuestRangeBacked(ctx, requestedAddress, length))
+                {
+                    TryReserveExactGuestVirtualRange(ctx, requestedAddress, length, protection);
+                    if (!IsGuestRangeBacked(ctx, requestedAddress, length))
+                    {
+                        mappedAddress = 0;
+                    }
+                }
             }
             else if (!TryReserveGuestVirtualRange(ctx, desiredAddress, length, protection, OrbisPageSize, out mappedAddress))
             {
-                mappedAddress = requestedAddress != 0 && fixedMapping
-                    ? requestedAddress
-                    : AllocateMappedGuestAddress(ctx, length, 0x1000UL);
+                mappedAddress = AllocateMappedGuestAddress(ctx, length, 0x1000UL);
             }
 
-            Console.Error.WriteLine(
-                $"[LOADER][TRACE] map_flexible reserve: requested=0x{requestedAddress:X16} desired=0x{desiredAddress:X16} mapped=0x{mappedAddress:X16}");
+            if (ShouldTraceDirectMemory())
+            {
+                Console.Error.WriteLine(
+                    $"[LOADER][TRACE] map_flexible reserve: requested=0x{requestedAddress:X16} desired=0x{desiredAddress:X16} mapped=0x{mappedAddress:X16}");
+            }
 
             if (mappedAddress == 0)
             {
@@ -2879,7 +2903,7 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
                     return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
                 }
 
-                if (protectionOut != 0 && !TryWriteInt32(ctx, protectionOut, region.Protection))
+                if (protectionOut != 0 && !ctx.TryWriteInt32(protectionOut, region.Protection))
                 {
                     return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
                 }
@@ -2918,7 +2942,7 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
 
                 if (!ctx.TryWriteUInt64(infoAddress, block.Start) ||
                     !ctx.TryWriteUInt64(infoAddress + sizeof(ulong), block.Start + block.Length) ||
-                    !TryWriteInt32(ctx, infoAddress + (sizeof(ulong) * 2), block.MemoryType))
+                    !ctx.TryWriteInt32(infoAddress + (sizeof(ulong) * 2), block.MemoryType))
                 {
                     return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
                 }
@@ -3776,7 +3800,7 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
                         var addr = argumentSource.NextGpArg();
                         if (addr != 0)
                         {
-                            _ = TryWriteInt32(ctx, addr, sb.Length);
+                            _ = ctx.TryWriteInt32(addr, sb.Length);
                         }
                     }
                     break;
@@ -3973,118 +3997,48 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
         ulong alignment,
         out ulong mappedAddress)
     {
-        mappedAddress = 0;
-        if (length == 0)
+        var executable = (protection & OrbisProtCpuExec) != 0;
+        return KernelVirtualRangeAllocator.TryReserve(
+            ctx,
+            desiredAddress,
+            length,
+            executable,
+            alignment,
+            allowSearch: true,
+            allowAllocateAtAlternative: false,
+            "reserve range",
+            out mappedAddress);
+    }
+
+    private static bool TryReserveExactGuestVirtualRange(
+        CpuContext ctx,
+        ulong desiredAddress,
+        ulong length,
+        int protection)
+    {
+        var executable = (protection & OrbisProtCpuExec) != 0;
+        return KernelVirtualRangeAllocator.TryReserve(
+            ctx,
+            desiredAddress,
+            length,
+            executable,
+            alignment: 0,
+            allowSearch: false,
+            allowAllocateAtAlternative: false,
+            "reserve fixed range",
+            out _);
+    }
+
+    private static bool IsGuestRangeBacked(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, ulong length)
+    {
+        if (address == 0 || length == 0 || ulong.MaxValue - address < length - 1)
         {
             return false;
         }
 
-        try
-        {
-            object memoryObject = ctx.Memory;
-            MethodInfo? allocateAt = null;
-            MethodInfo? allocateAtOrAbove = null;
-            var allocateAtHasAllowAlternativeArg = false;
-            for (var depth = 0; depth < 4; depth++)
-            {
-                foreach (var candidate in memoryObject.GetType().GetMethods(BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance))
-                {
-                    var parameters = candidate.GetParameters();
-                    if (string.Equals(candidate.Name, "TryAllocateAtOrAbove", StringComparison.Ordinal) &&
-                        parameters.Length == 5 &&
-                        parameters[0].ParameterType == typeof(ulong) &&
-                        parameters[1].ParameterType == typeof(ulong) &&
-                        parameters[2].ParameterType == typeof(bool) &&
-                        parameters[3].ParameterType == typeof(ulong) &&
-                        parameters[4].ParameterType == typeof(ulong).MakeByRefType())
-                    {
-                        allocateAtOrAbove = candidate;
-                    }
-                    else if (string.Equals(candidate.Name, "AllocateAt", StringComparison.Ordinal))
-                    {
-                        if (parameters.Length == 3 &&
-                            parameters[0].ParameterType == typeof(ulong) &&
-                            parameters[1].ParameterType == typeof(ulong) &&
-                            parameters[2].ParameterType == typeof(bool))
-                        {
-                            allocateAt = candidate;
-                            allocateAtHasAllowAlternativeArg = false;
-                        }
-                        else if (parameters.Length == 4 &&
-                            parameters[0].ParameterType == typeof(ulong) &&
-                            parameters[1].ParameterType == typeof(ulong) &&
-                            parameters[2].ParameterType == typeof(bool) &&
-                            parameters[3].ParameterType == typeof(bool))
-                        {
-                            allocateAt = candidate;
-                            allocateAtHasAllowAlternativeArg = true;
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    if (allocateAtOrAbove is not null && allocateAt is not null)
-                    {
-                        break;
-                    }
-                }
-
-                if (allocateAtOrAbove is not null || allocateAt is not null)
-                {
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                var innerProperty = memoryObject.GetType().GetProperty("Inner", BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance);
-                if (innerProperty is null)
-                {
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                var innerValue = innerProperty.GetValue(memoryObject);
-                if (innerValue is null || ReferenceEquals(innerValue, memoryObject))
-                {
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                memoryObject = innerValue;
-            }
-
-            var executable = (protection & OrbisProtCpuExec) != 0;
-            if (allocateAtOrAbove is not null)
-            {
-                var searchArgs = new object[] { desiredAddress, length, executable, alignment, 0UL };
-                var searchResult = allocateAtOrAbove.Invoke(memoryObject, searchArgs);
-                if (searchResult is bool trueValue && trueValue &&
-                    searchArgs[4] is ulong searchedAddress && searchedAddress != 0)
-                {
-                    mappedAddress = searchedAddress;
-                    return true;
-                }
-            }
-
-            if (allocateAt is null)
-            {
-                Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][TRACE] reserve range: AllocateAt missing on {ctx.Memory.GetType().FullName}");
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            var invokeArgs = allocateAtHasAllowAlternativeArg
-                ? new object[] { desiredAddress, length, executable, false }
-                : new object[] { desiredAddress, length, executable };
-            var result = allocateAt.Invoke(memoryObject, invokeArgs);
-            if (result is not ulong allocated || allocated == 0)
-            {
-                var resultType = result?.GetType().FullName ?? "null";
-                Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][TRACE] reserve range: AllocateAt returned {resultType} value={result ?? "null"}");
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            mappedAddress = allocated;
-            return true;
-        }
-        catch
-        {
-            Console.Error.WriteLine("[LOADER][TRACE] reserve range threw while invoking AllocateAt");
-            return false;
-        }
+        Span<byte> probe = stackalloc byte[1];
+        return ctx.Memory.TryRead(address, probe) &&
+               ctx.Memory.TryRead(address + length - 1, probe);
     }
 
     private static bool IsMappedGuestRangeAvailable(
@@ -4237,6 +4191,20 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
         var app0Root = ResolveApp0Root();
         if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(app0Root))
         {
+            if (string.Equals(guestPath, "$", StringComparison.Ordinal) ||
+                string.Equals(guestPath, "$/", StringComparison.Ordinal) ||
+                string.Equals(guestPath, "$\\", StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            {
+                return app0Root;
+            }
+
+            if (guestPath.StartsWith("$/", StringComparison.Ordinal) ||
+                guestPath.StartsWith("$\\", StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            {
+                var relative = NormalizeMountRelativePath(guestPath[2..]);
+                return Path.Combine(app0Root, relative);
+            }
+
             if (string.Equals(guestPath, "/app0", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ||
                 string.Equals(guestPath, "app0", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
             {
@@ -4557,7 +4525,7 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
                 continue;
             }
 
-            Span<byte> one = stackalloc byte[1];
+            var one = chunk.AsSpan(0, 1);
             if (!TryReadCompat(ctx, current, one))
             {
                 return false;
@@ -4996,7 +4964,7 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
             processedCount++;
         }
 
-        if (processedOutAddress != 0 && !TryWriteInt32(ctx, processedOutAddress, processedCount))
+        if (processedOutAddress != 0 && !ctx.TryWriteInt32(processedOutAddress, processedCount))
         {
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
         }
@@ -5833,13 +5801,6 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
         return (protect & expected) != 0;
     }
 
-    private static bool TryWriteInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, int value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> bytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(int)];
-        BitConverter.TryWriteBytes(bytes, value);
-        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(address, bytes);
-    }
-
     private static bool TryWriteOpenDescriptorStat(CpuContext ctx, int fd, ulong statAddress)
     {
         if (fd is 0 or 1 or 2)
@@ -5899,22 +5860,40 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
     private static bool TryGetAprFileSize(string hostPath, out ulong size)
     {
         size = 0;
+
+        string cachePath;
         try
         {
-            var fileInfo = new FileInfo(hostPath);
+            cachePath = Path.GetFullPath(hostPath);
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            cachePath = hostPath;
+        }
+
+        if (_aprFileSizeCache.TryGetValue(cachePath, out size))
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            var fileInfo = new FileInfo(cachePath);
             if (fileInfo.Exists)
             {
                 var length = fileInfo.Length;
                 size = length < 0 ? 0UL : unchecked((ulong)length);
+                _aprFileSizeCache.TryAdd(cachePath, size);
                 return true;
             }
 
-            if (!new DirectoryInfo(hostPath).Exists)
+            if (!new DirectoryInfo(cachePath).Exists)
             {
                 return false;
             }
 
             size = 65536;
+            _aprFileSizeCache.TryAdd(cachePath, size);
             return true;
         }
         catch
@@ -6213,6 +6192,20 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
         }
     }
 
+    private static void InvalidateAprFileSizeCache(string hostPath)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            hostPath = Path.GetFullPath(hostPath);
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            // The cache key remains the original path when normalization fails.
+        }
+
+        _aprFileSizeCache.TryRemove(hostPath, out _);
+    }
+
     private static string PreviewIoBytes(byte[] buffer, int count, int maxBytes)
     {
         if (count <= 0)

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Kernel/KernelPthreadCompatExports.cs

@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@
 
 using System.Collections.Concurrent;
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
-using System.Buffers.Binary;
-using System.Threading;
 using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Kernel;
@@ -95,6 +93,13 @@ public static class KernelPthreadCompatExports
         return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
     }
 
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "7Xl257M4VNI",
+        ExportName = "pthread_equal",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libc")]
+    public static int PosixPthreadEqual(CpuContext ctx) => PthreadEqual(ctx);
+
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "T72hz6ffq08",
         ExportName = "scePthreadYield",
@@ -322,6 +327,12 @@ public static class KernelPthreadCompatExports
         Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
         LibraryName = "libKernel")]
     public static int PosixPthreadCondSignal(CpuContext ctx) => PthreadCondSignalCore(ctx, ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi], broadcast: false);
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "27bAgiJmOh0",
+        ExportName = "pthread_cond_timedwait",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libKernel")]
+    public static int PosixPthreadCondTimedwait(CpuContext ctx) => PthreadCondWaitCore(ctx, ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi], ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi], timed: true, timeoutUsec: unchecked((uint)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx]));
 
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "m5-2bsNfv7s",
@@ -376,42 +387,42 @@ public static class KernelPthreadCompatExports
         var initRoutine = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
         if (onceAddress == 0 || initRoutine == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
         }
 
-        if (!TryReadInt32(ctx, onceAddress, out var onceValue))
+        if (!ctx.TryReadInt32(onceAddress, out var onceValue))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
         }
 
         if (onceValue == PthreadOnceDone)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
         }
 
         var gate = GetPthreadOnceGate(onceAddress);
         var shouldCall = false;
         lock (gate)
         {
-            if (!TryReadInt32(ctx, onceAddress, out onceValue))
+            if (!ctx.TryReadInt32(onceAddress, out onceValue))
             {
-                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
             }
 
             while (onceValue == PthreadOnceInProgress)
             {
                 Monitor.Wait(gate, TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(1));
-                if (!TryReadInt32(ctx, onceAddress, out onceValue))
+                if (!ctx.TryReadInt32(onceAddress, out onceValue))
                 {
-                    return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+                    return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
                 }
             }
 
             if (onceValue != PthreadOnceDone)
             {
-                if (!TryWriteInt32(ctx, onceAddress, PthreadOnceInProgress))
+                if (!ctx.TryWriteInt32(onceAddress, PthreadOnceInProgress))
                 {
-                    return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+                    return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
                 }
 
                 shouldCall = true;
@@ -427,21 +438,21 @@ public static class KernelPthreadCompatExports
             {
                 lock (gate)
                 {
-                    _ = TryWriteInt32(ctx, onceAddress, PthreadOnceUninitialized);
+                    _ = ctx.TryWriteInt32(onceAddress, PthreadOnceUninitialized);
                     Monitor.PulseAll(gate);
                 }
 
                 TracePthreadOnce(onceAddress, initRoutine, "failed", error);
-                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_TRY_AGAIN);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_TRY_AGAIN);
             }
 
             lock (gate)
             {
-                if (!TryWriteInt32(ctx, onceAddress, PthreadOnceDone))
+                if (!ctx.TryWriteInt32(onceAddress, PthreadOnceDone))
                 {
-                    _ = TryWriteInt32(ctx, onceAddress, PthreadOnceUninitialized);
+                    _ = ctx.TryWriteInt32(onceAddress, PthreadOnceUninitialized);
                     Monitor.PulseAll(gate);
-                    return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+                    return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
                 }
 
                 Monitor.PulseAll(gate);
@@ -449,7 +460,7 @@ public static class KernelPthreadCompatExports
         }
 
         TracePthreadOnce(onceAddress, initRoutine, shouldCall ? "call" : "done", null);
-        return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
     }
 
     private static int PthreadMutexInitCore(CpuContext ctx, ulong mutexAddress, ulong attrAddress)
@@ -1011,19 +1022,12 @@ public static class KernelPthreadCompatExports
     }
 
     private static bool InitializeMutexObject(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, PthreadMutexState state) =>
-        TryWriteUInt32(ctx, address + 0x20, unchecked((uint)state.Type)) &&
-        TryWriteUInt32(ctx, address + 0x3C, unchecked((uint)state.Protocol));
+        ctx.TryWriteUInt32(address + 0x20, unchecked((uint)state.Type)) &&
+        ctx.TryWriteUInt32(address + 0x3C, unchecked((uint)state.Protocol));
 
     private static bool WriteMutexAttrObject(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, PthreadMutexAttrState state) =>
-        TryWriteUInt32(ctx, address, unchecked((uint)state.Type)) &&
-        TryWriteUInt32(ctx, address + 4, unchecked((uint)state.Protocol));
-
-    private static bool TryWriteUInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, uint value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> bytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
-        BitConverter.TryWriteBytes(bytes, value);
-        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(address, bytes);
-    }
+        ctx.TryWriteUInt32(address, unchecked((uint)state.Type)) &&
+        ctx.TryWriteUInt32(address + 4, unchecked((uint)state.Protocol));
 
     private static int PthreadCondInitCore(CpuContext ctx, ulong condAddress)
     {
@@ -1315,32 +1319,6 @@ public static class KernelPthreadCompatExports
         }
     }
 
-    private static int SetReturn(CpuContext ctx, OrbisGen2Result result)
-    {
-        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)(int)result);
-        return (int)result;
-    }
-
-    private static bool TryReadInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, out int value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> bytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(int)];
-        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address, bytes))
-        {
-            value = 0;
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        value = BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt32LittleEndian(bytes);
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    private static bool TryWriteInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, int value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> bytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(int)];
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(bytes, value);
-        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(address, bytes);
-    }
-
     private static bool CreateImplicitMutexState(CpuContext ctx, ulong mutexAddress, int type, out ulong resolvedAddress, [NotNullWhen(true)] out PthreadMutexState? state)
     {
         var createdState = new PthreadMutexState

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Kernel/KernelPthreadExtendedCompatExports.cs

@@ -2,10 +2,8 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
-using System.Buffers.Binary;
 using System.Collections.Concurrent;
 using System.Text;
-using System.Threading;
 using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Kernel;
@@ -22,6 +20,7 @@ public static class KernelPthreadExtendedCompatExports
     private const int DefaultSchedPriority = DefaultThreadPriority;
     private const ulong SyntheticRwlockHandleBase = 0x00006003_0000_0000;
     private const ulong SyntheticPthreadAttrHandleBase = 0x00006004_0000_0000;
+    private const ulong SyntheticRwlockAttrHandleBase = 0x00006005_0000_0000;
 
     private static readonly object _stateGate = new();
     private static readonly Dictionary<ulong, ThreadState> _threadStates = new();
@@ -31,6 +30,7 @@ public static class KernelPthreadExtendedCompatExports
     private static int _nextTlsKey = 1;
     private static long _nextSyntheticRwlockHandleId = 1;
     private static long _nextSyntheticPthreadAttrHandleId = 1;
+    private static long _nextSyntheticRwlockAttrHandleId = 1;
 
     private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, ConcurrentDictionary<int, ulong>> _threadLocalSpecific = new();
 
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ public static class KernelPthreadExtendedCompatExports
             priority = GetOrCreateThreadStateLocked(thread).Priority;
         }
 
-        if (!TryWriteInt32(ctx, outPriorityAddress, priority))
+        if (!ctx.TryWriteInt32(outPriorityAddress, priority))
         {
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
         }
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ public static class KernelPthreadExtendedCompatExports
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
         }
 
-        if (!TryReadInt32(ctx, schedParamAddress, out var schedPriority))
+        if (!ctx.TryReadInt32(schedParamAddress, out var schedPriority))
         {
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
         }
@@ -494,7 +494,7 @@ public static class KernelPthreadExtendedCompatExports
             state = GetOrCreateAttrStateLocked(attrAddress);
         }
 
-        if (!TryWriteInt32(ctx, outStateAddress, state.DetachState))
+        if (!ctx.TryWriteInt32(outStateAddress, state.DetachState))
         {
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
         }
@@ -737,7 +737,7 @@ public static class KernelPthreadExtendedCompatExports
             state = GetOrCreateAttrStateLocked(attrAddress);
         }
 
-        if (!TryWriteInt32(ctx, schedParamAddress, state.SchedPriority))
+        if (!ctx.TryWriteInt32(schedParamAddress, state.SchedPriority))
         {
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
         }
@@ -760,7 +760,7 @@ public static class KernelPthreadExtendedCompatExports
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
         }
 
-        if (!TryReadInt32(ctx, schedParamAddress, out var schedPriority))
+        if (!ctx.TryReadInt32(schedParamAddress, out var schedPriority))
         {
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
         }
@@ -839,6 +839,37 @@ public static class KernelPthreadExtendedCompatExports
         return PthreadAttrSetstacksize(ctx);
     }
 
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "Bvn74vj6oLo",
+        ExportName = "scePthreadAttrSetstack",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libKernel")]
+    public static int PthreadAttrSetstack(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var attrAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
+        var stackAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
+        var stackSize = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx];
+        if (attrAddress == 0 || stackAddress == 0 || stackSize == 0)
+        {
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+        }
+
+        var resolvedAddress = ResolvePthreadAttrHandle(ctx, attrAddress);
+        lock (_stateGate)
+        {
+            var state = GetOrCreateAttrStateLocked(resolvedAddress);
+            var updated = state with { StackAddress = stackAddress, StackSize = stackSize };
+            _attrStates[resolvedAddress] = updated;
+            if (resolvedAddress != attrAddress)
+            {
+                _attrStates[attrAddress] = updated;
+            }
+        }
+
+        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = 0;
+        return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+    }
+
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "6ULAa0fq4jA",
         ExportName = "scePthreadRwlockInit",
@@ -1016,6 +1047,47 @@ public static class KernelPthreadExtendedCompatExports
         LibraryName = "libKernel")]
     public static int PosixPthreadRwlockUnlock(CpuContext ctx) => PthreadRwlockUnlock(ctx);
 
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "yOfGg-I1ZII",
+        ExportName = "scePthreadRwlockattrInit",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libKernel")]
+    public static int PthreadRwlockattrInit(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var attrAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
+        if (attrAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+        }
+
+        var syntheticHandle = AllocateSyntheticHandle(SyntheticRwlockAttrHandleBase, ref _nextSyntheticRwlockAttrHandleId);
+        if (!KernelMemoryCompatExports.TryWriteUInt64Compat(ctx, attrAddress, syntheticHandle))
+        {
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
+        }
+
+        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = 0;
+        return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "i2ifZ3fS2fo",
+        ExportName = "scePthreadRwlockattrDestroy",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libKernel")]
+    public static int PthreadRwlockattrDestroy(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var attrAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
+        if (attrAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+        }
+
+        _ = KernelMemoryCompatExports.TryWriteUInt64Compat(ctx, attrAddress, 0);
+        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = 0;
+        return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+    }
+
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "mqULNdimTn0",
         ExportName = "pthread_key_create",
@@ -1040,12 +1112,12 @@ public static class KernelPthreadExtendedCompatExports
             }
         }
 
-        if (!TryWriteInt32(ctx, outKeyAddress, key))
+        if (!ctx.TryWriteInt32(outKeyAddress, key))
         {
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
         }
 
-        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((uint)key);
+        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = 0;
         return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
     }
 
@@ -1377,24 +1449,4 @@ public static class KernelPthreadExtendedCompatExports
         payload[^1] = 0;
         return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(address, payload);
     }
-
-    private static bool TryReadInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, out int value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> bytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(int)];
-        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address, bytes))
-        {
-            value = 0;
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        value = BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt32LittleEndian(bytes);
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    private static bool TryWriteInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, int value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> bytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(int)];
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(bytes, value);
-        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(address, bytes);
-    }
 }

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Kernel/KernelRuntimeCompatExports.cs

@@ -4,15 +4,11 @@
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
 using SharpEmu.Libs.Fiber;
 using System.Buffers.Binary;
-using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Diagnostics;
-using System.IO;
-using System.Reflection;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using System.Runtime.Intrinsics.X86;
 using System.Security.Cryptography;
 using System.Text;
-using System.Threading;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Kernel;
 
@@ -87,11 +83,11 @@ public static class KernelRuntimeCompatExports
 
         if (micros < 1000)
         {
-            // Guest worker pools use usleep(1) as a polling backoff. Periodically
-            // relinquish a full host time slice so spin workers cannot starve producers.
-            if ((++_shortUsleepCount & 31) == 0)
+            // Guest worker pools use usleep(1) as a polling backoff. Do not turn
+            // PS microsecond waits into Windows millisecond sleeps on hot paths.
+            if ((++_shortUsleepCount & 255) == 0)
             {
-                Thread.Sleep(1);
+                Thread.Sleep(0);
             }
             else
             {
@@ -260,8 +256,8 @@ public static class KernelRuntimeCompatExports
         }
 
         if (timezoneAddress != 0 &&
-            (!TryWriteInt32(ctx, timezoneAddress, 0) ||
-             !TryWriteInt32(ctx, timezoneAddress + sizeof(int), 0)))
+            (!ctx.TryWriteInt32(timezoneAddress, 0) ||
+             !ctx.TryWriteInt32(timezoneAddress + sizeof(int), 0)))
         {
             return -1;
         }
@@ -618,7 +614,7 @@ public static class KernelRuntimeCompatExports
     internal static bool TrySetErrno(CpuContext ctx, int value)
     {
         var address = GetTlsScratchAddress(ctx, TlsErrnoOffset);
-        return address != 0 && TryWriteInt32(ctx, address, value);
+        return address != 0 && ctx.TryWriteInt32(address, value);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -739,8 +735,11 @@ public static class KernelRuntimeCompatExports
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
         }
 
-        Console.Error.WriteLine(
-            $"[LOADER][TRACE] reserve_virtual_range: req=0x{requestedAddress:X16} desired=0x{desiredAddress:X16} mapped=0x{mappedAddress:X16} len=0x{length:X16} flags=0x{flags:X8} align=0x{effectiveAlignment:X16}");
+        if (ShouldTraceVirtualMemory())
+        {
+            Console.Error.WriteLine(
+                $"[LOADER][TRACE] reserve_virtual_range: req=0x{requestedAddress:X16} desired=0x{desiredAddress:X16} mapped=0x{mappedAddress:X16} len=0x{length:X16} flags=0x{flags:X8} align=0x{effectiveAlignment:X16}");
+        }
 
         if (!ctx.TryWriteUInt64(inOutAddressPointer, mappedAddress))
         {
@@ -825,7 +824,7 @@ public static class KernelRuntimeCompatExports
         }
 
         var moduleHandle = ResolveModuleHandleByAddress(queriedAddress);
-        if (!TryWriteInt32(ctx, outInfoAddress + ModuleInfoHandleOffset, moduleHandle))
+        if (!ctx.TryWriteInt32(outInfoAddress + ModuleInfoHandleOffset, moduleHandle))
         {
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
         }
@@ -855,7 +854,7 @@ public static class KernelRuntimeCompatExports
         }
 
         var moduleHandle = ResolveModuleHandleByAddress(queriedAddress);
-        if (!TryWriteInt32(ctx, outInfoAddress + ModuleInfoHandleOffset, moduleHandle))
+        if (!ctx.TryWriteInt32(outInfoAddress + ModuleInfoHandleOffset, moduleHandle))
         {
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
         }
@@ -1056,7 +1055,7 @@ public static class KernelRuntimeCompatExports
     public static int KernelStopUnloadModule(CpuContext ctx)
     {
         var resultAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.R9];
-        if (resultAddress != 0 && !TryWriteInt32(ctx, resultAddress, 0))
+        if (resultAddress != 0 && !ctx.TryWriteInt32(resultAddress, 0))
         {
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
         }
@@ -1074,7 +1073,7 @@ public static class KernelRuntimeCompatExports
     {
         var modulePathAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
         var resultAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.R9];
-        if (resultAddress != 0 && !TryWriteInt32(ctx, resultAddress, 0))
+        if (resultAddress != 0 && !ctx.TryWriteInt32(resultAddress, 0))
         {
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
         }
@@ -1231,8 +1230,8 @@ public static class KernelRuntimeCompatExports
             : 0;
         var minutesWest = unchecked((int)-offset.TotalMinutes);
 
-        if (!TryWriteInt32(ctx, timezoneAddress, minutesWest) ||
-            !TryWriteInt32(ctx, timezoneAddress + sizeof(int), dstSeconds / 60))
+        if (!ctx.TryWriteInt32(timezoneAddress, minutesWest) ||
+            !ctx.TryWriteInt32(timezoneAddress + sizeof(int), dstSeconds / 60))
         {
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
         }
@@ -1242,7 +1241,7 @@ public static class KernelRuntimeCompatExports
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
         }
 
-        if (dstSecondsAddress != 0 && !TryWriteInt32(ctx, dstSecondsAddress, dstSeconds))
+        if (dstSecondsAddress != 0 && !ctx.TryWriteInt32(dstSecondsAddress, dstSeconds))
         {
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
         }
@@ -1302,7 +1301,7 @@ public static class KernelRuntimeCompatExports
             _loadedSysmodules.Add(moduleId);
         }
 
-        if (resultAddress != 0 && !TryWriteInt32(ctx, resultAddress, 0))
+        if (resultAddress != 0 && !ctx.TryWriteInt32(resultAddress, 0))
         {
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
         }
@@ -1392,7 +1391,7 @@ public static class KernelRuntimeCompatExports
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
         }
 
-        if (!TryWriteInt32(ctx, outInfoAddress + ModuleInfoHandleOffset, module.Handle))
+        if (!ctx.TryWriteInt32(outInfoAddress + ModuleInfoHandleOffset, module.Handle))
         {
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
         }
@@ -1429,7 +1428,7 @@ public static class KernelRuntimeCompatExports
         var writableCount = (int)Math.Min(Math.Min(capacity, (ulong)int.MaxValue), (ulong)handles.Length);
         for (var i = 0; i < writableCount; i++)
         {
-            if (!TryWriteInt32(ctx, handlesAddress + (ulong)(i * sizeof(int)), handles[i]))
+            if (!ctx.TryWriteInt32(handlesAddress + (ulong)(i * sizeof(int)), handles[i]))
             {
                 return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
             }
@@ -1502,13 +1501,6 @@ public static class KernelRuntimeCompatExports
         return unchecked(ctx.FsBase + offset);
     }
 
-    private static bool TryWriteInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, int value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> bytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(int)];
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(bytes, value);
-        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(address, bytes);
-    }
-
     private static nint AllocateStackChkGuardObject()
     {
         try
@@ -1733,117 +1725,16 @@ public static class KernelRuntimeCompatExports
         bool allowSearch,
         out ulong mappedAddress)
     {
-        mappedAddress = 0;
-        if (length == 0)
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        try
-        {
-            object memoryObject = ctx.Memory;
-            MethodInfo? allocateAt = null;
-            MethodInfo? allocateAtOrAbove = null;
-            var allocateAtHasAllowAlternativeArg = false;
-            for (var depth = 0; depth < 4; depth++)
-            {
-                foreach (var candidate in memoryObject.GetType().GetMethods(BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance))
-                {
-                    var parameters = candidate.GetParameters();
-                    if (string.Equals(candidate.Name, "TryAllocateAtOrAbove", StringComparison.Ordinal) &&
-                        parameters.Length == 5 &&
-                        parameters[0].ParameterType == typeof(ulong) &&
-                        parameters[1].ParameterType == typeof(ulong) &&
-                        parameters[2].ParameterType == typeof(bool) &&
-                        parameters[3].ParameterType == typeof(ulong) &&
-                        parameters[4].ParameterType == typeof(ulong).MakeByRefType())
-                    {
-                        allocateAtOrAbove = candidate;
-                    }
-                    else if (string.Equals(candidate.Name, "AllocateAt", StringComparison.Ordinal))
-                    {
-                        if (parameters.Length == 3 &&
-                            parameters[0].ParameterType == typeof(ulong) &&
-                            parameters[1].ParameterType == typeof(ulong) &&
-                            parameters[2].ParameterType == typeof(bool))
-                        {
-                            allocateAt = candidate;
-                            allocateAtHasAllowAlternativeArg = false;
-                        }
-                        else if (parameters.Length == 4 &&
-                            parameters[0].ParameterType == typeof(ulong) &&
-                            parameters[1].ParameterType == typeof(ulong) &&
-                            parameters[2].ParameterType == typeof(bool) &&
-                            parameters[3].ParameterType == typeof(bool))
-                        {
-                            allocateAt = candidate;
-                            allocateAtHasAllowAlternativeArg = true;
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    if (allocateAtOrAbove is not null && allocateAt is not null)
-                    {
-                        break;
-                    }
-                }
-
-                if (allocateAtOrAbove is not null || allocateAt is not null)
-                {
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                var innerProperty = memoryObject.GetType().GetProperty("Inner", BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance);
-                if (innerProperty is null)
-                {
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                var innerValue = innerProperty.GetValue(memoryObject);
-                if (innerValue is null || ReferenceEquals(innerValue, memoryObject))
-                {
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                memoryObject = innerValue;
-            }
-
-            if (allowSearch && allocateAtOrAbove is not null)
-            {
-                var searchArgs = new object[] { desiredAddress, length, false, alignment, 0UL };
-                var searchResult = allocateAtOrAbove.Invoke(memoryObject, searchArgs);
-                if (searchResult is bool trueValue && trueValue &&
-                    searchArgs[4] is ulong searchedAddress && searchedAddress != 0)
-                {
-                    mappedAddress = searchedAddress;
-                    return true;
-                }
-            }
-
-            if (allocateAt is null)
-            {
-                Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][TRACE] reserve_virtual_range: AllocateAt missing on {ctx.Memory.GetType().FullName}");
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            var invokeArgs = allocateAtHasAllowAlternativeArg
-                ? new object[] { desiredAddress, length, false, allowSearch }
-                : new object[] { desiredAddress, length, false };
-            var result = allocateAt.Invoke(memoryObject, invokeArgs);
-            if (result is not ulong allocated || allocated == 0)
-            {
-                var resultType = result?.GetType().FullName ?? "null";
-                Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][TRACE] reserve_virtual_range: AllocateAt returned {resultType} value={result ?? "null"}");
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            mappedAddress = allocated;
-            return true;
-        }
-        catch
-        {
-            Console.Error.WriteLine("[LOADER][TRACE] reserve_virtual_range: AllocateAt invocation threw");
-            return false;
-        }
+        return KernelVirtualRangeAllocator.TryReserve(
+            ctx,
+            desiredAddress,
+            length,
+            executable: false,
+            alignment,
+            allowSearch,
+            allowAllocateAtAlternative: allowSearch,
+            "reserve_virtual_range",
+            out mappedAddress);
     }
 
     private static ulong AlignUp(ulong value, ulong alignment)
@@ -1856,4 +1747,9 @@ public static class KernelRuntimeCompatExports
         var mask = alignment - 1;
         return (value + mask) & ~mask;
     }
+
+    private static bool ShouldTraceVirtualMemory()
+    {
+        return string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_VIRTUAL_MEMORY"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal);
+    }
 }

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Kernel/KernelSemaphoreCompatExports.cs

@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
-using System.Buffers.Binary;
 using System.Collections.Concurrent;
-using System.Text;
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Kernel;
@@ -46,12 +44,12 @@ public static class KernelSemaphoreCompatExports
             initialCount > maxCount ||
             optionAddress != 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
         }
 
-        if (!TryReadNullTerminatedUtf8(ctx, nameAddress, MaxSemaphoreNameLength, out var name))
+        if (!ctx.TryReadNullTerminatedUtf8(nameAddress, MaxSemaphoreNameLength, out var name))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
         }
 
         var handle = unchecked((uint)Interlocked.Increment(ref _nextSemaphoreHandle));
@@ -68,14 +66,14 @@ public static class KernelSemaphoreCompatExports
             Count = initialCount,
         };
 
-        if (!TryWriteUInt32(ctx, semaphoreAddress, handle))
+        if (!ctx.TryWriteUInt32(semaphoreAddress, handle))
         {
             _semaphores.TryRemove(handle, out _);
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
         }
 
         TraceSemaphore($"create handle=0x{handle:X8} name='{name}' attr=0x{attr:X} init={initialCount} max={maxCount}");
-        return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -91,12 +89,12 @@ public static class KernelSemaphoreCompatExports
 
         if (!_semaphores.TryGetValue(handle, out var semaphore))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
         }
 
         if (needCount < 1 || needCount > semaphore.MaxCount)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
         }
 
         lock (semaphore.Gate)
@@ -105,30 +103,30 @@ public static class KernelSemaphoreCompatExports
             {
                 semaphore.Count -= needCount;
                 TraceSemaphore($"wait handle=0x{handle:X8} name='{semaphore.Name}' need={needCount} count={semaphore.Count}");
-                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
             }
 
             if (timeoutAddress != 0)
             {
-                if (!TryReadUInt32(ctx, timeoutAddress, out _))
+                if (!ctx.TryReadUInt32(timeoutAddress, out _))
                 {
-                    return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+                    return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
                 }
 
-                _ = TryWriteUInt32(ctx, timeoutAddress, 0);
+                _ = ctx.TryWriteUInt32(timeoutAddress, 0);
                 TraceSemaphore($"wait-timeout handle=0x{handle:X8} name='{semaphore.Name}' need={needCount} count={semaphore.Count}");
-                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_TIMED_OUT);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_TIMED_OUT);
             }
 
             if (!GuestThreadExecution.RequestCurrentThreadBlock(ctx, "sceKernelWaitSema"))
             {
                 TraceSemaphore($"wait-would-block handle=0x{handle:X8} name='{semaphore.Name}' need={needCount} count={semaphore.Count}");
-                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_TRY_AGAIN);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_TRY_AGAIN);
             }
 
             semaphore.WaitingThreads++;
             TraceSemaphore($"wait-block handle=0x{handle:X8} name='{semaphore.Name}' need={needCount} count={semaphore.Count} waiters={semaphore.WaitingThreads}");
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
         }
     }
 
@@ -144,12 +142,12 @@ public static class KernelSemaphoreCompatExports
 
         if (!_semaphores.TryGetValue(handle, out var semaphore))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
         }
 
         if (needCount < 1 || needCount > semaphore.MaxCount)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
         }
 
         lock (semaphore.Gate)
@@ -157,12 +155,12 @@ public static class KernelSemaphoreCompatExports
             if (semaphore.Count < needCount)
             {
                 TraceSemaphore($"poll-busy handle=0x{handle:X8} name='{semaphore.Name}' need={needCount} count={semaphore.Count}");
-                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_BUSY);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_BUSY);
             }
 
             semaphore.Count -= needCount;
             TraceSemaphore($"poll handle=0x{handle:X8} name='{semaphore.Name}' need={needCount} count={semaphore.Count}");
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
         }
     }
 
@@ -178,24 +176,24 @@ public static class KernelSemaphoreCompatExports
 
         if (!_semaphores.TryGetValue(handle, out var semaphore))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
         }
 
         if (signalCount <= 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
         }
 
         lock (semaphore.Gate)
         {
             if (semaphore.Count > semaphore.MaxCount - signalCount)
             {
-                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
             }
 
             semaphore.Count += signalCount;
             TraceSemaphore($"signal handle=0x{handle:X8} name='{semaphore.Name}' signal={signalCount} count={semaphore.Count} waiters={semaphore.WaitingThreads}");
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
         }
     }
 
@@ -212,25 +210,25 @@ public static class KernelSemaphoreCompatExports
 
         if (!_semaphores.TryGetValue(handle, out var semaphore))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
         }
 
         if (setCount > semaphore.MaxCount)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
         }
 
         lock (semaphore.Gate)
         {
-            if (waitingThreadsAddress != 0 && !TryWriteUInt32(ctx, waitingThreadsAddress, unchecked((uint)semaphore.WaitingThreads)))
+            if (waitingThreadsAddress != 0 && !ctx.TryWriteUInt32(waitingThreadsAddress, unchecked((uint)semaphore.WaitingThreads)))
             {
-                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
             }
 
             semaphore.Count = setCount < 0 ? semaphore.InitialCount : setCount;
             semaphore.WaitingThreads = 0;
             TraceSemaphore($"cancel handle=0x{handle:X8} name='{semaphore.Name}' set={setCount} count={semaphore.Count}");
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
         }
     }
 
@@ -244,68 +242,11 @@ public static class KernelSemaphoreCompatExports
         var handle = unchecked((uint)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
         if (!_semaphores.TryRemove(handle, out var semaphore))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
         }
 
         TraceSemaphore($"delete handle=0x{handle:X8} name='{semaphore.Name}'");
-        return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
-    }
-
-    private static int SetReturn(CpuContext ctx, OrbisGen2Result result)
-    {
-        var value = (int)result;
-        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)value);
-        return value;
-    }
-
-    private static bool TryReadUInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, out uint value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
-        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address, buffer))
-        {
-            value = 0;
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        value = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(buffer);
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    private static bool TryWriteUInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, uint value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(buffer, value);
-        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(address, buffer);
-    }
-
-    private static bool TryReadNullTerminatedUtf8(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, int maxLength, out string value)
-    {
-        value = string.Empty;
-        if (address == 0 || maxLength <= 0)
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        var bytes = new byte[Math.Min(maxLength, 4096)];
-        for (var i = 0; i < bytes.Length; i++)
-        {
-            Span<byte> current = stackalloc byte[1];
-            if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address + (ulong)i, current))
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            if (current[0] == 0)
-            {
-                value = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(bytes, 0, i);
-                return true;
-            }
-
-            bytes[i] = current[0];
-        }
-
-        value = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(bytes);
-        return true;
+        return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
     }
 
     private static void TraceSemaphore(string message)

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Kernel/KernelVirtualRangeAllocator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using SharpEmu.HLE;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Reflection;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Kernel;
+
+internal static class KernelVirtualRangeAllocator
+{
+    private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<Type, Accessor> _accessors = new();
+
+    public static bool TryReserve(
+        CpuContext ctx,
+        ulong desiredAddress,
+        ulong length,
+        bool executable,
+        ulong alignment,
+        bool allowSearch,
+        bool allowAllocateAtAlternative,
+        string traceName,
+        out ulong mappedAddress)
+    {
+        mappedAddress = 0;
+        if (length == 0)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            if (!TryResolveAccessor(ctx.Memory, out var target, out var accessor))
+            {
+                Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][TRACE] {traceName}: AllocateAt missing on {ctx.Memory.GetType().FullName}");
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (allowSearch && accessor.AllocateAtOrAbove is not null)
+            {
+                var searchArgs = new object[] { desiredAddress, length, executable, alignment, 0UL };
+                var searchResult = accessor.AllocateAtOrAbove.Invoke(target, searchArgs);
+                if (searchResult is bool trueValue && trueValue &&
+                    searchArgs[4] is ulong searchedAddress && searchedAddress != 0)
+                {
+                    mappedAddress = searchedAddress;
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (accessor.AllocateAt is null)
+            {
+                Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][TRACE] {traceName}: AllocateAt missing on {target.GetType().FullName}");
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            var invokeArgs = accessor.AllocateAtHasAllowAlternativeArg
+                ? new object[] { desiredAddress, length, executable, allowAllocateAtAlternative }
+                : new object[] { desiredAddress, length, executable };
+            var result = accessor.AllocateAt.Invoke(target, invokeArgs);
+            if (result is not ulong allocated || allocated == 0)
+            {
+                var resultType = result?.GetType().FullName ?? "null";
+                Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][TRACE] {traceName}: AllocateAt returned {resultType} value={result ?? "null"}");
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            mappedAddress = allocated;
+            return true;
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][TRACE] {traceName}: AllocateAt invocation threw");
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static bool TryResolveAccessor(object rootMemory, out object target, out Accessor accessor)
+    {
+        target = rootMemory;
+        accessor = default;
+
+        for (var depth = 0; depth < 4; depth++)
+        {
+            accessor = _accessors.GetOrAdd(target.GetType(), DiscoverAccessor);
+            if (accessor.AllocateAt is not null || accessor.AllocateAtOrAbove is not null)
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if (accessor.InnerProperty is null)
+            {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            var innerValue = accessor.InnerProperty.GetValue(target);
+            if (innerValue is null || ReferenceEquals(innerValue, target))
+            {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            target = innerValue;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static Accessor DiscoverAccessor(Type type)
+    {
+        MethodInfo? allocateAt = null;
+        MethodInfo? allocateAtOrAbove = null;
+        var allocateAtHasAllowAlternativeArg = false;
+
+        foreach (var candidate in type.GetMethods(BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance))
+        {
+            var parameters = candidate.GetParameters();
+            if (string.Equals(candidate.Name, "TryAllocateAtOrAbove", StringComparison.Ordinal) &&
+                parameters.Length == 5 &&
+                parameters[0].ParameterType == typeof(ulong) &&
+                parameters[1].ParameterType == typeof(ulong) &&
+                parameters[2].ParameterType == typeof(bool) &&
+                parameters[3].ParameterType == typeof(ulong) &&
+                parameters[4].ParameterType == typeof(ulong).MakeByRefType())
+            {
+                allocateAtOrAbove = candidate;
+            }
+            else if (string.Equals(candidate.Name, "AllocateAt", StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            {
+                if (parameters.Length == 3 &&
+                    parameters[0].ParameterType == typeof(ulong) &&
+                    parameters[1].ParameterType == typeof(ulong) &&
+                    parameters[2].ParameterType == typeof(bool))
+                {
+                    allocateAt = candidate;
+                    allocateAtHasAllowAlternativeArg = false;
+                }
+                else if (parameters.Length == 4 &&
+                    parameters[0].ParameterType == typeof(ulong) &&
+                    parameters[1].ParameterType == typeof(ulong) &&
+                    parameters[2].ParameterType == typeof(bool) &&
+                    parameters[3].ParameterType == typeof(bool))
+                {
+                    allocateAt = candidate;
+                    allocateAtHasAllowAlternativeArg = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        var innerProperty = type.GetProperty("Inner", BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance);
+        return new Accessor(allocateAt, allocateAtOrAbove, allocateAtHasAllowAlternativeArg, innerProperty);
+    }
+
+    private readonly record struct Accessor(
+        MethodInfo? AllocateAt,
+        MethodInfo? AllocateAtOrAbove,
+        bool AllocateAtHasAllowAlternativeArg,
+        PropertyInfo? InnerProperty);
+}

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Network/Http2Exports.cs

@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
-using System;
 using System.Collections.Concurrent;
-using System.Threading;
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Network;
@@ -32,7 +30,7 @@ public static class Http2Exports
 
         if (poolSize == 0 || maxRequests <= 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, Http2ErrorInvalidArgument);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(Http2ErrorInvalidArgument);
         }
 
         var id = Interlocked.Increment(ref _nextContextId);
@@ -53,17 +51,11 @@ public static class Http2Exports
         var id = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
         if (!_contexts.TryRemove(id, out _))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, Http2ErrorInvalidId);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(Http2ErrorInvalidId);
         }
 
         TraceHttp2("term", id, 0, 0, 0, 0);
-        return SetReturn(ctx, 0);
-    }
-
-    private static int SetReturn(CpuContext ctx, int result)
-    {
-        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)result);
-        return result;
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
     private static void TraceHttp2(string operation, int id, ulong arg0, ulong arg1, ulong arg2, ulong arg3)

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Network/HttpExports.cs

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
 using System.Collections.Concurrent;
-using System.Threading;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Network;
 
@@ -33,7 +32,7 @@ public static class HttpExports
         var poolSize = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx];
         if (poolSize == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, HttpErrorInvalidValue);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(HttpErrorInvalidValue);
         }
 
         var id = Interlocked.Increment(ref _nextContextId);
@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ public static class HttpExports
         var contextId = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
         if (!Contexts.ContainsKey(contextId))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, HttpErrorInvalidId);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(HttpErrorInvalidId);
         }
 
         var userAgentAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
@@ -75,8 +74,8 @@ public static class HttpExports
     {
         var templateId = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
         return Templates.TryRemove(templateId, out _)
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, HttpErrorInvalidId);
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
+            : ctx.SetReturn(HttpErrorInvalidId);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -89,7 +88,7 @@ public static class HttpExports
         var contextId = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
         if (!Contexts.TryRemove(contextId, out _))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, HttpErrorInvalidId);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(HttpErrorInvalidId);
         }
 
         foreach (var pair in Templates)
@@ -100,13 +99,7 @@ public static class HttpExports
             }
         }
 
-        return SetReturn(ctx, 0);
-    }
-
-    private static int SetReturn(CpuContext ctx, int result)
-    {
-        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)result);
-        return result;
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
     private static void TraceHttp(string operation, int id, ulong arg0, ulong arg1, ulong arg2, ulong arg3)

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Network/NetCtlExports.cs

@@ -57,27 +57,27 @@ public static class NetCtlExports
         var natInfoAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
         if (natInfoAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, NetCtlErrorInvalidAddress);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(NetCtlErrorInvalidAddress, typeof(long));
         }
 
         Span<byte> natInfo = stackalloc byte[NatInfoSize];
         if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(natInfoAddress, natInfo))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT, typeof(long));
         }
 
         var size = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(natInfo[..sizeof(uint)]);
         if (size != NatInfoSize)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT, typeof(long));
         }
 
         BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(natInfo[4..], 1);
         BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(natInfo[8..], 3);
         BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(natInfo[12..], 0x7F000001);
         return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(natInfoAddress, natInfo)
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0, typeof(long))
+            : ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT, typeof(long));
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ public static class NetCtlExports
         LibraryName = "libSceNetCtl")]
     public static int NetCtlCheckCallback(CpuContext ctx)
     {
-        return SetReturn(ctx, 0);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0, typeof(long));
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -100,14 +100,14 @@ public static class NetCtlExports
         var stateAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
         if (stateAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, NetCtlErrorInvalidAddress);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(NetCtlErrorInvalidAddress, typeof(long));
         }
 
         Span<byte> stateBytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(int)];
         BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(stateBytes, 0);
         return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(stateAddress, stateBytes)
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0, typeof(long))
+            : ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT, typeof(long));
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ public static class NetCtlExports
         var callbackIdAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx];
         if (function == 0 || callbackIdAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, NetCtlErrorInvalidAddress);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(NetCtlErrorInvalidAddress, typeof(long));
         }
 
         lock (CallbackGate)
@@ -130,20 +130,20 @@ public static class NetCtlExports
             var callbackId = Array.FindIndex(Callbacks, static callback => callback.Function == 0);
             if (callbackId < 0)
             {
-                return SetReturn(ctx, NetCtlErrorNoSpace);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(NetCtlErrorNoSpace, typeof(long));
             }
 
             Span<byte> callbackIdBytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
             BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(callbackIdBytes, unchecked((uint)callbackId));
             if (!ctx.Memory.TryWrite(callbackIdAddress, callbackIdBytes))
             {
-                return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+                return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT, typeof(long));
             }
 
             Callbacks[callbackId] = new CallbackRegistration(function, argument);
         }
 
-        return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+        return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK, typeof(long));
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ public static class NetCtlExports
         var infoAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
         if (infoAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, NetCtlErrorInvalidAddress);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(NetCtlErrorInvalidAddress, typeof(long));
         }
 
         return code switch
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ public static class NetCtlExports
             NetCtlInfoHttpProxyConfig => WriteUInt32(ctx, infoAddress, 0),
             NetCtlInfoHttpProxyServer => WriteAsciiZ(ctx, infoAddress, string.Empty, 256),
             NetCtlInfoHttpProxyPort => WriteUInt16(ctx, infoAddress, 0),
-            _ => SetReturn(ctx, NetCtlErrorNotConnected),
+            _ => ctx.SetReturn(NetCtlErrorNotConnected, typeof(long)),
         };
     }
 
@@ -185,8 +185,8 @@ public static class NetCtlExports
     {
         Span<byte> bytes = stackalloc byte[count];
         return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(address, bytes)
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0, typeof(long))
+            : ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT, typeof(long));
     }
 
     private static int WriteUInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, uint value)
@@ -194,8 +194,8 @@ public static class NetCtlExports
         Span<byte> bytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
         BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(bytes, value);
         return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(address, bytes)
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0, typeof(long))
+            : ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT, typeof(long));
     }
 
     private static int WriteUInt16(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, ushort value)
@@ -203,8 +203,8 @@ public static class NetCtlExports
         Span<byte> bytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(ushort)];
         BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt16LittleEndian(bytes, value);
         return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(address, bytes)
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0, typeof(long))
+            : ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT, typeof(long));
     }
 
     private static int WriteAsciiZ(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, string value, int byteCount)
@@ -217,13 +217,7 @@ public static class NetCtlExports
         }
 
         return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(address, bytes)
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
-    }
-
-    private static int SetReturn(CpuContext ctx, int result)
-    {
-        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)(long)result);
-        return result;
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0, typeof(long))
+            : ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT, typeof(long));
     }
 }

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Network/NetExports.cs

@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 // Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
-using System;
 using System.Buffers.Binary;
 using System.Collections.Concurrent;
 using System.Text;
-using System.Threading;
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Network;
@@ -35,7 +33,7 @@ public static class NetExports
     {
         _initialized = true;
         TraceNet("init", 0, 0, 0, 0);
-        return SetReturn(ctx, 0);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -49,7 +47,7 @@ public static class NetExports
         _pools.Clear();
         _resolvers.Clear();
         TraceNet("term", 0, 0, 0, 0);
-        return SetReturn(ctx, 0);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -65,7 +63,7 @@ public static class NetExports
 
         if (size <= 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, NetErrorInvalidArgument);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(NetErrorInvalidArgument);
         }
 
         var name = TryReadUtf8Z(ctx, nameAddress, MaxNameLength, out var value)
@@ -90,11 +88,11 @@ public static class NetExports
         var id = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
         if (!_pools.TryRemove(id, out _))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, NetErrorBadFileDescriptor);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(NetErrorBadFileDescriptor);
         }
 
         TraceNet("pool.destroy", id, 0, 0, _initialized ? 1UL : 0UL);
-        return SetReturn(ctx, 0);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -109,7 +107,7 @@ public static class NetExports
         var flags = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx]);
         if (flags != 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, NetErrorInvalidArgument);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(NetErrorInvalidArgument);
         }
 
         var name = TryReadUtf8Z(ctx, nameAddress, MaxNameLength, out var value)
@@ -131,8 +129,8 @@ public static class NetExports
     {
         var id = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
         return _resolvers.TryRemove(id, out _)
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, NetErrorBadFileDescriptor);
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
+            : ctx.SetReturn(NetErrorBadFileDescriptor);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -146,25 +144,19 @@ public static class NetExports
         var statusAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
         if (statusAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, NetErrorInvalidArgument);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(NetErrorInvalidArgument);
         }
 
         if (!_resolvers.TryGetValue(id, out var resolver))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, NetErrorBadFileDescriptor);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(NetErrorBadFileDescriptor);
         }
 
         Span<byte> status = stackalloc byte[sizeof(int)];
         BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(status, resolver.LastError);
         return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(statusAddress, status)
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
-    }
-
-    private static int SetReturn(CpuContext ctx, int result)
-    {
-        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)result);
-        return result;
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
+            : ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
     }
 
     private static bool TryReadUtf8Z(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, int maxLength, out string value)

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Network/SslExports.cs

@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
-using System;
 using System.Collections.Concurrent;
-using System.Threading;
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Network;
@@ -28,7 +26,7 @@ public static class SslExports
         var poolSize = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
         if (poolSize == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, SslErrorOutOfSize);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(SslErrorOutOfSize);
         }
 
         var id = Interlocked.Increment(ref _nextContextId);
@@ -49,11 +47,11 @@ public static class SslExports
         var id = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
         if (!_contexts.TryRemove(id, out _))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, SslErrorInvalidId);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(SslErrorInvalidId);
         }
 
         TraceSsl("term", id, 0);
-        return SetReturn(ctx, 0);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -65,13 +63,7 @@ public static class SslExports
     {
         var id = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
         TraceSsl("close", id, 0);
-        return SetReturn(ctx, 0);
-    }
-
-    private static int SetReturn(CpuContext ctx, int result)
-    {
-        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)result);
-        return result;
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
     private static void TraceSsl(string operation, int id, ulong arg0)

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Ngs2/Ngs2Exports.cs

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
 using SharpEmu.Libs.Kernel;
 using System.Buffers.Binary;
-using System.Threading;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Ngs2;
 
@@ -39,13 +38,13 @@ public static class Ngs2Exports
         var outHandleAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx];
         if (outHandleAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisNgs2ErrorInvalidOutAddress);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisNgs2ErrorInvalidOutAddress);
         }
 
         if (!TryCreateHandle(ctx, type: 1, ownerHandle: 0, out var handle) ||
             !ctx.TryWriteUInt64(outHandleAddress, handle))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
         }
 
         lock (StateGate)
@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ public static class Ngs2Exports
             Systems[handle] = new SystemState(unchecked((uint)Interlocked.Increment(ref _nextUid)));
         }
 
-        return SetReturn(ctx, 0);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ public static class Ngs2Exports
         {
             if (!Systems.Remove(handle))
             {
-                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisNgs2ErrorInvalidSystemHandle);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisNgs2ErrorInvalidSystemHandle);
             }
 
             var rackHandles = Racks
@@ -81,7 +80,7 @@ public static class Ngs2Exports
             }
         }
 
-        return SetReturn(ctx, 0);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -98,19 +97,19 @@ public static class Ngs2Exports
         {
             if (!Systems.ContainsKey(systemHandle))
             {
-                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisNgs2ErrorInvalidSystemHandle);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisNgs2ErrorInvalidSystemHandle);
             }
         }
 
         if (outHandleAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisNgs2ErrorInvalidOutAddress);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisNgs2ErrorInvalidOutAddress);
         }
 
         if (!TryCreateHandle(ctx, type: 2, systemHandle, out var handle) ||
             !ctx.TryWriteUInt64(outHandleAddress, handle))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
         }
 
         lock (StateGate)
@@ -118,7 +117,7 @@ public static class Ngs2Exports
             Racks[handle] = new RackState(systemHandle, rackId);
         }
 
-        return SetReturn(ctx, 0);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -133,13 +132,13 @@ public static class Ngs2Exports
         {
             if (!Racks.ContainsKey(handle))
             {
-                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisNgs2ErrorInvalidRackHandle);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisNgs2ErrorInvalidRackHandle);
             }
 
             RemoveRackLocked(handle);
         }
 
-        return SetReturn(ctx, 0);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -156,7 +155,7 @@ public static class Ngs2Exports
         {
             if (!Racks.ContainsKey(rackHandle))
             {
-                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisNgs2ErrorInvalidRackHandle);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisNgs2ErrorInvalidRackHandle);
             }
 
             var existing = Voices.FirstOrDefault(
@@ -164,20 +163,20 @@ public static class Ngs2Exports
             if (existing.Key != 0)
             {
                 return ctx.TryWriteUInt64(outHandleAddress, existing.Key)
-                    ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-                    : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+                    ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
+                    : ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
             }
         }
 
         if (outHandleAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisNgs2ErrorInvalidOutAddress);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisNgs2ErrorInvalidOutAddress);
         }
 
         if (!TryCreateHandle(ctx, type: 4, rackHandle, out var handle) ||
             !ctx.TryWriteUInt64(outHandleAddress, handle))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
         }
 
         lock (StateGate)
@@ -185,7 +184,7 @@ public static class Ngs2Exports
             Voices[handle] = new VoiceState(rackHandle, voiceIndex);
         }
 
-        return SetReturn(ctx, 0);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -197,9 +196,10 @@ public static class Ngs2Exports
     {
         lock (StateGate)
         {
-            return SetReturn(
-                ctx,
-                Voices.ContainsKey(ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]) ? 0 : OrbisNgs2ErrorInvalidVoiceHandle);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(
+                Voices.ContainsKey(ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]) 
+                    ? 0 
+                    : OrbisNgs2ErrorInvalidVoiceHandle);
         }
     }
 
@@ -224,13 +224,13 @@ public static class Ngs2Exports
         {
             if (!Systems.ContainsKey(systemHandle))
             {
-                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisNgs2ErrorInvalidSystemHandle);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisNgs2ErrorInvalidSystemHandle);
             }
         }
 
         if (bufferInfoCount != 0 && bufferInfoAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
         }
 
         for (uint i = 0; i < bufferInfoCount; i++)
@@ -239,14 +239,14 @@ public static class Ngs2Exports
             if (!ctx.TryReadUInt64(entryAddress, out var bufferAddress) ||
                 !ctx.TryReadUInt64(entryAddress + 8, out var bufferSize))
             {
-                return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+                return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
             }
 
             if (bufferAddress != 0 && bufferSize != 0)
             {
                 if (bufferSize > MaximumRenderBufferSize || !TryClearGuestBuffer(ctx, bufferAddress, bufferSize))
                 {
-                    return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+                    return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ public static class Ngs2Exports
                 $"[LOADER][TRACE] ngs2.render#{count} system=0x{systemHandle:X16} buffers={bufferInfoCount}");
         }
 
-        return SetReturn(ctx, 0);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
     private static bool TryCreateHandle(CpuContext ctx, uint type, ulong ownerHandle, out ulong handle)
@@ -313,10 +313,4 @@ public static class Ngs2Exports
             Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_NGS2"),
             "1",
             StringComparison.Ordinal);
-
-    private static int SetReturn(CpuContext ctx, int result)
-    {
-        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)result);
-        return result;
-    }
 }

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Np/NpEntitlementAccessExports.cs

@@ -26,12 +26,12 @@ public static class NpEntitlementAccessExports
             clear.Clear();
             if (!ctx.Memory.TryWrite(bootParam, clear))
             {
-                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
             }
         }
 
         TraceNpEntitlementAccess($"initialize init=0x{initParam:X16} boot=0x{bootParam:X16}");
-        return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -48,20 +48,14 @@ public static class NpEntitlementAccessExports
             emptyList.Clear();
             if (!ctx.Memory.TryWrite(listAddress, emptyList))
             {
-                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
             }
         }
 
         TraceNpEntitlementAccess(
             $"get_addcont_info_list service=0x{ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]:X16} list=0x{listAddress:X16} " +
             $"max={ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx]} flags=0x{ctx[CpuRegister.Rcx]:X16} -> empty");
-        return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
-    }
-
-    private static int SetReturn(CpuContext ctx, OrbisGen2Result result)
-    {
-        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)(int)result);
-        return (int)result;
+        return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
     }
 
     private static void TraceNpEntitlementAccess(string message)

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Np/NpManagerExports.cs

@@ -76,14 +76,14 @@ public static class NpManagerExports
         var stateAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
         if (stateAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
         }
 
         Span<byte> stateBytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
         BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(stateBytes, 1);
         return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(stateAddress, stateBytes)
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK)
+            : ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ public static class NpManagerExports
         var titleSecretAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
         if (titleIdAddress == 0 || titleSecretAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
         }
 
         Span<byte> titleId = stackalloc byte[NpTitleIdSize];
@@ -105,17 +105,11 @@ public static class NpManagerExports
         if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(titleIdAddress, titleId) ||
             !ctx.Memory.TryRead(titleSecretAddress, titleSecret))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
         }
 
         TraceNp($"set_np_title_id title='{ReadTitleId(titleId)}'");
-        return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
-    }
-
-    private static int SetReturn(CpuContext ctx, OrbisGen2Result result)
-    {
-        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)(int)result);
-        return (int)result;
+        return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
     }
 
     private static string ReadTitleId(ReadOnlySpan<byte> bytes)

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Np/NpUniversalDataSystemExports.cs

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
 using System.Buffers.Binary;
-using System.Threading;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Np;
 
@@ -22,13 +21,13 @@ public static class NpUniversalDataSystemExports
         var parameterAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
         if (parameterAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, NpUniversalDataSystemErrorInvalidArgument);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(NpUniversalDataSystemErrorInvalidArgument, typeof(long));
         }
 
         Span<byte> parameters = stackalloc byte[16];
         return ctx.Memory.TryRead(parameterAddress, parameters)
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0, typeof(long))
+            : ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT, typeof(long));
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -41,14 +40,14 @@ public static class NpUniversalDataSystemExports
         var contextAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
         if (contextAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, 0);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(0, typeof(long));
         }
 
         Span<byte> context = stackalloc byte[sizeof(int)];
         BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(context, 1);
         return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(contextAddress, context)
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0, typeof(long))
+            : ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT, typeof(long));
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -59,13 +58,13 @@ public static class NpUniversalDataSystemExports
     public static int NpUniversalDataSystemCreateHandle(CpuContext ctx)
     {
         var handle = Interlocked.Increment(ref _nextHandle);
-        if (TryWriteInt32(ctx, ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi], handle) ||
-            TryWriteInt32(ctx, ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi], handle))
+        if (ctx.TryWriteInt32(ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi], handle, checkNil: true) ||
+            ctx.TryWriteInt32(ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi], handle, checkNil: true))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, 0);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(0, typeof(long));
         }
 
-        return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+        return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT, typeof(long));
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -75,24 +74,6 @@ public static class NpUniversalDataSystemExports
         LibraryName = "libSceNpUniversalDataSystem")]
     public static int NpUniversalDataSystemRegisterContext(CpuContext ctx)
     {
-        return SetReturn(ctx, 0);
-    }
-
-    private static bool TryWriteInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, int value)
-    {
-        if (address == 0)
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        Span<byte> bytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(int)];
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(bytes, value);
-        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(address, bytes);
-    }
-
-    private static int SetReturn(CpuContext ctx, int result)
-    {
-        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)(long)result);
-        return result;
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0, typeof(long));
     }
 }

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Np/NpWebApi2Exports.cs

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
-using System;
-using System.Threading;
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Np;
@@ -25,12 +23,12 @@ public static class NpWebApi2Exports
 
         if (httpContextId <= 0 || poolSize == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, NpWebApi2ErrorInvalidArgument);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(NpWebApi2ErrorInvalidArgument);
         }
 
         Interlocked.Exchange(ref _initialized, 1);
         TraceNpWebApi2("init", httpContextId, poolSize);
-        return SetReturn(ctx, 0);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -43,13 +41,7 @@ public static class NpWebApi2Exports
         var libraryContextId = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
         Interlocked.Exchange(ref _initialized, 0);
         TraceNpWebApi2("term", libraryContextId, 0);
-        return SetReturn(ctx, 0);
-    }
-
-    private static int SetReturn(CpuContext ctx, int result)
-    {
-        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)result);
-        return result;
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
     private static void TraceNpWebApi2(string operation, int id, ulong arg0)

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Pad/DualSenseReader.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,470 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using Microsoft.Win32.SafeHandles;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Pad;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Snapshot of the DualSense state, already translated to ORBIS pad
+/// conventions (SCE_PAD_BUTTON bits; sticks 0..255 with 128 centered;
+/// triggers 0..255).
+/// </summary>
+internal readonly record struct DualSenseState(
+    bool Connected,
+    uint Buttons,
+    byte LeftX,
+    byte LeftY,
+    byte RightX,
+    byte RightY,
+    byte L2,
+    byte R2);
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Reads a DualSense controller over raw HID on a background thread.
+/// Supports USB (input report 0x01) and Bluetooth (extended report 0x31,
+/// activated by requesting feature report 0x05), with hot-plug retry.
+/// </summary>
+internal static class DualSenseReader
+{
+    private const ushort SonyVendorId = 0x054C;
+    private const ushort DualSenseProductId = 0x0CE6;
+    private const ushort DualSenseEdgeProductId = 0x0DF2;
+
+    // SCE_PAD_BUTTON bit values.
+    private const uint ButtonL3 = 0x0002;
+    private const uint ButtonR3 = 0x0004;
+    private const uint ButtonOptions = 0x0008;
+    private const uint ButtonUp = 0x0010;
+    private const uint ButtonRight = 0x0020;
+    private const uint ButtonDown = 0x0040;
+    private const uint ButtonLeft = 0x0080;
+    private const uint ButtonL2 = 0x0100;
+    private const uint ButtonR2 = 0x0200;
+    private const uint ButtonL1 = 0x0400;
+    private const uint ButtonR1 = 0x0800;
+    private const uint ButtonTriangle = 0x1000;
+    private const uint ButtonCircle = 0x2000;
+    private const uint ButtonCross = 0x4000;
+    private const uint ButtonSquare = 0x8000;
+    private const uint ButtonTouchPad = 0x100000;
+
+    private static readonly object Gate = new();
+    private static DualSenseState _state;
+    private static bool _started;
+
+    // Output (rumble/lightbar) state, all guarded by Gate.
+    private static string? _devicePath;
+    private static bool _bluetooth;
+    private static bool _outputReady;
+    private static bool _lightbarSetupPending;
+    private static byte _outputSequence;
+    private static FileStream? _outputStream;
+    private static byte _motorLeft;
+    private static byte _motorRight;
+    private static byte _lightbarRed;
+    private static byte _lightbarGreen;
+    private static byte _lightbarBlue = 64; // PS-style blue default
+    private static byte _playerLeds = 0x04; // center LED = player 1
+
+    /// <summary>Starts the background reader once; safe to call repeatedly.</summary>
+    internal static void EnsureStarted()
+    {
+        if (!OperatingSystem.IsWindows())
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        lock (Gate)
+        {
+            if (_started)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            _started = true;
+            var thread = new Thread(ReadLoop)
+            {
+                IsBackground = true,
+                Name = "DualSenseReader",
+            };
+            thread.Start();
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal static bool TryGetState(out DualSenseState state)
+    {
+        lock (Gate)
+        {
+            state = _state;
+        }
+
+        return state.Connected;
+    }
+
+    private static void SetState(in DualSenseState state)
+    {
+        lock (Gate)
+        {
+            _state = state;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Sets rumble; large = left/strong motor, small = right/weak.</summary>
+    internal static void SetRumble(byte largeMotor, byte smallMotor)
+    {
+        lock (Gate)
+        {
+            if (_motorLeft == largeMotor && _motorRight == smallMotor)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            _motorLeft = largeMotor;
+            _motorRight = smallMotor;
+            SendOutputLocked();
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal static void SetLightbar(byte red, byte green, byte blue)
+    {
+        lock (Gate)
+        {
+            if (_lightbarRed == red && _lightbarGreen == green && _lightbarBlue == blue)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            _lightbarRed = red;
+            _lightbarGreen = green;
+            _lightbarBlue = blue;
+            SendOutputLocked();
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal static void ResetLightbar() => SetLightbar(0, 0, 64);
+
+    private static void OnDeviceIdentified(string path, bool bluetooth)
+    {
+        lock (Gate)
+        {
+            _devicePath = path;
+            _bluetooth = bluetooth;
+            _outputReady = true;
+            _lightbarSetupPending = true;
+            // Announce ourselves on the hardware: default lightbar + player 1 LED.
+            SendOutputLocked();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void OnDeviceLost()
+    {
+        lock (Gate)
+        {
+            _devicePath = null;
+            _outputReady = false;
+            _motorLeft = 0;
+            _motorRight = 0;
+            _outputStream?.Dispose();
+            _outputStream = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void SendOutputLocked()
+    {
+        if (!_outputReady || _devicePath is null)
+        {
+            return; // flushed by OnDeviceIdentified once connected
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            if (_outputStream is null)
+            {
+                var handle = HidNative.CreateFile(
+                    _devicePath,
+                    HidNative.GenericRead | HidNative.GenericWrite,
+                    HidNative.FileShareRead | HidNative.FileShareWrite,
+                    0, HidNative.OpenExisting, 0, 0);
+                if (handle.IsInvalid)
+                {
+                    handle.Dispose();
+                    return; // read-only device access: outputs unavailable
+                }
+
+                _outputStream = new FileStream(handle, FileAccess.Write, bufferSize: 1);
+            }
+
+            var report = BuildOutputReportLocked();
+            _outputStream.Write(report, 0, report.Length);
+            _outputStream.Flush();
+        }
+        catch (Exception)
+        {
+            _outputStream?.Dispose();
+            _outputStream = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] BuildOutputReportLocked()
+    {
+        // Common 47-byte output payload (offsets per the DualSense output
+        // report layout, same as Linux hid-playstation).
+        Span<byte> common = stackalloc byte[47];
+        common[0] = 0x03;                    // valid_flag0: compatible vibration + haptics select
+        common[1] = 0x04 | 0x10;             // valid_flag1: lightbar + player indicator
+        common[2] = _motorRight;             // right (weak) motor
+        common[3] = _motorLeft;              // left (strong) motor
+        if (_lightbarSetupPending)
+        {
+            common[38] |= 0x02;              // valid_flag2: lightbar setup control enable
+            common[41] = 0x01;               // lightbar_setup: light on
+            _lightbarSetupPending = false;
+        }
+
+        common[43] = _playerLeds;
+        common[44] = _lightbarRed;
+        common[45] = _lightbarGreen;
+        common[46] = _lightbarBlue;
+
+        if (!_bluetooth)
+        {
+            var usbReport = new byte[48];
+            usbReport[0] = 0x02;
+            common.CopyTo(usbReport.AsSpan(1));
+            return usbReport;
+        }
+
+        // Bluetooth: 0x31 wrapper with sequence tag and CRC32 over a 0xA2
+        // seed byte plus the first 74 report bytes.
+        var btReport = new byte[78];
+        btReport[0] = 0x31;
+        btReport[1] = (byte)((_outputSequence & 0x0F) << 4);
+        _outputSequence = (byte)((_outputSequence + 1) & 0x0F);
+        btReport[2] = 0x10;
+        common.CopyTo(btReport.AsSpan(3));
+        var crc = Crc32(0xA2, btReport.AsSpan(0, 74));
+        btReport[74] = (byte)crc;
+        btReport[75] = (byte)(crc >> 8);
+        btReport[76] = (byte)(crc >> 16);
+        btReport[77] = (byte)(crc >> 24);
+        return btReport;
+    }
+
+    private static uint Crc32(byte seed, ReadOnlySpan<byte> data)
+    {
+        var crc = Crc32Update(0xFFFFFFFFu, seed);
+        foreach (var value in data)
+        {
+            crc = Crc32Update(crc, value);
+        }
+
+        return ~crc;
+    }
+
+    private static uint Crc32Update(uint crc, byte value)
+    {
+        crc ^= value;
+        for (var bit = 0; bit < 8; bit++)
+        {
+            crc = (crc >> 1) ^ (0xEDB88320u & (uint)-(int)(crc & 1));
+        }
+
+        return crc;
+    }
+
+    private static void ReadLoop()
+    {
+        var announcedConnect = false;
+        while (true)
+        {
+            SafeFileHandle? handle = null;
+            try
+            {
+                handle = OpenDualSense(out var devicePath);
+                if (handle is null || devicePath is null)
+                {
+                    SetState(default);
+                    announcedConnect = false;
+                    Thread.Sleep(1000);
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // Bluetooth quirk: the DualSense sends a simplified report
+                // until feature report 0x05 is requested, which switches it
+                // to the full 0x31 input report. Harmless over USB.
+                var feature = new byte[41];
+                feature[0] = 0x05;
+                _ = HidNative.HidD_GetFeature(handle, feature, feature.Length);
+
+                if (!announcedConnect)
+                {
+                    Console.Error.WriteLine("[LOADER][INFO] DualSense controller connected.");
+                    announcedConnect = true;
+                }
+
+                using var stream = new FileStream(handle, FileAccess.Read, bufferSize: 1);
+                handle = null; // stream owns it now
+                var buffer = new byte[256];
+                var transportKnown = false;
+                while (true)
+                {
+                    var read = stream.Read(buffer, 0, buffer.Length);
+                    if (read <= 0)
+                    {
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    if (TryParseReport(buffer.AsSpan(0, read), out var state))
+                    {
+                        if (!transportKnown)
+                        {
+                            // The first parsed report tells us the transport,
+                            // which the output (rumble/lightbar) path needs.
+                            transportKnown = true;
+                            OnDeviceIdentified(devicePath, bluetooth: buffer[0] == 0x31);
+                        }
+
+                        SetState(state);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception)
+            {
+                // Unplugged or read error: fall through and retry.
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                handle?.Dispose();
+            }
+
+            if (announcedConnect)
+            {
+                Console.Error.WriteLine("[LOADER][INFO] DualSense controller disconnected.");
+                announcedConnect = false;
+            }
+
+            OnDeviceLost();
+            SetState(default);
+            Thread.Sleep(1000);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static SafeFileHandle? OpenDualSense(out string? devicePath)
+    {
+        devicePath = null;
+        foreach (var path in HidNative.EnumerateHidDevicePaths())
+        {
+            // Open without access rights just to query VID/PID.
+            using var probe = HidNative.CreateFile(
+                path, 0, HidNative.FileShareRead | HidNative.FileShareWrite, 0, HidNative.OpenExisting, 0, 0);
+            if (probe.IsInvalid)
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            var attributes = new HidNative.HiddAttributes { Size = 12 };
+            if (!HidNative.HidD_GetAttributes(probe, ref attributes) ||
+                attributes.VendorId != SonyVendorId ||
+                (attributes.ProductId != DualSenseProductId && attributes.ProductId != DualSenseEdgeProductId))
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // Read+write so feature reports work; fall back to read-only.
+            var handle = HidNative.CreateFile(
+                path,
+                HidNative.GenericRead | HidNative.GenericWrite,
+                HidNative.FileShareRead | HidNative.FileShareWrite,
+                0, HidNative.OpenExisting, 0, 0);
+            if (handle.IsInvalid)
+            {
+                handle.Dispose();
+                handle = HidNative.CreateFile(
+                    path,
+                    HidNative.GenericRead,
+                    HidNative.FileShareRead | HidNative.FileShareWrite,
+                    0, HidNative.OpenExisting, 0, 0);
+            }
+
+            if (!handle.IsInvalid)
+            {
+                devicePath = path;
+                return handle;
+            }
+
+            handle.Dispose();
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private static bool TryParseReport(ReadOnlySpan<byte> report, out DualSenseState state)
+    {
+        // USB: report id 0x01, payload starts at [1].
+        // Bluetooth extended: report id 0x31, sequence byte at [1], payload at [2].
+        int offset;
+        if (report.Length >= 11 && report[0] == 0x01)
+        {
+            offset = 1;
+        }
+        else if (report.Length >= 12 && report[0] == 0x31)
+        {
+            offset = 2;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            state = default;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        var leftX = report[offset + 0];
+        var leftY = report[offset + 1];
+        var rightX = report[offset + 2];
+        var rightY = report[offset + 3];
+        var l2 = report[offset + 4];
+        var r2 = report[offset + 5];
+        var buttons0 = report[offset + 7];
+        var buttons1 = report[offset + 8];
+        var buttons2 = report[offset + 9];
+
+        uint buttons = 0;
+        buttons |= (buttons0 & 0x10) != 0 ? ButtonSquare : 0;
+        buttons |= (buttons0 & 0x20) != 0 ? ButtonCross : 0;
+        buttons |= (buttons0 & 0x40) != 0 ? ButtonCircle : 0;
+        buttons |= (buttons0 & 0x80) != 0 ? ButtonTriangle : 0;
+        buttons |= HatToButtons(buttons0 & 0x0F);
+        buttons |= (buttons1 & 0x01) != 0 ? ButtonL1 : 0;
+        buttons |= (buttons1 & 0x02) != 0 ? ButtonR1 : 0;
+        buttons |= (buttons1 & 0x04) != 0 ? ButtonL2 : 0;
+        buttons |= (buttons1 & 0x08) != 0 ? ButtonR2 : 0;
+        buttons |= (buttons1 & 0x20) != 0 ? ButtonOptions : 0;
+        buttons |= (buttons1 & 0x40) != 0 ? ButtonL3 : 0;
+        buttons |= (buttons1 & 0x80) != 0 ? ButtonR3 : 0;
+        buttons |= (buttons2 & 0x02) != 0 ? ButtonTouchPad : 0;
+
+        state = new DualSenseState(
+            Connected: true,
+            Buttons: buttons,
+            LeftX: leftX,
+            LeftY: leftY,
+            RightX: rightX,
+            RightY: rightY,
+            L2: l2,
+            R2: r2);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static uint HatToButtons(int hat) => hat switch
+    {
+        0 => ButtonUp,
+        1 => ButtonUp | ButtonRight,
+        2 => ButtonRight,
+        3 => ButtonRight | ButtonDown,
+        4 => ButtonDown,
+        5 => ButtonDown | ButtonLeft,
+        6 => ButtonLeft,
+        7 => ButtonLeft | ButtonUp,
+        _ => 0,
+    };
+}

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Pad/HidNative.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using Microsoft.Win32.SafeHandles;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Pad;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Minimal Win32 HID interop used to talk to a DualSense controller
+/// directly, without any external input library.
+/// </summary>
+internal static partial class HidNative
+{
+    internal const int DigcfPresent = 0x02;
+    internal const int DigcfDeviceInterface = 0x10;
+    internal const uint GenericRead = 0x80000000;
+    internal const uint GenericWrite = 0x40000000;
+    internal const uint FileShareRead = 0x1;
+    internal const uint FileShareWrite = 0x2;
+    internal const uint OpenExisting = 3;
+
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+    internal struct SpDeviceInterfaceData
+    {
+        public int CbSize;
+        public Guid InterfaceClassGuid;
+        public int Flags;
+        public nint Reserved;
+    }
+
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+    internal struct HiddAttributes
+    {
+        public int Size;
+        public ushort VendorId;
+        public ushort ProductId;
+        public ushort VersionNumber;
+    }
+
+    [DllImport("hid.dll")]
+    internal static extern void HidD_GetHidGuid(out Guid hidGuid);
+
+    [DllImport("hid.dll")]
+    internal static extern bool HidD_GetAttributes(SafeFileHandle hidDeviceObject, ref HiddAttributes attributes);
+
+    [DllImport("hid.dll")]
+    internal static extern bool HidD_GetFeature(SafeFileHandle hidDeviceObject, byte[] reportBuffer, int reportBufferLength);
+
+    [DllImport("setupapi.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
+    internal static extern nint SetupDiGetClassDevs(ref Guid classGuid, nint enumerator, nint hwndParent, int flags);
+
+    [DllImport("setupapi.dll")]
+    internal static extern bool SetupDiEnumDeviceInterfaces(
+        nint deviceInfoSet,
+        nint deviceInfoData,
+        ref Guid interfaceClassGuid,
+        int memberIndex,
+        ref SpDeviceInterfaceData deviceInterfaceData);
+
+    [DllImport("setupapi.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
+    internal static extern bool SetupDiGetDeviceInterfaceDetail(
+        nint deviceInfoSet,
+        ref SpDeviceInterfaceData deviceInterfaceData,
+        nint deviceInterfaceDetailData,
+        int deviceInterfaceDetailDataSize,
+        out int requiredSize,
+        nint deviceInfoData);
+
+    [DllImport("setupapi.dll")]
+    internal static extern bool SetupDiDestroyDeviceInfoList(nint deviceInfoSet);
+
+    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Unicode, SetLastError = true)]
+    internal static extern SafeFileHandle CreateFile(
+        string fileName,
+        uint desiredAccess,
+        uint shareMode,
+        nint securityAttributes,
+        uint creationDisposition,
+        uint flagsAndAttributes,
+        nint templateFile);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Enumerates the device paths of all present HID interfaces.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static List<string> EnumerateHidDevicePaths()
+    {
+        var paths = new List<string>();
+        HidD_GetHidGuid(out var hidGuid);
+        var deviceInfoSet = SetupDiGetClassDevs(ref hidGuid, 0, 0, DigcfPresent | DigcfDeviceInterface);
+        if (deviceInfoSet == -1 || deviceInfoSet == 0)
+        {
+            return paths;
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            var interfaceData = new SpDeviceInterfaceData
+            {
+                CbSize = Marshal.SizeOf<SpDeviceInterfaceData>(),
+            };
+
+            for (var index = 0; SetupDiEnumDeviceInterfaces(deviceInfoSet, 0, ref hidGuid, index, ref interfaceData); index++)
+            {
+                SetupDiGetDeviceInterfaceDetail(deviceInfoSet, ref interfaceData, 0, 0, out var requiredSize, 0);
+                if (requiredSize <= 0)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                var detailBuffer = Marshal.AllocHGlobal(requiredSize);
+                try
+                {
+                    // SP_DEVICE_INTERFACE_DETAIL_DATA_W.cbSize is 8 on x64
+                    // (DWORD + aligned WCHAR[1]); the path string follows it.
+                    Marshal.WriteInt32(detailBuffer, 8);
+                    if (SetupDiGetDeviceInterfaceDetail(deviceInfoSet, ref interfaceData, detailBuffer, requiredSize, out _, 0) &&
+                        Marshal.PtrToStringUni(detailBuffer + 4) is { Length: > 0 } path)
+                    {
+                        paths.Add(path);
+                    }
+                }
+                finally
+                {
+                    Marshal.FreeHGlobal(detailBuffer);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            SetupDiDestroyDeviceInfoList(deviceInfoSet);
+        }
+
+        return paths;
+    }
+}

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Pad/PadExports.cs

@@ -30,7 +30,8 @@ public static class PadExports
     public static int PadInit(CpuContext ctx)
     {
         _initialized = true;
-        return SetReturn(ctx, 0);
+        DualSenseReader.EnsureStarted();
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -46,21 +47,24 @@ public static class PadExports
         var parameterAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rcx];
         if (!_initialized)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisPadErrorNotInitialized);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisPadErrorNotInitialized);
         }
 
         if (userId == -1)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisPadErrorDeviceNoHandle);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisPadErrorDeviceNoHandle);
         }
 
         if (userId != PrimaryUserId || type != StandardPortType || index != 0 || parameterAddress != 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisPadErrorDeviceNotConnected);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisPadErrorDeviceNotConnected);
         }
 
-        Console.Error.WriteLine("[LOADER][INFO] Keyboard controls: Arrow keys = D-pad, WASD = left stick, IJKL = right stick, Z/Enter = Cross, X/Esc = Circle, C = Square, V = Triangle, Q = L1, E = R1, R = L2, F = R2, Tab/Backspace = Options");
-        return SetReturn(ctx, PrimaryPadHandle);
+        DualSenseReader.EnsureStarted();
+        Console.Error.WriteLine(DualSenseReader.TryGetState(out _)
+            ? "[LOADER][INFO] Controls: DualSense connected (keyboard fallback also active)."
+            : "[LOADER][INFO] Keyboard controls: Arrow keys = D-pad, WASD = left stick, IJKL = right stick, Z/Enter = Cross, X/Esc = Circle, C = Square, V = Triangle, Q = L1, E = R1, R = L2, F = R2, Tab/Backspace = Options. A DualSense will be used automatically when plugged in.");
+        return ctx.SetReturn(PrimaryPadHandle);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -72,8 +76,8 @@ public static class PadExports
     {
         var handle = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
         return handle == PrimaryPadHandle
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle);
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
+            : ctx.SetReturn(OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -87,12 +91,12 @@ public static class PadExports
         var informationAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
         if (handle != PrimaryPadHandle)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle);
         }
 
         if (informationAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
         }
 
         Span<byte> information = stackalloc byte[ControllerInformationSize];
@@ -107,8 +111,8 @@ public static class PadExports
         BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(information[0x10..], 0);
 
         return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(informationAddress, information)
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
+            : ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -122,17 +126,17 @@ public static class PadExports
         var dataAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
         if (handle != PrimaryPadHandle)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle);
         }
 
         if (dataAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
         }
 
         return WriteNeutralPadData(ctx, dataAddress)
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
+            : ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -147,17 +151,17 @@ public static class PadExports
         var count = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx]);
         if (handle != PrimaryPadHandle)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle);
         }
 
         if (dataAddress == 0 || count < 1 || count > 64)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
         }
 
         return WriteNeutralPadData(ctx, dataAddress)
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 1)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(1)
+            : ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -167,7 +171,84 @@ public static class PadExports
     LibraryName = "libScePad")]
     public static int PadSetVibrationMode(CpuContext ctx)
     {
-        return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+        return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "yFVnOdGxvZY",
+        ExportName = "scePadSetVibration",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libScePad")]
+    public static int PadSetVibration(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var handle = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        var parameterAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
+        if (handle != PrimaryPadHandle)
+        {
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle);
+        }
+
+        if (parameterAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+        }
+
+        // ScePadVibrationParam: { uint8_t largeMotor; uint8_t smallMotor; }
+        Span<byte> parameter = stackalloc byte[2];
+        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(parameterAddress, parameter))
+        {
+            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+        }
+
+        DualSenseReader.SetRumble(parameter[0], parameter[1]);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "RR4novUEENY",
+        ExportName = "scePadSetLightBar",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libScePad")]
+    public static int PadSetLightBar(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var handle = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        var parameterAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
+        if (handle != PrimaryPadHandle)
+        {
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle);
+        }
+
+        if (parameterAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+        }
+
+        // ScePadColor: { uint8_t r; uint8_t g; uint8_t b; uint8_t reserved; }
+        Span<byte> color = stackalloc byte[4];
+        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(parameterAddress, color))
+        {
+            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+        }
+
+        DualSenseReader.SetLightbar(color[0], color[1], color[2]);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "DscD1i9HX1w",
+        ExportName = "scePadResetLightBar",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libScePad")]
+    public static int PadResetLightBar(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var handle = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        if (handle != PrimaryPadHandle)
+        {
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle);
+        }
+
+        DualSenseReader.ResetLightbar();
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
     private static bool WriteNeutralPadData(CpuContext ctx, ulong dataAddress)
@@ -176,17 +257,33 @@ public static class PadExports
         data.Clear();
         var acceptsKeyboardInput = IsEmulatorWindowFocused();
         var buttons = acceptsKeyboardInput ? ReadKeyboardButtons() : 0;
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(data[0x00..], buttons);
         var leftX = acceptsKeyboardInput ? ReadAnalogStick(IsKeyDown(0x41), IsKeyDown(0x44)) : (byte)128;
         var leftY = acceptsKeyboardInput ? ReadAnalogStick(IsKeyDown(0x57), IsKeyDown(0x53)) : (byte)128;
         var rightX = acceptsKeyboardInput ? ReadAnalogStick(IsKeyDown(0x4A), IsKeyDown(0x4C)) : (byte)128;
         var rightY = acceptsKeyboardInput ? ReadAnalogStick(IsKeyDown(0x49), IsKeyDown(0x4B)) : (byte)128;
+        var l2 = acceptsKeyboardInput && IsKeyDown(0x52) ? (byte)255 : (byte)0;
+        var r2 = acceptsKeyboardInput && IsKeyDown(0x46) ? (byte)255 : (byte)0;
+
+        if (DualSenseReader.TryGetState(out var pad))
+        {
+            buttons |= pad.Buttons;
+            // The controller stick wins whenever it is deflected past a
+            // small deadzone; otherwise any keyboard value stays.
+            leftX = MergeAxis(pad.LeftX, leftX);
+            leftY = MergeAxis(pad.LeftY, leftY);
+            rightX = MergeAxis(pad.RightX, rightX);
+            rightY = MergeAxis(pad.RightY, rightY);
+            l2 = Math.Max(l2, pad.L2);
+            r2 = Math.Max(r2, pad.R2);
+        }
+
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(data[0x00..], buttons);
         data[0x04] = leftX;
         data[0x05] = leftY;
         data[0x06] = rightX;
         data[0x07] = rightY;
-        data[0x08] = acceptsKeyboardInput && IsKeyDown(0x52) ? (byte)255 : (byte)0;
-        data[0x09] = acceptsKeyboardInput && IsKeyDown(0x46) ? (byte)255 : (byte)0;
+        data[0x08] = l2;
+        data[0x09] = r2;
         BinaryPrimitives.WriteSingleLittleEndian(data[0x18..], 1.0f);
         data[0x4C] = 1;
         var timestampTicks = Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
@@ -201,12 +298,6 @@ public static class PadExports
         return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(dataAddress, data);
     }
 
-    private static int SetReturn(CpuContext ctx, int result)
-    {
-        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)result);
-        return result;
-    }
-
     [DllImport("user32.dll")]
     private static extern short GetAsyncKeyState(int vKey);
 
@@ -260,4 +351,10 @@ public static class PadExports
         if (positive && !negative) return 255;
         return 128;
     }
+
+    private static byte MergeAxis(byte controller, byte keyboard)
+    {
+        const int Deadzone = 10;
+        return Math.Abs(controller - 128) > Deadzone ? controller : keyboard;
+    }
 }

src/SharpEmu.Libs/PlayGo/PlayGoExports.cs

@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ public static class PlayGoExports
         if (outChunkIdList == 0)
         {
             TracePlayGo($"get_chunk_id count_only entries={availableEntries} out_entries=0x{outEntries:X16}");
-            return TryWriteUInt32(ctx, outEntries, availableEntries)
+            return ctx.TryWriteUInt32(outEntries, availableEntries)
                 ? (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK
                 : (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
         }
@@ -249,14 +249,14 @@ public static class PlayGoExports
         for (uint i = 0; i < entriesToWrite; i++)
         {
             var chunkId = chunkIds.Length == 0 ? (ushort)0 : chunkIds[i];
-            if (!TryWriteUInt16(ctx, outChunkIdList + (i * sizeof(ushort)), chunkId))
+            if (!ctx.TryWriteUInt16(outChunkIdList + (i * sizeof(ushort)), chunkId))
             {
                 return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
             }
         }
 
         TracePlayGo($"get_chunk_id write requested={numberOfEntries} wrote={entriesToWrite} available={availableEntries}");
-        return TryWriteUInt32(ctx, outEntries, entriesToWrite)
+        return ctx.TryWriteUInt32(outEntries, entriesToWrite)
             ? (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK
             : (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
     }
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ public static class PlayGoExports
 
         return ValidateChunkIds(ctx, chunkIds, numberOfEntries) is { } chunkError && chunkError != 0
             ? chunkError
-            : TryWriteInt64(ctx, outEta, 0)
+            : ctx.TryWriteInt64(outEta, 0)
                 ? (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK
                 : (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
     }
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ public static class PlayGoExports
             speed = _installSpeed;
         }
 
-        return TryWriteInt32(ctx, outSpeed, speed)
+        return ctx.TryWriteInt32(outSpeed, speed)
             ? (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK
             : (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
     }
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ public static class PlayGoExports
         var loci = new byte[numberOfEntries];
         for (uint i = 0; i < numberOfEntries; i++)
         {
-            if (!TryReadUInt16(ctx, chunkIds + (i * sizeof(ushort)), out var chunkId))
+            if (!ctx.TryReadUInt16(chunkIds + (i * sizeof(ushort)), out var chunkId))
             {
                 return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
             }
@@ -503,7 +503,7 @@ public static class PlayGoExports
         }
 
         TracePlayGo($"get_todo requested={numberOfEntries} wrote=0");
-        return TryWriteUInt32(ctx, outEntries, 0)
+        return ctx.TryWriteUInt32(outEntries, 0)
             ? (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK
             : (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
     }
@@ -648,7 +648,7 @@ public static class PlayGoExports
     {
         for (uint i = 0; i < numberOfEntries; i++)
         {
-            if (!TryReadUInt16(ctx, chunkIds + (i * sizeof(ushort)), out var chunkId))
+            if (!ctx.TryReadUInt16(chunkIds + (i * sizeof(ushort)), out var chunkId))
             {
                 return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
             }
@@ -728,47 +728,6 @@ public static class PlayGoExports
         }
     }
 
-    private static bool TryReadUInt16(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, out ushort value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(ushort)];
-        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address, buffer))
-        {
-            value = 0;
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        value = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt16LittleEndian(buffer);
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    private static bool TryWriteUInt16(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, ushort value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(ushort)];
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt16LittleEndian(buffer, value);
-        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(address, buffer);
-    }
-
-    private static bool TryWriteUInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, uint value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(buffer, value);
-        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(address, buffer);
-    }
-
-    private static bool TryWriteInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, int value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(int)];
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(buffer, value);
-        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(address, buffer);
-    }
-
-    private static bool TryWriteInt64(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, long value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(long)];
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt64LittleEndian(buffer, value);
-        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(address, buffer);
-    }
-
     private static void TracePlayGo(string message)
     {
         if (string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_PLAYGO"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal))

src/SharpEmu.Libs/SaveData/SaveDataDialogExports.cs

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
 using System.Buffers.Binary;
-using System.Threading;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.Libs.SaveData;
 
@@ -35,10 +34,10 @@ public static class SaveDataDialogExports
     {
         if (Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref _status, StatusInitialized, StatusNone) != StatusNone)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, ErrorAlreadyInitialized);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(ErrorAlreadyInitialized);
         }
 
-        return SetReturn(ctx, ErrorOk);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(ErrorOk);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -51,22 +50,22 @@ public static class SaveDataDialogExports
         var paramAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
         if (paramAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, ErrorArgNull);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(ErrorArgNull);
         }
 
         if (_status is not (StatusInitialized or StatusFinished))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, ErrorNotInitialized);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(ErrorNotInitialized);
         }
 
         _lastMode = TryReadInt32(ctx, paramAddress, out var mode) ? mode : 0;
-        _lastUserData = TryReadUInt64(ctx, paramAddress + 0xC8, out var userData) ? userData : 0;
+        _lastUserData = ctx.TryReadUInt64(paramAddress + 0xC8, out var userData) ? userData : 0;
 
         // There is no host save dialog yet. Complete immediately with OK so
         // guest polling sees a finished dialog instead of spinning forever.
         Interlocked.Exchange(ref _status, StatusFinished);
         TraceSaveDataDialog($"open mode={_lastMode} userData=0x{_lastUserData:X16} -> finished");
-        return SetReturn(ctx, ErrorOk);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(ErrorOk);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -74,21 +73,21 @@ public static class SaveDataDialogExports
         ExportName = "sceSaveDataDialogGetStatus",
         Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
         LibraryName = "libSceSaveDataDialog")]
-    public static int SaveDataDialogGetStatus(CpuContext ctx) => SetReturn(ctx, Volatile.Read(ref _status));
+    public static int SaveDataDialogGetStatus(CpuContext ctx) => ctx.SetReturn(Volatile.Read(ref _status));
 
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "KK3Bdg1RWK0",
         ExportName = "sceSaveDataDialogUpdateStatus",
         Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
         LibraryName = "libSceSaveDataDialog")]
-    public static int SaveDataDialogUpdateStatus(CpuContext ctx) => SetReturn(ctx, Volatile.Read(ref _status));
+    public static int SaveDataDialogUpdateStatus(CpuContext ctx) => ctx.SetReturn(Volatile.Read(ref _status));
 
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "en7gNVnh878",
         ExportName = "sceSaveDataDialogIsReadyToDisplay",
         Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
         LibraryName = "libSceSaveDataDialog")]
-    public static int SaveDataDialogIsReadyToDisplay(CpuContext ctx) => SetReturn(ctx, 1);
+    public static int SaveDataDialogIsReadyToDisplay(CpuContext ctx) => ctx.SetReturn(1);
 
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "yEiJ-qqr6Cg",
@@ -100,12 +99,12 @@ public static class SaveDataDialogExports
         var resultAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
         if (resultAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, ErrorArgNull);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(ErrorArgNull);
         }
 
         if (Volatile.Read(ref _status) != StatusFinished)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, ErrorNotFinished);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(ErrorNotFinished);
         }
 
         Span<byte> result = stackalloc byte[ResultSize];
@@ -117,10 +116,10 @@ public static class SaveDataDialogExports
 
         if (!ctx.Memory.TryWrite(resultAddress, result))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
         }
 
-        return SetReturn(ctx, ErrorOk);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(ErrorOk);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -132,10 +131,10 @@ public static class SaveDataDialogExports
     {
         if (Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref _status, StatusFinished, StatusRunning) != StatusRunning)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, ErrorNotRunning);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(ErrorNotRunning);
         }
 
-        return SetReturn(ctx, ErrorOk);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(ErrorOk);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -147,12 +146,12 @@ public static class SaveDataDialogExports
     {
         if (Interlocked.Exchange(ref _status, StatusNone) == StatusNone)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, ErrorNotInitialized);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(ErrorNotInitialized);
         }
 
         _lastMode = 0;
         _lastUserData = 0;
-        return SetReturn(ctx, ErrorOk);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(ErrorOk);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -160,14 +159,14 @@ public static class SaveDataDialogExports
         ExportName = "sceSaveDataDialogProgressBarInc",
         Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
         LibraryName = "libSceSaveDataDialog")]
-    public static int SaveDataDialogProgressBarInc(CpuContext ctx) => SetReturn(ctx, ErrorOk);
+    public static int SaveDataDialogProgressBarInc(CpuContext ctx) => ctx.SetReturn(ErrorOk);
 
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "hay1CfTmLyA",
         ExportName = "sceSaveDataDialogProgressBarSetValue",
         Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
         LibraryName = "libSceSaveDataDialog")]
-    public static int SaveDataDialogProgressBarSetValue(CpuContext ctx) => SetReturn(ctx, ErrorOk);
+    public static int SaveDataDialogProgressBarSetValue(CpuContext ctx) => ctx.SetReturn(ErrorOk);
 
     private static bool TryReadInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, out int value)
     {
@@ -182,25 +181,6 @@ public static class SaveDataDialogExports
         return true;
     }
 
-    private static bool TryReadUInt64(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, out ulong value)
-    {
-        value = 0;
-        Span<byte> bytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(ulong)];
-        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address, bytes))
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        value = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt64LittleEndian(bytes);
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    private static int SetReturn(CpuContext ctx, int result)
-    {
-        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)result);
-        return result;
-    }
-
     private static void TraceSaveDataDialog(string message)
     {
         if (!string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_SAVEDATA"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal))

src/SharpEmu.Libs/SaveData/SaveDataExports.cs

@@ -50,15 +50,15 @@ public static class SaveDataExports
         try
         {
             Directory.CreateDirectory(ResolveSaveDataRoot());
-            return SetReturn(ctx, 0);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(0);
         }
         catch (IOException)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisSaveDataErrorInternal);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorInternal);
         }
         catch (UnauthorizedAccessException)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisSaveDataErrorInternal);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorInternal);
         }
     }
 
@@ -73,18 +73,18 @@ public static class SaveDataExports
         var resultAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
         if (condAddress == 0 || resultAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
         }
 
         if (!TryReadSearchCond(ctx, condAddress, out var cond) ||
             !TryReadSearchResult(ctx, resultAddress, out var result))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
         }
 
         if (cond.UserId < 0 || cond.SortKey > SortKeyFreeBlocks || cond.SortOrder > SortOrderDescent)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
         }
 
         try
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ public static class SaveDataExports
             }
             else if (!TryReadFixedAscii(ctx, cond.TitleIdAddress, SaveDataTitleIdSize, out titleId))
             {
-                return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+                return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
             }
 
             var root = ResolveTitleSaveRoot(cond.UserId, titleId);
@@ -108,21 +108,21 @@ public static class SaveDataExports
             var setNum = result.DirNamesNum == 0
                 ? 0
                 : Math.Min(result.DirNamesNum, entries.Count);
-            if (!TryWriteUInt32(ctx, resultAddress + ResultHitNumOffset, checked((uint)entries.Count)) ||
-                !TryWriteUInt32(ctx, resultAddress + ResultSetNumOffset, checked((uint)setNum)))
+            if (!ctx.TryWriteUInt32(resultAddress + ResultHitNumOffset, checked((uint)entries.Count)) ||
+                !ctx.TryWriteUInt32(resultAddress + ResultSetNumOffset, checked((uint)setNum)))
             {
-                return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+                return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
             }
 
             if (setNum == 0)
             {
                 TraceSaveData($"dir_name_search user={cond.UserId} title={titleId} hits={entries.Count} set=0 root='{root}'");
-                return SetReturn(ctx, 0);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(0);
             }
 
             if (result.DirNamesAddress == 0)
             {
-                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
             }
 
             for (var i = 0; i < setNum; i++)
@@ -138,20 +138,20 @@ public static class SaveDataExports
                     (result.InfosAddress != 0 &&
                      !TryWriteSearchInfo(ctx, result.InfosAddress + ((ulong)i * SaveDataSearchInfoSize), entry)))
                 {
-                    return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+                    return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
                 }
             }
 
             TraceSaveData($"dir_name_search user={cond.UserId} title={titleId} hits={entries.Count} set={setNum} root='{root}'");
-            return SetReturn(ctx, 0);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(0);
         }
         catch (IOException)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisSaveDataErrorInternal);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorInternal);
         }
         catch (UnauthorizedAccessException)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisSaveDataErrorInternal);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorInternal);
         }
     }
 
@@ -166,25 +166,25 @@ public static class SaveDataExports
         var resultAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
         if (mountAddress == 0 || resultAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
         }
 
-        if (!TryReadInt32(ctx, mountAddress, out var userId) ||
+        if (!ctx.TryReadInt32(mountAddress, out var userId) ||
             !ctx.TryReadUInt64(mountAddress + 0x08, out var dirNameAddress) ||
             !ctx.TryReadUInt64(mountAddress + 0x10, out var blocks) ||
             !ctx.TryReadUInt64(mountAddress + 0x18, out var systemBlocks) ||
-            !TryReadUInt32(ctx, mountAddress + 0x20, out var mountMode) ||
-            !TryReadUInt32(ctx, mountAddress + 0x24, out var resource) ||
-            !TryReadUInt32(ctx, mountAddress + 0x28, out var mode) ||
+            !ctx.TryReadUInt32(mountAddress + 0x20, out var mountMode) ||
+            !ctx.TryReadUInt32(mountAddress + 0x24, out var resource) ||
+            !ctx.TryReadUInt32(mountAddress + 0x28, out var mode) ||
             dirNameAddress == 0 ||
             !TryReadFixedAscii(ctx, dirNameAddress, SaveDataDirNameSize, out var dirName))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
         }
 
         if (userId < 0 || string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(dirName))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
         }
 
         try
@@ -199,12 +199,12 @@ public static class SaveDataExports
 
             if (!existed && !create && !createIfMissing)
             {
-                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisSaveDataErrorNotFound);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorNotFound);
             }
 
             if (existed && create)
             {
-                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisSaveDataErrorExists);
+                return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorExists);
             }
 
             if (!existed)
@@ -221,26 +221,26 @@ public static class SaveDataExports
             BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(result[0x1C..], createIfMissing && !existed ? 1u : 0u);
             if (!ctx.Memory.TryWrite(resultAddress, result))
             {
-                return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+                return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
             }
 
             TraceSaveData(
                 $"mount3 user={userId} title={titleId} dir={dirName} blocks={blocks} " +
                 $"system_blocks={systemBlocks} mount_mode=0x{mountMode:X} resource={resource} mode={mode} " +
                 $"mount_point={mountPoint} created={!existed} root='{savePath}'");
-            return SetReturn(ctx, 0);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(0);
         }
         catch (IOException)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisSaveDataErrorInternal);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorInternal);
         }
         catch (UnauthorizedAccessException)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisSaveDataErrorInternal);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorInternal);
         }
         catch (ArgumentException)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
         }
     }
 
@@ -258,30 +258,30 @@ public static class SaveDataExports
 
         if (resourceAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
         }
 
         var id = (uint)Interlocked.Increment(ref _nextTransactionResource);
 
-        if (!TryWriteUInt32(ctx, resourceAddress, id))
+        if (!ctx.TryWriteUInt32(resourceAddress, id))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
         }
 
         TraceSaveData(
             $"create_transaction_resource user={userId} reserved=0x{reserved:X} resource_addr=0x{resourceAddress:X} id={id}");
 
-        return SetReturn(ctx, 0);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
     private static bool TryReadSearchCond(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, out SearchCond cond)
     {
         cond = default;
-        if (!TryReadInt32(ctx, address, out var userId) ||
+        if (!ctx.TryReadInt32(address, out var userId) ||
             !ctx.TryReadUInt64(address + 0x08, out var titleIdAddress) ||
             !ctx.TryReadUInt64(address + 0x10, out var dirNameAddress) ||
-            !TryReadUInt32(ctx, address + 0x18, out var sortKey) ||
-            !TryReadUInt32(ctx, address + 0x1C, out var sortOrder))
+            !ctx.TryReadUInt32(address + 0x18, out var sortKey) ||
+            !ctx.TryReadUInt32(address + 0x1C, out var sortOrder))
         {
             return false;
         }
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ public static class SaveDataExports
     {
         result = default;
         if (!ctx.TryReadUInt64(address + ResultDirNamesOffset, out var dirNamesAddress) ||
-            !TryReadUInt32(ctx, address + ResultDirNamesNumOffset, out var dirNamesNum) ||
+            !ctx.TryReadUInt32(address + ResultDirNamesNumOffset, out var dirNamesNum) ||
             !ctx.TryReadUInt64(address + ResultParamsOffset, out var paramsAddress) ||
             !ctx.TryReadUInt64(address + ResultInfosOffset, out var infosAddress))
         {
@@ -505,45 +505,6 @@ public static class SaveDataExports
         }
     }
 
-    private static bool TryReadInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, out int value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> bytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(int)];
-        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address, bytes))
-        {
-            value = 0;
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        value = BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt32LittleEndian(bytes);
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    private static bool TryReadUInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, out uint value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> bytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
-        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address, bytes))
-        {
-            value = 0;
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        value = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(bytes);
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    private static bool TryWriteUInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, uint value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> bytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(bytes, value);
-        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(address, bytes);
-    }
-
-    private static int SetReturn(CpuContext ctx, int result)
-    {
-        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)result);
-        return result;
-    }
-
     private static void TraceSaveData(string message)
     {
         if (string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_SAVEDATA"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal))

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Share/ShareExports.cs

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
 using System.Text;
-using System.Threading;
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Share;
@@ -26,13 +25,13 @@ public static class ShareExports
         var affinityMask = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx];
         if (memorySize == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
         }
 
         Interlocked.Exchange(ref _initialized, 1);
 
         TraceShare($"initialize memory=0x{memorySize:X} priority={priority} affinity=0x{affinityMask:X}");
-        return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -45,12 +44,12 @@ public static class ShareExports
         var contentParamAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
         if (contentParamAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
         }
 
         if (!TryReadNullTerminatedUtf8(ctx, contentParamAddress, MaxContentParamBytes, out var contentParam))
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
         }
 
         _contentParam = contentParam;
@@ -60,13 +59,7 @@ public static class ShareExports
         }
 
         TraceShare($"set_content_param len={contentParam.Length} preview='{FormatTraceString(contentParam)}'");
-        return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
-    }
-
-    private static int SetReturn(CpuContext ctx, OrbisGen2Result result)
-    {
-        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)(int)result);
-        return (int)result;
+        return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
     }
 
     private static bool TryReadNullTerminatedUtf8(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, int maxLength, out string value)

src/SharpEmu.Libs/SharpEmu.Libs.csproj

@@ -15,6 +15,10 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
     <PackageReference Include="Silk.NET.Windowing" />
   </ItemGroup>
 
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <NoWarn>$(NoWarn);1591</NoWarn>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
   <PropertyGroup>
     <AllowUnsafeBlocks>true</AllowUnsafeBlocks>
   </PropertyGroup>

src/SharpEmu.Libs/SystemService/SystemServiceExports.cs

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ public static class SystemServiceExports
         var valueAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
         if (valueAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisSystemServiceErrorParameter);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSystemServiceErrorParameter);
         }
 
         var value = parameterId switch
@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ public static class SystemServiceExports
         Span<byte> valueBytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(int)];
         BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(valueBytes, value);
         return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(valueAddress, valueBytes)
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
+            : ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ public static class SystemServiceExports
         var statusAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
         if (statusAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisSystemServiceErrorParameter);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSystemServiceErrorParameter);
         }
 
         Span<byte> status = stackalloc byte[SystemServiceStatusSize];
@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ public static class SystemServiceExports
         status[0x06] = 1;
 
         return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(statusAddress, status)
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
+            : ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ public static class SystemServiceExports
         var infoAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
         if (infoAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisSystemServiceErrorParameter);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSystemServiceErrorParameter);
         }
 
         Span<byte> info = stackalloc byte[DisplaySafeAreaInfoSize];
@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ public static class SystemServiceExports
         BinaryPrimitives.WriteSingleLittleEndian(info, 1.0f);
 
         return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(infoAddress, info)
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
+            : ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -94,12 +94,6 @@ public static class SystemServiceExports
     public static int SystemServiceHideSplashScreen(CpuContext ctx)
     {
         VulkanVideoPresenter.HideSplashScreen();
-        return SetReturn(ctx, 0);
-    }
-
-    private static int SetReturn(CpuContext ctx, int result)
-    {
-        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)result);
-        return result;
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 }

src/SharpEmu.Libs/UserService/UserServiceExports.cs

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
 using System.Buffers.Binary;
 using System.Text;
-using System.Threading;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.Libs.UserService;
 
@@ -40,12 +39,12 @@ public static class UserServiceExports
         var userIdAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
         if (userIdAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisUserServiceErrorInvalidArgument);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisUserServiceErrorInvalidArgument);
         }
 
-        return TryWriteInt32(ctx, userIdAddress, PrimaryUserId)
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+        return ctx.TryWriteInt32(userIdAddress, PrimaryUserId)
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
+            : ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -58,7 +57,7 @@ public static class UserServiceExports
         var userIdListAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
         if (userIdListAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisUserServiceErrorInvalidArgument);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisUserServiceErrorInvalidArgument);
         }
 
         Span<byte> userIds = stackalloc byte[sizeof(int) * 4];
@@ -67,8 +66,8 @@ public static class UserServiceExports
         BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(userIds[0x08..], InvalidUserId);
         BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(userIds[0x0C..], InvalidUserId);
         return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(userIdListAddress, userIds)
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
+            : ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -81,20 +80,20 @@ public static class UserServiceExports
         var eventAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
         if (eventAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisUserServiceErrorInvalidArgument);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisUserServiceErrorInvalidArgument);
         }
 
         if (Interlocked.Exchange(ref _loginEventDelivered, 1) != 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisUserServiceErrorNoEvent);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisUserServiceErrorNoEvent);
         }
 
         Span<byte> payload = stackalloc byte[sizeof(int) * 2];
         BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(payload[0..], 0);
         BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(payload[sizeof(int)..], PrimaryUserId);
         return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(eventAddress, payload)
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
+            : ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -109,25 +108,25 @@ public static class UserServiceExports
         var capacity = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx];
         if (userId != PrimaryUserId)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisUserServiceErrorInvalidParameter);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisUserServiceErrorInvalidParameter);
         }
 
         if (nameAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisUserServiceErrorInvalidArgument);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisUserServiceErrorInvalidArgument);
         }
 
         var nameBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(PrimaryUserName);
         if (capacity <= (ulong)nameBytes.Length)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisUserServiceErrorBufferTooShort);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisUserServiceErrorBufferTooShort);
         }
 
         Span<byte> output = stackalloc byte[nameBytes.Length + 1];
         nameBytes.CopyTo(output);
         return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(nameAddress, output)
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
+            : ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -141,29 +140,16 @@ public static class UserServiceExports
         var valueAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
         if (parameterId != 1000)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisUserServiceErrorInvalidParameter);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisUserServiceErrorInvalidParameter);
         }
 
         if (valueAddress == 0)
         {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisUserServiceErrorInvalidArgument);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisUserServiceErrorInvalidArgument);
         }
 
-        return TryWriteInt32(ctx, valueAddress, 0)
-            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
-            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
-    }
-
-    private static bool TryWriteInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, int value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> bytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(int)];
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(bytes, value);
-        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(address, bytes);
-    }
-
-    private static int SetReturn(CpuContext ctx, int result)
-    {
-        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)result);
-        return result;
+        return ctx.TryWriteInt32(valueAddress, 0)
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
+            : ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
     }
 }

src/SharpEmu.Libs/VideoOut/VideoOutExports.cs

@@ -922,9 +922,9 @@ public static class VideoOutExports
     private static bool TryReadBufferAttribute(CpuContext ctx, ulong attributeAddress, bool attribute2, out BufferAttribute attribute)
     {
         attribute = default;
-        if (!TryReadUInt32(ctx, attributeAddress + 0x04, out var tilingMode) ||
-            !TryReadUInt32(ctx, attributeAddress + 0x0C, out var width) ||
-            !TryReadUInt32(ctx, attributeAddress + 0x10, out var height))
+        if (!ctx.TryReadUInt32(attributeAddress + 0x04, out var tilingMode) ||
+            !ctx.TryReadUInt32(attributeAddress + 0x0C, out var width) ||
+            !ctx.TryReadUInt32(attributeAddress + 0x10, out var height))
         {
             return false;
         }
@@ -941,10 +941,10 @@ public static class VideoOutExports
             return true;
         }
 
-        if (!TryReadUInt32(ctx, attributeAddress + 0x00, out var pixelFormat32) ||
-            !TryReadUInt32(ctx, attributeAddress + 0x08, out var aspectRatio) ||
-            !TryReadUInt32(ctx, attributeAddress + 0x14, out var pitchInPixel) ||
-            !TryReadUInt32(ctx, attributeAddress + 0x18, out var option32))
+        if (!ctx.TryReadUInt32(attributeAddress + 0x00, out var pixelFormat32) ||
+            !ctx.TryReadUInt32(attributeAddress + 0x08, out var aspectRatio) ||
+            !ctx.TryReadUInt32(attributeAddress + 0x14, out var pitchInPixel) ||
+            !ctx.TryReadUInt32(attributeAddress + 0x18, out var option32))
         {
             return false;
         }
@@ -1291,19 +1291,6 @@ public static class VideoOutExports
         return true;
     }
 
-    private static bool TryReadUInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, out uint value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
-        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address, buffer))
-        {
-            value = 0;
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        value = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(buffer);
-        return true;
-    }
-
     private static bool TryReadInt16(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, out short value)
     {
         Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(short)];

src/SharpEmu.Libs/VideoOut/VulkanVideoPresenter.cs

@@ -168,6 +168,7 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
     private static readonly object _gate = new();
     private static readonly Queue<object> _pendingGuestWork = new();
     private static readonly Dictionary<ulong, uint> _availableGuestImages = new();
+    private static readonly Dictionary<ulong, uint> _gpuGuestImages = new();
     private static readonly HashSet<(ulong Address, uint Width, uint Height)>
         _tracedGuestImageSubmissions = [];
     private static Thread? _thread;
@@ -600,7 +601,7 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
         return true;
     }
 
-    internal static bool IsGuestImageAvailable(
+    internal static bool IsGpuGuestImageAvailable(
         ulong address,
         uint format,
         uint numberType)
@@ -613,7 +614,7 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
 
         lock (_gate)
         {
-            return _availableGuestImages.TryGetValue(address, out var availableFormat) &&
+            return _gpuGuestImages.TryGetValue(address, out var availableFormat) &&
                 availableFormat == guestFormat;
         }
     }
@@ -879,6 +880,8 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
         private bool _swapchainRecreateDeferred;
         private bool _tracedPresentedSwapchain;
         private bool _swapchainReadbackPending;
+        private bool _deviceLost;
+        private bool _deviceLostLogged;
         private int _directPresentationCount;
         private readonly Dictionary<ulong, GuestImageResource> _guestImages = new();
         private readonly HashSet<(ulong Address, uint Width, uint Height, Format Format)> _tracedTextureCacheHits = new();
@@ -969,6 +972,8 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
             public VulkanGuestSampler SamplerState;
             public Sampler Sampler;
             public GuestImageResource? GuestImage;
+            public ulong CpuContentFingerprint;
+            public bool UpdatesCpuContent;
         }
 
         private sealed class GlobalBufferResource
@@ -1007,6 +1012,8 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
             public Framebuffer Framebuffer;
             public bool Initialized;
             public bool InitialUploadPending;
+            public bool IsCpuBacked;
+            public ulong CpuContentFingerprint;
         }
 
         private sealed record PendingGuestSubmission(
@@ -1246,7 +1253,7 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
             var applicationName = (byte*)SilkMarshal.StringToPtr("SharpEmu");
             var enableValidation = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_VK_VALIDATION") == "1";
             byte* validationLayerName = null;
-            
+
             try
             {
                 var applicationInfo = new ApplicationInfo
@@ -1306,7 +1313,7 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                     {
                         throw new InvalidOperationException("VK_KHR_surface is unavailable.");
                     }
-                    
+
                     if (validationLayerName is not null && _vk.TryGetInstanceExtension(_instance, out ExtDebugUtils debugUtils))
                     {
                         _debugUtils = debugUtils;
@@ -1376,7 +1383,7 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
             Check(debugUtils.CreateDebugUtilsMessenger(_instance, &messengerInfo, null, out _debugMessenger),
                 "vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
         }
-        
+
         private static unsafe uint DebugCallback(
             DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT severity,
             DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT type,
@@ -2816,7 +2823,8 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                     dstSelect: texture.DstSelect,
                     out var view))
             {
-                if (_tracedTextureCacheHits.Add(
+                if (ShouldTraceVulkanResources() &&
+                    _tracedTextureCacheHits.Add(
                         (texture.Address, texture.Width, texture.Height, vkFormat)))
                 {
                     Console.Error.WriteLine(
@@ -2835,6 +2843,11 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                         $"tile={texture.TileMode} format={vkFormat}");
                 }
 
+                if (TryCreateCpuTextureRefreshResource(texture, guestImage, view, out var refresh))
+                {
+                    return refresh;
+                }
+
                 return new TextureResource
                 {
                     Address = texture.Address,
@@ -2852,6 +2865,71 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
             return CreateTextureResource(texture);
         }
 
+        private bool TryCreateCpuTextureRefreshResource(
+            VulkanGuestDrawTexture texture,
+            GuestImageResource guestImage,
+            ImageView view,
+            out TextureResource resource)
+        {
+            resource = default!;
+            if (!guestImage.IsCpuBacked ||
+                guestImage.Width != texture.Width ||
+                guestImage.Height != texture.Height ||
+                guestImage.MipLevels != 1 ||
+                texture.RgbaPixels.Length == 0)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            var rowLength = texture.TileMode == 0
+                ? Math.Max(texture.Pitch, texture.Width)
+                : texture.Width;
+            var expectedSize = GetTextureByteCount(texture.Format, rowLength, texture.Height);
+            if (expectedSize == 0 || expectedSize > int.MaxValue)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            var pixels = texture.RgbaPixels.Length == (int)expectedSize
+                ? texture.RgbaPixels
+                : CreateFallbackTexturePixels(texture.Format, rowLength, texture.Height, expectedSize);
+            var fingerprint = ComputeTextureContentFingerprint(pixels);
+            if ((guestImage.Initialized || guestImage.InitialUploadPending) &&
+                guestImage.CpuContentFingerprint == fingerprint)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            var uploadPixels = texture.Format == 13
+                ? ExpandRgb32Pixels(pixels)
+                : pixels;
+            var debugName = TextureDebugName(texture, guestImage.Format);
+            var (stagingBuffer, stagingMemory) = CreateTextureStagingBuffer(
+                uploadPixels,
+                $"{debugName} refresh staging");
+            TraceVulkanShader(
+                $"vk.texture_refresh addr=0x{texture.Address:X16} " +
+                $"size={texture.Width}x{texture.Height} bytes={uploadPixels.Length}");
+            resource = new TextureResource
+            {
+                Address = texture.Address,
+                StagingBuffer = stagingBuffer,
+                StagingMemory = stagingMemory,
+                Image = guestImage.Image,
+                View = view,
+                Width = guestImage.Width,
+                Height = guestImage.Height,
+                RowLength = rowLength,
+                DstSelect = texture.DstSelect,
+                NeedsUpload = true,
+                SamplerState = texture.Sampler,
+                GuestImage = guestImage,
+                CpuContentFingerprint = fingerprint,
+                UpdatesCpuContent = true,
+            };
+            return true;
+        }
+
         private static bool IsCompatibleGuestImageAlias(
             VulkanGuestDrawTexture texture,
             GuestImageResource guestImage)
@@ -3093,24 +3171,11 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
             var uploadPixels = texture.Format == 13
                 ? ExpandRgb32Pixels(pixels)
                 : pixels;
-            var uploadSize = (ulong)uploadPixels.Length;
+            var contentFingerprint = ComputeTextureContentFingerprint(pixels);
 
-            var stagingBuffer = CreateBuffer(
-                uploadSize,
-                BufferUsageFlags.TransferSrcBit,
-                MemoryPropertyFlags.HostVisibleBit | MemoryPropertyFlags.HostCoherentBit,
-                out var stagingMemory);
-            void* mapped;
-            Check(_vk.MapMemory(_device, stagingMemory, 0, uploadSize, 0, &mapped), "vkMapMemory(texture)");
-            fixed (byte* source = uploadPixels)
-            {
-                System.Buffer.MemoryCopy(
-                    source,
-                    mapped,
-                    uploadPixels.Length,
-                    uploadPixels.Length);
-            }
-            _vk.UnmapMemory(_device, stagingMemory);
+            var (stagingBuffer, stagingMemory) = CreateTextureStagingBuffer(
+                uploadPixels,
+                $"{TextureDebugName(texture, vkFormat)} staging");
 
             var supportsAttachmentUsage = !IsBlockCompressedFormat(vkFormat);
             var imageInfo = new ImageCreateInfo
@@ -3160,7 +3225,6 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
             };
             Check(_vk.CreateImageView(_device, &viewInfo, null, out var view), "vkCreateImageView(texture)");
             var debugName = TextureDebugName(texture, vkFormat);
-            SetDebugName(ObjectType.Buffer, stagingBuffer.Handle, $"{debugName} staging");
             SetDebugName(ObjectType.Image, image.Handle, $"{debugName} image");
             SetDebugName(ObjectType.ImageView, view.Handle, $"{debugName} view");
             var resource = new TextureResource
@@ -3178,6 +3242,8 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                 NeedsUpload = true,
                 OwnsStorage = true,
                 SamplerState = texture.Sampler,
+                CpuContentFingerprint = contentFingerprint,
+                UpdatesCpuContent = texture.Address != 0,
             };
 
             if (texture.Address != 0 &&
@@ -3194,6 +3260,8 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                     Memory = imageMemory,
                     View = view,
                     InitialUploadPending = true,
+                    IsCpuBacked = true,
+                    CpuContentFingerprint = contentFingerprint,
                 };
                 _guestImages.Add(texture.Address, guestImage);
                 resource.OwnsStorage = false;
@@ -3206,6 +3274,7 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                     if (guestFormat != 0)
                     {
                         _availableGuestImages[texture.Address] = guestFormat;
+                        _gpuGuestImages.Remove(texture.Address);
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -3213,6 +3282,41 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
             return resource;
         }
 
+        private (VkBuffer Buffer, DeviceMemory Memory) CreateTextureStagingBuffer(
+            byte[] pixels,
+            string debugName)
+        {
+            var size = (ulong)pixels.Length;
+            var buffer = CreateBuffer(
+                size,
+                BufferUsageFlags.TransferSrcBit,
+                MemoryPropertyFlags.HostVisibleBit | MemoryPropertyFlags.HostCoherentBit,
+                out var memory);
+            void* mapped;
+            Check(_vk.MapMemory(_device, memory, 0, size, 0, &mapped), "vkMapMemory(texture)");
+            fixed (byte* source = pixels)
+            {
+                System.Buffer.MemoryCopy(source, mapped, pixels.Length, pixels.Length);
+            }
+            _vk.UnmapMemory(_device, memory);
+            SetDebugName(ObjectType.Buffer, buffer.Handle, debugName);
+            return (buffer, memory);
+        }
+
+        private static ulong ComputeTextureContentFingerprint(ReadOnlySpan<byte> pixels)
+        {
+            const ulong offsetBasis = 14695981039346656037;
+            const ulong prime = 1099511628211;
+            var hash = offsetBasis;
+            foreach (var value in pixels)
+            {
+                hash ^= value;
+                hash *= prime;
+            }
+
+            return hash;
+        }
+
         private void DumpTextureUpload(
             VulkanGuestDrawTexture texture,
             byte[] pixels,
@@ -3395,7 +3499,8 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                 out var memory);
             var size = (ulong)Math.Max(guestBuffer.Data.Length, sizeof(uint));
 
-            if (_tracedGlobalBuffers.Add((guestBuffer.BaseAddress, guestBuffer.Data.Length)))
+            if (ShouldTraceVulkanResources() &&
+                _tracedGlobalBuffers.Add((guestBuffer.BaseAddress, guestBuffer.Data.Length)))
             {
                 Console.Error.WriteLine(
                     $"[LOADER][TRACE] vk.global_buffer base=0x{guestBuffer.BaseAddress:X16} " +
@@ -4030,6 +4135,11 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
 
         private void ExecuteComputeDispatch(VulkanComputeGuestDispatch work)
         {
+            if (_deviceLost)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
             if (AddressListContains("SHARPEMU_SKIP_COMPUTE_CS", work.ShaderAddress))
             {
                 TraceVulkanShader(
@@ -4132,6 +4242,11 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
             }
             catch (Exception exception)
             {
+                if (TryMarkDeviceLost(exception))
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+
                 Console.Error.WriteLine(
                     $"[LOADER][ERROR] Vulkan compute dispatch failed " +
                     $"cs=0x{work.ShaderAddress:X16}: {exception.Message}");
@@ -4197,6 +4312,11 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
 
         private void ExecuteOffscreenDraw(VulkanOffscreenGuestDraw work)
         {
+            if (_deviceLost)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
             var format = GetRenderTargetFormat(work.Target.Format, work.Target.NumberType);
             if (format == Format.Undefined)
             {
@@ -4248,12 +4368,13 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                 RecordTextureUploads(resources, PipelineStageFlags.FragmentShaderBit);
                 RecordStorageImagesForWrite(resources, PipelineStageFlags.FragmentShaderBit);
 
+                var targetHasPriorContents = target.Initialized || target.InitialUploadPending;
                 var toColorAttachment = new ImageMemoryBarrier
                 {
                     SType = StructureType.ImageMemoryBarrier,
-                    SrcAccessMask = target.Initialized ? AccessFlags.ShaderReadBit : 0,
+                    SrcAccessMask = targetHasPriorContents ? AccessFlags.ShaderReadBit : 0,
                     DstAccessMask = AccessFlags.ColorAttachmentWriteBit,
-                    OldLayout = target.Initialized
+                    OldLayout = targetHasPriorContents
                         ? ImageLayout.ShaderReadOnlyOptimal
                         : ImageLayout.Undefined,
                     NewLayout = ImageLayout.ColorAttachmentOptimal,
@@ -4264,8 +4385,8 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                 };
                 _vk.CmdPipelineBarrier(
                     _commandBuffer,
-                    target.Initialized
-                        ? PipelineStageFlags.FragmentShaderBit
+                    targetHasPriorContents
+                        ? PipelineStageFlags.AllCommandsBit
                         : PipelineStageFlags.TopOfPipeBit,
                     PipelineStageFlags.ColorAttachmentOutputBit,
                     0,
@@ -4318,12 +4439,15 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                 MarkSampledImagesInitialized(resources);
                 MarkStorageImagesInitialized(resources, traceContents: false);
 
-                var guestTextureFormat = GetGuestTextureFormat(target.Format);
+                var guestTextureFormat = VulkanVideoPresenter.GetGuestTextureFormat(
+                    work.Target.Format,
+                    work.Target.NumberType);
                 if (work.PublishTarget && guestTextureFormat != 0)
                 {
                     lock (_gate)
                     {
                         _availableGuestImages[target.Address] = guestTextureFormat;
+                        _gpuGuestImages[target.Address] = guestTextureFormat;
                     }
                 }
                 if (ShouldTraceGuestImageWriteForDiagnostics(target.Address))
@@ -4354,12 +4478,18 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
             }
             catch (Exception exception)
             {
+                if (TryMarkDeviceLost(exception))
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+
                 if (!_guestImages.TryGetValue(work.Target.Address, out var failedTarget) ||
                     !failedTarget.Initialized)
                 {
                     lock (_gate)
                     {
                         _availableGuestImages.Remove(work.Target.Address);
+                        _gpuGuestImages.Remove(work.Target.Address);
                     }
                 }
 
@@ -4399,6 +4529,8 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                     existing.MipLevels == mipLevels &&
                     existing.Format == format)
                 {
+                    existing.IsCpuBacked = false;
+                    existing.CpuContentFingerprint = 0;
                     if (existing.RenderPass.Handle == 0)
                     {
                         var attachmentView = existing.MipViews.Length > 0
@@ -4424,6 +4556,7 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                 lock (_gate)
                 {
                     _availableGuestImages.Remove(target.Address);
+                    _gpuGuestImages.Remove(target.Address);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -4809,7 +4942,10 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
             }
 
             _commandBuffer = _presentationCommandBuffer;
-            CollectCompletedGuestSubmissions(waitForOldest: false);
+            if (!_deviceLost)
+            {
+                CollectCompletedGuestSubmissions(waitForOldest: false);
+            }
 
             var completedWork = 0;
             while (completedWork < MaxGuestWorkPerRender &&
@@ -5359,11 +5495,18 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                     continue;
                 }
 
+                var hasPriorContents = texture.GuestImage is { } guestImage &&
+                    (guestImage.Initialized || guestImage.InitialUploadPending);
                 var toTransfer = new ImageMemoryBarrier
                 {
                     SType = StructureType.ImageMemoryBarrier,
+                    SrcAccessMask = hasPriorContents
+                        ? AccessFlags.ShaderReadBit
+                        : 0,
                     DstAccessMask = AccessFlags.TransferWriteBit,
-                    OldLayout = ImageLayout.Undefined,
+                    OldLayout = hasPriorContents
+                        ? ImageLayout.ShaderReadOnlyOptimal
+                        : ImageLayout.Undefined,
                     NewLayout = ImageLayout.TransferDstOptimal,
                     SrcQueueFamilyIndex = Vk.QueueFamilyIgnored,
                     DstQueueFamilyIndex = Vk.QueueFamilyIgnored,
@@ -5372,7 +5515,9 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                 };
                 _vk.CmdPipelineBarrier(
                     _commandBuffer,
-                    PipelineStageFlags.TopOfPipeBit,
+                    hasPriorContents
+                        ? PipelineStageFlags.AllCommandsBit
+                        : PipelineStageFlags.TopOfPipeBit,
                     PipelineStageFlags.TransferBit,
                     0,
                     0,
@@ -5542,6 +5687,7 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                     if (format != 0)
                     {
                         _availableGuestImages[texture.Address] = format;
+                        _gpuGuestImages[texture.Address] = format;
                     }
 
                     if (traceContents &&
@@ -5581,6 +5727,10 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
 
                     guestImage.Initialized = true;
                     guestImage.InitialUploadPending = false;
+                    if (texture.UpdatesCpuContent)
+                    {
+                        guestImage.CpuContentFingerprint = texture.CpuContentFingerprint;
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -5667,6 +5817,12 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                    string.Equals(mode, "present", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
         }
 
+        private static bool ShouldTraceVulkanResources() =>
+            string.Equals(
+                Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_VK_RESOURCES"),
+                "1",
+                StringComparison.Ordinal);
+
         private void RecordTranslatedGraphicsPass(
             TranslatedDrawResources resources,
             RenderPass renderPass,
@@ -6346,6 +6502,7 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
             lock (_gate)
             {
                 _availableGuestImages.Clear();
+                _gpuGuestImages.Clear();
             }
             DestroySwapchainResources();
             if (_device.Handle != 0)
@@ -6502,6 +6659,25 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
             }
         }
 
+        private bool TryMarkDeviceLost(Exception exception)
+        {
+            if (!exception.Message.Contains(nameof(Result.ErrorDeviceLost), StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            _deviceLost = true;
+            if (!_deviceLostLogged)
+            {
+                _deviceLostLogged = true;
+                Console.Error.WriteLine(
+                    "[LOADER][ERROR] Vulkan device lost; dropping subsequent guest GPU work. " +
+                    exception.Message);
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
         private static void TraceVulkanShader(string message)
         {
             if (!string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_AGC"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal) &&

src/SharpEmu.Logging/CompositeLogSink.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Logging;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Dispatches each <see cref="LogEntry"/> to every child sink.
+/// Exceptions thrown by a child are swallowed so one failing sink
+/// (e.g. a closed file) cannot silence the others.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class CompositeLogSink : ISharpEmuLogSink, IDisposable
+{
+    private readonly ISharpEmuLogSink[] _sinks;
+    private bool _disposed;
+
+    public CompositeLogSink(params ISharpEmuLogSink[] sinks)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(sinks);
+
+        foreach (var sink in sinks)
+        {
+            ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(sink, nameof(sinks));
+        }
+
+        _sinks = sinks;
+    }
+
+    public IReadOnlyList<ISharpEmuLogSink> Sinks => _sinks;
+
+    public void Write(in LogEntry entry)
+    {
+        foreach (var sink in _sinks)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                sink.Write(in entry);
+            }
+            catch
+            {
+                // A broken sink must not prevent the remaining sinks from logging.
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void Dispose()
+    {
+        if (_disposed)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        _disposed = true;
+
+        foreach (var sink in _sinks)
+        {
+            if (sink is IDisposable disposable)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    disposable.Dispose();
+                }
+                catch
+                {
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/SharpEmu.Logging/FileLogSink.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using System.IO;
+using System.Text;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Logging;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Writes log entries to a file. Thread-safe via an internal lock.
+/// <see cref="StreamWriter.AutoFlush"/> is enabled so entries survive a crash.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class FileLogSink : ISharpEmuLogSink, IDisposable
+{
+    private readonly object _sync = new();
+    private readonly StreamWriter _writer;
+    private bool _disposed;
+
+    /// <param name="path">Absolute or relative file path. Parent directories are created if missing.</param>
+    /// <param name="append"><see langword="true"/> to append to an existing file; <see langword="false"/> to overwrite.</param>
+    /// <param name="includeTimestamp">Always recommended for file logs — entries include a full date-time prefix.</param>
+    public FileLogSink(string path, bool append = true, bool includeTimestamp = true)
+    {
+        ArgumentException.ThrowIfNullOrWhiteSpace(path);
+
+        var directory = Path.GetDirectoryName(path);
+        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(directory) && !Directory.Exists(directory))
+        {
+            Directory.CreateDirectory(directory);
+        }
+
+        var fileStream = new FileStream(
+            path,
+            append ? FileMode.Append : FileMode.Create,
+            FileAccess.Write,
+            FileShare.Read,
+            bufferSize: 4096,
+            FileOptions.SequentialScan);
+        _writer = new StreamWriter(fileStream, Encoding.UTF8)
+        {
+            AutoFlush = true
+        };
+
+        IncludeTimestamp = includeTimestamp;
+    }
+
+    public bool IncludeTimestamp { get; set; }
+
+    public void Write(in LogEntry entry)
+    {
+        lock (_sync)
+        {
+            if (_disposed)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (IncludeTimestamp)
+            {
+                _writer.Write('[');
+                _writer.Write(entry.Timestamp.ToString("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.fff"));
+                _writer.Write(']');
+            }
+
+            _writer.Write('[');
+            _writer.Write(ToLevelLabel(entry.Level));
+            _writer.Write(']');
+            _writer.Write('[');
+            _writer.Write(entry.Category);
+            _writer.Write(']');
+            _writer.Write(' ');
+
+            _writer.Write(entry.SourceFileName);
+            if (entry.SourceLine > 0)
+            {
+                _writer.Write(':');
+                _writer.Write(entry.SourceLine);
+            }
+
+            _writer.Write(' ');
+            _writer.WriteLine(entry.Message);
+
+            if (entry.Exception is not null)
+            {
+                _writer.WriteLine(entry.Exception);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void Dispose()
+    {
+        lock (_sync)
+        {
+            if (_disposed)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            _disposed = true;
+            _writer.Flush();
+            _writer.Dispose();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static string ToLevelLabel(LogLevel level) => level switch
+    {
+        LogLevel.Trace => "TRACE",
+        LogLevel.Debug => "DEBUG",
+        LogLevel.Info => "INFO",
+        LogLevel.Warning => "WARNING",
+        LogLevel.Error => "ERROR",
+        LogLevel.Critical => "CRITICAL",
+        _ => "LOG",
+    };
+}

src/SharpEmu.Logging/SharpEmu.Logging.csproj

@@ -4,4 +4,7 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 -->
 
 <Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <NoWarn>$(NoWarn);1591</NoWarn>
+  </PropertyGroup>
 </Project>

src/SharpEmu.Logging/SharpEmuLog.cs

@@ -12,9 +12,7 @@ public static class SharpEmuLog
         new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
     private static readonly object ConfigurationSync = new();
     private static volatile LogLevel _minimumLevel = ResolveMinimumLevelFromEnvironment();
-    private static ISharpEmuLogSink _sink = new ConsoleLogSink(
-        useColors: ResolveColorEnabledFromEnvironment(),
-        includeTimestamp: false);
+    private static ISharpEmuLogSink _sink = ResolveSinkFromEnvironment();
 
     public static LogLevel MinimumLevel
     {
@@ -37,11 +35,26 @@ public static class SharpEmuLog
             ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(value);
             lock (ConfigurationSync)
             {
+                if (ReferenceEquals(_sink, value))
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                if (_sink is IDisposable disposable)
+                {
+                    try
+                    {
+                        disposable.Dispose();
+                    }
+                    catch
+                    {
+                    }
+                }
+
                 _sink = value;
             }
         }
     }
-
     public static void Configure(LogLevel? minimumLevel = null, ISharpEmuLogSink? sink = null)
     {
         if (minimumLevel.HasValue)
@@ -55,6 +68,22 @@ public static class SharpEmuLog
         }
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Disposes the active sink if it implements <see cref="IDisposable"/>.
+    /// Call at shutdown to flush file buffers. Logging after this call
+    /// continues to work for non-disposable sinks (e.g. <see cref="ConsoleLogSink"/>).
+    /// </summary>
+    public static void Shutdown()
+    {
+        lock (ConfigurationSync)
+        {
+            if (_sink is IDisposable disposable)
+            {
+                disposable.Dispose();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     public static SharpEmuLogger For(string category)
     {
         ArgumentException.ThrowIfNullOrWhiteSpace(category);
@@ -146,6 +175,30 @@ public static class SharpEmuLog
         return !IsTrueLike(raw);
     }
 
+    private static ISharpEmuLogSink ResolveSinkFromEnvironment()
+    {
+        var consoleSink = new ConsoleLogSink(
+            useColors: ResolveColorEnabledFromEnvironment(),
+            includeTimestamp: false);
+
+        var logFilePath = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_FILE");
+        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(logFilePath))
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                var fileSink = new FileLogSink(logFilePath, append: true, includeTimestamp: true);
+                return new CompositeLogSink(consoleSink, fileSink);
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                // Bootstrapping — the logging system is not yet active, so stderr is the only channel.
+                Console.Error.WriteLine($"[SHARPEMU_LOG] Failed to open log file '{logFilePath}': {ex.Message}");
+            }
+        }
+
+        return consoleSink;
+    }
+
     private static bool IsTrueLike(string? text)
     {
         if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(text))