[videoOut] add minimal Vulkan swapchain presenter

Directory.Packages.props

@@ -9,5 +9,8 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
   </PropertyGroup>
   <ItemGroup>
     <PackageVersion Include="Iced" Version="1.21.0" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Silk.NET.Vulkan" Version="2.23.0" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Silk.NET.Vulkan.Extensions.KHR" Version="2.23.0" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Silk.NET.Windowing" Version="2.23.0" />
   </ItemGroup>
 </Project>

REUSE.toml

@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ path = [
     "**/packages.lock.json",
     "scripts/ps5_names.txt",
     "src/SharpEmu.HLE/Aerolib/aerolib.bin",
-    "_logs/**"
+    "_logs/**",
+    ".github/images/**"
 ]
 precedence = "aggregate"
 SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "SharpEmu Emulator Project"

src/SharpEmu.CLI/packages.lock.json

@@ -8,6 +8,62 @@
         "resolved": "10.0.3",
         "contentHash": "0B6nZyCHWXnvmlB559oduOspVdNOnpNXPjhpWVMovLPAsDVG7A4jJR9rzECf67JUzxP8/ee/wA8clwIzJcWNFA=="
       },
+      "Microsoft.DotNet.PlatformAbstractions": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "3.1.6",
+        "contentHash": "jek4XYaQ/PGUwDKKhwR8K47Uh1189PFzMeLqO83mXrXQVIpARZCcfuDedH50YDTepBkfijCZN5U/vZi++erxtg=="
+      },
+      "Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyModel": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "9.0.9",
+        "contentHash": "fNGvKct2De8ghm0Bpfq0iWthtzIWabgOTi+gJhNOPhNJIowXNEUE2eZNW/zNCzrHVA3PXg2yZ+3cWZndC2IqYA=="
+      },
+      "Silk.NET.Core": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.23.0",
+        "contentHash": "D7AT/nnwlB+4RZ84XY8QNGBZMJI5z9l4CSSETIJ1wCfRJzRt/341y3MRZ4HbnFz4r/IGaWOEZr86iE+0/65yyQ==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Microsoft.DotNet.PlatformAbstractions": "3.1.6",
+          "Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyModel": "9.0.9"
+        }
+      },
+      "Silk.NET.GLFW": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.23.0",
+        "contentHash": "UIs4sH57xlPUNHQ/1bt9rymPWlGy8IMDCNv86h0iM4TOA1CkIx0XM/n/tA4AReh1zQkNrvkxPEdZ3Blvy1dyXg==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Silk.NET.Core": "2.23.0",
+          "Ultz.Native.GLFW": "3.4.0"
+        }
+      },
+      "Silk.NET.Maths": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.23.0",
+        "contentHash": "r8PdIVzME8EH0qAgbmRPO87I4GfgR2j8TofT7EMuRJDf1QluoQwnVypDoFJjQ2ZBSRsGYk5unYxxogI05Ogsmw=="
+      },
+      "Silk.NET.Windowing.Common": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.23.0",
+        "contentHash": "ThStSinmY9KQI8DGiF5XEhkLJVnBcgRTBTzL9ijg1wMZAYuckz7ykrNw04fjRm2Gryh6tCNGbvz2XaY0efeFzg==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Silk.NET.Core": "2.23.0",
+          "Silk.NET.Maths": "2.23.0"
+        }
+      },
+      "Silk.NET.Windowing.Glfw": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.23.0",
+        "contentHash": "aYBudKmENmvLRn9p15HbdvlQTnnXskcDfTfbYwSb/4fr263rGLwYuDw/txUEc2jihHJiWCp5+75Y7z5wTJWl7g==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Silk.NET.GLFW": "2.23.0",
+          "Silk.NET.Windowing.Common": "2.23.0"
+        }
+      },
+      "Ultz.Native.GLFW": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "3.4.0",
+        "contentHash": "Iy22JopynbOJ32vA0lBhFEzGi65GQJBuJHYBYRBpydrDpNoTiHnjIXfA65Gu+8qsOr/ZEoIF8r9aHCgAXuO6DA=="
+      },
       "sharpemu.core": {
         "type": "Project",
         "dependencies": {
@@ -23,7 +79,10 @@
       "sharpemu.libs": {
         "type": "Project",
         "dependencies": {
-          "SharpEmu.HLE": "[1.0.0, )"
+          "SharpEmu.HLE": "[1.0.0, )",
+          "Silk.NET.Vulkan": "[2.23.0, )",
+          "Silk.NET.Vulkan.Extensions.KHR": "[2.23.0, )",
+          "Silk.NET.Windowing": "[2.23.0, )"
         }
       },
       "sharpemu.logging": {
@@ -34,10 +93,57 @@
         "requested": "[1.21.0, )",
         "resolved": "1.21.0",
         "contentHash": "dv5+81Q1TBQvVMSOOOmRcjJmvWcX3BZPZsIq31+RLc5cNft0IHAyNlkdb7ZarOWG913PyBoFDsDXoCIlKmLclg=="
+      },
+      "Silk.NET.Vulkan": {
+        "type": "CentralTransitive",
+        "requested": "[2.23.0, )",
+        "resolved": "2.23.0",
+        "contentHash": "3/irtlSWXZ3eTi8N6nelI6L34NTB8ZJHpqVMNzZx2aX7Ek9YEQ34NoQW8/Tljrtmkg8KRhHW8hKTEzZaKV8PgA==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Silk.NET.Core": "2.23.0"
+        }
+      },
+      "Silk.NET.Vulkan.Extensions.KHR": {
+        "type": "CentralTransitive",
+        "requested": "[2.23.0, )",
+        "resolved": "2.23.0",
+        "contentHash": "uRaf4j+SmH3DumjSSSUbFg33BnsGZUyXGj93O9NgGKZSJN3OTmNmQDxRew+/KiVLcgH6qzbto8aNGZ++j9GFWg==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Silk.NET.Core": "2.23.0",
+          "Silk.NET.Vulkan": "2.23.0"
+        }
+      },
+      "Silk.NET.Windowing": {
+        "type": "CentralTransitive",
+        "requested": "[2.23.0, )",
+        "resolved": "2.23.0",
+        "contentHash": "OPNPmt/lRyUKVYrFLQXVxyATqD3MKLc1iY1oKx1/2GppgmZxVZPwN12tekrQ4C7408kgB1L5JD1Wnirqqeb2kg==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Silk.NET.Windowing.Common": "2.23.0",
+          "Silk.NET.Windowing.Glfw": "2.23.0"
+        }
       }
     },
-    "net10.0/linux-x64": {},
-    "net10.0/osx-arm64": {},
-    "net10.0/win-x64": {}
+    "net10.0/linux-x64": {
+      "Ultz.Native.GLFW": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "3.4.0",
+        "contentHash": "Iy22JopynbOJ32vA0lBhFEzGi65GQJBuJHYBYRBpydrDpNoTiHnjIXfA65Gu+8qsOr/ZEoIF8r9aHCgAXuO6DA=="
+      }
+    },
+    "net10.0/osx-arm64": {
+      "Ultz.Native.GLFW": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "3.4.0",
+        "contentHash": "Iy22JopynbOJ32vA0lBhFEzGi65GQJBuJHYBYRBpydrDpNoTiHnjIXfA65Gu+8qsOr/ZEoIF8r9aHCgAXuO6DA=="
+      }
+    },
+    "net10.0/win-x64": {
+      "Ultz.Native.GLFW": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "3.4.0",
+        "contentHash": "Iy22JopynbOJ32vA0lBhFEzGi65GQJBuJHYBYRBpydrDpNoTiHnjIXfA65Gu+8qsOr/ZEoIF8r9aHCgAXuO6DA=="
+      }
+    }
   }
 }

src/SharpEmu.Core/packages.lock.json

@@ -8,17 +8,105 @@
         "resolved": "1.21.0",
         "contentHash": "dv5+81Q1TBQvVMSOOOmRcjJmvWcX3BZPZsIq31+RLc5cNft0IHAyNlkdb7ZarOWG913PyBoFDsDXoCIlKmLclg=="
       },
+      "Microsoft.DotNet.PlatformAbstractions": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "3.1.6",
+        "contentHash": "jek4XYaQ/PGUwDKKhwR8K47Uh1189PFzMeLqO83mXrXQVIpARZCcfuDedH50YDTepBkfijCZN5U/vZi++erxtg=="
+      },
+      "Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyModel": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "9.0.9",
+        "contentHash": "fNGvKct2De8ghm0Bpfq0iWthtzIWabgOTi+gJhNOPhNJIowXNEUE2eZNW/zNCzrHVA3PXg2yZ+3cWZndC2IqYA=="
+      },
+      "Silk.NET.Core": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.23.0",
+        "contentHash": "D7AT/nnwlB+4RZ84XY8QNGBZMJI5z9l4CSSETIJ1wCfRJzRt/341y3MRZ4HbnFz4r/IGaWOEZr86iE+0/65yyQ==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Microsoft.DotNet.PlatformAbstractions": "3.1.6",
+          "Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyModel": "9.0.9"
+        }
+      },
+      "Silk.NET.GLFW": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.23.0",
+        "contentHash": "UIs4sH57xlPUNHQ/1bt9rymPWlGy8IMDCNv86h0iM4TOA1CkIx0XM/n/tA4AReh1zQkNrvkxPEdZ3Blvy1dyXg==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Silk.NET.Core": "2.23.0",
+          "Ultz.Native.GLFW": "3.4.0"
+        }
+      },
+      "Silk.NET.Maths": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.23.0",
+        "contentHash": "r8PdIVzME8EH0qAgbmRPO87I4GfgR2j8TofT7EMuRJDf1QluoQwnVypDoFJjQ2ZBSRsGYk5unYxxogI05Ogsmw=="
+      },
+      "Silk.NET.Windowing.Common": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.23.0",
+        "contentHash": "ThStSinmY9KQI8DGiF5XEhkLJVnBcgRTBTzL9ijg1wMZAYuckz7ykrNw04fjRm2Gryh6tCNGbvz2XaY0efeFzg==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Silk.NET.Core": "2.23.0",
+          "Silk.NET.Maths": "2.23.0"
+        }
+      },
+      "Silk.NET.Windowing.Glfw": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.23.0",
+        "contentHash": "aYBudKmENmvLRn9p15HbdvlQTnnXskcDfTfbYwSb/4fr263rGLwYuDw/txUEc2jihHJiWCp5+75Y7z5wTJWl7g==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Silk.NET.GLFW": "2.23.0",
+          "Silk.NET.Windowing.Common": "2.23.0"
+        }
+      },
+      "Ultz.Native.GLFW": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "3.4.0",
+        "contentHash": "Iy22JopynbOJ32vA0lBhFEzGi65GQJBuJHYBYRBpydrDpNoTiHnjIXfA65Gu+8qsOr/ZEoIF8r9aHCgAXuO6DA=="
+      },
       "sharpemu.hle": {
         "type": "Project"
       },
       "sharpemu.libs": {
         "type": "Project",
         "dependencies": {
-          "SharpEmu.HLE": "[1.0.0, )"
+          "SharpEmu.HLE": "[1.0.0, )",
+          "Silk.NET.Vulkan": "[2.23.0, )",
+          "Silk.NET.Vulkan.Extensions.KHR": "[2.23.0, )",
+          "Silk.NET.Windowing": "[2.23.0, )"
         }
       },
       "sharpemu.logging": {
         "type": "Project"
+      },
+      "Silk.NET.Vulkan": {
+        "type": "CentralTransitive",
+        "requested": "[2.23.0, )",
+        "resolved": "2.23.0",
+        "contentHash": "3/irtlSWXZ3eTi8N6nelI6L34NTB8ZJHpqVMNzZx2aX7Ek9YEQ34NoQW8/Tljrtmkg8KRhHW8hKTEzZaKV8PgA==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Silk.NET.Core": "2.23.0"
+        }
+      },
+      "Silk.NET.Vulkan.Extensions.KHR": {
+        "type": "CentralTransitive",
+        "requested": "[2.23.0, )",
+        "resolved": "2.23.0",
+        "contentHash": "uRaf4j+SmH3DumjSSSUbFg33BnsGZUyXGj93O9NgGKZSJN3OTmNmQDxRew+/KiVLcgH6qzbto8aNGZ++j9GFWg==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Silk.NET.Core": "2.23.0",
+          "Silk.NET.Vulkan": "2.23.0"
+        }
+      },
+      "Silk.NET.Windowing": {
+        "type": "CentralTransitive",
+        "requested": "[2.23.0, )",
+        "resolved": "2.23.0",
+        "contentHash": "OPNPmt/lRyUKVYrFLQXVxyATqD3MKLc1iY1oKx1/2GppgmZxVZPwN12tekrQ4C7408kgB1L5JD1Wnirqqeb2kg==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Silk.NET.Windowing.Common": "2.23.0",
+          "Silk.NET.Windowing.Glfw": "2.23.0"
+        }
       }
     }
   }

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Kernel/KernelEventQueueCompatExports.cs

@@ -9,10 +9,21 @@ namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Kernel;
 
 public static class KernelEventQueueCompatExports
 {
+    private const int KernelEventSize = 0x20;
+
     private static readonly object _eventQueueGate = new();
     private static readonly HashSet<ulong> _eventQueues = new();
+    private static readonly Dictionary<ulong, Queue<KernelQueuedEvent>> _pendingEvents = new();
     private static long _nextEventQueueHandle = 1;
 
+    public readonly record struct KernelQueuedEvent(
+        ulong Ident,
+        short Filter,
+        ushort Flags,
+        uint Fflags,
+        ulong Data,
+        ulong UserData);
+
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "D0OdFMjp46I",
         ExportName = "sceKernelCreateEqueue",
@@ -30,6 +41,7 @@ public static class KernelEventQueueCompatExports
         lock (_eventQueueGate)
         {
             _eventQueues.Add(handle);
+            _pendingEvents[handle] = new Queue<KernelQueuedEvent>();
         }
 
         if (!ctx.TryWriteUInt64(outAddress, handle))
@@ -52,6 +64,7 @@ public static class KernelEventQueueCompatExports
         lock (_eventQueueGate)
         {
             _eventQueues.Remove(handle);
+            _pendingEvents.Remove(handle);
         }
 
         TraceEventQueue(ctx, "delete", handle);
@@ -165,23 +178,108 @@ public static class KernelEventQueueCompatExports
         LibraryName = "libKernel")]
     public static int KernelWaitEqueue(CpuContext ctx)
     {
+        var handle = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
+        var eventsAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
+        var eventCapacity = (int)Math.Min(ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx], int.MaxValue);
         var outCountAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rcx];
         var timeoutAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.R8];
-        if (outCountAddress != 0 && !TryWriteUInt32(ctx, outCountAddress, 0))
+
+        var deliveredCount = DequeueEvents(ctx, handle, eventsAddress, eventCapacity);
+        if (outCountAddress != 0 && !TryWriteUInt32(ctx, outCountAddress, (uint)deliveredCount))
         {
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
         }
 
-        if (timeoutAddress == 0 && GuestThreadExecution.RequestCurrentThreadBlock("sceKernelWaitEqueue"))
+        if (deliveredCount > 0)
         {
-            TraceEventQueue(ctx, "wait-block", ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+            TraceEventQueue(ctx, "wait-deliver", handle);
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
         }
 
-        TraceEventQueue(ctx, "wait", ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        if (timeoutAddress == 0 && GuestThreadExecution.RequestCurrentThreadBlock("sceKernelWaitEqueue"))
+        {
+            TraceEventQueue(ctx, "wait-block", handle);
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+        }
+
+        TraceEventQueue(ctx, "wait", handle);
         return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
     }
 
+    public static bool IsValidEqueue(ulong handle)
+    {
+        lock (_eventQueueGate)
+        {
+            return _eventQueues.Contains(handle);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static bool EnqueueEvent(ulong handle, KernelQueuedEvent queuedEvent)
+    {
+        lock (_eventQueueGate)
+        {
+            if (!_eventQueues.Contains(handle))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (!_pendingEvents.TryGetValue(handle, out var queue))
+            {
+                queue = new Queue<KernelQueuedEvent>();
+                _pendingEvents[handle] = queue;
+            }
+
+            queue.Enqueue(queuedEvent);
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static int DequeueEvents(CpuContext ctx, ulong handle, ulong eventsAddress, int eventCapacity)
+    {
+        if (eventsAddress == 0 || eventCapacity <= 0)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        KernelQueuedEvent[] events;
+        lock (_eventQueueGate)
+        {
+            if (!_pendingEvents.TryGetValue(handle, out var queue) || queue.Count == 0)
+            {
+                return 0;
+            }
+
+            var count = Math.Min(eventCapacity, queue.Count);
+            events = new KernelQueuedEvent[count];
+            for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)
+            {
+                events[i] = queue.Dequeue();
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < events.Length; i++)
+        {
+            if (!WriteKernelEvent(ctx, eventsAddress + ((ulong)i * KernelEventSize), events[i]))
+            {
+                return i;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return events.Length;
+    }
+
+    private static bool WriteKernelEvent(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, KernelQueuedEvent queuedEvent)
+    {
+        Span<byte> eventBytes = stackalloc byte[KernelEventSize];
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(eventBytes[0x00..], queuedEvent.Ident);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt16LittleEndian(eventBytes[0x08..], queuedEvent.Filter);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt16LittleEndian(eventBytes[0x0A..], queuedEvent.Flags);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(eventBytes[0x0C..], queuedEvent.Fflags);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(eventBytes[0x10..], queuedEvent.Data);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(eventBytes[0x18..], queuedEvent.UserData);
+        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(address, eventBytes);
+    }
+
     private static void TraceEventQueue(CpuContext ctx, string operation, ulong handle)
     {
         if (!string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_EQUEUE"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal))

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Kernel/KernelMemoryCompatExports.cs

@@ -1444,6 +1444,51 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
         return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
     }
 
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "Oy6IpwgtYOk",
+        ExportName = "lseek",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libKernel")]
+    public static int PosixLseek(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var result = KernelLseekCore(
+            unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]),
+            unchecked((long)ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi]),
+            unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx]),
+            out var position);
+
+        if (result != OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK)
+        {
+            ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = ulong.MaxValue;
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+        }
+
+        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)position);
+        return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "oib76F-12fk",
+        ExportName = "sceKernelLseek",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libKernel")]
+    public static int KernelLseek(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var result = KernelLseekCore(
+            unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]),
+            unchecked((long)ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi]),
+            unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx]),
+            out var position);
+
+        if (result != OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK)
+        {
+            return (int)result;
+        }
+
+        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)position);
+        return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+    }
+
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "taRWhTJFTgE",
         ExportName = "sceKernelGetdirentries",
@@ -1474,6 +1519,58 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
             0);
     }
 
+    private static OrbisGen2Result KernelLseekCore(int fd, long offset, int whence, out long position)
+    {
+        position = -1;
+
+        FileStream? stream;
+        lock (_fdGate)
+        {
+            _openFiles.TryGetValue(fd, out stream);
+        }
+
+        if (stream is null)
+        {
+            LogIoTrace("lseek", $"fd:{fd}", $"offset={offset} whence={whence} result=badfd");
+            return OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
+        }
+
+        SeekOrigin origin;
+        switch (whence)
+        {
+            case SeekSet:
+                origin = SeekOrigin.Begin;
+                break;
+            case SeekCur:
+                origin = SeekOrigin.Current;
+                break;
+            case SeekEnd:
+                origin = SeekOrigin.End;
+                break;
+            default:
+                LogIoTrace("lseek", stream.Name, $"fd={fd} offset={offset} whence={whence} result=invalid_whence");
+                return OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            position = stream.Seek(offset, origin);
+        }
+        catch (IOException ex)
+        {
+            LogIoTrace("lseek", stream.Name, $"fd={fd} offset={offset} whence={whence} result=io_error ex={ex.Message}");
+            return OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+        }
+        catch (ArgumentException ex)
+        {
+            LogIoTrace("lseek", stream.Name, $"fd={fd} offset={offset} whence={whence} result=invalid ex={ex.Message}");
+            return OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+        }
+
+        LogIoTrace("lseek", stream.Name, $"fd={fd} offset={offset} whence={whence} pos={position}");
+        return OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+    }
+
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "FxVZqBAA7ks",
         ExportName = "_write",
@@ -3567,13 +3664,13 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
         var devlogAppRoot = ResolveDevlogAppRoot();
         if (guestPath.StartsWith("/devlog/app/", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
         {
-            var relative = guestPath["/devlog/app/".Length..].Replace('/', Path.DirectorySeparatorChar);
+            var relative = NormalizeMountRelativePath(guestPath["/devlog/app/".Length..]);
             return Path.Combine(devlogAppRoot, relative);
         }
 
         if (guestPath.StartsWith("devlog/app/", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
         {
-            var relative = guestPath["devlog/app/".Length..].Replace('/', Path.DirectorySeparatorChar);
+            var relative = NormalizeMountRelativePath(guestPath["devlog/app/".Length..]);
             return Path.Combine(devlogAppRoot, relative);
         }
 
@@ -3586,7 +3683,7 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
         var temp0Root = ResolveTemp0Root();
         if (guestPath.StartsWith("/temp0/", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
         {
-            var relative = guestPath["/temp0/".Length..].Replace('/', Path.DirectorySeparatorChar);
+            var relative = NormalizeMountRelativePath(guestPath["/temp0/".Length..]);
             return Path.Combine(temp0Root, relative);
         }
 
@@ -3606,13 +3703,13 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
 
             if (guestPath.StartsWith("/app0/", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
             {
-                var relative = guestPath["/app0/".Length..].Replace('/', Path.DirectorySeparatorChar);
+                var relative = NormalizeMountRelativePath(guestPath["/app0/".Length..]);
                 return Path.Combine(app0Root, relative);
             }
 
             if (guestPath.StartsWith("app0/", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
             {
-                var relative = guestPath["app0/".Length..].Replace('/', Path.DirectorySeparatorChar);
+                var relative = NormalizeMountRelativePath(guestPath["app0/".Length..]);
                 return Path.Combine(app0Root, relative);
             }
 
@@ -3628,6 +3725,14 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
         return guestPath;
     }
 
+    private static string NormalizeMountRelativePath(string relativePath)
+    {
+        return relativePath
+            .TrimStart('/', '\\')
+            .Replace('/', Path.DirectorySeparatorChar)
+            .Replace('\\', Path.DirectorySeparatorChar);
+    }
+
     private static string ResolveDevlogAppRoot()
     {
         var configuredRoot = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_DEVLOG_APP_DIR");

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Kernel/KernelSemaphoreCompatExports.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using System.Buffers.Binary;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Text;
+using SharpEmu.HLE;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Kernel;
+
+public static class KernelSemaphoreCompatExports
+{
+    private const int MaxSemaphoreNameLength = 128;
+    private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<uint, KernelSemaphoreState> _semaphores = new();
+    private static int _nextSemaphoreHandle = 1;
+
+    private sealed class KernelSemaphoreState
+    {
+        public required string Name { get; init; }
+        public required int InitialCount { get; init; }
+        public required int MaxCount { get; init; }
+        public int Count { get; set; }
+        public int WaitingThreads { get; set; }
+        public object Gate { get; } = new();
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "188x57JYp0g",
+        ExportName = "sceKernelCreateSema",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libKernel")]
+    public static int KernelCreateSema(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var semaphoreAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
+        var nameAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
+        var attr = unchecked((uint)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx]);
+        var initialCount = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rcx]);
+        var maxCount = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.R8]);
+        var optionAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.R9];
+
+        if (semaphoreAddress == 0 ||
+            nameAddress == 0 ||
+            attr > 2 ||
+            initialCount < 0 ||
+            maxCount <= 0 ||
+            initialCount > maxCount ||
+            optionAddress != 0)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+        }
+
+        if (!TryReadNullTerminatedUtf8(ctx, nameAddress, MaxSemaphoreNameLength, out var name))
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+        }
+
+        var handle = unchecked((uint)Interlocked.Increment(ref _nextSemaphoreHandle));
+        if (handle == 0)
+        {
+            handle = unchecked((uint)Interlocked.Increment(ref _nextSemaphoreHandle));
+        }
+
+        _semaphores[handle] = new KernelSemaphoreState
+        {
+            Name = name,
+            InitialCount = initialCount,
+            MaxCount = maxCount,
+            Count = initialCount,
+        };
+
+        if (!TryWriteUInt32(ctx, semaphoreAddress, handle))
+        {
+            _semaphores.TryRemove(handle, out _);
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+        }
+
+        TraceSemaphore($"create handle=0x{handle:X8} name='{name}' attr=0x{attr:X} init={initialCount} max={maxCount}");
+        return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "Zxa0VhQVTsk",
+        ExportName = "sceKernelWaitSema",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libKernel")]
+    public static int KernelWaitSema(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var handle = unchecked((uint)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        var needCount = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi]);
+        var timeoutAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx];
+
+        if (!_semaphores.TryGetValue(handle, out var semaphore))
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
+        }
+
+        if (needCount < 1 || needCount > semaphore.MaxCount)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+        }
+
+        lock (semaphore.Gate)
+        {
+            if (semaphore.Count >= needCount)
+            {
+                semaphore.Count -= needCount;
+                TraceSemaphore($"wait handle=0x{handle:X8} name='{semaphore.Name}' need={needCount} count={semaphore.Count}");
+                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+            }
+
+            if (timeoutAddress != 0)
+            {
+                if (!TryReadUInt32(ctx, timeoutAddress, out _))
+                {
+                    return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+                }
+
+                _ = TryWriteUInt32(ctx, timeoutAddress, 0);
+                TraceSemaphore($"wait-timeout handle=0x{handle:X8} name='{semaphore.Name}' need={needCount} count={semaphore.Count}");
+                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_TIMED_OUT);
+            }
+
+            if (!GuestThreadExecution.RequestCurrentThreadBlock("sceKernelWaitSema"))
+            {
+                TraceSemaphore($"wait-would-block handle=0x{handle:X8} name='{semaphore.Name}' need={needCount} count={semaphore.Count}");
+                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_TRY_AGAIN);
+            }
+
+            semaphore.WaitingThreads++;
+            TraceSemaphore($"wait-block handle=0x{handle:X8} name='{semaphore.Name}' need={needCount} count={semaphore.Count} waiters={semaphore.WaitingThreads}");
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "12wOHk8ywb0",
+        ExportName = "sceKernelPollSema",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libKernel")]
+    public static int KernelPollSema(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var handle = unchecked((uint)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        var needCount = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi]);
+
+        if (!_semaphores.TryGetValue(handle, out var semaphore))
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
+        }
+
+        if (needCount < 1 || needCount > semaphore.MaxCount)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+        }
+
+        lock (semaphore.Gate)
+        {
+            if (semaphore.Count < needCount)
+            {
+                TraceSemaphore($"poll-busy handle=0x{handle:X8} name='{semaphore.Name}' need={needCount} count={semaphore.Count}");
+                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_BUSY);
+            }
+
+            semaphore.Count -= needCount;
+            TraceSemaphore($"poll handle=0x{handle:X8} name='{semaphore.Name}' need={needCount} count={semaphore.Count}");
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "4czppHBiriw",
+        ExportName = "sceKernelSignalSema",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libKernel")]
+    public static int KernelSignalSema(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var handle = unchecked((uint)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        var signalCount = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi]);
+
+        if (!_semaphores.TryGetValue(handle, out var semaphore))
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
+        }
+
+        if (signalCount <= 0)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+        }
+
+        lock (semaphore.Gate)
+        {
+            if (semaphore.Count > semaphore.MaxCount - signalCount)
+            {
+                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+            }
+
+            semaphore.Count += signalCount;
+            TraceSemaphore($"signal handle=0x{handle:X8} name='{semaphore.Name}' signal={signalCount} count={semaphore.Count} waiters={semaphore.WaitingThreads}");
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "4DM06U2BNEY",
+        ExportName = "sceKernelCancelSema",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libKernel")]
+    public static int KernelCancelSema(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var handle = unchecked((uint)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        var setCount = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi]);
+        var waitingThreadsAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx];
+
+        if (!_semaphores.TryGetValue(handle, out var semaphore))
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
+        }
+
+        if (setCount > semaphore.MaxCount)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+        }
+
+        lock (semaphore.Gate)
+        {
+            if (waitingThreadsAddress != 0 && !TryWriteUInt32(ctx, waitingThreadsAddress, unchecked((uint)semaphore.WaitingThreads)))
+            {
+                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            }
+
+            semaphore.Count = setCount < 0 ? semaphore.InitialCount : setCount;
+            semaphore.WaitingThreads = 0;
+            TraceSemaphore($"cancel handle=0x{handle:X8} name='{semaphore.Name}' set={setCount} count={semaphore.Count}");
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "R1Jvn8bSCW8",
+        ExportName = "sceKernelDeleteSema",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libKernel")]
+    public static int KernelDeleteSema(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var handle = unchecked((uint)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        if (!_semaphores.TryRemove(handle, out var semaphore))
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
+        }
+
+        TraceSemaphore($"delete handle=0x{handle:X8} name='{semaphore.Name}'");
+        return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+    }
+
+    private static int SetReturn(CpuContext ctx, OrbisGen2Result result)
+    {
+        var value = (int)result;
+        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)value);
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    private static bool TryReadUInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, out uint value)
+    {
+        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
+        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address, buffer))
+        {
+            value = 0;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        value = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(buffer);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static bool TryWriteUInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, uint value)
+    {
+        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(buffer, value);
+        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(address, buffer);
+    }
+
+    private static bool TryReadNullTerminatedUtf8(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, int maxLength, out string value)
+    {
+        value = string.Empty;
+        if (address == 0 || maxLength <= 0)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        var bytes = new byte[Math.Min(maxLength, 4096)];
+        for (var i = 0; i < bytes.Length; i++)
+        {
+            Span<byte> current = stackalloc byte[1];
+            if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address + (ulong)i, current))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (current[0] == 0)
+            {
+                value = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(bytes, 0, i);
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            bytes[i] = current[0];
+        }
+
+        value = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(bytes);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static void TraceSemaphore(string message)
+    {
+        if (string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_SEMA"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal))
+        {
+            Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][TRACE] sema.{message}");
+        }
+    }
+}

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Pad/PadExports.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using SharpEmu.HLE;
+using System.Buffers.Binary;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Pad;
+
+public static class PadExports
+{
+    private const int OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle = unchecked((int)0x80920003);
+    private const int OrbisPadErrorNotInitialized = unchecked((int)0x80920005);
+    private const int OrbisPadErrorDeviceNotConnected = unchecked((int)0x80920007);
+    private const int OrbisPadErrorDeviceNoHandle = unchecked((int)0x80920008);
+    private const int PrimaryUserId = 1;
+    private const int StandardPortType = 0;
+    private const int PrimaryPadHandle = 1;
+    private const int ControllerInformationSize = 0x1C;
+    private const int PadDataSize = 0x78;
+
+    private static bool _initialized;
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "hv1luiJrqQM",
+        ExportName = "scePadInit",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libScePad")]
+    public static int PadInit(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        _initialized = true;
+        return SetReturn(ctx, 0);
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "xk0AcarP3V4",
+        ExportName = "scePadOpen",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libScePad")]
+    public static int PadOpen(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var userId = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        var type = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi]);
+        var index = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx]);
+        var parameterAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rcx];
+        if (!_initialized)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisPadErrorNotInitialized);
+        }
+
+        if (userId == -1)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisPadErrorDeviceNoHandle);
+        }
+
+        if (userId != PrimaryUserId || type != StandardPortType || index != 0 || parameterAddress != 0)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisPadErrorDeviceNotConnected);
+        }
+
+        return SetReturn(ctx, PrimaryPadHandle);
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "clVvL4ZDntw",
+        ExportName = "scePadSetMotionSensorState",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libScePad")]
+    public static int PadSetMotionSensorState(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var handle = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        return handle == PrimaryPadHandle
+            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
+            : SetReturn(ctx, OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle);
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "gjP9-KQzoUk",
+        ExportName = "scePadGetControllerInformation",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libScePad")]
+    public static int PadGetControllerInformation(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var handle = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        var informationAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
+        if (handle != PrimaryPadHandle)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle);
+        }
+
+        if (informationAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+        }
+
+        Span<byte> information = stackalloc byte[ControllerInformationSize];
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteSingleLittleEndian(information[0x00..], 44.86f);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt16LittleEndian(information[0x04..], 1920);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt16LittleEndian(information[0x06..], 943);
+        information[0x08] = 30;
+        information[0x09] = 30;
+        information[0x0A] = StandardPortType;
+        information[0x0B] = 1;
+        information[0x0C] = 1;
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(information[0x10..], 0);
+
+        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(informationAddress, information)
+            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
+            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "YndgXqQVV7c",
+        ExportName = "scePadReadState",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libScePad")]
+    public static int PadReadState(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var handle = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        var dataAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
+        if (handle != PrimaryPadHandle)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle);
+        }
+
+        if (dataAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+        }
+
+        Span<byte> data = stackalloc byte[PadDataSize];
+        data.Clear();
+        data[0x04] = 128;
+        data[0x05] = 128;
+        data[0x06] = 128;
+        data[0x07] = 128;
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteSingleLittleEndian(data[0x18..], 1.0f);
+        data[0x4C] = 1;
+        var timestampTicks = Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+        var timestampMicroseconds =
+            ((ulong)(timestampTicks / Stopwatch.Frequency) * 1_000_000UL) +
+            ((ulong)(timestampTicks % Stopwatch.Frequency) * 1_000_000UL / (ulong)Stopwatch.Frequency);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(
+            data[0x50..],
+            timestampMicroseconds);
+        data[0x68] = 1;
+
+        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(dataAddress, data)
+            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
+            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+    }
+
+    private static int SetReturn(CpuContext ctx, int result)
+    {
+        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)result);
+        return result;
+    }
+}

src/SharpEmu.Libs/SharpEmu.Libs.csproj

@@ -8,6 +8,12 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
     <ProjectReference Include="..\SharpEmu.HLE\SharpEmu.HLE.csproj" />
   </ItemGroup>
 
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <PackageReference Include="Silk.NET.Vulkan" />
+    <PackageReference Include="Silk.NET.Vulkan.Extensions.KHR" />
+    <PackageReference Include="Silk.NET.Windowing" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
   <PropertyGroup>
     <AllowUnsafeBlocks>true</AllowUnsafeBlocks>
   </PropertyGroup>

src/SharpEmu.Libs/SystemService/SystemServiceExports.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using SharpEmu.HLE;
+using System.Buffers.Binary;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Libs.SystemService;
+
+public static class SystemServiceExports
+{
+    private const int OrbisSystemServiceErrorParameter = unchecked((int)0x80A10003);
+    private const int SystemServiceStatusSize = 0x0C;
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "rPo6tV8D9bM",
+        ExportName = "sceSystemServiceGetStatus",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceSystemService")]
+    public static int SystemServiceGetStatus(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var statusAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
+        if (statusAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisSystemServiceErrorParameter);
+        }
+
+        Span<byte> status = stackalloc byte[SystemServiceStatusSize];
+        status.Clear();
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(status, 0);
+        status[0x06] = 1;
+
+        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(statusAddress, status)
+            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
+            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+    }
+
+    private static int SetReturn(CpuContext ctx, int result)
+    {
+        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)result);
+        return result;
+    }
+}

src/SharpEmu.Libs/UserService/UserServiceExports.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using SharpEmu.HLE;
+using System.Buffers.Binary;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Libs.UserService;
+
+public static class UserServiceExports
+{
+    private const int OrbisUserServiceErrorInvalidArgument = unchecked((int)0x80960005);
+    private const int PrimaryUserId = 1;
+    private const int InvalidUserId = -1;
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "j3YMu1MVNNo",
+        ExportName = "sceUserServiceInitialize",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceUserService")]
+    public static int UserServiceInitialize(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = 0;
+        return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "CdWp0oHWGr0",
+        ExportName = "sceUserServiceGetInitialUser",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceUserService")]
+    public static int UserServiceGetInitialUser(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var userIdAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
+        if (userIdAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisUserServiceErrorInvalidArgument);
+        }
+
+        return TryWriteInt32(ctx, userIdAddress, PrimaryUserId)
+            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
+            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "fPhymKNvK-A",
+        ExportName = "sceUserServiceGetLoginUserIdList",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceUserService")]
+    public static int UserServiceGetLoginUserIdList(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var userIdListAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
+        if (userIdListAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisUserServiceErrorInvalidArgument);
+        }
+
+        Span<byte> userIds = stackalloc byte[sizeof(int) * 4];
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(userIds[0x00..], PrimaryUserId);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(userIds[0x04..], InvalidUserId);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(userIds[0x08..], InvalidUserId);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(userIds[0x0C..], InvalidUserId);
+        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(userIdListAddress, userIds)
+            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
+            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+    }
+
+    private static bool TryWriteInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, int value)
+    {
+        Span<byte> bytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(int)];
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(bytes, value);
+        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(address, bytes);
+    }
+
+    private static int SetReturn(CpuContext ctx, int result)
+    {
+        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)result);
+        return result;
+    }
+}

src/SharpEmu.Libs/VideoOut/VideoOutExports.cs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
+using SharpEmu.Libs.Kernel;
 using System.Buffers.Binary;
 using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
 using System.Threading;
@@ -15,28 +16,79 @@ public static class VideoOutExports
     private const int OrbisVideoOutErrorResourceBusy = unchecked((int)0x80290009);
     private const int OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidIndex = unchecked((int)0x8029000A);
     private const int OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidHandle = unchecked((int)0x8029000B);
+    private const int OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidEventQueue = unchecked((int)0x8029000C);
+    private const int OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidEvent = unchecked((int)0x8029000D);
     private const int OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidOption = unchecked((int)0x8029001A);
     private const int SceVideoOutBusTypeMain = 0;
     private const int SceVideoOutBufferAttributeOptionNone = 0;
+    private const int SceVideoOutTilingModeLinear = 1;
     private const int MaxOpenPorts = 4;
     private const int MaxDisplayBuffers = 16;
-    private const int VideoOutBufferAttributeSize = 0x24;
+    private const int MaxDisplayBufferGroups = 4;
+    private const int MaxFrameDumps = 8;
+    private const int VideoOutBufferAttributeSize = 0x28;
     private const int VideoOutBufferAttribute2Size = 0x50;
     private const int VideoOutBuffersEntrySize = 0x20;
+    private const ulong SceVideoOutPixelFormatA8R8G8B8Srgb = 0x80000000;
+    private const ulong SceVideoOutPixelFormatA8B8G8R8Srgb = 0x80002200;
+    private const ulong SceVideoOutPixelFormatA2R10G10B10 = 0x88060000;
+    private const ulong SceVideoOutPixelFormatA2R10G10B10Srgb = 0x88000000;
+    private const ulong SceVideoOutPixelFormatA2R10G10B10Bt2020Pq = 0x88740000;
+    private const ulong SceVideoOutInternalEventFlip = 0x6;
+    private const short OrbisKernelEventFilterVideoOut = -13;
 
     private static readonly object _stateGate = new();
+    private static readonly object _frameDumpGate = new();
     private static readonly Dictionary<int, VideoOutPortState> _ports = new();
+    private static readonly Dictionary<(int Handle, int BufferIndex, ulong Address), ulong> _lastFrameFingerprints = new();
     private static int _nextHandle = 1;
+    private static int _frameDumpCount;
+    private static long _nextFrameDumpIndex;
 
     private sealed class VideoOutPortState
     {
         public required int Handle { get; init; }
         public int FlipRate { get; set; }
         public ulong VblankCount { get; set; }
-        public int NextSetId { get; set; } = 1;
-        public HashSet<int> RegisteredSetIds { get; } = new();
+        public ulong FlipCount { get; set; }
+        public int CurrentBuffer { get; set; } = -1;
+        public VideoOutBufferGroup?[] Groups { get; } = new VideoOutBufferGroup?[MaxDisplayBufferGroups];
+        public VideoOutBufferSlot[] BufferSlots { get; } = CreateBufferSlots();
+        public List<FlipEventRegistration> FlipEvents { get; } = new();
     }
 
+    private sealed class VideoOutBufferGroup
+    {
+        public required int Index { get; init; }
+        public required BufferAttribute Attribute { get; init; }
+    }
+
+    private sealed class VideoOutBufferSlot
+    {
+        public int GroupIndex { get; set; } = -1;
+        public ulong AddressLeft { get; set; }
+        public ulong AddressRight { get; set; }
+    }
+
+    private readonly record struct FlipEventRegistration(ulong Equeue, ulong UserData);
+
+    private readonly record struct BufferAttribute(
+        ulong PixelFormat,
+        uint TilingMode,
+        uint AspectRatio,
+        uint Width,
+        uint Height,
+        uint PitchInPixel,
+        ulong Option);
+
+    internal readonly record struct DisplayBufferInfo(
+        ulong Address,
+        ulong PixelFormat,
+        uint TilingMode,
+        uint Width,
+        uint Height,
+        uint PitchInPixel);
+
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "Up36PTk687E",
         ExportName = "sceVideoOutOpen",
@@ -136,6 +188,165 @@ public static class VideoOutExports
         return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
     }
 
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "HXzjK9yI30k",
+        ExportName = "sceVideoOutAddFlipEvent",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceVideoOut")]
+    public static int VideoOutAddFlipEvent(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var equeue = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
+        var handle = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi]);
+        var userData = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx];
+        if (!TryGetPort(handle, out var port))
+        {
+            return OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidHandle;
+        }
+
+        if (!KernelEventQueueCompatExports.IsValidEqueue(equeue))
+        {
+            return OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidEventQueue;
+        }
+
+        lock (_stateGate)
+        {
+            port.FlipEvents.Add(new FlipEventRegistration(equeue, userData));
+        }
+
+        TraceVideoOut($"videoout.add_flip_event eq=0x{equeue:X16} handle={handle} udata=0x{userData:X16}");
+        return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "U46NwOiJpys",
+        ExportName = "sceVideoOutSubmitFlip",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceVideoOut")]
+    public static int VideoOutSubmitFlip(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var handle = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        var bufferIndex = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi]);
+        var flipMode = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx]);
+        var flipArg = unchecked((long)ctx[CpuRegister.Rcx]);
+        return SubmitFlip(ctx, handle, bufferIndex, flipMode, flipArg);
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "U2JJtSqNKZI",
+        ExportName = "sceVideoOutGetEventId",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceVideoOut")]
+    public static int VideoOutGetEventId(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var eventAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
+        if (eventAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidAddress;
+        }
+
+        if (!ctx.TryReadUInt64(eventAddress, out var ident) ||
+            !TryReadInt16(ctx, eventAddress + 0x08, out var filter))
+        {
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
+        }
+
+        if (filter != OrbisKernelEventFilterVideoOut || ident != SceVideoOutInternalEventFlip)
+        {
+            return OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidEvent;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "rWUTcKdkUzQ",
+        ExportName = "sceVideoOutGetEventData",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceVideoOut")]
+    public static int VideoOutGetEventData(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var eventAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
+        var dataAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
+        if (eventAddress == 0 || dataAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidAddress;
+        }
+
+        if (!ctx.TryReadUInt64(eventAddress, out var ident) ||
+            !TryReadInt16(ctx, eventAddress + 0x08, out var filter) ||
+            !ctx.TryReadUInt64(eventAddress + 0x10, out var data))
+        {
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
+        }
+
+        if (filter != OrbisKernelEventFilterVideoOut || ident != SceVideoOutInternalEventFlip)
+        {
+            return OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidEvent;
+        }
+
+        return ctx.TryWriteUInt64(dataAddress, data >> 16)
+            ? (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK
+            : (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
+    }
+
+    public static int SubmitFlipFromAgc(CpuContext ctx, int handle, int bufferIndex, int flipMode, long flipArg) =>
+        SubmitFlip(ctx, handle, bufferIndex, flipMode, flipArg);
+
+    internal static void SubmitHostRgbaFrame(ReadOnlySpan<byte> rgbaFrame, uint width, uint height)
+    {
+        if (rgbaFrame.Length != checked((int)(width * height * 4)))
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        var bgraFrame = new byte[rgbaFrame.Length];
+        for (var offset = 0; offset < rgbaFrame.Length; offset += 4)
+        {
+            bgraFrame[offset + 0] = rgbaFrame[offset + 2];
+            bgraFrame[offset + 1] = rgbaFrame[offset + 1];
+            bgraFrame[offset + 2] = rgbaFrame[offset + 0];
+            bgraFrame[offset + 3] = rgbaFrame[offset + 3];
+        }
+
+        VulkanVideoPresenter.Submit(bgraFrame, width, height);
+    }
+
+    internal static bool TryGetDisplayBufferInfo(int handle, int bufferIndex, out DisplayBufferInfo info)
+    {
+        info = default;
+        if (bufferIndex < 0 || bufferIndex >= MaxDisplayBuffers)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        lock (_stateGate)
+        {
+            if (!_ports.TryGetValue(handle, out var port))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            var slot = port.BufferSlots[bufferIndex];
+            if (slot.AddressLeft == 0 ||
+                slot.GroupIndex < 0 ||
+                slot.GroupIndex >= port.Groups.Length ||
+                port.Groups[slot.GroupIndex] is not { } group)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            var attribute = group.Attribute;
+            info = new DisplayBufferInfo(
+                slot.AddressLeft,
+                attribute.PixelFormat,
+                attribute.TilingMode,
+                attribute.Width,
+                attribute.Height,
+                attribute.PitchInPixel);
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "MTxxrOCeSig",
         ExportName = "sceVideoOutSetWindowModeMargins",
@@ -173,9 +384,23 @@ public static class VideoOutExports
 
         lock (_stateGate)
         {
-            return port.RegisteredSetIds.Remove(attributeIndex)
-                ? (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK
-                : OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidValue;
+            if (attributeIndex >= port.Groups.Length || port.Groups[attributeIndex] is null)
+            {
+                return OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidValue;
+            }
+
+            port.Groups[attributeIndex] = null;
+            foreach (var slot in port.BufferSlots)
+            {
+                if (slot.GroupIndex == attributeIndex)
+                {
+                    slot.GroupIndex = -1;
+                    slot.AddressLeft = 0;
+                    slot.AddressRight = 0;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
         }
     }
 
@@ -292,16 +517,21 @@ public static class VideoOutExports
             return OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidValue;
         }
 
+        if (!TryReadBufferAttribute(ctx, attributeAddress, false, out var attribute))
+        {
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
+        }
+
+        Span<ulong> addresses = stackalloc ulong[Math.Min(bufferNum, MaxDisplayBuffers)];
         for (var i = 0; i < bufferNum; i++)
         {
-            if (!ctx.TryReadUInt64(addressesAddress + ((ulong)i * 8), out _))
+            if (!ctx.TryReadUInt64(addressesAddress + ((ulong)i * 8), out addresses[i]))
             {
                 return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
             }
         }
 
-        var setId = AllocateBufferSet(port);
-        return setId;
+        return RegisterBufferRange(port, startIndex, addresses[..bufferNum], attribute);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -348,34 +578,464 @@ public static class VideoOutExports
             return OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidValue;
         }
 
+        if (!TryReadBufferAttribute(ctx, attributeAddress, true, out var attribute))
+        {
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
+        }
+
+        Span<ulong> addresses = stackalloc ulong[Math.Min(bufferNum, MaxDisplayBuffers)];
         for (var i = 0; i < bufferNum; i++)
         {
             var entryAddress = buffersAddress + ((ulong)i * VideoOutBuffersEntrySize);
-            if (!ctx.TryReadUInt64(entryAddress + 0x00, out _) ||
+            if (!ctx.TryReadUInt64(entryAddress + 0x00, out addresses[i]) ||
                 !ctx.TryReadUInt64(entryAddress + 0x08, out _))
             {
                 return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
             }
         }
 
-        lock (_stateGate)
-        {
-            port.RegisteredSetIds.Add(setIndex);
-        }
-
-        return setIndex;
+        var groupIndex = RegisterBufferRange(port, bufferIndexStart, addresses[..bufferNum], attribute, setIndex);
+        return groupIndex < 0 ? groupIndex : setIndex;
     }
 
-    private static int AllocateBufferSet(VideoOutPortState port)
+    private static int SubmitFlip(CpuContext ctx, int handle, int bufferIndex, int flipMode, long flipArg)
+    {
+        if (!TryGetPort(handle, out var port))
+        {
+            return OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidHandle;
+        }
+
+        if (bufferIndex < -1 || bufferIndex >= MaxDisplayBuffers)
+        {
+            return OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidIndex;
+        }
+
+        ulong eventData;
+        List<FlipEventRegistration> flipEvents;
+        lock (_stateGate)
+        {
+            if (bufferIndex != -1 && port.BufferSlots[bufferIndex].GroupIndex < 0)
+            {
+                return OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidIndex;
+            }
+
+            port.CurrentBuffer = bufferIndex;
+            port.FlipCount++;
+            var eventCount = Math.Min(port.FlipCount, 0xFUL);
+            var timeBits = (ulong)Environment.TickCount64 & 0xFFFUL;
+            eventData = timeBits | (eventCount << 12) | ((unchecked((ulong)flipArg) & 0x0000_FFFF_FFFF_FFFFUL) << 16);
+            flipEvents = new List<FlipEventRegistration>(port.FlipEvents);
+        }
+
+        if (string.Equals(
+                Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_DUMP_VIDEOOUT"),
+                "1",
+                StringComparison.Ordinal))
+        {
+            _ = TryDumpFrame(ctx, port, bufferIndex, flipMode, flipArg);
+        }
+
+        foreach (var flipEvent in flipEvents)
+        {
+            _ = KernelEventQueueCompatExports.EnqueueEvent(
+                flipEvent.Equeue,
+                new KernelEventQueueCompatExports.KernelQueuedEvent(
+                    SceVideoOutInternalEventFlip,
+                    OrbisKernelEventFilterVideoOut,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    eventData,
+                    flipEvent.UserData));
+        }
+
+        TraceVideoOut($"videoout.submit_flip handle={handle} index={bufferIndex} mode={flipMode} arg={flipArg} events={flipEvents.Count}");
+        return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+    }
+
+    private static int RegisterBufferRange(VideoOutPortState port, int startIndex, ReadOnlySpan<ulong> addresses, BufferAttribute attribute, int requestedGroupIndex = -1)
     {
         lock (_stateGate)
         {
-            var setId = port.NextSetId++;
-            port.RegisteredSetIds.Add(setId);
-            return setId;
+            var groupIndex = requestedGroupIndex >= 0 ? requestedGroupIndex : FindFreeGroupIndex(port);
+            if (groupIndex < 0 || groupIndex >= MaxDisplayBufferGroups)
+            {
+                return OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidValue;
+            }
+
+            if (port.Groups[groupIndex] is not null)
+            {
+                return OrbisVideoOutErrorResourceBusy;
+            }
+
+            for (var i = 0; i < addresses.Length; i++)
+            {
+                if (port.BufferSlots[startIndex + i].GroupIndex >= 0)
+                {
+                    return OrbisVideoOutErrorResourceBusy;
+                }
+            }
+
+            port.Groups[groupIndex] = new VideoOutBufferGroup
+            {
+                Index = groupIndex,
+                Attribute = attribute,
+            };
+
+            for (var i = 0; i < addresses.Length; i++)
+            {
+                var slot = port.BufferSlots[startIndex + i];
+                slot.GroupIndex = groupIndex;
+                slot.AddressLeft = addresses[i];
+                slot.AddressRight = 0;
+            }
+
+            TraceVideoOut(
+                $"videoout.register_buffers handle={port.Handle} group={groupIndex} start={startIndex} count={addresses.Length} fmt=0x{attribute.PixelFormat:X} tile={attribute.TilingMode} {attribute.Width}x{attribute.Height} pitch={attribute.PitchInPixel}");
+            return groupIndex;
         }
     }
 
+    private static int FindFreeGroupIndex(VideoOutPortState port)
+    {
+        for (var i = 0; i < port.Groups.Length; i++)
+        {
+            if (port.Groups[i] is null)
+            {
+                return i;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    private static bool TryReadBufferAttribute(CpuContext ctx, ulong attributeAddress, bool attribute2, out BufferAttribute attribute)
+    {
+        attribute = default;
+        if (!TryReadUInt32(ctx, attributeAddress + 0x04, out var tilingMode) ||
+            !TryReadUInt32(ctx, attributeAddress + 0x0C, out var width) ||
+            !TryReadUInt32(ctx, attributeAddress + 0x10, out var height))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (attribute2)
+        {
+            if (!ctx.TryReadUInt64(attributeAddress + 0x18, out var option) ||
+                !ctx.TryReadUInt64(attributeAddress + 0x20, out var pixelFormat))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            attribute = new BufferAttribute(NormalizePixelFormat(pixelFormat), tilingMode, 0, width, height, width, option);
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if (!TryReadUInt32(ctx, attributeAddress + 0x00, out var pixelFormat32) ||
+            !TryReadUInt32(ctx, attributeAddress + 0x08, out var aspectRatio) ||
+            !TryReadUInt32(ctx, attributeAddress + 0x14, out var pitchInPixel) ||
+            !TryReadUInt32(ctx, attributeAddress + 0x18, out var option32))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        attribute = new BufferAttribute(NormalizePixelFormat(pixelFormat32), tilingMode, aspectRatio, width, height, pitchInPixel, option32);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static bool TryDumpFrame(CpuContext ctx, VideoOutPortState port, int bufferIndex, int flipMode, long flipArg)
+    {
+        if (bufferIndex < 0)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        VideoOutBufferSlot slot;
+        VideoOutBufferGroup? group;
+        lock (_stateGate)
+        {
+            slot = port.BufferSlots[bufferIndex];
+            group = slot.GroupIndex >= 0 && slot.GroupIndex < port.Groups.Length
+                ? port.Groups[slot.GroupIndex]
+                : null;
+        }
+
+        if (group is null || slot.AddressLeft == 0)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        var attribute = group.Attribute;
+        if (attribute.Width == 0 || attribute.Height == 0 || attribute.Width > 8192 || attribute.Height > 8192)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        var bytesPerPixel = GetBytesPerPixel(attribute.PixelFormat);
+        if (bytesPerPixel == 0)
+        {
+            return DumpRawFrame(ctx, port.Handle, slot.AddressLeft, attribute, bufferIndex, flipMode, flipArg, "unsupported-format");
+        }
+
+        var pitch = attribute.PitchInPixel == 0 ? attribute.Width : attribute.PitchInPixel;
+        var rowBytes = checked((int)(pitch * bytesPerPixel));
+        var visibleRowBytes = checked((int)(attribute.Width * bytesPerPixel));
+        var frameBytes = checked((ulong)rowBytes * attribute.Height);
+        if (frameBytes > 256UL * 1024UL * 1024UL)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        lock (_frameDumpGate)
+        {
+            if (_frameDumpCount >= MaxFrameDumps)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        const ulong fnvOffsetBasis = 14695981039346656037UL;
+        const ulong fnvPrime = 1099511628211UL;
+        var fingerprint = fnvOffsetBasis;
+        var row = new byte[rowBytes];
+        for (uint y = 0; y < attribute.Height; y++)
+        {
+            if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(slot.AddressLeft + ((ulong)y * (ulong)rowBytes), row))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            foreach (var value in row.AsSpan(0, visibleRowBytes))
+            {
+                fingerprint = (fingerprint ^ value) * fnvPrime;
+            }
+        }
+
+        var fingerprintKey = (port.Handle, bufferIndex, slot.AddressLeft);
+        lock (_frameDumpGate)
+        {
+            if (_lastFrameFingerprints.TryGetValue(fingerprintKey, out var previousFingerprint) &&
+                previousFingerprint == fingerprint)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (_frameDumpCount >= MaxFrameDumps)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            _lastFrameFingerprints[fingerprintKey] = fingerprint;
+            _frameDumpCount++;
+        }
+
+        var rgb = new byte[checked((int)(attribute.Width * attribute.Height * 3))];
+        var rgbOffset = 0;
+        for (uint y = 0; y < attribute.Height; y++)
+        {
+            if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(slot.AddressLeft + ((ulong)y * (ulong)rowBytes), row))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            ConvertRowToRgb(row.AsSpan(0, visibleRowBytes), rgb.AsSpan(rgbOffset, (int)attribute.Width * 3), attribute.PixelFormat);
+            rgbOffset += (int)attribute.Width * 3;
+        }
+
+        var frameIndex = Interlocked.Increment(ref _nextFrameDumpIndex);
+        var basePath = GetFrameDumpBasePath(frameIndex, port.Handle, bufferIndex);
+        WriteBmp(basePath + ".bmp", attribute.Width, attribute.Height, rgb);
+        WriteFrameMetadata(basePath + ".txt", slot.AddressLeft, attribute, bufferIndex, flipMode, flipArg, "bmp-linear-read", fingerprint);
+        TraceVideoOut($"videoout.dump_frame path={basePath}.bmp addr=0x{slot.AddressLeft:X16} {attribute.Width}x{attribute.Height} fmt=0x{attribute.PixelFormat:X} fingerprint=0x{fingerprint:X16}");
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static bool DumpRawFrame(CpuContext ctx, int handle, ulong address, BufferAttribute attribute, int bufferIndex, int flipMode, long flipArg, string reason)
+    {
+        var bytesPerPixel = Math.Max(GetBytesPerPixel(attribute.PixelFormat), 4u);
+        var pitch = attribute.PitchInPixel == 0 ? attribute.Width : attribute.PitchInPixel;
+        var byteCount = checked((ulong)pitch * attribute.Height * bytesPerPixel);
+        if (byteCount == 0 || byteCount > 256UL * 1024UL * 1024UL)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        var bytes = new byte[(int)byteCount];
+        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address, bytes))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        var fingerprint = ComputeFingerprint(bytes);
+        var fingerprintKey = (handle, bufferIndex, address);
+        lock (_frameDumpGate)
+        {
+            if ((_lastFrameFingerprints.TryGetValue(fingerprintKey, out var previousFingerprint) &&
+                 previousFingerprint == fingerprint) ||
+                _frameDumpCount >= MaxFrameDumps)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            _lastFrameFingerprints[fingerprintKey] = fingerprint;
+            _frameDumpCount++;
+        }
+
+        var frameIndex = Interlocked.Increment(ref _nextFrameDumpIndex);
+        var basePath = GetFrameDumpBasePath(frameIndex, handle, bufferIndex);
+        File.WriteAllBytes(basePath + ".raw", bytes);
+        WriteFrameMetadata(basePath + ".txt", address, attribute, bufferIndex, flipMode, flipArg, reason, fingerprint);
+        TraceVideoOut($"videoout.dump_frame path={basePath}.raw addr=0x{address:X16} bytes={byteCount} reason={reason} fingerprint=0x{fingerprint:X16}");
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static ulong ComputeFingerprint(ReadOnlySpan<byte> bytes)
+    {
+        const ulong fnvOffsetBasis = 14695981039346656037UL;
+        const ulong fnvPrime = 1099511628211UL;
+        var fingerprint = fnvOffsetBasis;
+        foreach (var value in bytes)
+        {
+            fingerprint = (fingerprint ^ value) * fnvPrime;
+        }
+
+        return fingerprint;
+    }
+
+    private static uint GetBytesPerPixel(ulong pixelFormat) =>
+        pixelFormat is SceVideoOutPixelFormatA8R8G8B8Srgb or
+            SceVideoOutPixelFormatA8B8G8R8Srgb or
+            SceVideoOutPixelFormatA2R10G10B10 or
+            SceVideoOutPixelFormatA2R10G10B10Srgb or
+            SceVideoOutPixelFormatA2R10G10B10Bt2020Pq
+            ? 4u
+            : 0u;
+
+    private static ulong NormalizePixelFormat(ulong pixelFormat)
+    {
+        if (GetBytesPerPixel(pixelFormat) != 0)
+        {
+            return pixelFormat;
+        }
+
+        var low = (uint)(pixelFormat & 0xFFFF_FFFFUL);
+        if (GetBytesPerPixel(low) != 0)
+        {
+            return low;
+        }
+
+        var high = (uint)(pixelFormat >> 32);
+        if (GetBytesPerPixel(high) != 0)
+        {
+            return high;
+        }
+
+        var packed = high | (low >> 16);
+        return GetBytesPerPixel(packed) != 0 ? packed : pixelFormat;
+    }
+
+    private static void ConvertRowToRgb(ReadOnlySpan<byte> source, Span<byte> destination, ulong pixelFormat)
+    {
+        var dst = 0;
+        for (var src = 0; src + 3 < source.Length; src += 4)
+        {
+            if (pixelFormat == SceVideoOutPixelFormatA8B8G8R8Srgb)
+            {
+                destination[dst++] = source[src + 0];
+                destination[dst++] = source[src + 1];
+                destination[dst++] = source[src + 2];
+            }
+            else if (pixelFormat is SceVideoOutPixelFormatA2R10G10B10 or SceVideoOutPixelFormatA2R10G10B10Srgb or SceVideoOutPixelFormatA2R10G10B10Bt2020Pq)
+            {
+                var value = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(source[src..(src + 4)]);
+                destination[dst++] = (byte)(((value >> 20) & 0x3FF) >> 2);
+                destination[dst++] = (byte)(((value >> 10) & 0x3FF) >> 2);
+                destination[dst++] = (byte)((value & 0x3FF) >> 2);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                destination[dst++] = source[src + 2];
+                destination[dst++] = source[src + 1];
+                destination[dst++] = source[src + 0];
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static string GetFrameDumpBasePath(long frameIndex, int handle, int bufferIndex)
+    {
+        var directory = GetLogsDirectory();
+        Directory.CreateDirectory(directory);
+        return Path.Combine(directory, $"videoout_frame_{frameIndex:D4}_h{handle}_b{bufferIndex}");
+    }
+
+    private static string GetLogsDirectory()
+    {
+        var current = new DirectoryInfo(AppContext.BaseDirectory);
+        while (current is not null)
+        {
+            if (File.Exists(Path.Combine(current.FullName, "SharpEmu.slnx")))
+            {
+                return Path.Combine(current.FullName, "logs");
+            }
+
+            current = current.Parent;
+        }
+
+        return Path.Combine(Directory.GetCurrentDirectory(), "logs");
+    }
+
+    private static void WriteBmp(string path, uint width, uint height, byte[] rgb)
+    {
+        var rowStride = checked((int)(((width * 3u) + 3u) & ~3u));
+        var pixelBytes = checked(rowStride * (int)height);
+        var fileSize = 54 + pixelBytes;
+        using var stream = File.Create(path);
+        Span<byte> header = stackalloc byte[54];
+        header[0] = (byte)'B';
+        header[1] = (byte)'M';
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(header[0x02..], (uint)fileSize);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(header[0x0A..], 54);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(header[0x0E..], 40);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(header[0x12..], (int)width);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(header[0x16..], -(int)height);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt16LittleEndian(header[0x1A..], 1);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt16LittleEndian(header[0x1C..], 24);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(header[0x22..], (uint)pixelBytes);
+        stream.Write(header);
+
+        var row = new byte[rowStride];
+        var sourceStride = (int)width * 3;
+        var heightInt = (int)height;
+        var widthInt = (int)width;
+        for (var y = 0; y < heightInt; y++)
+        {
+            row.AsSpan().Clear();
+            var src = rgb.AsSpan(y * sourceStride, sourceStride);
+            for (var x = 0; x < widthInt; x++)
+            {
+                row[(x * 3) + 0] = src[(x * 3) + 2];
+                row[(x * 3) + 1] = src[(x * 3) + 1];
+                row[(x * 3) + 2] = src[(x * 3) + 0];
+            }
+
+            stream.Write(row);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void WriteFrameMetadata(
+        string path,
+        ulong address,
+        BufferAttribute attribute,
+        int bufferIndex,
+        int flipMode,
+        long flipArg,
+        string kind,
+        ulong fingerprint)
+    {
+        File.WriteAllText(
+            path,
+            $"kind={kind}\naddress=0x{address:X16}\nbuffer_index={bufferIndex}\nflip_mode={flipMode}\nflip_arg={flipArg}\nfingerprint=0x{fingerprint:X16}\npixel_format=0x{attribute.PixelFormat:X}\ntiling_mode={attribute.TilingMode}\nwidth={attribute.Width}\nheight={attribute.Height}\npitch_in_pixel={attribute.PitchInPixel}\noption=0x{attribute.Option:X}\n");
+    }
+
     private static bool IsValidBufferRange(int startIndex, int bufferNum)
     {
         return startIndex >= 0 &&
@@ -393,6 +1053,17 @@ public static class VideoOutExports
         }
     }
 
+    private static VideoOutBufferSlot[] CreateBufferSlots()
+    {
+        var slots = new VideoOutBufferSlot[MaxDisplayBuffers];
+        for (var i = 0; i < slots.Length; i++)
+        {
+            slots[i] = new VideoOutBufferSlot();
+        }
+
+        return slots;
+    }
+
     private static bool TryReadStackUInt32(CpuContext ctx, int stackIndex, out uint value)
     {
         var address = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsp] + 0x08 + ((ulong)stackIndex * 0x08);
@@ -406,4 +1077,40 @@ public static class VideoOutExports
         value = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(buffer);
         return true;
     }
+
+    private static bool TryReadUInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, out uint value)
+    {
+        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
+        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address, buffer))
+        {
+            value = 0;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        value = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(buffer);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static bool TryReadInt16(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, out short value)
+    {
+        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(short)];
+        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address, buffer))
+        {
+            value = 0;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        value = BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt16LittleEndian(buffer);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static void TraceVideoOut(string message)
+    {
+        if (!string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_VIDEOOUT"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal))
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][TRACE] {message}");
+    }
 }

src/SharpEmu.Libs/VideoOut/VulkanVideoPresenter.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,702 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using Silk.NET.Core;
+using Silk.NET.Core.Native;
+using Silk.NET.Maths;
+using Silk.NET.Vulkan;
+using Silk.NET.Vulkan.Extensions.KHR;
+using Silk.NET.Windowing;
+using VkBuffer = Silk.NET.Vulkan.Buffer;
+using VkSemaphore = Silk.NET.Vulkan.Semaphore;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Libs.VideoOut;
+
+internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
+{
+    private static readonly object _gate = new();
+    private static Thread? _thread;
+    private static byte[]? _latestFrame;
+    private static uint _latestWidth;
+    private static uint _latestHeight;
+    private static long _latestSequence;
+    private static bool _closed;
+
+    public static void Submit(byte[] bgraFrame, uint width, uint height)
+    {
+        if (bgraFrame.Length != checked((int)(width * height * 4)))
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        lock (_gate)
+        {
+            if (_closed)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            _latestFrame = bgraFrame;
+            _latestWidth = width;
+            _latestHeight = height;
+            _latestSequence++;
+            if (_thread is not null)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            _thread = new Thread(Run)
+            {
+                IsBackground = true,
+                Name = "SharpEmu Vulkan VideoOut",
+            };
+            _thread.Start();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void Run()
+    {
+        uint width;
+        uint height;
+        lock (_gate)
+        {
+            width = _latestWidth;
+            height = _latestHeight;
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            using var presenter = new Presenter(width, height);
+            presenter.Run();
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception)
+        {
+            Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][ERROR] Vulkan VideoOut presenter failed: {exception.Message}");
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            lock (_gate)
+            {
+                _closed = true;
+                _thread = null;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static bool TryTakeFrame(long presentedSequence, out Frame frame)
+    {
+        lock (_gate)
+        {
+            if (_latestFrame is null || _latestSequence == presentedSequence)
+            {
+                frame = default;
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            frame = new Frame(_latestFrame, _latestWidth, _latestHeight, _latestSequence);
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private readonly record struct Frame(byte[] Pixels, uint Width, uint Height, long Sequence);
+
+    private sealed class Presenter : IDisposable
+    {
+        private readonly IWindow _window;
+        private Vk _vk = null!;
+        private KhrSurface _surfaceApi = null!;
+        private KhrSwapchain _swapchainApi = null!;
+        private Instance _instance;
+        private SurfaceKHR _surface;
+        private PhysicalDevice _physicalDevice;
+        private Device _device;
+        private Queue _queue;
+        private uint _queueFamilyIndex;
+        private SwapchainKHR _swapchain;
+        private Image[] _swapchainImages = [];
+        private bool[] _imageInitialized = [];
+        private Format _swapchainFormat;
+        private Extent2D _extent;
+        private CommandPool _commandPool;
+        private CommandBuffer _commandBuffer;
+        private VkSemaphore _imageAvailable;
+        private VkSemaphore _renderFinished;
+        private VkBuffer _stagingBuffer;
+        private DeviceMemory _stagingMemory;
+        private ulong _stagingSize;
+        private long _presentedSequence;
+        private bool _vulkanReady;
+        private bool _firstFramePresented;
+
+        public Presenter(uint width, uint height)
+        {
+            var options = WindowOptions.DefaultVulkan;
+            options.Size = new Vector2D<int>((int)width, (int)height);
+            options.Title = "SharpEmu VideoOut";
+            options.WindowBorder = WindowBorder.Fixed;
+            options.VSync = true;
+            _window = Window.Create(options);
+            _window.Load += Initialize;
+            _window.Render += Render;
+            _window.Closing += DisposeVulkan;
+        }
+
+        public void Run() => _window.Run();
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            DisposeVulkan();
+            _window.Dispose();
+        }
+
+        private void Initialize()
+        {
+            _vk = Vk.GetApi();
+            CreateInstance();
+            CreateSurface();
+            SelectPhysicalDevice();
+            CreateDevice();
+            CreateSwapchain();
+            CreateCommandResources();
+            _vulkanReady = true;
+            Console.Error.WriteLine(
+                $"[LOADER][INFO] Vulkan VideoOut ready: {_extent.Width}x{_extent.Height}, format={_swapchainFormat}");
+        }
+
+        private void CreateInstance()
+        {
+            var applicationName = (byte*)SilkMarshal.StringToPtr("SharpEmu");
+            try
+            {
+                var applicationInfo = new ApplicationInfo
+                {
+                    SType = StructureType.ApplicationInfo,
+                    PApplicationName = applicationName,
+                    ApplicationVersion = Vk.MakeVersion(0, 0, 1),
+                    PEngineName = applicationName,
+                    EngineVersion = Vk.MakeVersion(0, 0, 1),
+                    ApiVersion = Vk.Version12,
+                };
+
+                var extensions = _window.VkSurface!.GetRequiredExtensions(out var extensionCount);
+                var createInfo = new InstanceCreateInfo
+                {
+                    SType = StructureType.InstanceCreateInfo,
+                    PApplicationInfo = &applicationInfo,
+                    EnabledExtensionCount = extensionCount,
+                    PpEnabledExtensionNames = extensions,
+                };
+
+                Check(_vk.CreateInstance(&createInfo, null, out _instance), "vkCreateInstance");
+                if (!_vk.TryGetInstanceExtension(_instance, out _surfaceApi))
+                {
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException("VK_KHR_surface is unavailable.");
+                }
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                SilkMarshal.Free((nint)applicationName);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void CreateSurface()
+        {
+            var instanceHandle = new VkHandle(_instance.Handle);
+            var surfaceHandle = _window.VkSurface!.Create<AllocationCallbacks>(instanceHandle, null);
+            _surface = new SurfaceKHR(surfaceHandle.Handle);
+        }
+
+        private void SelectPhysicalDevice()
+        {
+            uint deviceCount = 0;
+            Check(_vk.EnumeratePhysicalDevices(_instance, &deviceCount, null), "vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices");
+            if (deviceCount == 0)
+            {
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("No Vulkan physical device was found.");
+            }
+
+            var devices = new PhysicalDevice[deviceCount];
+            fixed (PhysicalDevice* devicePointer = devices)
+            {
+                Check(_vk.EnumeratePhysicalDevices(_instance, &deviceCount, devicePointer), "vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices");
+            }
+
+            foreach (var device in devices)
+            {
+                uint queueCount = 0;
+                _vk.GetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueCount, null);
+                var queues = new QueueFamilyProperties[queueCount];
+                fixed (QueueFamilyProperties* queuePointer = queues)
+                {
+                    _vk.GetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueCount, queuePointer);
+                }
+
+                for (uint index = 0; index < queueCount; index++)
+                {
+                    var supportsGraphics = (queues[index].QueueFlags & QueueFlags.GraphicsBit) != 0;
+                    _surfaceApi.GetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupport(device, index, _surface, out var supportsPresent);
+                    if (!supportsGraphics || !supportsPresent)
+                    {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    _physicalDevice = device;
+                    _queueFamilyIndex = index;
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("No Vulkan graphics/present queue was found.");
+        }
+
+        private void CreateDevice()
+        {
+            var priority = 1.0f;
+            var queueInfo = new DeviceQueueCreateInfo
+            {
+                SType = StructureType.DeviceQueueCreateInfo,
+                QueueFamilyIndex = _queueFamilyIndex,
+                QueueCount = 1,
+                PQueuePriorities = &priority,
+            };
+
+            var swapchainExtension = (byte*)SilkMarshal.StringToPtr("VK_KHR_swapchain");
+            try
+            {
+                var createInfo = new DeviceCreateInfo
+                {
+                    SType = StructureType.DeviceCreateInfo,
+                    QueueCreateInfoCount = 1,
+                    PQueueCreateInfos = &queueInfo,
+                    EnabledExtensionCount = 1,
+                    PpEnabledExtensionNames = &swapchainExtension,
+                };
+
+                Check(_vk.CreateDevice(_physicalDevice, &createInfo, null, out _device), "vkCreateDevice");
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                SilkMarshal.Free((nint)swapchainExtension);
+            }
+
+            _vk.GetDeviceQueue(_device, _queueFamilyIndex, 0, out _queue);
+            if (!_vk.TryGetDeviceExtension(_instance, _device, out _swapchainApi))
+            {
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("VK_KHR_swapchain is unavailable.");
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void CreateSwapchain()
+        {
+            Check(
+                _surfaceApi.GetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilities(_physicalDevice, _surface, out var capabilities),
+                "vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR");
+
+            uint formatCount = 0;
+            Check(
+                _surfaceApi.GetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormats(_physicalDevice, _surface, &formatCount, null),
+                "vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR");
+            var formats = new SurfaceFormatKHR[formatCount];
+            fixed (SurfaceFormatKHR* formatPointer = formats)
+            {
+                Check(
+                    _surfaceApi.GetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormats(_physicalDevice, _surface, &formatCount, formatPointer),
+                    "vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR");
+            }
+
+            var surfaceFormat = ChooseSurfaceFormat(formats);
+            _swapchainFormat = surfaceFormat.Format;
+            _extent = ChooseExtent(capabilities);
+            var imageCount = capabilities.MinImageCount + 1;
+            if (capabilities.MaxImageCount != 0)
+            {
+                imageCount = Math.Min(imageCount, capabilities.MaxImageCount);
+            }
+
+            var compositeAlpha = ChooseCompositeAlpha(capabilities.SupportedCompositeAlpha);
+            var createInfo = new SwapchainCreateInfoKHR
+            {
+                SType = StructureType.SwapchainCreateInfoKhr,
+                Surface = _surface,
+                MinImageCount = imageCount,
+                ImageFormat = surfaceFormat.Format,
+                ImageColorSpace = surfaceFormat.ColorSpace,
+                ImageExtent = _extent,
+                ImageArrayLayers = 1,
+                ImageUsage = ImageUsageFlags.TransferDstBit,
+                ImageSharingMode = SharingMode.Exclusive,
+                PreTransform = capabilities.CurrentTransform,
+                CompositeAlpha = compositeAlpha,
+                PresentMode = PresentModeKHR.FifoKhr,
+                Clipped = true,
+            };
+
+            Check(_swapchainApi.CreateSwapchain(_device, &createInfo, null, out _swapchain), "vkCreateSwapchainKHR");
+
+            uint swapchainImageCount = 0;
+            Check(
+                _swapchainApi.GetSwapchainImages(_device, _swapchain, &swapchainImageCount, null),
+                "vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR");
+            _swapchainImages = new Image[swapchainImageCount];
+            fixed (Image* imagePointer = _swapchainImages)
+            {
+                Check(
+                    _swapchainApi.GetSwapchainImages(_device, _swapchain, &swapchainImageCount, imagePointer),
+                    "vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR");
+            }
+
+            _imageInitialized = new bool[swapchainImageCount];
+        }
+
+        private void CreateCommandResources()
+        {
+            var poolInfo = new CommandPoolCreateInfo
+            {
+                SType = StructureType.CommandPoolCreateInfo,
+                Flags = CommandPoolCreateFlags.ResetCommandBufferBit,
+                QueueFamilyIndex = _queueFamilyIndex,
+            };
+            Check(_vk.CreateCommandPool(_device, &poolInfo, null, out _commandPool), "vkCreateCommandPool");
+
+            var allocateInfo = new CommandBufferAllocateInfo
+            {
+                SType = StructureType.CommandBufferAllocateInfo,
+                CommandPool = _commandPool,
+                Level = CommandBufferLevel.Primary,
+                CommandBufferCount = 1,
+            };
+            Check(_vk.AllocateCommandBuffers(_device, &allocateInfo, out _commandBuffer), "vkAllocateCommandBuffers");
+
+            var semaphoreInfo = new SemaphoreCreateInfo
+            {
+                SType = StructureType.SemaphoreCreateInfo,
+            };
+            Check(_vk.CreateSemaphore(_device, &semaphoreInfo, null, out _imageAvailable), "vkCreateSemaphore");
+            Check(_vk.CreateSemaphore(_device, &semaphoreInfo, null, out _renderFinished), "vkCreateSemaphore");
+
+            CreateStagingBuffer((ulong)_extent.Width * _extent.Height * 4);
+        }
+
+        private void CreateStagingBuffer(ulong size)
+        {
+            var bufferInfo = new BufferCreateInfo
+            {
+                SType = StructureType.BufferCreateInfo,
+                Size = size,
+                Usage = BufferUsageFlags.TransferSrcBit,
+                SharingMode = SharingMode.Exclusive,
+            };
+            Check(_vk.CreateBuffer(_device, &bufferInfo, null, out _stagingBuffer), "vkCreateBuffer");
+
+            _vk.GetBufferMemoryRequirements(_device, _stagingBuffer, out var requirements);
+            var memoryInfo = new MemoryAllocateInfo
+            {
+                SType = StructureType.MemoryAllocateInfo,
+                AllocationSize = requirements.Size,
+                MemoryTypeIndex = FindMemoryType(
+                    requirements.MemoryTypeBits,
+                    MemoryPropertyFlags.HostVisibleBit | MemoryPropertyFlags.HostCoherentBit),
+            };
+            Check(_vk.AllocateMemory(_device, &memoryInfo, null, out _stagingMemory), "vkAllocateMemory");
+            Check(_vk.BindBufferMemory(_device, _stagingBuffer, _stagingMemory, 0), "vkBindBufferMemory");
+            _stagingSize = size;
+        }
+
+        private uint FindMemoryType(uint typeBits, MemoryPropertyFlags requiredFlags)
+        {
+            _vk.GetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(_physicalDevice, out var properties);
+            var memoryTypes = &properties.MemoryTypes.Element0;
+            for (uint index = 0; index < properties.MemoryTypeCount; index++)
+            {
+                if ((typeBits & (1u << (int)index)) != 0 &&
+                    (memoryTypes[index].PropertyFlags & requiredFlags) == requiredFlags)
+                {
+                    return index;
+                }
+            }
+
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("No compatible Vulkan host-visible memory type was found.");
+        }
+
+        private void Render(double _)
+        {
+            if (!_vulkanReady || !TryTakeFrame(_presentedSequence, out var frame))
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            var pixels = frame.Width == _extent.Width && frame.Height == _extent.Height
+                ? frame.Pixels
+                : ScaleBgra(frame.Pixels, frame.Width, frame.Height, _extent.Width, _extent.Height);
+            if ((ulong)pixels.Length > _stagingSize)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            uint imageIndex;
+            Check(
+                _swapchainApi.AcquireNextImage(
+                    _device,
+                    _swapchain,
+                    ulong.MaxValue,
+                    _imageAvailable,
+                    default,
+                    &imageIndex),
+                "vkAcquireNextImageKHR");
+
+            void* mapped;
+            Check(
+                _vk.MapMemory(_device, _stagingMemory, 0, (ulong)pixels.Length, 0, &mapped),
+                "vkMapMemory");
+            fixed (byte* source = pixels)
+            {
+                System.Buffer.MemoryCopy(source, mapped, pixels.Length, pixels.Length);
+            }
+            _vk.UnmapMemory(_device, _stagingMemory);
+
+            Check(_vk.ResetCommandBuffer(_commandBuffer, 0), "vkResetCommandBuffer");
+            var beginInfo = new CommandBufferBeginInfo
+            {
+                SType = StructureType.CommandBufferBeginInfo,
+                Flags = CommandBufferUsageFlags.OneTimeSubmitBit,
+            };
+            Check(_vk.BeginCommandBuffer(_commandBuffer, &beginInfo), "vkBeginCommandBuffer");
+
+            var oldLayout = _imageInitialized[imageIndex]
+                ? ImageLayout.PresentSrcKhr
+                : ImageLayout.Undefined;
+            var toTransfer = new ImageMemoryBarrier
+            {
+                SType = StructureType.ImageMemoryBarrier,
+                SrcAccessMask = _imageInitialized[imageIndex] ? AccessFlags.MemoryReadBit : 0,
+                DstAccessMask = AccessFlags.TransferWriteBit,
+                OldLayout = oldLayout,
+                NewLayout = ImageLayout.TransferDstOptimal,
+                SrcQueueFamilyIndex = Vk.QueueFamilyIgnored,
+                DstQueueFamilyIndex = Vk.QueueFamilyIgnored,
+                Image = _swapchainImages[imageIndex],
+                SubresourceRange = ColorSubresourceRange(),
+            };
+            _vk.CmdPipelineBarrier(
+                _commandBuffer,
+                _imageInitialized[imageIndex] ? PipelineStageFlags.BottomOfPipeBit : PipelineStageFlags.TopOfPipeBit,
+                PipelineStageFlags.TransferBit,
+                0,
+                0,
+                null,
+                0,
+                null,
+                1,
+                &toTransfer);
+
+            var copyRegion = new BufferImageCopy
+            {
+                ImageSubresource = new ImageSubresourceLayers
+                {
+                    AspectMask = ImageAspectFlags.ColorBit,
+                    LayerCount = 1,
+                },
+                ImageExtent = new Extent3D(_extent.Width, _extent.Height, 1),
+            };
+            _vk.CmdCopyBufferToImage(
+                _commandBuffer,
+                _stagingBuffer,
+                _swapchainImages[imageIndex],
+                ImageLayout.TransferDstOptimal,
+                1,
+                &copyRegion);
+
+            var toPresent = new ImageMemoryBarrier
+            {
+                SType = StructureType.ImageMemoryBarrier,
+                SrcAccessMask = AccessFlags.TransferWriteBit,
+                DstAccessMask = AccessFlags.MemoryReadBit,
+                OldLayout = ImageLayout.TransferDstOptimal,
+                NewLayout = ImageLayout.PresentSrcKhr,
+                SrcQueueFamilyIndex = Vk.QueueFamilyIgnored,
+                DstQueueFamilyIndex = Vk.QueueFamilyIgnored,
+                Image = _swapchainImages[imageIndex],
+                SubresourceRange = ColorSubresourceRange(),
+            };
+            _vk.CmdPipelineBarrier(
+                _commandBuffer,
+                PipelineStageFlags.TransferBit,
+                PipelineStageFlags.BottomOfPipeBit,
+                0,
+                0,
+                null,
+                0,
+                null,
+                1,
+                &toPresent);
+            Check(_vk.EndCommandBuffer(_commandBuffer), "vkEndCommandBuffer");
+
+            var waitStage = PipelineStageFlags.TransferBit;
+            var imageAvailable = _imageAvailable;
+            var commandBuffer = _commandBuffer;
+            var renderFinished = _renderFinished;
+            var submitInfo = new SubmitInfo
+            {
+                SType = StructureType.SubmitInfo,
+                WaitSemaphoreCount = 1,
+                PWaitSemaphores = &imageAvailable,
+                PWaitDstStageMask = &waitStage,
+                CommandBufferCount = 1,
+                PCommandBuffers = &commandBuffer,
+                SignalSemaphoreCount = 1,
+                PSignalSemaphores = &renderFinished,
+            };
+            Check(_vk.QueueSubmit(_queue, 1, &submitInfo, default), "vkQueueSubmit");
+
+            var swapchain = _swapchain;
+            var presentInfo = new PresentInfoKHR
+            {
+                SType = StructureType.PresentInfoKhr,
+                WaitSemaphoreCount = 1,
+                PWaitSemaphores = &renderFinished,
+                SwapchainCount = 1,
+                PSwapchains = &swapchain,
+                PImageIndices = &imageIndex,
+            };
+            Check(_swapchainApi.QueuePresent(_queue, &presentInfo), "vkQueuePresentKHR");
+            Check(_vk.QueueWaitIdle(_queue), "vkQueueWaitIdle");
+            _imageInitialized[imageIndex] = true;
+            _presentedSequence = frame.Sequence;
+            if (!_firstFramePresented)
+            {
+                _firstFramePresented = true;
+                Console.Error.WriteLine(
+                    $"[LOADER][INFO] Vulkan VideoOut presented first guest frame: {frame.Width}x{frame.Height}");
+            }
+        }
+
+        private Extent2D ChooseExtent(SurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities)
+        {
+            if (capabilities.CurrentExtent.Width != uint.MaxValue)
+            {
+                return capabilities.CurrentExtent;
+            }
+
+            var size = _window.FramebufferSize;
+            return new Extent2D(
+                Math.Clamp((uint)Math.Max(size.X, 1), capabilities.MinImageExtent.Width, capabilities.MaxImageExtent.Width),
+                Math.Clamp((uint)Math.Max(size.Y, 1), capabilities.MinImageExtent.Height, capabilities.MaxImageExtent.Height));
+        }
+
+        private static SurfaceFormatKHR ChooseSurfaceFormat(IReadOnlyList<SurfaceFormatKHR> formats)
+        {
+            foreach (var format in formats)
+            {
+                if (format.Format is Format.B8G8R8A8Srgb or Format.B8G8R8A8Unorm &&
+                    format.ColorSpace == ColorSpaceKHR.SpaceSrgbNonlinearKhr)
+                {
+                    return format;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return formats.Count > 0
+                ? formats[0]
+                : throw new InvalidOperationException("The Vulkan surface exposes no pixel formats.");
+        }
+
+        private static CompositeAlphaFlagsKHR ChooseCompositeAlpha(CompositeAlphaFlagsKHR supported)
+        {
+            foreach (var candidate in new[]
+                     {
+                         CompositeAlphaFlagsKHR.OpaqueBitKhr,
+                         CompositeAlphaFlagsKHR.PreMultipliedBitKhr,
+                         CompositeAlphaFlagsKHR.PostMultipliedBitKhr,
+                         CompositeAlphaFlagsKHR.InheritBitKhr,
+                     })
+            {
+                if ((supported & candidate) != 0)
+                {
+                    return candidate;
+                }
+            }
+
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("The Vulkan surface exposes no composite alpha mode.");
+        }
+
+        private static ImageSubresourceRange ColorSubresourceRange() =>
+            new()
+            {
+                AspectMask = ImageAspectFlags.ColorBit,
+                LevelCount = 1,
+                LayerCount = 1,
+            };
+
+        private static byte[] ScaleBgra(byte[] source, uint sourceWidth, uint sourceHeight, uint width, uint height)
+        {
+            var destination = new byte[checked((int)(width * height * 4))];
+            for (uint y = 0; y < height; y++)
+            {
+                var sourceY = (uint)(((ulong)y * sourceHeight) / height);
+                for (uint x = 0; x < width; x++)
+                {
+                    var sourceX = (uint)(((ulong)x * sourceWidth) / width);
+                    var sourceOffset = checked((int)(((ulong)sourceY * sourceWidth + sourceX) * 4));
+                    var destinationOffset = checked((int)(((ulong)y * width + x) * 4));
+                    source.AsSpan(sourceOffset, 4).CopyTo(destination.AsSpan(destinationOffset, 4));
+                }
+            }
+
+            return destination;
+        }
+
+        private void DisposeVulkan()
+        {
+            if (!_vulkanReady)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            _vulkanReady = false;
+            _vk.DeviceWaitIdle(_device);
+            if (_stagingBuffer.Handle != 0)
+            {
+                _vk.DestroyBuffer(_device, _stagingBuffer, null);
+            }
+            if (_stagingMemory.Handle != 0)
+            {
+                _vk.FreeMemory(_device, _stagingMemory, null);
+            }
+            if (_imageAvailable.Handle != 0)
+            {
+                _vk.DestroySemaphore(_device, _imageAvailable, null);
+            }
+            if (_renderFinished.Handle != 0)
+            {
+                _vk.DestroySemaphore(_device, _renderFinished, null);
+            }
+            if (_commandPool.Handle != 0)
+            {
+                _vk.DestroyCommandPool(_device, _commandPool, null);
+            }
+            if (_swapchain.Handle != 0)
+            {
+                _swapchainApi.DestroySwapchain(_device, _swapchain, null);
+            }
+            if (_device.Handle != 0)
+            {
+                _vk.DestroyDevice(_device, null);
+            }
+            if (_surface.Handle != 0)
+            {
+                _surfaceApi.DestroySurface(_instance, _surface, null);
+            }
+            if (_instance.Handle != 0)
+            {
+                _vk.DestroyInstance(_instance, null);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static void Check(Result result, string operation)
+        {
+            if (result != Result.Success)
+            {
+                throw new InvalidOperationException($"{operation} failed with {result}.");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/SharpEmu.Libs/packages.lock.json

@@ -2,6 +2,91 @@
   "version": 2,
   "dependencies": {
     "net10.0": {
+      "Silk.NET.Vulkan": {
+        "type": "Direct",
+        "requested": "[2.23.0, )",
+        "resolved": "2.23.0",
+        "contentHash": "3/irtlSWXZ3eTi8N6nelI6L34NTB8ZJHpqVMNzZx2aX7Ek9YEQ34NoQW8/Tljrtmkg8KRhHW8hKTEzZaKV8PgA==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Silk.NET.Core": "2.23.0"
+        }
+      },
+      "Silk.NET.Vulkan.Extensions.KHR": {
+        "type": "Direct",
+        "requested": "[2.23.0, )",
+        "resolved": "2.23.0",
+        "contentHash": "uRaf4j+SmH3DumjSSSUbFg33BnsGZUyXGj93O9NgGKZSJN3OTmNmQDxRew+/KiVLcgH6qzbto8aNGZ++j9GFWg==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Silk.NET.Core": "2.23.0",
+          "Silk.NET.Vulkan": "2.23.0"
+        }
+      },
+      "Silk.NET.Windowing": {
+        "type": "Direct",
+        "requested": "[2.23.0, )",
+        "resolved": "2.23.0",
+        "contentHash": "OPNPmt/lRyUKVYrFLQXVxyATqD3MKLc1iY1oKx1/2GppgmZxVZPwN12tekrQ4C7408kgB1L5JD1Wnirqqeb2kg==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Silk.NET.Windowing.Common": "2.23.0",
+          "Silk.NET.Windowing.Glfw": "2.23.0"
+        }
+      },
+      "Microsoft.DotNet.PlatformAbstractions": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "3.1.6",
+        "contentHash": "jek4XYaQ/PGUwDKKhwR8K47Uh1189PFzMeLqO83mXrXQVIpARZCcfuDedH50YDTepBkfijCZN5U/vZi++erxtg=="
+      },
+      "Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyModel": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "9.0.9",
+        "contentHash": "fNGvKct2De8ghm0Bpfq0iWthtzIWabgOTi+gJhNOPhNJIowXNEUE2eZNW/zNCzrHVA3PXg2yZ+3cWZndC2IqYA=="
+      },
+      "Silk.NET.Core": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.23.0",
+        "contentHash": "D7AT/nnwlB+4RZ84XY8QNGBZMJI5z9l4CSSETIJ1wCfRJzRt/341y3MRZ4HbnFz4r/IGaWOEZr86iE+0/65yyQ==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Microsoft.DotNet.PlatformAbstractions": "3.1.6",
+          "Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyModel": "9.0.9"
+        }
+      },
+      "Silk.NET.GLFW": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.23.0",
+        "contentHash": "UIs4sH57xlPUNHQ/1bt9rymPWlGy8IMDCNv86h0iM4TOA1CkIx0XM/n/tA4AReh1zQkNrvkxPEdZ3Blvy1dyXg==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Silk.NET.Core": "2.23.0",
+          "Ultz.Native.GLFW": "3.4.0"
+        }
+      },
+      "Silk.NET.Maths": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.23.0",
+        "contentHash": "r8PdIVzME8EH0qAgbmRPO87I4GfgR2j8TofT7EMuRJDf1QluoQwnVypDoFJjQ2ZBSRsGYk5unYxxogI05Ogsmw=="
+      },
+      "Silk.NET.Windowing.Common": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.23.0",
+        "contentHash": "ThStSinmY9KQI8DGiF5XEhkLJVnBcgRTBTzL9ijg1wMZAYuckz7ykrNw04fjRm2Gryh6tCNGbvz2XaY0efeFzg==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Silk.NET.Core": "2.23.0",
+          "Silk.NET.Maths": "2.23.0"
+        }
+      },
+      "Silk.NET.Windowing.Glfw": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "2.23.0",
+        "contentHash": "aYBudKmENmvLRn9p15HbdvlQTnnXskcDfTfbYwSb/4fr263rGLwYuDw/txUEc2jihHJiWCp5+75Y7z5wTJWl7g==",
+        "dependencies": {
+          "Silk.NET.GLFW": "2.23.0",
+          "Silk.NET.Windowing.Common": "2.23.0"
+        }
+      },
+      "Ultz.Native.GLFW": {
+        "type": "Transitive",
+        "resolved": "3.4.0",
+        "contentHash": "Iy22JopynbOJ32vA0lBhFEzGi65GQJBuJHYBYRBpydrDpNoTiHnjIXfA65Gu+8qsOr/ZEoIF8r9aHCgAXuO6DA=="
+      },
       "sharpemu.hle": {
         "type": "Project"
       }