change jpg to sharpemu videoOut test window

REUSE.toml

@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ path = [
     "**/packages.lock.json",
     "scripts/ps5_names.txt",
     "src/SharpEmu.HLE/Aerolib/aerolib.bin",
-    "_logs/**"
+    "_logs/**",
+    ".github/images/**"
 ]
 precedence = "aggregate"
 SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "SharpEmu Emulator Project"

src/SharpEmu.Core/Cpu/CpuDispatcher.cs

@@ -193,6 +193,11 @@ public sealed class CpuDispatcher : ICpuDispatcher, IDisposable
             return FailEarly(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
         }
 
+        if (!InitializeGuestFrameChainSentinel(context))
+        {
+            return FailEarly(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+        }
+
         if (!InitializeTls(context, tlsBase))
         {
             return FailEarly(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
@@ -363,6 +368,23 @@ public sealed class CpuDispatcher : ICpuDispatcher, IDisposable
                context.TryWriteUInt64(tlsBase + 0x28, 0xC0DEC0DECAFEBABEUL);
     }
 
+    private static bool InitializeGuestFrameChainSentinel(CpuContext context)
+    {
+        var stackTop = context[CpuRegister.Rsp] + sizeof(ulong);
+        var sentinelFrame = AlignDown(stackTop - 0x20, 16);
+        var seedRsp = sentinelFrame - sizeof(ulong);
+        if (!context.TryWriteUInt64(sentinelFrame, 0) ||
+            !context.TryWriteUInt64(sentinelFrame + sizeof(ulong), 0) ||
+            !context.TryWriteUInt64(seedRsp, 0))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        context[CpuRegister.Rbp] = sentinelFrame;
+        context[CpuRegister.Rsp] = seedRsp;
+        return true;
+    }
+
     private static bool InitializeProcessEntryFrame(
         CpuContext context,
         string processImageName,

src/SharpEmu.Core/Cpu/Native/DirectExecutionBackend.Imports.cs

@@ -302,6 +302,23 @@ public sealed partial class DirectExecutionBackend
 			_cpuContext[CpuRegister.R15] = value8;
 			_cpuContext[CpuRegister.Rdi] = value;
 			_cpuContext[CpuRegister.Rsi] = value2;
+			if (GuestThreadExecution.TryConsumeCurrentEntryExit(out var exitStatus, out var exitReason))
+			{
+				if (TryCompleteGuestEntryToHostStub(argPackPtr, num, num7, importStubEntry.Nid, exitReason, exitStatus))
+				{
+					_cpuContext[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)exitStatus);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					LastError = $"Failed to complete guest entry after {importStubEntry.Nid}: missing host return sentinel";
+					_cpuContext[CpuRegister.Rax] = 18446744071562199298uL;
+				}
+			}
+			if (GuestThreadExecution.TryConsumeCurrentThreadBlock(out var blockReason) &&
+				TryYieldGuestThreadToHostStub(argPackPtr, num, num7, importStubEntry.Nid, blockReason))
+			{
+				_cpuContext[CpuRegister.Rax] = 0uL;
+			}
 			if (flag || flag2 || flag3)
 			{
 				Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][TRACE] ImportRet#{num}: nid={importStubEntry.Nid} result={orbisGen2Result} rax=0x{_cpuContext[CpuRegister.Rax]:X16}");
@@ -342,6 +359,49 @@ public sealed partial class DirectExecutionBackend
 		return true;
 	}
 
+	private unsafe bool TryCompleteGuestEntryToHostStub(nint argPackPtr, long dispatchIndex, ulong returnRip, string nid, string reason, int status)
+	{
+		ulong hostExit = _entryReturnSentinelRip;
+		if (hostExit < 65536)
+		{
+			return false;
+		}
+		try
+		{
+			*(ulong*)(argPackPtr + 96) = hostExit;
+		}
+		catch
+		{
+			return false;
+		}
+		Console.Error.WriteLine(
+			$"[LOADER][INFO] Guest entry exit at import#{dispatchIndex}: nid={nid} ret=0x{returnRip:X16} reason={reason} status={status}");
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	private unsafe bool TryYieldGuestThreadToHostStub(nint argPackPtr, long dispatchIndex, ulong returnRip, string nid, string reason)
+	{
+		ulong hostExit = _entryReturnSentinelRip;
+		if (hostExit < 65536)
+		{
+			return false;
+		}
+		try
+		{
+			*(ulong*)(argPackPtr + 96) = hostExit;
+		}
+		catch
+		{
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		_guestThreadYieldRequested = true;
+		_guestThreadYieldReason = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(reason) ? nid : reason;
+		Console.Error.WriteLine(
+			$"[LOADER][INFO] Guest thread yield at import#{dispatchIndex}: nid={nid} ret=0x{returnRip:X16} reason={_guestThreadYieldReason}");
+		return true;
+	}
+
 	private bool ShouldForceGuestExitOnImportLoop(string nid, ulong returnRip, long dispatchIndex, ulong arg0, ulong arg1)
 	{
 		if (dispatchIndex < 1200)

src/SharpEmu.Core/Cpu/Native/DirectExecutionBackend.cs

@@ -7,11 +7,14 @@ using System.Diagnostics;
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using System.Threading;
+using SharpEmu.Core.Cpu;
+using SharpEmu.Core.Loader;
+using SharpEmu.Core.Memory;
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.Core.Cpu.Native;
 
-public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, IDisposable
+public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, IGuestThreadScheduler, IDisposable
 {
 	private const int ImportLoopHistoryLength = 2048;
 
@@ -87,6 +90,16 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 
 	private const ulong GuestImageScanEnd = 36507222016uL;
 
+	private const ulong GuestThreadStackBaseAddress = 0x7FFF_E000_0000UL;
+
+	private const ulong GuestThreadTlsBaseAddress = 0x7FFE_0000_0000UL;
+
+	private const ulong GuestThreadStackSize = 0x0020_0000UL;
+
+	private const ulong GuestThreadTlsSize = 0x0001_0000UL;
+
+	private const ulong GuestThreadRegionStride = 0x0100_0000UL;
+
 	private const uint PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE = 64u;
 
 	private const uint PAGE_READWRITE = 4u;
@@ -105,6 +118,8 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 
 	private nint _tlsBaseAddress;
 
+	private nint _ownedTlsBaseAddress;
+
 	private bool _ownsTlsBaseAddress;
 
 	private int _tlsPatchStubOffset;
@@ -197,6 +212,52 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 
 	private readonly Dictionary<string, ulong> _importNidHashCache = new Dictionary<string, ulong>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
 
+	private enum GuestThreadRunState
+	{
+		Ready,
+		Running,
+		Blocked,
+		Exited,
+		Faulted,
+	}
+
+	private enum GuestNativeCallExitReason
+	{
+		Returned,
+		Blocked,
+		ForcedExit,
+		Exception,
+	}
+
+	private sealed class GuestThreadState
+	{
+		public ulong ThreadHandle { get; init; }
+
+		public ulong EntryPoint { get; init; }
+
+		public ulong Argument { get; init; }
+
+		public string Name { get; init; } = string.Empty;
+
+		public CpuContext Context { get; init; } = null!;
+
+		public GuestThreadRunState State { get; set; }
+
+		public string? BlockReason { get; set; }
+	}
+
+	private readonly object _guestThreadGate = new object();
+
+	private readonly Queue<GuestThreadState> _readyGuestThreads = new Queue<GuestThreadState>();
+
+	private readonly Dictionary<ulong, GuestThreadState> _guestThreads = new Dictionary<ulong, GuestThreadState>();
+
+	private int _guestThreadPumpDepth;
+
+	private bool _guestThreadYieldRequested;
+
+	private string? _guestThreadYieldReason;
+
 	private bool _forcedGuestExit;
 
 	private ulong _lastAvTraceRip;
@@ -219,7 +280,7 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 
 	private nint _selfHandlePtr;
 
-	private static readonly byte[] TlsPattern = new byte[9] { 100, 72, 139, 4, 37, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
+	private const int MinTlsPatchInstructionBytes = 9;
 
 	private delegate ulong ImportGatewayDelegate(nint backendHandle, int importIndex, nint argPackPtr);
 	private delegate int RawExceptionHandlerDelegate(void* exceptionInfo);
@@ -336,6 +397,7 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 		{
 			throw new OutOfMemoryException("Failed to allocate TLS base");
 		}
+		_ownedTlsBaseAddress = _tlsBaseAddress;
 		_ownsTlsBaseAddress = true;
 		SeedTlsLayout(_tlsBaseAddress);
 		_hostRspSlotStorage = (nint)VirtualAlloc(null, 4096u, 12288u, 4u);
@@ -376,12 +438,15 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 		_importLoopSignatureWriteIndex = 0;
 		_importLoopPatternHits = 0;
 		_importNidHashCache.Clear();
+		ClearGuestThreads();
 		_contextualUnresolvedReturnSites.Clear();
 		_stallWatchdogTriggered = 0;
 		_stallWatchdogStop = false;
 		_patchedEa020eLookupCall = false;
 		MarkExecutionProgress();
 		BindTlsBase(context);
+		var previousGuestThreadScheduler = GuestThreadExecution.Scheduler;
+		GuestThreadExecution.Scheduler = this;
 		try
 		{
 			if (!SetupImportStubs(importStubs))
@@ -407,6 +472,7 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 		}
 		finally
 		{
+			GuestThreadExecution.Scheduler = previousGuestThreadScheduler;
 			Console.Error.WriteLine("[LOADER][INFO] === Execute END (LastError: " + (LastError ?? "null") + ") ===");
 		}
 	}
@@ -645,18 +711,15 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 		}
 		if (num != _tlsBaseAddress)
 		{
-			if (_ownsTlsBaseAddress && _tlsBaseAddress != 0)
-			{
-				VirtualFree((void*)_tlsBaseAddress, 0u, 32768u);
-				_ownsTlsBaseAddress = false;
-			}
 			_tlsBaseAddress = num;
+			_ownsTlsBaseAddress = _tlsBaseAddress == _ownedTlsBaseAddress;
 		}
 		if (_tlsBaseAddress != 0)
 		{
 			context.FsBase = (ulong)_tlsBaseAddress;
 			context.GsBase = (ulong)_tlsBaseAddress;
 			SeedTlsLayout(_tlsBaseAddress);
+			UpdateTlsHandlerBase(_tlsBaseAddress);
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -669,6 +732,30 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 		*(ulong*)(tlsBase + 96) = num;
 	}
 
+	private unsafe void UpdateTlsHandlerBase(nint tlsBase)
+	{
+		if (_tlsHandlerAddress == 0)
+		{
+			return;
+		}
+
+		uint oldProtect = default;
+		if (!VirtualProtect((void*)_tlsHandlerAddress, 16u, 64u, &oldProtect))
+		{
+			return;
+		}
+
+		try
+		{
+			*(long*)((byte*)_tlsHandlerAddress + 2) = tlsBase;
+		}
+		finally
+		{
+			VirtualProtect((void*)_tlsHandlerAddress, 16u, oldProtect, &oldProtect);
+			FlushInstructionCache(GetCurrentProcess(), (void*)_tlsHandlerAddress, 16u);
+		}
+	}
+
 	private unsafe nint CreateImportHandlerTrampoline(int importIndex)
 	{
 		void* ptr = VirtualAlloc(null, 192u, 12288u, 64u);
@@ -966,19 +1053,19 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 			uint num7 = lpBuffer.Protect & 0xFF;
 			bool flag = lpBuffer.State == 4096 && (lpBuffer.Protect & PAGE_GUARD) == 0 && num7 != PAGE_NOACCESS;
 			bool flag2 = num7 == PAGE_EXECUTE || num7 == 32 || num7 == 64 || num7 == PAGE_EXECUTE_WRITECOPY;
-			if (flag && flag2 && num6 > num5 + (ulong)TlsPattern.Length)
+			if (flag && flag2 && num6 > num5 + MinTlsPatchInstructionBytes)
 			{
 				byte* ptr = (byte*)num5;
-				int num8 = (int)(num6 - num5) - TlsPattern.Length;
-				for (int i = 0; i <= num8; i++)
+				int scanBytes = (int)(num6 - num5);
+				for (int i = 0; i <= scanBytes - MinTlsPatchInstructionBytes; i++)
 				{
 					nint address = (nint)(ptr + i);
-					if (IsPatternMatch(ptr + i, TlsPattern))
+					int remainingBytes = scanBytes - i;
+					if (TryPatchTlsLoadInstruction(address, ptr + i, remainingBytes))
 					{
 						num3++;
-						PatchTlsInstruction(address);
 					}
-					else if (TryPatchTlsImmediateStoreInstruction(address, ptr + i))
+					else if (remainingBytes >= 12 && TryPatchTlsImmediateStoreInstruction(address, ptr + i))
 					{
 						num9++;
 					}
@@ -1071,12 +1158,71 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 		return true;
 	}
 
-	private unsafe void PatchTlsInstruction(nint address)
+	private unsafe bool TryPatchTlsLoadInstruction(nint address, byte* source, int availableLength)
+	{
+		if (availableLength < MinTlsPatchInstructionBytes)
+		{
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		var offset = 0;
+		while (offset < availableLength && source[offset] == 0x66)
+		{
+			offset++;
+		}
+
+		if (offset >= availableLength || source[offset] != 0x64)
+		{
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		offset++;
+		if (offset >= availableLength)
+		{
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		var rex = (byte)0;
+		if (source[offset] >= 0x40 && source[offset] <= 0x4F)
+		{
+			rex = source[offset];
+			offset++;
+		}
+
+		if (offset + 7 > availableLength || source[offset] != 0x8B)
+		{
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		var modRm = source[offset + 1];
+		var sib = source[offset + 2];
+		if ((modRm >> 6) != 0 || (modRm & 7) != 4 || sib != 0x25)
+		{
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		var displacement = *(int*)(source + offset + 3);
+		if (displacement != 0)
+		{
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		var destinationRegister = ((modRm >> 3) & 7) | (((rex & 4) != 0) ? 8 : 0);
+		var instructionLength = offset + 7;
+		if (instructionLength < MinTlsPatchInstructionBytes)
+		{
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		return PatchTlsLoadInstruction(address, instructionLength, destinationRegister);
+	}
+
+	private unsafe bool PatchTlsLoadInstruction(nint address, int instructionLength, int destinationRegister)
 	{
 		uint flNewProtect = default(uint);
-		if (!VirtualProtect((void*)address, 9u, 64u, &flNewProtect))
+		if (!VirtualProtect((void*)address, (nuint)instructionLength, 64u, &flNewProtect))
 		{
-			return;
+			return false;
 		}
 		try
 		{
@@ -1087,20 +1233,29 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 			if (num3 < int.MinValue || num3 > int.MaxValue)
 			{
 				Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][WARNING] TLS patch out of rel32 range at 0x{address:X16}");
+				return false;
 			}
-			else
+
+			*(int*)(address + 1) = (int)num3;
+			var offset = 5;
+			if (destinationRegister != 0)
 			{
-				*(int*)(address + 1) = (int)num3;
-				*(sbyte*)(address + 5) = 72;
-				*(sbyte*)(address + 6) = -119;
-				*(sbyte*)(address + 7) = -64;
-				*(sbyte*)(address + 8) = -112;
+				*(byte*)(address + offset++) = (byte)(0x48 | (destinationRegister >= 8 ? 1 : 0));
+				*(byte*)(address + offset++) = 0x89;
+				*(byte*)(address + offset++) = (byte)(0xC0 | (destinationRegister & 7));
 			}
+
+			while (offset < instructionLength)
+			{
+				*(byte*)(address + offset++) = 0x90;
+			}
+
+			return true;
 		}
 		finally
 		{
-			VirtualProtect((void*)address, 9u, flNewProtect, &flNewProtect);
-			FlushInstructionCache(GetCurrentProcess(), (void*)address, 9u);
+			VirtualProtect((void*)address, (nuint)instructionLength, flNewProtect, &flNewProtect);
+			FlushInstructionCache(GetCurrentProcess(), (void*)address, (nuint)instructionLength);
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -1268,6 +1423,439 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 		}
 	}
 
+	public bool TryStartThread(CpuContext creatorContext, GuestThreadStartRequest request, out string? error)
+	{
+		error = null;
+		if (request.ThreadHandle == 0 || request.EntryPoint < 65536)
+		{
+			error = $"invalid thread start request: handle=0x{request.ThreadHandle:X16} entry=0x{request.EntryPoint:X16}";
+			return false;
+		}
+		if (!TryCreateGuestThreadState(creatorContext, request, out var thread, out error))
+		{
+			return false;
+		}
+		lock (_guestThreadGate)
+		{
+			_guestThreads[request.ThreadHandle] = thread;
+			_readyGuestThreads.Enqueue(thread);
+		}
+		Console.Error.WriteLine(
+			$"[LOADER][INFO] Scheduled guest thread '{thread.Name}' handle=0x{thread.ThreadHandle:X16} entry=0x{thread.EntryPoint:X16} arg=0x{thread.Argument:X16}");
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	public void Pump(CpuContext callerContext, string reason)
+	{
+		_ = callerContext;
+		if (_guestThreadPumpDepth != 0)
+		{
+			return;
+		}
+		_guestThreadPumpDepth++;
+		try
+		{
+			for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++)
+			{
+				GuestThreadState? thread = null;
+				lock (_guestThreadGate)
+				{
+					while (_readyGuestThreads.Count > 0)
+					{
+						var candidate = _readyGuestThreads.Dequeue();
+						if (candidate.State == GuestThreadRunState.Ready)
+						{
+							thread = candidate;
+							thread.State = GuestThreadRunState.Running;
+							break;
+						}
+					}
+				}
+				if (thread == null)
+				{
+					return;
+				}
+				RunGuestThread(thread, reason);
+			}
+		}
+		finally
+		{
+			_guestThreadPumpDepth--;
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void ClearGuestThreads()
+	{
+		lock (_guestThreadGate)
+		{
+			_readyGuestThreads.Clear();
+			_guestThreads.Clear();
+		}
+	}
+
+	private bool TryCreateGuestThreadState(CpuContext creatorContext, GuestThreadStartRequest request, out GuestThreadState thread, out string? error)
+	{
+		thread = null!;
+		if (!TryGetVirtualMemory(creatorContext, out var virtualMemory))
+		{
+			error = "creator context memory is not backed by IVirtualMemory";
+			return false;
+		}
+		if (!TryMapGuestThreadRegion(virtualMemory, GuestThreadStackBaseAddress, GuestThreadStackSize, ProgramHeaderFlags.Read | ProgramHeaderFlags.Write, out var stackBase, out error))
+		{
+			return false;
+		}
+		if (!TryMapGuestThreadRegion(virtualMemory, GuestThreadTlsBaseAddress, GuestThreadTlsSize, ProgramHeaderFlags.Read | ProgramHeaderFlags.Write, out var tlsBase, out error))
+		{
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		var trackedMemory = new TrackedCpuMemory(virtualMemory);
+		var context = new CpuContext(trackedMemory, creatorContext.TargetGeneration)
+		{
+			Rip = request.EntryPoint,
+			Rflags = 0x202,
+			FsBase = tlsBase,
+			GsBase = tlsBase,
+		};
+		context[CpuRegister.Rsp] = stackBase + GuestThreadStackSize - sizeof(ulong);
+		context[CpuRegister.Rdi] = request.Argument;
+		context[CpuRegister.Rsi] = 0;
+		context[CpuRegister.Rdx] = 0;
+		context[CpuRegister.Rcx] = 0;
+		context[CpuRegister.R8] = 0;
+		context[CpuRegister.R9] = 0;
+		if (!InitializeGuestThreadFrame(context) || !InitializeGuestThreadTls(context, tlsBase))
+		{
+			error = "failed to initialize guest thread stack/TLS";
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		thread = new GuestThreadState
+		{
+			ThreadHandle = request.ThreadHandle,
+			EntryPoint = request.EntryPoint,
+			Argument = request.Argument,
+			Name = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(request.Name) ? $"Thread-{request.ThreadHandle:X}" : request.Name,
+			Context = context,
+			State = GuestThreadRunState.Ready,
+		};
+		error = null;
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	private static bool TryGetVirtualMemory(CpuContext context, out IVirtualMemory virtualMemory)
+	{
+		if (context.Memory is IVirtualMemory directMemory)
+		{
+			virtualMemory = directMemory;
+			return true;
+		}
+		if (context.Memory is TrackedCpuMemory trackedMemory && trackedMemory.Inner is IVirtualMemory trackedInner)
+		{
+			virtualMemory = trackedInner;
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		virtualMemory = null!;
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	private static bool TryMapGuestThreadRegion(
+		IVirtualMemory virtualMemory,
+		ulong baseAddress,
+		ulong size,
+		ProgramHeaderFlags protection,
+		out ulong mappedBase,
+		out string? error)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < 64; i++)
+		{
+			var candidateBase = baseAddress - ((ulong)i * GuestThreadRegionStride);
+			if (!IsGuestThreadRegionFree(virtualMemory, candidateBase, size))
+			{
+				continue;
+			}
+			try
+			{
+				virtualMemory.Map(
+					candidateBase,
+					size,
+					fileOffset: 0,
+					fileData: ReadOnlySpan<byte>.Empty,
+					protection: protection);
+				mappedBase = candidateBase;
+				error = null;
+				return true;
+			}
+			catch (InvalidOperationException)
+			{
+			}
+		}
+
+		mappedBase = 0;
+		error = $"failed to map guest thread region near 0x{baseAddress:X16}";
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	private static bool IsGuestThreadRegionFree(IVirtualMemory virtualMemory, ulong candidateBase, ulong size)
+	{
+		var candidateEnd = candidateBase + size;
+		foreach (var region in virtualMemory.SnapshotRegions())
+		{
+			var regionStart = region.VirtualAddress;
+			var regionEnd = regionStart + region.MemorySize;
+			if (candidateBase < regionEnd && regionStart < candidateEnd)
+			{
+				return false;
+			}
+		}
+
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	private static bool InitializeGuestThreadFrame(CpuContext context)
+	{
+		var stackTop = context[CpuRegister.Rsp] + sizeof(ulong);
+		var sentinelFrame = AlignDown(stackTop - 0x20, 16);
+		var seedRsp = sentinelFrame - sizeof(ulong);
+		if (!context.TryWriteUInt64(sentinelFrame, 0) ||
+			!context.TryWriteUInt64(sentinelFrame + sizeof(ulong), 0) ||
+			!context.TryWriteUInt64(seedRsp, 0))
+		{
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		context[CpuRegister.Rbp] = sentinelFrame;
+		context[CpuRegister.Rsp] = seedRsp;
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	private static bool InitializeGuestThreadTls(CpuContext context, ulong tlsBase)
+	{
+		return context.TryWriteUInt64(tlsBase + 0x00, tlsBase) &&
+			context.TryWriteUInt64(tlsBase + 0x10, tlsBase) &&
+			context.TryWriteUInt64(tlsBase + 0x28, 0xC0DEC0DECAFEBABEUL);
+	}
+
+	private void RunGuestThread(GuestThreadState thread, string reason)
+	{
+		Console.Error.WriteLine(
+			$"[LOADER][INFO] Pumping guest thread '{thread.Name}' reason={reason} entry=0x{thread.EntryPoint:X16}");
+		var previousContext = _cpuContext;
+		var previousTlsBase = _tlsBaseAddress;
+		var previousOwnsTlsBase = _ownsTlsBaseAddress;
+		var previousForcedGuestExit = _forcedGuestExit;
+		var previousLastError = LastError;
+		var previousGuestThreadHandle = GuestThreadExecution.EnterGuestThread(thread.ThreadHandle);
+		try
+		{
+			_cpuContext = thread.Context;
+			_forcedGuestExit = false;
+			LastError = null;
+			BindTlsBase(thread.Context);
+			var exitReason = ExecuteGuestThreadEntry(thread.Context, thread.EntryPoint, thread.Name, out var blockReason);
+			lock (_guestThreadGate)
+			{
+				switch (exitReason)
+				{
+					case GuestNativeCallExitReason.Returned:
+						thread.State = GuestThreadRunState.Exited;
+						break;
+					case GuestNativeCallExitReason.Blocked:
+						thread.State = GuestThreadRunState.Blocked;
+						thread.BlockReason = blockReason;
+						break;
+					default:
+						thread.State = GuestThreadRunState.Faulted;
+						thread.BlockReason = blockReason;
+						break;
+				}
+			}
+			Console.Error.WriteLine(
+				$"[LOADER][INFO] Guest thread '{thread.Name}' state={thread.State} reason={blockReason ?? "none"}");
+		}
+		finally
+		{
+			GuestThreadExecution.RestoreGuestThread(previousGuestThreadHandle);
+			_cpuContext = previousContext;
+			_tlsBaseAddress = previousTlsBase;
+			_ownsTlsBaseAddress = previousOwnsTlsBase;
+			if (_tlsBaseAddress != 0)
+			{
+				SeedTlsLayout(_tlsBaseAddress);
+				UpdateTlsHandlerBase(_tlsBaseAddress);
+			}
+			_forcedGuestExit = previousForcedGuestExit;
+			LastError = previousLastError;
+		}
+	}
+
+	private unsafe GuestNativeCallExitReason ExecuteGuestThreadEntry(CpuContext context, ulong entryPoint, string name, out string? reason)
+	{
+		reason = null;
+		if (context[CpuRegister.Rsp] == 0)
+		{
+			reason = "guest thread stack pointer is zero";
+			return GuestNativeCallExitReason.Exception;
+		}
+		void* ptr = VirtualAlloc(null, 256u, 12288u, 64u);
+		if (ptr == null)
+		{
+			reason = "failed to allocate executable memory for guest thread stub";
+			return GuestNativeCallExitReason.Exception;
+		}
+		var previousSentinel = _entryReturnSentinelRip;
+		var previousHostRspSlotValue = _hostRspSlotStorage != 0 ? *(ulong*)_hostRspSlotStorage : 0;
+		var previousYieldRequested = _guestThreadYieldRequested;
+		var previousYieldReason = _guestThreadYieldReason;
+		try
+		{
+			byte* ptr2 = (byte*)ptr;
+			ulong hostRspSlot = (ulong)ptr + 224uL;
+			int offset = 0;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 83;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 85;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 87;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 86;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 73;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 186;
+			*(ulong*)(ptr2 + offset) = hostRspSlot;
+			offset += 8;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 73;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 137;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 34;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 72;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 184;
+			*(ulong*)(ptr2 + offset) = context[CpuRegister.Rsp];
+			offset += 8;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 72;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 137;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 196;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 72;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 131;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 236;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 8;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 72;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 189;
+			*(ulong*)(ptr2 + offset) = context[CpuRegister.Rbp];
+			offset += 8;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 72;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 184;
+			*(ulong*)(ptr2 + offset) = context[CpuRegister.Rdi];
+			offset += 8;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 72;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 137;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 199;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 72;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 184;
+			*(ulong*)(ptr2 + offset) = context[CpuRegister.Rsi];
+			offset += 8;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 72;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 137;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 198;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 72;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 184;
+			*(ulong*)(ptr2 + offset) = context[CpuRegister.Rdx];
+			offset += 8;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 72;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 137;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 194;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 72;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 184;
+			*(ulong*)(ptr2 + offset) = context[CpuRegister.Rcx];
+			offset += 8;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 72;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 137;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 193;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 72;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 184;
+			*(ulong*)(ptr2 + offset) = entryPoint;
+			offset += 8;
+			ptr2[offset++] = byte.MaxValue;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 208;
+			int sentinelOffset = offset + 4;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 72;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 131;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 196;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 8;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 73;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 186;
+			*(ulong*)(ptr2 + offset) = hostRspSlot;
+			offset += 8;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 73;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 139;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 34;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 94;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 95;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 93;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 91;
+			ptr2[offset++] = 195;
+			ulong sentinel = (ulong)ptr + (ulong)sentinelOffset;
+			_entryReturnSentinelRip = sentinel;
+			if (!context.TryWriteUInt64(context[CpuRegister.Rsp], sentinel))
+			{
+				reason = $"failed to patch guest thread return sentinel at 0x{context[CpuRegister.Rsp]:X16}";
+				return GuestNativeCallExitReason.Exception;
+			}
+			uint oldProtect = default(uint);
+			VirtualProtect(ptr, 256u, 64u, &oldProtect);
+			FlushInstructionCache(GetCurrentProcess(), ptr, 256u);
+			if (_hostRspSlotStorage != 0)
+			{
+				*(ulong*)_hostRspSlotStorage = hostRspSlot;
+			}
+			_guestThreadYieldRequested = false;
+			_guestThreadYieldReason = null;
+			try
+			{
+				var nativeReturn = Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<NativeEntryDelegate>((nint)ptr)();
+				if (_guestThreadYieldRequested)
+				{
+					reason = _guestThreadYieldReason ?? "guest thread blocked";
+					return GuestNativeCallExitReason.Blocked;
+				}
+				if (_forcedGuestExit)
+				{
+					reason = LastError ?? "guest thread forced exit";
+					return GuestNativeCallExitReason.ForcedExit;
+				}
+				reason = $"returned 0x{nativeReturn:X8}";
+				return GuestNativeCallExitReason.Returned;
+			}
+			catch (AccessViolationException ex)
+			{
+				reason = "access violation: " + ex.Message;
+				return GuestNativeCallExitReason.Exception;
+			}
+			catch (Exception ex)
+			{
+				reason = ex.GetType().Name + ": " + ex.Message;
+				return GuestNativeCallExitReason.Exception;
+			}
+		}
+		finally
+		{
+			_entryReturnSentinelRip = previousSentinel;
+			if (_hostRspSlotStorage != 0)
+			{
+				*(ulong*)_hostRspSlotStorage = previousHostRspSlotValue;
+			}
+			_guestThreadYieldRequested = previousYieldRequested;
+			_guestThreadYieldReason = previousYieldReason;
+			VirtualFree(ptr, 0u, 32768u);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private static ulong AlignDown(ulong value, ulong alignment)
+	{
+		if (alignment == 0)
+		{
+			return value;
+		}
+		return value & ~(alignment - 1);
+	}
+
 	private unsafe bool ExecuteEntry(CpuContext context, ulong entryPoint, out OrbisGen2Result result)
 	{
 		Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][INFO] ExecuteEntry starting at 0x{entryPoint:X16}");
@@ -1315,6 +1903,10 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 			ptr2[num3++] = 236;
 			ptr2[num3++] = 8;
 			ptr2[num3++] = 72;
+			ptr2[num3++] = 189;
+			*(ulong*)(ptr2 + num3) = context[CpuRegister.Rbp];
+			num3 += 8;
+			ptr2[num3++] = 72;
 			ptr2[num3++] = 184;
 			*(ulong*)(ptr2 + num3) = context[CpuRegister.Rdi];
 			num3 += 8;
@@ -1393,6 +1985,7 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 			{
 				num6 = Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<NativeEntryDelegate>((nint)ptr)();
 				Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][INFO] Guest returned: {num6}");
+				Pump(context, "entry_return");
 			}
 			catch (AccessViolationException ex)
 			{
@@ -1610,11 +2203,13 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 			_selfHandle.Free();
 			_selfHandlePtr = 0;
 		}
-		if (_ownsTlsBaseAddress && _tlsBaseAddress != 0)
+		if (_ownedTlsBaseAddress != 0)
 		{
-			VirtualFree((void*)_tlsBaseAddress, 0u, 32768u);
+			VirtualFree((void*)_ownedTlsBaseAddress, 0u, 32768u);
+			_ownedTlsBaseAddress = 0;
 		}
 		_tlsBaseAddress = 0;
+		_ownsTlsBaseAddress = false;
 		if (_tlsModuleBases.Count > 0)
 		{
 			foreach (var (_, num3) in _tlsModuleBases)

src/SharpEmu.HLE/GuestThreadExecution.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+namespace SharpEmu.HLE;
+
+public readonly record struct GuestThreadStartRequest(
+    ulong ThreadHandle,
+    ulong EntryPoint,
+    ulong Argument,
+    ulong AttributeAddress,
+    string Name);
+
+public interface IGuestThreadScheduler
+{
+    bool TryStartThread(CpuContext creatorContext, GuestThreadStartRequest request, out string? error);
+
+    void Pump(CpuContext callerContext, string reason);
+}
+
+public static class GuestThreadExecution
+{
+    [ThreadStatic]
+    private static ulong _currentGuestThreadHandle;
+
+    [ThreadStatic]
+    private static string? _pendingBlockReason;
+
+    [ThreadStatic]
+    private static bool _pendingEntryExit;
+
+    [ThreadStatic]
+    private static int _pendingEntryExitStatus;
+
+    [ThreadStatic]
+    private static string? _pendingEntryExitReason;
+
+    public static IGuestThreadScheduler? Scheduler { get; set; }
+
+    public static bool IsGuestThread => _currentGuestThreadHandle != 0;
+
+    public static ulong CurrentGuestThreadHandle => _currentGuestThreadHandle;
+
+    public static ulong EnterGuestThread(ulong threadHandle)
+    {
+        var previous = _currentGuestThreadHandle;
+        _currentGuestThreadHandle = threadHandle;
+        _pendingBlockReason = null;
+        _pendingEntryExit = false;
+        _pendingEntryExitStatus = 0;
+        _pendingEntryExitReason = null;
+        return previous;
+    }
+
+    public static void RestoreGuestThread(ulong previousThreadHandle)
+    {
+        _currentGuestThreadHandle = previousThreadHandle;
+        _pendingBlockReason = null;
+        _pendingEntryExit = false;
+        _pendingEntryExitStatus = 0;
+        _pendingEntryExitReason = null;
+    }
+
+    public static bool RequestCurrentThreadBlock(string reason)
+    {
+        if (!IsGuestThread)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        _pendingBlockReason = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(reason) ? "guest_thread_blocked" : reason;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static bool TryConsumeCurrentThreadBlock(out string reason)
+    {
+        reason = _pendingBlockReason ?? string.Empty;
+        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(reason))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        _pendingBlockReason = null;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static void RequestCurrentEntryExit(string reason, int status)
+    {
+        _pendingEntryExit = true;
+        _pendingEntryExitStatus = status;
+        _pendingEntryExitReason = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(reason) ? "guest_entry_exit" : reason;
+    }
+
+    public static bool TryConsumeCurrentEntryExit(out int status, out string reason)
+    {
+        status = _pendingEntryExitStatus;
+        reason = _pendingEntryExitReason ?? string.Empty;
+        if (!_pendingEntryExit)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        _pendingEntryExit = false;
+        _pendingEntryExitStatus = 0;
+        _pendingEntryExitReason = null;
+        return true;
+    }
+}

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Ampr/AmprExports.cs

@@ -16,6 +16,9 @@ public static class AmprExports
     private const ulong CommandBufferAux0Offset = 0x18;
     private const ulong CommandBufferAux1Offset = 0x20;
     private const ulong ReadFileRecordSize = 0x30;
+    private const ulong KernelEventQueueRecordSize = 0x30;
+    private const uint ReadFileRecordType = 1;
+    private const uint KernelEventQueueRecordType = 2;
     private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, CommandBufferState> _commandBuffers = new();
 
     private sealed class CommandBufferState
@@ -257,6 +260,108 @@ public static class AmprExports
         return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
     }
 
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "vWU-odnS+fU",
+        ExportName = "sceAmprMeasureCommandSizeReadFile",
+        Target = Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceAmpr")]
+    public static int MeasureCommandSizeReadFile(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        TraceAmpr(ctx, "measure_read_file", 0, ReadFileRecordSize, 0);
+        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = ReadFileRecordSize;
+        return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "sSAUCCU1dv4",
+        ExportName = "sceAmprMeasureCommandSizeWriteKernelEventQueue_04_00",
+        Target = Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceAmpr")]
+    public static int MeasureCommandSizeWriteKernelEventQueue0400(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        TraceAmpr(ctx, "measure_write_equeue", 0, KernelEventQueueRecordSize, 0);
+        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = KernelEventQueueRecordSize;
+        return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "tZDDEo2tE5k",
+        ExportName = "sceAmprCommandBufferGetSize",
+        Target = Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceAmpr")]
+    public static int CommandBufferGetSize(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var commandBuffer = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
+        if (commandBuffer == 0)
+        {
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+        }
+
+        if (!TryGetCommandBufferState(ctx, commandBuffer, out _, out var size, out _))
+        {
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
+        }
+
+        TraceAmpr(ctx, "get_size", commandBuffer, size, 0);
+        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = size;
+        return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "GnxKOHEawhk",
+        ExportName = "sceAmprCommandBufferGetCurrentOffset",
+        Target = Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceAmpr")]
+    public static int CommandBufferGetCurrentOffset(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var commandBuffer = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
+        if (commandBuffer == 0)
+        {
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+        }
+
+        if (!TryGetCommandBufferOffset(ctx, commandBuffer, out var offset))
+        {
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
+        }
+
+        TraceAmpr(ctx, "get_offset", commandBuffer, offset, 0);
+        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = offset;
+        return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "H896Pt-yB4I",
+        ExportName = "sceAmprCommandBufferWriteKernelEventQueue_04_00",
+        Target = Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceAmpr")]
+    public static int CommandBufferWriteKernelEventQueue0400(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var commandBuffer = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
+        var equeue = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
+        var ident = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx];
+        var filter = ctx[CpuRegister.Rcx];
+        var userData = ctx[CpuRegister.R8];
+        var data = ctx[CpuRegister.R9];
+
+        if (commandBuffer == 0)
+        {
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+        }
+
+        var extra = 0UL;
+        _ = ctx.TryReadUInt64(ctx[CpuRegister.Rsp] + sizeof(ulong), out extra);
+
+        if (!AppendKernelEventQueueRecord(ctx, commandBuffer, equeue, ident, filter, userData, data, extra))
+        {
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
+        }
+
+        TraceAmpr(ctx, "write_equeue", commandBuffer, equeue, ident);
+        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = 0;
+        return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+    }
+
     private static bool InitializeCommandBuffer(
         CpuContext ctx,
         ulong commandBuffer,
@@ -350,6 +455,22 @@ public static class AmprExports
         return false;
     }
 
+    private static bool TryGetCommandBufferOffset(CpuContext ctx, ulong commandBuffer, out ulong offset)
+    {
+        if (!TryGetCommandBufferState(ctx, commandBuffer, out _, out _, out var state) || state is null)
+        {
+            offset = 0;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        lock (state)
+        {
+            offset = state.WriteOffset;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
     private static int TryReadFileToGuestMemory(
         CpuContext ctx,
         string hostPath,
@@ -420,23 +541,54 @@ public static class AmprExports
         ulong fileOffset,
         ulong bytesRead)
     {
-        if (!TryGetCommandBufferState(ctx, commandBuffer, out var buffer, out var capacity, out var state) || state is null)
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-
         Span<byte> record = stackalloc byte[(int)ReadFileRecordSize];
         record.Clear();
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(record[0x00..], 1);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(record[0x00..], ReadFileRecordType);
         BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(record[0x04..], fileId);
         BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(record[0x08..], destination);
         BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(record[0x10..], size);
         BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(record[0x18..], fileOffset);
         BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(record[0x20..], bytesRead);
 
+        return AppendCommandBufferRecord(ctx, commandBuffer, record);
+    }
+
+    private static bool AppendKernelEventQueueRecord(
+        CpuContext ctx,
+        ulong commandBuffer,
+        ulong equeue,
+        ulong ident,
+        ulong filter,
+        ulong userData,
+        ulong data,
+        ulong extra)
+    {
+        Span<byte> record = stackalloc byte[(int)KernelEventQueueRecordSize];
+        record.Clear();
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(record[0x00..], KernelEventQueueRecordType);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(record[0x04..], unchecked((uint)filter));
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(record[0x08..], equeue);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(record[0x10..], ident);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(record[0x18..], userData);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(record[0x20..], data);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(record[0x28..], extra);
+
+        return AppendCommandBufferRecord(ctx, commandBuffer, record);
+    }
+
+    private static bool AppendCommandBufferRecord(CpuContext ctx, ulong commandBuffer, ReadOnlySpan<byte> record)
+    {
+        if (!TryGetCommandBufferState(ctx, commandBuffer, out _, out _, out var state) || state is null)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        var recordSize = (ulong)record.Length;
         lock (state)
         {
-            if (state.Buffer == 0 || state.WriteOffset + ReadFileRecordSize > state.Size)
+            if (state.Buffer == 0 ||
+                state.WriteOffset > state.Size ||
+                recordSize > state.Size - state.WriteOffset)
             {
                 return false;
             }
@@ -446,7 +598,7 @@ public static class AmprExports
                 return false;
             }
 
-            state.WriteOffset += ReadFileRecordSize;
+            state.WriteOffset += recordSize;
         }
 
         return true;

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Kernel/KernelEventQueueCompatExports.cs

@@ -9,10 +9,21 @@ namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Kernel;
 
 public static class KernelEventQueueCompatExports
 {
+    private const int KernelEventSize = 0x20;
+
     private static readonly object _eventQueueGate = new();
     private static readonly HashSet<ulong> _eventQueues = new();
+    private static readonly Dictionary<ulong, Queue<KernelQueuedEvent>> _pendingEvents = new();
     private static long _nextEventQueueHandle = 1;
 
+    public readonly record struct KernelQueuedEvent(
+        ulong Ident,
+        short Filter,
+        ushort Flags,
+        uint Fflags,
+        ulong Data,
+        ulong UserData);
+
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "D0OdFMjp46I",
         ExportName = "sceKernelCreateEqueue",
@@ -30,6 +41,7 @@ public static class KernelEventQueueCompatExports
         lock (_eventQueueGate)
         {
             _eventQueues.Add(handle);
+            _pendingEvents[handle] = new Queue<KernelQueuedEvent>();
         }
 
         if (!ctx.TryWriteUInt64(outAddress, handle))
@@ -52,6 +64,7 @@ public static class KernelEventQueueCompatExports
         lock (_eventQueueGate)
         {
             _eventQueues.Remove(handle);
+            _pendingEvents.Remove(handle);
         }
 
         TraceEventQueue(ctx, "delete", handle);
@@ -165,16 +178,108 @@ public static class KernelEventQueueCompatExports
         LibraryName = "libKernel")]
     public static int KernelWaitEqueue(CpuContext ctx)
     {
+        var handle = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
+        var eventsAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
+        var eventCapacity = (int)Math.Min(ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx], int.MaxValue);
         var outCountAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rcx];
-        if (outCountAddress != 0 && !TryWriteUInt32(ctx, outCountAddress, 0))
+        var timeoutAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.R8];
+
+        var deliveredCount = DequeueEvents(ctx, handle, eventsAddress, eventCapacity);
+        if (outCountAddress != 0 && !TryWriteUInt32(ctx, outCountAddress, (uint)deliveredCount))
         {
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
         }
 
-        TraceEventQueue(ctx, "wait", ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        if (deliveredCount > 0)
+        {
+            TraceEventQueue(ctx, "wait-deliver", handle);
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+        }
+
+        if (timeoutAddress == 0 && GuestThreadExecution.RequestCurrentThreadBlock("sceKernelWaitEqueue"))
+        {
+            TraceEventQueue(ctx, "wait-block", handle);
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+        }
+
+        TraceEventQueue(ctx, "wait", handle);
         return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
     }
 
+    public static bool IsValidEqueue(ulong handle)
+    {
+        lock (_eventQueueGate)
+        {
+            return _eventQueues.Contains(handle);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static bool EnqueueEvent(ulong handle, KernelQueuedEvent queuedEvent)
+    {
+        lock (_eventQueueGate)
+        {
+            if (!_eventQueues.Contains(handle))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (!_pendingEvents.TryGetValue(handle, out var queue))
+            {
+                queue = new Queue<KernelQueuedEvent>();
+                _pendingEvents[handle] = queue;
+            }
+
+            queue.Enqueue(queuedEvent);
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static int DequeueEvents(CpuContext ctx, ulong handle, ulong eventsAddress, int eventCapacity)
+    {
+        if (eventsAddress == 0 || eventCapacity <= 0)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        KernelQueuedEvent[] events;
+        lock (_eventQueueGate)
+        {
+            if (!_pendingEvents.TryGetValue(handle, out var queue) || queue.Count == 0)
+            {
+                return 0;
+            }
+
+            var count = Math.Min(eventCapacity, queue.Count);
+            events = new KernelQueuedEvent[count];
+            for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)
+            {
+                events[i] = queue.Dequeue();
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < events.Length; i++)
+        {
+            if (!WriteKernelEvent(ctx, eventsAddress + ((ulong)i * KernelEventSize), events[i]))
+            {
+                return i;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return events.Length;
+    }
+
+    private static bool WriteKernelEvent(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, KernelQueuedEvent queuedEvent)
+    {
+        Span<byte> eventBytes = stackalloc byte[KernelEventSize];
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(eventBytes[0x00..], queuedEvent.Ident);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt16LittleEndian(eventBytes[0x08..], queuedEvent.Filter);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt16LittleEndian(eventBytes[0x0A..], queuedEvent.Flags);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(eventBytes[0x0C..], queuedEvent.Fflags);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(eventBytes[0x10..], queuedEvent.Data);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(eventBytes[0x18..], queuedEvent.UserData);
+        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(address, eventBytes);
+    }
+
     private static void TraceEventQueue(CpuContext ctx, string operation, ulong handle)
     {
         if (!string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_EQUEUE"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal))

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Kernel/KernelExports.cs

@@ -55,7 +55,10 @@ public static class KernelExports
         LibraryName = "libKernel")]
     public static int Exit(CpuContext ctx)
     {
-        _ = ctx;
+        var status = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][INFO] exit(status={status})");
+        GuestThreadExecution.RequestCurrentEntryExit("exit", status);
+        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)status);
         return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
     }
 
@@ -68,7 +71,8 @@ public static class KernelExports
     {
         var status = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
         Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][INFO] catchReturnFromMain(status={status})");
-        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = 0;
+        GuestThreadExecution.RequestCurrentEntryExit("catchReturnFromMain", status);
+        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)status);
         return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
     }
 
@@ -211,6 +215,19 @@ public static class KernelExports
                 $"[LOADER][TRACE] pthread_create: out=0x{threadIdAddress:X16} attr=0x{attrAddress:X16} entry=0x{entryAddress:X16} arg=0x{argument:X16} name_ptr=0x{nameAddress:X16} name='{name}' -> thread=0x{threadHandle:X16}");
         }
 
+        var scheduler = GuestThreadExecution.Scheduler;
+        if (scheduler is not null && entryAddress != 0)
+        {
+            var request = new GuestThreadStartRequest(threadHandle, entryAddress, argument, attrAddress, name);
+            if (!scheduler.TryStartThread(ctx, request, out var error))
+            {
+                Console.Error.WriteLine(
+                    $"[LOADER][ERROR] pthread_create: failed to schedule guest thread '{name}' entry=0x{entryAddress:X16}: {error}");
+                ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)(int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_TRY_AGAIN);
+                return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_TRY_AGAIN;
+            }
+        }
+
         ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = 0;
         return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
     }
@@ -225,6 +242,16 @@ public static class KernelExports
         return PthreadCreate(ctx);
     }
 
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "Jmi+9w9u0E4",
+        ExportName = "pthread_create_name_np",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libKernel")]
+    public static int PosixPthreadCreateNameNp(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        return PthreadCreate(ctx);
+    }
+
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "onNY9Byn-W8",
         ExportName = "scePthreadJoin",

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Kernel/KernelMemoryCompatExports.cs

@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
     private const int SeekCur = 1;
     private const int SeekEnd = 2;
     private const ulong DirectMemorySizeBytes = 16384UL * 1024 * 1024;
+    private const ulong UnsetMainDirectMemoryPoolBase = ulong.MaxValue;
     private const ulong FlexibleMemorySizeBytes = 448UL * 1024 * 1024;
     private const int OrbisVirtualQueryInfoSize = 72;
     private const int OrbisKernelMaximumNameLength = 32;
@@ -93,6 +94,7 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
     private static long _nextFileDescriptor = 2;
     private static ulong _nextPhysicalAddress;
     private static ulong _nextVirtualAddress;
+    private static ulong _mainDirectMemoryPoolBase = UnsetMainDirectMemoryPoolBase;
     private static ulong _allocatedFlexibleBytes;
     private static ulong _threadAtexitCountCallback;
     private static ulong _threadAtexitReportCallback;
@@ -1298,10 +1300,12 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
             var hostPath = ResolveGuestPath(guestPath);
             if (!TryGetAprFileSize(hostPath, out var fileSize))
             {
+                LogIoTrace("apr_resolve", guestPath, $"host='{hostPath}' index={i} count={count} result=not_found");
                 return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
             }
 
             var fileId = AmprFileRegistry.Register(guestPath, hostPath);
+            LogIoTrace("apr_resolve", guestPath, $"host='{hostPath}' index={i} count={count} id=0x{fileId:X8} size={fileSize}");
 
             if (idsAddress != 0 &&
                 !TryWriteUInt32Compat(ctx, idsAddress + (i * sizeof(uint)), fileId))
@@ -1309,7 +1313,7 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
                 return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
             }
 
-            if (!TryWriteUInt32Compat(ctx, sizesAddress + (i * sizeof(uint)), fileSize))
+            if (!TryWriteUInt64Compat(ctx, sizesAddress + (i * sizeof(ulong)), fileSize))
             {
                 return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
             }
@@ -1440,6 +1444,51 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
         return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
     }
 
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "Oy6IpwgtYOk",
+        ExportName = "lseek",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libKernel")]
+    public static int PosixLseek(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var result = KernelLseekCore(
+            unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]),
+            unchecked((long)ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi]),
+            unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx]),
+            out var position);
+
+        if (result != OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK)
+        {
+            ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = ulong.MaxValue;
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+        }
+
+        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)position);
+        return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "oib76F-12fk",
+        ExportName = "sceKernelLseek",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libKernel")]
+    public static int KernelLseek(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var result = KernelLseekCore(
+            unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]),
+            unchecked((long)ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi]),
+            unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx]),
+            out var position);
+
+        if (result != OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK)
+        {
+            return (int)result;
+        }
+
+        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)position);
+        return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+    }
+
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "taRWhTJFTgE",
         ExportName = "sceKernelGetdirentries",
@@ -1470,6 +1519,58 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
             0);
     }
 
+    private static OrbisGen2Result KernelLseekCore(int fd, long offset, int whence, out long position)
+    {
+        position = -1;
+
+        FileStream? stream;
+        lock (_fdGate)
+        {
+            _openFiles.TryGetValue(fd, out stream);
+        }
+
+        if (stream is null)
+        {
+            LogIoTrace("lseek", $"fd:{fd}", $"offset={offset} whence={whence} result=badfd");
+            return OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
+        }
+
+        SeekOrigin origin;
+        switch (whence)
+        {
+            case SeekSet:
+                origin = SeekOrigin.Begin;
+                break;
+            case SeekCur:
+                origin = SeekOrigin.Current;
+                break;
+            case SeekEnd:
+                origin = SeekOrigin.End;
+                break;
+            default:
+                LogIoTrace("lseek", stream.Name, $"fd={fd} offset={offset} whence={whence} result=invalid_whence");
+                return OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            position = stream.Seek(offset, origin);
+        }
+        catch (IOException ex)
+        {
+            LogIoTrace("lseek", stream.Name, $"fd={fd} offset={offset} whence={whence} result=io_error ex={ex.Message}");
+            return OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+        }
+        catch (ArgumentException ex)
+        {
+            LogIoTrace("lseek", stream.Name, $"fd={fd} offset={offset} whence={whence} result=invalid ex={ex.Message}");
+            return OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+        }
+
+        LogIoTrace("lseek", stream.Name, $"fd={fd} offset={offset} whence={whence} pos={position}");
+        return OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+    }
+
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "FxVZqBAA7ks",
         ExportName = "_write",
@@ -1835,7 +1936,7 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
         ulong selectedAddress;
         lock (_memoryGate)
         {
-            if (!TryAllocateDirectMemoryLocked(searchStart, searchEnd, length, align, memoryType, out selectedAddress))
+            if (!TryAllocateDirectMemoryLocked(searchStart, searchEnd, length, align, memoryType, DirectMemorySizeBytes, out selectedAddress))
             {
                 TraceDirectMemoryCall(
                     ctx,
@@ -1904,17 +2005,42 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
         ulong aligned;
         lock (_memoryGate)
         {
-            if (!TryAllocateDirectMemoryLocked(0, DirectMemorySizeBytes, length, effectiveAlignment, memoryType, out aligned))
+            var allocationLimit = DirectMemorySizeBytes;
+            if (_mainDirectMemoryPoolBase != UnsetMainDirectMemoryPoolBase &&
+                !TryAddU64(_mainDirectMemoryPoolBase, DirectMemorySizeBytes, out allocationLimit))
             {
-                TraceDirectMemoryCall(
-                    ctx,
-                    "allocate_main_direct",
-                    length,
-                    effectiveAlignment,
-                    memoryType,
-                    outAddress,
-                    result: OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_TRY_AGAIN);
-                return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_TRY_AGAIN;
+                allocationLimit = ulong.MaxValue;
+            }
+
+            if (!TryAllocateDirectMemoryLocked(0, allocationLimit, length, effectiveAlignment, memoryType, allocationLimit, out aligned))
+            {
+                var poolBase = _mainDirectMemoryPoolBase == UnsetMainDirectMemoryPoolBase
+                    ? AlignUp(GetDirectMemoryHighWaterMarkLocked(), effectiveAlignment)
+                    : _mainDirectMemoryPoolBase;
+
+                if (_mainDirectMemoryPoolBase == UnsetMainDirectMemoryPoolBase &&
+                    TryAddU64(poolBase, DirectMemorySizeBytes, out var shiftedLimit) &&
+                    TryAllocateDirectMemoryLocked(0, shiftedLimit, length, effectiveAlignment, memoryType, shiftedLimit, out aligned))
+                {
+                    _mainDirectMemoryPoolBase = poolBase;
+                    if (ShouldTraceDirectMemory())
+                    {
+                        Console.Error.WriteLine(
+                            $"[LOADER][TRACE] main_direct_pool: base=0x{poolBase:X16} limit=0x{shiftedLimit:X16}");
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    TraceDirectMemoryCall(
+                        ctx,
+                        "allocate_main_direct",
+                        length,
+                        effectiveAlignment,
+                        memoryType,
+                        outAddress,
+                        result: OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_TRY_AGAIN);
+                    return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_TRY_AGAIN;
+                }
             }
         }
 
@@ -1986,8 +2112,11 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
         var flags = ctx[CpuRegister.Rcx];
         var directMemoryStart = ctx[CpuRegister.R8];
         var alignment = ctx[CpuRegister.R9];
-        Console.Error.WriteLine(
-            $"[LOADER][TRACE] map_direct: inout=0x{inOutAddressPointer:X16} len=0x{length:X16} prot=0x{protection:X8} flags=0x{flags:X16} direct=0x{directMemoryStart:X16} align=0x{alignment:X16}");
+        if (ShouldTraceDirectMemory())
+        {
+            Console.Error.WriteLine(
+                $"[LOADER][TRACE] map_direct: inout=0x{inOutAddressPointer:X16} len=0x{length:X16} prot=0x{protection:X8} flags=0x{flags:X16} direct=0x{directMemoryStart:X16} align=0x{alignment:X16}");
+        }
         if (inOutAddressPointer == 0 || length == 0)
         {
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
@@ -2018,8 +2147,11 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
             {
                 reserved = TryReserveGuestVirtualRange(ctx, desiredAddress, length, protection, out mappedAddress);
             }
-            Console.Error.WriteLine(
-                $"[LOADER][TRACE] map_direct reserve: requested=0x{requestedAddress:X16} desired=0x{desiredAddress:X16} reserved={reserved} mapped=0x{mappedAddress:X16}");
+            if (ShouldTraceDirectMemory())
+            {
+                Console.Error.WriteLine(
+                    $"[LOADER][TRACE] map_direct reserve: requested=0x{requestedAddress:X16} desired=0x{desiredAddress:X16} reserved={reserved} mapped=0x{mappedAddress:X16}");
+            }
             if (!reserved)
             {
                 if (mappedAddress == 0)
@@ -2027,7 +2159,10 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
                     mappedAddress = requestedAddress != 0
                         ? requestedAddress
                         : AllocateMappedGuestAddress(ctx, length, effectiveAlignment);
-                    Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][TRACE] map_direct fallback mapped=0x{mappedAddress:X16}");
+                    if (ShouldTraceDirectMemory())
+                    {
+                        Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][TRACE] map_direct fallback mapped=0x{mappedAddress:X16}");
+                    }
                 }
             }
 
@@ -3529,13 +3664,13 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
         var devlogAppRoot = ResolveDevlogAppRoot();
         if (guestPath.StartsWith("/devlog/app/", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
         {
-            var relative = guestPath["/devlog/app/".Length..].Replace('/', Path.DirectorySeparatorChar);
+            var relative = NormalizeMountRelativePath(guestPath["/devlog/app/".Length..]);
             return Path.Combine(devlogAppRoot, relative);
         }
 
         if (guestPath.StartsWith("devlog/app/", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
         {
-            var relative = guestPath["devlog/app/".Length..].Replace('/', Path.DirectorySeparatorChar);
+            var relative = NormalizeMountRelativePath(guestPath["devlog/app/".Length..]);
             return Path.Combine(devlogAppRoot, relative);
         }
 
@@ -3548,7 +3683,7 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
         var temp0Root = ResolveTemp0Root();
         if (guestPath.StartsWith("/temp0/", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
         {
-            var relative = guestPath["/temp0/".Length..].Replace('/', Path.DirectorySeparatorChar);
+            var relative = NormalizeMountRelativePath(guestPath["/temp0/".Length..]);
             return Path.Combine(temp0Root, relative);
         }
 
@@ -3560,15 +3695,29 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
         var app0Root = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_APP0_DIR");
         if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(app0Root))
         {
+            if (string.Equals(guestPath, "/app0", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ||
+                string.Equals(guestPath, "app0", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                return app0Root;
+            }
+
             if (guestPath.StartsWith("/app0/", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
             {
-                var relative = guestPath["/app0/".Length..].Replace('/', Path.DirectorySeparatorChar);
+                var relative = NormalizeMountRelativePath(guestPath["/app0/".Length..]);
                 return Path.Combine(app0Root, relative);
             }
 
             if (guestPath.StartsWith("app0/", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
             {
-                var relative = guestPath["app0/".Length..].Replace('/', Path.DirectorySeparatorChar);
+                var relative = NormalizeMountRelativePath(guestPath["app0/".Length..]);
+                return Path.Combine(app0Root, relative);
+            }
+
+            if (!Path.IsPathFullyQualified(guestPath) &&
+                !guestPath.StartsWith("/", StringComparison.Ordinal) &&
+                !guestPath.StartsWith("\\", StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            {
+                var relative = guestPath.Replace('/', Path.DirectorySeparatorChar);
                 return Path.Combine(app0Root, relative);
             }
         }
@@ -3576,6 +3725,14 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
         return guestPath;
     }
 
+    private static string NormalizeMountRelativePath(string relativePath)
+    {
+        return relativePath
+            .TrimStart('/', '\\')
+            .Replace('/', Path.DirectorySeparatorChar)
+            .Replace('\\', Path.DirectorySeparatorChar);
+    }
+
     private static string ResolveDevlogAppRoot()
     {
         var configuredRoot = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_DEVLOG_APP_DIR");
@@ -4235,7 +4392,7 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
         ulong selectedAddress = 0,
         OrbisGen2Result? result = null)
     {
-        if (!string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_DIRECT_MEMORY"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal))
+        if (!ShouldTraceDirectMemory())
         {
             return;
         }
@@ -4251,12 +4408,18 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
             $"[LOADER][TRACE] {operation}: ret=0x{returnRip:X16} len=0x{length:X16} align=0x{alignment:X16} type=0x{memoryType:X8} out=0x{outAddress:X16} selected=0x{selectedAddress:X16} result={result?.ToString() ?? "<pending>"}");
     }
 
+    private static bool ShouldTraceDirectMemory()
+    {
+        return string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_DIRECT_MEMORY"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal);
+    }
+
     private static bool TryAllocateDirectMemoryLocked(
         ulong searchStart,
         ulong searchEnd,
         ulong length,
         ulong alignment,
         int memoryType,
+        ulong allocationLimit,
         out ulong selectedAddress)
     {
         selectedAddress = 0;
@@ -4266,7 +4429,7 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
         }
 
         var effectiveAlignment = alignment == 0 ? 0x1000UL : alignment;
-        if (!TryFindAllocatableDirectMemoryRangeLocked(searchStart, searchEnd, length, effectiveAlignment, out var freePosition) ||
+        if (!TryFindAllocatableDirectMemoryRangeLocked(searchStart, searchEnd, length, effectiveAlignment, allocationLimit, out var freePosition) ||
             !TryAddU64(freePosition, length, out var endAddress))
         {
             return false;
@@ -4283,6 +4446,7 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
         ulong searchEnd,
         ulong length,
         ulong alignment,
+        ulong allocationLimit,
         out ulong selectedAddress)
     {
         selectedAddress = 0;
@@ -4291,7 +4455,7 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
             return false;
         }
 
-        var effectiveEnd = Math.Min(searchEnd, DirectMemorySizeBytes);
+        var effectiveEnd = Math.Min(searchEnd, allocationLimit);
         var candidate = AlignUp(searchStart, alignment);
         if (candidate >= effectiveEnd)
         {
@@ -4411,7 +4575,7 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
         {
             if (!TryAddU64(allocation.Start, allocation.Length, out var endAddress))
             {
-                return DirectMemorySizeBytes;
+                return ulong.MaxValue;
             }
 
             if (endAddress > highWaterMark)
@@ -4420,7 +4584,7 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
             }
         }
 
-        return Math.Min(highWaterMark, DirectMemorySizeBytes);
+        return highWaterMark;
     }
 
     private static bool TryReadHostMemory(ulong address, Span<byte> destination)
@@ -4817,7 +4981,7 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
         return TryWriteHostPathStat(ctx, statAddress, hostPath, isDirectory);
     }
 
-    private static bool TryGetAprFileSize(string hostPath, out uint size)
+    private static bool TryGetAprFileSize(string hostPath, out ulong size)
     {
         size = 0;
         try
@@ -4834,7 +4998,7 @@ public static class KernelMemoryCompatExports
             }
 
             var length = new FileInfo(hostPath).Length;
-            size = length >= uint.MaxValue ? uint.MaxValue : (uint)length;
+            size = length < 0 ? 0UL : unchecked((ulong)length);
             return true;
         }
         catch

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Kernel/KernelPthreadCompatExports.cs

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ public static class KernelPthreadCompatExports
     private const ulong SyntheticMutexHandleBase = 0x00006000_0000_0000;
     private const ulong SyntheticMutexAttrHandleBase = 0x00006001_0000_0000;
     private const ulong SyntheticCondHandleBase = 0x00006002_0000_0000;
+    private const int DefaultSpuriousCondWakeMilliseconds = 1;
 
     private static readonly object _stateGate = new();
     private static readonly Dictionary<ulong, PthreadMutexState> _mutexStates = new();
@@ -887,6 +888,7 @@ public static class KernelPthreadCompatExports
         }
 
         var waitResult = (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+        var spuriousWake = false;
         lock (state.SyncRoot)
         {
             state.Waiters++;
@@ -901,11 +903,36 @@ public static class KernelPthreadCompatExports
                 return unlockResult;
             }
 
+            var scheduler = GuestThreadExecution.Scheduler;
+            if (!timed && GuestThreadExecution.RequestCurrentThreadBlock("pthread_cond_wait"))
+            {
+                TracePthreadCond("wait-block", condAddress, mutexAddress, state, timed, waitResult);
+                return waitResult;
+            }
+
+            if (scheduler is not null)
+            {
+                Monitor.Exit(state.SyncRoot);
+                try
+                {
+                    scheduler.Pump(ctx, "pthread_cond_wait");
+                }
+                finally
+                {
+                    Monitor.Enter(state.SyncRoot);
+                }
+            }
+
             while (state.SignalEpoch == observedEpoch)
             {
                 if (!timed)
                 {
-                    Monitor.Wait(state.SyncRoot);
+                    if (!Monitor.Wait(state.SyncRoot, GetCondSpuriousWakeTimeout()))
+                    {
+                        spuriousWake = true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+
                     continue;
                 }
 
@@ -917,7 +944,15 @@ public static class KernelPthreadCompatExports
             }
 
             state.Waiters = Math.Max(0, state.Waiters - 1);
-            TracePthreadCond(waitResult == (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK ? "wait-wake" : "wait-timeout", condAddress, mutexAddress, state, timed, waitResult);
+            TracePthreadCond(
+                spuriousWake
+                    ? "wait-spurious"
+                    : (waitResult == (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK ? "wait-wake" : "wait-timeout"),
+                condAddress,
+                mutexAddress,
+                state,
+                timed,
+                waitResult);
         }
 
         var lockResult = PthreadMutexLockCore(ctx, mutexAddress, tryOnly: false);
@@ -927,7 +962,15 @@ public static class KernelPthreadCompatExports
             return lockResult;
         }
 
-        TracePthreadCond(waitResult == (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK ? "wait-exit" : "wait-exit-timeout", condAddress, mutexAddress, state, timed, waitResult);
+        TracePthreadCond(
+            spuriousWake
+                ? "wait-exit-spurious"
+                : (waitResult == (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK ? "wait-exit" : "wait-exit-timeout"),
+            condAddress,
+            mutexAddress,
+            state,
+            timed,
+            waitResult);
         return waitResult;
     }
 
@@ -974,6 +1017,16 @@ public static class KernelPthreadCompatExports
         return TimeSpan.FromTicks((long)timeoutUsec * 10L);
     }
 
+    private static TimeSpan GetCondSpuriousWakeTimeout()
+    {
+        if (int.TryParse(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_PTHREAD_COND_SPURIOUS_WAKE_MS"), out var milliseconds))
+        {
+            return TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(Math.Max(1, milliseconds));
+        }
+
+        return TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(DefaultSpuriousCondWakeMilliseconds);
+    }
+
     private static int NormalizeMutexType(int type)
     {
         return type switch

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Kernel/KernelPthreadExtendedCompatExports.cs

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ public static class KernelPthreadExtendedCompatExports
     private const int DefaultSchedPolicy = 0;
     private const int DefaultSchedPriority = 0;
     private const ulong SyntheticRwlockHandleBase = 0x00006003_0000_0000;
+    private const ulong SyntheticPthreadAttrHandleBase = 0x00006004_0000_0000;
 
     private static readonly object _stateGate = new();
     private static readonly Dictionary<ulong, ThreadState> _threadStates = new();
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@ public static class KernelPthreadExtendedCompatExports
     private static readonly Dictionary<int, TlsKeyState> _tlsKeys = new();
     private static int _nextTlsKey = 1;
     private static long _nextSyntheticRwlockHandleId = 1;
+    private static long _nextSyntheticPthreadAttrHandleId = 1;
 
     private static readonly Dictionary<ulong, Dictionary<int, ulong>> _threadLocalSpecific = new();
 
@@ -235,6 +237,41 @@ public static class KernelPthreadExtendedCompatExports
         return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
     }
 
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "Xs9hdiD7sAA",
+        ExportName = "pthread_setschedparam",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libKernel")]
+    public static int PosixPthreadSetschedparam(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var thread = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
+        var policy = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi]);
+        var schedParamAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx];
+        if (thread == 0 || schedParamAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+        }
+
+        if (!TryReadInt32(ctx, schedParamAddress, out var schedPriority))
+        {
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
+        }
+
+        lock (_stateGate)
+        {
+            var state = GetOrCreateThreadStateLocked(thread);
+            state.Priority = schedPriority;
+            state.Attributes = state.Attributes with
+            {
+                SchedPolicy = policy,
+                SchedPriority = schedPriority,
+            };
+        }
+
+        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = 0;
+        return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+    }
+
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "nsYoNRywwNg",
         ExportName = "scePthreadAttrInit",
@@ -248,15 +285,32 @@ public static class KernelPthreadExtendedCompatExports
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
         }
 
+        var syntheticHandle = AllocateSyntheticHandle(SyntheticPthreadAttrHandleBase, ref _nextSyntheticPthreadAttrHandleId);
+        if (!ctx.TryWriteUInt64(attrAddress, syntheticHandle))
+        {
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
+        }
+
         lock (_stateGate)
         {
             _attrStates[attrAddress] = PthreadAttrState.Default;
+            _attrStates[syntheticHandle] = PthreadAttrState.Default;
         }
 
         ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = 0;
         return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
     }
 
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "wtkt-teR1so",
+        ExportName = "pthread_attr_init",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libKernel")]
+    public static int PosixPthreadAttrInit(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        return PthreadAttrInit(ctx);
+    }
+
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "62KCwEMmzcM",
         ExportName = "scePthreadAttrDestroy",
@@ -270,15 +324,31 @@ public static class KernelPthreadExtendedCompatExports
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
         }
 
+        var resolvedAddress = ResolvePthreadAttrHandle(ctx, attrAddress);
         lock (_stateGate)
         {
             _attrStates.Remove(attrAddress);
+            if (resolvedAddress != attrAddress)
+            {
+                _attrStates.Remove(resolvedAddress);
+            }
         }
 
+        _ = ctx.TryWriteUInt64(attrAddress, 0);
         ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = 0;
         return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
     }
 
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "zHchY8ft5pk",
+        ExportName = "pthread_attr_destroy",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libKernel")]
+    public static int PosixPthreadAttrDestroy(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        return PthreadAttrDestroy(ctx);
+    }
+
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "x1X76arYMxU",
         ExportName = "scePthreadAttrGet",
@@ -611,16 +681,32 @@ public static class KernelPthreadExtendedCompatExports
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
         }
 
+        var resolvedAddress = ResolvePthreadAttrHandle(ctx, attrAddress);
         lock (_stateGate)
         {
-            var state = GetOrCreateAttrStateLocked(attrAddress);
-            _attrStates[attrAddress] = state with { StackSize = stackSize };
+            var state = GetOrCreateAttrStateLocked(resolvedAddress);
+            var updated = state with { StackSize = stackSize };
+            _attrStates[resolvedAddress] = updated;
+            if (resolvedAddress != attrAddress)
+            {
+                _attrStates[attrAddress] = updated;
+            }
         }
 
         ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = 0;
         return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
     }
 
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "2Q0z6rnBrTE",
+        ExportName = "pthread_attr_setstacksize",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libKernel")]
+    public static int PosixPthreadAttrSetstacksize(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        return PthreadAttrSetstacksize(ctx);
+    }
+
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "6ULAa0fq4jA",
         ExportName = "scePthreadRwlockInit",
@@ -1131,6 +1217,35 @@ public static class KernelPthreadExtendedCompatExports
         return state;
     }
 
+    private static ulong ResolvePthreadAttrHandle(CpuContext ctx, ulong attrAddress)
+    {
+        if (attrAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        lock (_stateGate)
+        {
+            if (_attrStates.ContainsKey(attrAddress))
+            {
+                return attrAddress;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (ctx.TryReadUInt64(attrAddress, out var pointedHandle) && pointedHandle != 0)
+        {
+            lock (_stateGate)
+            {
+                if (_attrStates.ContainsKey(pointedHandle))
+                {
+                    return pointedHandle;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return attrAddress;
+    }
+
     private static bool TryWriteFixedUtf8CString(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, string value, int maxBytes)
     {
         if (maxBytes <= 0)

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Kernel/KernelPthreadState.cs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using System.Threading;
+using SharpEmu.HLE;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Kernel;
 
@@ -25,12 +26,24 @@ internal static class KernelPthreadState
 
     internal static ulong GetCurrentThreadHandle()
     {
+        var guestThreadHandle = GuestThreadExecution.CurrentGuestThreadHandle;
+        if (guestThreadHandle != 0 && TryGetThreadIdentity(guestThreadHandle, out _))
+        {
+            return guestThreadHandle;
+        }
+
         EnsureCurrentThreadRegistered();
         return _currentThreadHandle;
     }
 
     internal static ulong GetCurrentThreadUniqueId()
     {
+        var guestThreadHandle = GuestThreadExecution.CurrentGuestThreadHandle;
+        if (guestThreadHandle != 0 && TryGetThreadIdentity(guestThreadHandle, out var identity))
+        {
+            return identity.UniqueId;
+        }
+
         EnsureCurrentThreadRegistered();
         return _currentThreadUniqueId;
     }

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Kernel/KernelSemaphoreCompatExports.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using System.Buffers.Binary;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Text;
+using SharpEmu.HLE;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Kernel;
+
+public static class KernelSemaphoreCompatExports
+{
+    private const int MaxSemaphoreNameLength = 128;
+    private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<uint, KernelSemaphoreState> _semaphores = new();
+    private static int _nextSemaphoreHandle = 1;
+
+    private sealed class KernelSemaphoreState
+    {
+        public required string Name { get; init; }
+        public required int InitialCount { get; init; }
+        public required int MaxCount { get; init; }
+        public int Count { get; set; }
+        public int WaitingThreads { get; set; }
+        public object Gate { get; } = new();
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "188x57JYp0g",
+        ExportName = "sceKernelCreateSema",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libKernel")]
+    public static int KernelCreateSema(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var semaphoreAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
+        var nameAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
+        var attr = unchecked((uint)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx]);
+        var initialCount = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rcx]);
+        var maxCount = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.R8]);
+        var optionAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.R9];
+
+        if (semaphoreAddress == 0 ||
+            nameAddress == 0 ||
+            attr > 2 ||
+            initialCount < 0 ||
+            maxCount <= 0 ||
+            initialCount > maxCount ||
+            optionAddress != 0)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+        }
+
+        if (!TryReadNullTerminatedUtf8(ctx, nameAddress, MaxSemaphoreNameLength, out var name))
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+        }
+
+        var handle = unchecked((uint)Interlocked.Increment(ref _nextSemaphoreHandle));
+        if (handle == 0)
+        {
+            handle = unchecked((uint)Interlocked.Increment(ref _nextSemaphoreHandle));
+        }
+
+        _semaphores[handle] = new KernelSemaphoreState
+        {
+            Name = name,
+            InitialCount = initialCount,
+            MaxCount = maxCount,
+            Count = initialCount,
+        };
+
+        if (!TryWriteUInt32(ctx, semaphoreAddress, handle))
+        {
+            _semaphores.TryRemove(handle, out _);
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+        }
+
+        TraceSemaphore($"create handle=0x{handle:X8} name='{name}' attr=0x{attr:X} init={initialCount} max={maxCount}");
+        return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "Zxa0VhQVTsk",
+        ExportName = "sceKernelWaitSema",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libKernel")]
+    public static int KernelWaitSema(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var handle = unchecked((uint)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        var needCount = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi]);
+        var timeoutAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx];
+
+        if (!_semaphores.TryGetValue(handle, out var semaphore))
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
+        }
+
+        if (needCount < 1 || needCount > semaphore.MaxCount)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+        }
+
+        lock (semaphore.Gate)
+        {
+            if (semaphore.Count >= needCount)
+            {
+                semaphore.Count -= needCount;
+                TraceSemaphore($"wait handle=0x{handle:X8} name='{semaphore.Name}' need={needCount} count={semaphore.Count}");
+                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+            }
+
+            if (timeoutAddress != 0)
+            {
+                if (!TryReadUInt32(ctx, timeoutAddress, out _))
+                {
+                    return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+                }
+
+                _ = TryWriteUInt32(ctx, timeoutAddress, 0);
+                TraceSemaphore($"wait-timeout handle=0x{handle:X8} name='{semaphore.Name}' need={needCount} count={semaphore.Count}");
+                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_TIMED_OUT);
+            }
+
+            if (!GuestThreadExecution.RequestCurrentThreadBlock("sceKernelWaitSema"))
+            {
+                TraceSemaphore($"wait-would-block handle=0x{handle:X8} name='{semaphore.Name}' need={needCount} count={semaphore.Count}");
+                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_TRY_AGAIN);
+            }
+
+            semaphore.WaitingThreads++;
+            TraceSemaphore($"wait-block handle=0x{handle:X8} name='{semaphore.Name}' need={needCount} count={semaphore.Count} waiters={semaphore.WaitingThreads}");
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "12wOHk8ywb0",
+        ExportName = "sceKernelPollSema",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libKernel")]
+    public static int KernelPollSema(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var handle = unchecked((uint)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        var needCount = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi]);
+
+        if (!_semaphores.TryGetValue(handle, out var semaphore))
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
+        }
+
+        if (needCount < 1 || needCount > semaphore.MaxCount)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+        }
+
+        lock (semaphore.Gate)
+        {
+            if (semaphore.Count < needCount)
+            {
+                TraceSemaphore($"poll-busy handle=0x{handle:X8} name='{semaphore.Name}' need={needCount} count={semaphore.Count}");
+                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_BUSY);
+            }
+
+            semaphore.Count -= needCount;
+            TraceSemaphore($"poll handle=0x{handle:X8} name='{semaphore.Name}' need={needCount} count={semaphore.Count}");
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "4czppHBiriw",
+        ExportName = "sceKernelSignalSema",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libKernel")]
+    public static int KernelSignalSema(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var handle = unchecked((uint)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        var signalCount = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi]);
+
+        if (!_semaphores.TryGetValue(handle, out var semaphore))
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
+        }
+
+        if (signalCount <= 0)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+        }
+
+        lock (semaphore.Gate)
+        {
+            if (semaphore.Count > semaphore.MaxCount - signalCount)
+            {
+                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+            }
+
+            semaphore.Count += signalCount;
+            TraceSemaphore($"signal handle=0x{handle:X8} name='{semaphore.Name}' signal={signalCount} count={semaphore.Count} waiters={semaphore.WaitingThreads}");
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "4DM06U2BNEY",
+        ExportName = "sceKernelCancelSema",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libKernel")]
+    public static int KernelCancelSema(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var handle = unchecked((uint)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        var setCount = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi]);
+        var waitingThreadsAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx];
+
+        if (!_semaphores.TryGetValue(handle, out var semaphore))
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
+        }
+
+        if (setCount > semaphore.MaxCount)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+        }
+
+        lock (semaphore.Gate)
+        {
+            if (waitingThreadsAddress != 0 && !TryWriteUInt32(ctx, waitingThreadsAddress, unchecked((uint)semaphore.WaitingThreads)))
+            {
+                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            }
+
+            semaphore.Count = setCount < 0 ? semaphore.InitialCount : setCount;
+            semaphore.WaitingThreads = 0;
+            TraceSemaphore($"cancel handle=0x{handle:X8} name='{semaphore.Name}' set={setCount} count={semaphore.Count}");
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "R1Jvn8bSCW8",
+        ExportName = "sceKernelDeleteSema",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libKernel")]
+    public static int KernelDeleteSema(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var handle = unchecked((uint)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        if (!_semaphores.TryRemove(handle, out var semaphore))
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
+        }
+
+        TraceSemaphore($"delete handle=0x{handle:X8} name='{semaphore.Name}'");
+        return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+    }
+
+    private static int SetReturn(CpuContext ctx, OrbisGen2Result result)
+    {
+        var value = (int)result;
+        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)value);
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    private static bool TryReadUInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, out uint value)
+    {
+        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
+        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address, buffer))
+        {
+            value = 0;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        value = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(buffer);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static bool TryWriteUInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, uint value)
+    {
+        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(buffer, value);
+        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(address, buffer);
+    }
+
+    private static bool TryReadNullTerminatedUtf8(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, int maxLength, out string value)
+    {
+        value = string.Empty;
+        if (address == 0 || maxLength <= 0)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        var bytes = new byte[Math.Min(maxLength, 4096)];
+        for (var i = 0; i < bytes.Length; i++)
+        {
+            Span<byte> current = stackalloc byte[1];
+            if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address + (ulong)i, current))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (current[0] == 0)
+            {
+                value = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(bytes, 0, i);
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            bytes[i] = current[0];
+        }
+
+        value = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(bytes);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static void TraceSemaphore(string message)
+    {
+        if (string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_SEMA"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal))
+        {
+            Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][TRACE] sema.{message}");
+        }
+    }
+}

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Pad/PadExports.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using SharpEmu.HLE;
+using System.Buffers.Binary;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Pad;
+
+public static class PadExports
+{
+    private const int OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle = unchecked((int)0x80920003);
+    private const int OrbisPadErrorNotInitialized = unchecked((int)0x80920005);
+    private const int OrbisPadErrorDeviceNotConnected = unchecked((int)0x80920007);
+    private const int OrbisPadErrorDeviceNoHandle = unchecked((int)0x80920008);
+    private const int PrimaryUserId = 1;
+    private const int StandardPortType = 0;
+    private const int PrimaryPadHandle = 1;
+    private const int ControllerInformationSize = 0x1C;
+    private const int PadDataSize = 0x78;
+
+    private static bool _initialized;
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "hv1luiJrqQM",
+        ExportName = "scePadInit",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libScePad")]
+    public static int PadInit(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        _initialized = true;
+        return SetReturn(ctx, 0);
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "xk0AcarP3V4",
+        ExportName = "scePadOpen",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libScePad")]
+    public static int PadOpen(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var userId = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        var type = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi]);
+        var index = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx]);
+        var parameterAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rcx];
+        if (!_initialized)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisPadErrorNotInitialized);
+        }
+
+        if (userId == -1)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisPadErrorDeviceNoHandle);
+        }
+
+        if (userId != PrimaryUserId || type != StandardPortType || index != 0 || parameterAddress != 0)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisPadErrorDeviceNotConnected);
+        }
+
+        return SetReturn(ctx, PrimaryPadHandle);
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "clVvL4ZDntw",
+        ExportName = "scePadSetMotionSensorState",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libScePad")]
+    public static int PadSetMotionSensorState(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var handle = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        return handle == PrimaryPadHandle
+            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
+            : SetReturn(ctx, OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle);
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "gjP9-KQzoUk",
+        ExportName = "scePadGetControllerInformation",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libScePad")]
+    public static int PadGetControllerInformation(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var handle = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        var informationAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
+        if (handle != PrimaryPadHandle)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle);
+        }
+
+        if (informationAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+        }
+
+        Span<byte> information = stackalloc byte[ControllerInformationSize];
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteSingleLittleEndian(information[0x00..], 44.86f);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt16LittleEndian(information[0x04..], 1920);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt16LittleEndian(information[0x06..], 943);
+        information[0x08] = 30;
+        information[0x09] = 30;
+        information[0x0A] = StandardPortType;
+        information[0x0B] = 1;
+        information[0x0C] = 1;
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(information[0x10..], 0);
+
+        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(informationAddress, information)
+            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
+            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "YndgXqQVV7c",
+        ExportName = "scePadReadState",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libScePad")]
+    public static int PadReadState(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var handle = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        var dataAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
+        if (handle != PrimaryPadHandle)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle);
+        }
+
+        if (dataAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+        }
+
+        Span<byte> data = stackalloc byte[PadDataSize];
+        data.Clear();
+        data[0x04] = 128;
+        data[0x05] = 128;
+        data[0x06] = 128;
+        data[0x07] = 128;
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteSingleLittleEndian(data[0x18..], 1.0f);
+        data[0x4C] = 1;
+        var timestampTicks = Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+        var timestampMicroseconds =
+            ((ulong)(timestampTicks / Stopwatch.Frequency) * 1_000_000UL) +
+            ((ulong)(timestampTicks % Stopwatch.Frequency) * 1_000_000UL / (ulong)Stopwatch.Frequency);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(
+            data[0x50..],
+            timestampMicroseconds);
+        data[0x68] = 1;
+
+        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(dataAddress, data)
+            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
+            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+    }
+
+    private static int SetReturn(CpuContext ctx, int result)
+    {
+        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)result);
+        return result;
+    }
+}

src/SharpEmu.Libs/SystemService/SystemServiceExports.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using SharpEmu.HLE;
+using System.Buffers.Binary;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Libs.SystemService;
+
+public static class SystemServiceExports
+{
+    private const int OrbisSystemServiceErrorParameter = unchecked((int)0x80A10003);
+    private const int SystemServiceStatusSize = 0x0C;
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "rPo6tV8D9bM",
+        ExportName = "sceSystemServiceGetStatus",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceSystemService")]
+    public static int SystemServiceGetStatus(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var statusAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
+        if (statusAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisSystemServiceErrorParameter);
+        }
+
+        Span<byte> status = stackalloc byte[SystemServiceStatusSize];
+        status.Clear();
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(status, 0);
+        status[0x06] = 1;
+
+        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(statusAddress, status)
+            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
+            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+    }
+
+    private static int SetReturn(CpuContext ctx, int result)
+    {
+        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)result);
+        return result;
+    }
+}

src/SharpEmu.Libs/UserService/UserServiceExports.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using SharpEmu.HLE;
+using System.Buffers.Binary;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Libs.UserService;
+
+public static class UserServiceExports
+{
+    private const int OrbisUserServiceErrorInvalidArgument = unchecked((int)0x80960005);
+    private const int PrimaryUserId = 1;
+    private const int InvalidUserId = -1;
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "j3YMu1MVNNo",
+        ExportName = "sceUserServiceInitialize",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceUserService")]
+    public static int UserServiceInitialize(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = 0;
+        return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "CdWp0oHWGr0",
+        ExportName = "sceUserServiceGetInitialUser",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceUserService")]
+    public static int UserServiceGetInitialUser(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var userIdAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
+        if (userIdAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisUserServiceErrorInvalidArgument);
+        }
+
+        return TryWriteInt32(ctx, userIdAddress, PrimaryUserId)
+            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
+            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "fPhymKNvK-A",
+        ExportName = "sceUserServiceGetLoginUserIdList",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceUserService")]
+    public static int UserServiceGetLoginUserIdList(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var userIdListAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
+        if (userIdListAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisUserServiceErrorInvalidArgument);
+        }
+
+        Span<byte> userIds = stackalloc byte[sizeof(int) * 4];
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(userIds[0x00..], PrimaryUserId);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(userIds[0x04..], InvalidUserId);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(userIds[0x08..], InvalidUserId);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(userIds[0x0C..], InvalidUserId);
+        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(userIdListAddress, userIds)
+            ? SetReturn(ctx, 0)
+            : SetReturn(ctx, (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+    }
+
+    private static bool TryWriteInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, int value)
+    {
+        Span<byte> bytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(int)];
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(bytes, value);
+        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(address, bytes);
+    }
+
+    private static int SetReturn(CpuContext ctx, int result)
+    {
+        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = unchecked((ulong)result);
+        return result;
+    }
+}

src/SharpEmu.Libs/VideoOut/VideoOutExports.cs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
+using SharpEmu.Libs.Kernel;
 using System.Buffers.Binary;
 using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
 using System.Threading;
@@ -15,28 +16,79 @@ public static class VideoOutExports
     private const int OrbisVideoOutErrorResourceBusy = unchecked((int)0x80290009);
     private const int OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidIndex = unchecked((int)0x8029000A);
     private const int OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidHandle = unchecked((int)0x8029000B);
+    private const int OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidEventQueue = unchecked((int)0x8029000C);
+    private const int OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidEvent = unchecked((int)0x8029000D);
     private const int OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidOption = unchecked((int)0x8029001A);
     private const int SceVideoOutBusTypeMain = 0;
     private const int SceVideoOutBufferAttributeOptionNone = 0;
+    private const int SceVideoOutTilingModeLinear = 1;
     private const int MaxOpenPorts = 4;
     private const int MaxDisplayBuffers = 16;
-    private const int VideoOutBufferAttributeSize = 0x24;
+    private const int MaxDisplayBufferGroups = 4;
+    private const int MaxFrameDumps = 8;
+    private const int VideoOutBufferAttributeSize = 0x28;
     private const int VideoOutBufferAttribute2Size = 0x50;
     private const int VideoOutBuffersEntrySize = 0x20;
+    private const ulong SceVideoOutPixelFormatA8R8G8B8Srgb = 0x80000000;
+    private const ulong SceVideoOutPixelFormatA8B8G8R8Srgb = 0x80002200;
+    private const ulong SceVideoOutPixelFormatA2R10G10B10 = 0x88060000;
+    private const ulong SceVideoOutPixelFormatA2R10G10B10Srgb = 0x88000000;
+    private const ulong SceVideoOutPixelFormatA2R10G10B10Bt2020Pq = 0x88740000;
+    private const ulong SceVideoOutInternalEventFlip = 0x6;
+    private const short OrbisKernelEventFilterVideoOut = -13;
 
     private static readonly object _stateGate = new();
+    private static readonly object _frameDumpGate = new();
     private static readonly Dictionary<int, VideoOutPortState> _ports = new();
+    private static readonly Dictionary<(int Handle, int BufferIndex, ulong Address), ulong> _lastFrameFingerprints = new();
     private static int _nextHandle = 1;
+    private static int _frameDumpCount;
+    private static long _nextFrameDumpIndex;
 
     private sealed class VideoOutPortState
     {
         public required int Handle { get; init; }
         public int FlipRate { get; set; }
         public ulong VblankCount { get; set; }
-        public int NextSetId { get; set; } = 1;
-        public HashSet<int> RegisteredSetIds { get; } = new();
+        public ulong FlipCount { get; set; }
+        public int CurrentBuffer { get; set; } = -1;
+        public VideoOutBufferGroup?[] Groups { get; } = new VideoOutBufferGroup?[MaxDisplayBufferGroups];
+        public VideoOutBufferSlot[] BufferSlots { get; } = CreateBufferSlots();
+        public List<FlipEventRegistration> FlipEvents { get; } = new();
     }
 
+    private sealed class VideoOutBufferGroup
+    {
+        public required int Index { get; init; }
+        public required BufferAttribute Attribute { get; init; }
+    }
+
+    private sealed class VideoOutBufferSlot
+    {
+        public int GroupIndex { get; set; } = -1;
+        public ulong AddressLeft { get; set; }
+        public ulong AddressRight { get; set; }
+    }
+
+    private readonly record struct FlipEventRegistration(ulong Equeue, ulong UserData);
+
+    private readonly record struct BufferAttribute(
+        ulong PixelFormat,
+        uint TilingMode,
+        uint AspectRatio,
+        uint Width,
+        uint Height,
+        uint PitchInPixel,
+        ulong Option);
+
+    internal readonly record struct DisplayBufferInfo(
+        ulong Address,
+        ulong PixelFormat,
+        uint TilingMode,
+        uint Width,
+        uint Height,
+        uint PitchInPixel);
+
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "Up36PTk687E",
         ExportName = "sceVideoOutOpen",
@@ -136,6 +188,146 @@ public static class VideoOutExports
         return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
     }
 
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "HXzjK9yI30k",
+        ExportName = "sceVideoOutAddFlipEvent",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceVideoOut")]
+    public static int VideoOutAddFlipEvent(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var equeue = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
+        var handle = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi]);
+        var userData = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx];
+        if (!TryGetPort(handle, out var port))
+        {
+            return OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidHandle;
+        }
+
+        if (!KernelEventQueueCompatExports.IsValidEqueue(equeue))
+        {
+            return OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidEventQueue;
+        }
+
+        lock (_stateGate)
+        {
+            port.FlipEvents.Add(new FlipEventRegistration(equeue, userData));
+        }
+
+        TraceVideoOut($"videoout.add_flip_event eq=0x{equeue:X16} handle={handle} udata=0x{userData:X16}");
+        return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "U46NwOiJpys",
+        ExportName = "sceVideoOutSubmitFlip",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceVideoOut")]
+    public static int VideoOutSubmitFlip(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var handle = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        var bufferIndex = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi]);
+        var flipMode = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx]);
+        var flipArg = unchecked((long)ctx[CpuRegister.Rcx]);
+        return SubmitFlip(ctx, handle, bufferIndex, flipMode, flipArg);
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "U2JJtSqNKZI",
+        ExportName = "sceVideoOutGetEventId",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceVideoOut")]
+    public static int VideoOutGetEventId(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var eventAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
+        if (eventAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidAddress;
+        }
+
+        if (!ctx.TryReadUInt64(eventAddress, out var ident) ||
+            !TryReadInt16(ctx, eventAddress + 0x08, out var filter))
+        {
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
+        }
+
+        if (filter != OrbisKernelEventFilterVideoOut || ident != SceVideoOutInternalEventFlip)
+        {
+            return OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidEvent;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "rWUTcKdkUzQ",
+        ExportName = "sceVideoOutGetEventData",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceVideoOut")]
+    public static int VideoOutGetEventData(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var eventAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
+        var dataAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
+        if (eventAddress == 0 || dataAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidAddress;
+        }
+
+        if (!ctx.TryReadUInt64(eventAddress, out var ident) ||
+            !TryReadInt16(ctx, eventAddress + 0x08, out var filter) ||
+            !ctx.TryReadUInt64(eventAddress + 0x10, out var data))
+        {
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
+        }
+
+        if (filter != OrbisKernelEventFilterVideoOut || ident != SceVideoOutInternalEventFlip)
+        {
+            return OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidEvent;
+        }
+
+        return ctx.TryWriteUInt64(dataAddress, data >> 16)
+            ? (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK
+            : (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
+    }
+
+    public static int SubmitFlipFromAgc(CpuContext ctx, int handle, int bufferIndex, int flipMode, long flipArg) =>
+        SubmitFlip(ctx, handle, bufferIndex, flipMode, flipArg);
+
+    internal static bool TryGetDisplayBufferInfo(int handle, int bufferIndex, out DisplayBufferInfo info)
+    {
+        info = default;
+        if (bufferIndex < 0 || bufferIndex >= MaxDisplayBuffers)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        lock (_stateGate)
+        {
+            if (!_ports.TryGetValue(handle, out var port))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            var slot = port.BufferSlots[bufferIndex];
+            if (slot.AddressLeft == 0 ||
+                slot.GroupIndex < 0 ||
+                slot.GroupIndex >= port.Groups.Length ||
+                port.Groups[slot.GroupIndex] is not { } group)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            var attribute = group.Attribute;
+            info = new DisplayBufferInfo(
+                slot.AddressLeft,
+                attribute.PixelFormat,
+                attribute.TilingMode,
+                attribute.Width,
+                attribute.Height,
+                attribute.PitchInPixel);
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "MTxxrOCeSig",
         ExportName = "sceVideoOutSetWindowModeMargins",
@@ -173,9 +365,23 @@ public static class VideoOutExports
 
         lock (_stateGate)
         {
-            return port.RegisteredSetIds.Remove(attributeIndex)
-                ? (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK
-                : OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidValue;
+            if (attributeIndex >= port.Groups.Length || port.Groups[attributeIndex] is null)
+            {
+                return OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidValue;
+            }
+
+            port.Groups[attributeIndex] = null;
+            foreach (var slot in port.BufferSlots)
+            {
+                if (slot.GroupIndex == attributeIndex)
+                {
+                    slot.GroupIndex = -1;
+                    slot.AddressLeft = 0;
+                    slot.AddressRight = 0;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
         }
     }
 
@@ -292,16 +498,21 @@ public static class VideoOutExports
             return OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidValue;
         }
 
+        if (!TryReadBufferAttribute(ctx, attributeAddress, false, out var attribute))
+        {
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
+        }
+
+        Span<ulong> addresses = stackalloc ulong[Math.Min(bufferNum, MaxDisplayBuffers)];
         for (var i = 0; i < bufferNum; i++)
         {
-            if (!ctx.TryReadUInt64(addressesAddress + ((ulong)i * 8), out _))
+            if (!ctx.TryReadUInt64(addressesAddress + ((ulong)i * 8), out addresses[i]))
             {
                 return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
             }
         }
 
-        var setId = AllocateBufferSet(port);
-        return setId;
+        return RegisterBufferRange(port, startIndex, addresses[..bufferNum], attribute);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -348,34 +559,458 @@ public static class VideoOutExports
             return OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidValue;
         }
 
+        if (!TryReadBufferAttribute(ctx, attributeAddress, true, out var attribute))
+        {
+            return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
+        }
+
+        Span<ulong> addresses = stackalloc ulong[Math.Min(bufferNum, MaxDisplayBuffers)];
         for (var i = 0; i < bufferNum; i++)
         {
             var entryAddress = buffersAddress + ((ulong)i * VideoOutBuffersEntrySize);
-            if (!ctx.TryReadUInt64(entryAddress + 0x00, out _) ||
+            if (!ctx.TryReadUInt64(entryAddress + 0x00, out addresses[i]) ||
                 !ctx.TryReadUInt64(entryAddress + 0x08, out _))
             {
                 return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
             }
         }
 
-        lock (_stateGate)
-        {
-            port.RegisteredSetIds.Add(setIndex);
-        }
-
-        return setIndex;
+        var groupIndex = RegisterBufferRange(port, bufferIndexStart, addresses[..bufferNum], attribute, setIndex);
+        return groupIndex < 0 ? groupIndex : setIndex;
     }
 
-    private static int AllocateBufferSet(VideoOutPortState port)
+    private static int SubmitFlip(CpuContext ctx, int handle, int bufferIndex, int flipMode, long flipArg)
+    {
+        if (!TryGetPort(handle, out var port))
+        {
+            return OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidHandle;
+        }
+
+        if (bufferIndex < -1 || bufferIndex >= MaxDisplayBuffers)
+        {
+            return OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidIndex;
+        }
+
+        ulong eventData;
+        List<FlipEventRegistration> flipEvents;
+        lock (_stateGate)
+        {
+            if (bufferIndex != -1 && port.BufferSlots[bufferIndex].GroupIndex < 0)
+            {
+                return OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidIndex;
+            }
+
+            port.CurrentBuffer = bufferIndex;
+            port.FlipCount++;
+            var eventCount = Math.Min(port.FlipCount, 0xFUL);
+            var timeBits = (ulong)Environment.TickCount64 & 0xFFFUL;
+            eventData = timeBits | (eventCount << 12) | ((unchecked((ulong)flipArg) & 0x0000_FFFF_FFFF_FFFFUL) << 16);
+            flipEvents = new List<FlipEventRegistration>(port.FlipEvents);
+        }
+
+        _ = TryDumpFrame(ctx, port, bufferIndex, flipMode, flipArg);
+
+        foreach (var flipEvent in flipEvents)
+        {
+            _ = KernelEventQueueCompatExports.EnqueueEvent(
+                flipEvent.Equeue,
+                new KernelEventQueueCompatExports.KernelQueuedEvent(
+                    SceVideoOutInternalEventFlip,
+                    OrbisKernelEventFilterVideoOut,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    eventData,
+                    flipEvent.UserData));
+        }
+
+        TraceVideoOut($"videoout.submit_flip handle={handle} index={bufferIndex} mode={flipMode} arg={flipArg} events={flipEvents.Count}");
+        return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+    }
+
+    private static int RegisterBufferRange(VideoOutPortState port, int startIndex, ReadOnlySpan<ulong> addresses, BufferAttribute attribute, int requestedGroupIndex = -1)
     {
         lock (_stateGate)
         {
-            var setId = port.NextSetId++;
-            port.RegisteredSetIds.Add(setId);
-            return setId;
+            var groupIndex = requestedGroupIndex >= 0 ? requestedGroupIndex : FindFreeGroupIndex(port);
+            if (groupIndex < 0 || groupIndex >= MaxDisplayBufferGroups)
+            {
+                return OrbisVideoOutErrorInvalidValue;
+            }
+
+            if (port.Groups[groupIndex] is not null)
+            {
+                return OrbisVideoOutErrorResourceBusy;
+            }
+
+            for (var i = 0; i < addresses.Length; i++)
+            {
+                if (port.BufferSlots[startIndex + i].GroupIndex >= 0)
+                {
+                    return OrbisVideoOutErrorResourceBusy;
+                }
+            }
+
+            port.Groups[groupIndex] = new VideoOutBufferGroup
+            {
+                Index = groupIndex,
+                Attribute = attribute,
+            };
+
+            for (var i = 0; i < addresses.Length; i++)
+            {
+                var slot = port.BufferSlots[startIndex + i];
+                slot.GroupIndex = groupIndex;
+                slot.AddressLeft = addresses[i];
+                slot.AddressRight = 0;
+            }
+
+            TraceVideoOut(
+                $"videoout.register_buffers handle={port.Handle} group={groupIndex} start={startIndex} count={addresses.Length} fmt=0x{attribute.PixelFormat:X} tile={attribute.TilingMode} {attribute.Width}x{attribute.Height} pitch={attribute.PitchInPixel}");
+            return groupIndex;
         }
     }
 
+    private static int FindFreeGroupIndex(VideoOutPortState port)
+    {
+        for (var i = 0; i < port.Groups.Length; i++)
+        {
+            if (port.Groups[i] is null)
+            {
+                return i;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    private static bool TryReadBufferAttribute(CpuContext ctx, ulong attributeAddress, bool attribute2, out BufferAttribute attribute)
+    {
+        attribute = default;
+        if (!TryReadUInt32(ctx, attributeAddress + 0x04, out var tilingMode) ||
+            !TryReadUInt32(ctx, attributeAddress + 0x0C, out var width) ||
+            !TryReadUInt32(ctx, attributeAddress + 0x10, out var height))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (attribute2)
+        {
+            if (!ctx.TryReadUInt64(attributeAddress + 0x18, out var option) ||
+                !ctx.TryReadUInt64(attributeAddress + 0x20, out var pixelFormat))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            attribute = new BufferAttribute(NormalizePixelFormat(pixelFormat), tilingMode, 0, width, height, width, option);
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if (!TryReadUInt32(ctx, attributeAddress + 0x00, out var pixelFormat32) ||
+            !TryReadUInt32(ctx, attributeAddress + 0x08, out var aspectRatio) ||
+            !TryReadUInt32(ctx, attributeAddress + 0x14, out var pitchInPixel) ||
+            !TryReadUInt32(ctx, attributeAddress + 0x18, out var option32))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        attribute = new BufferAttribute(NormalizePixelFormat(pixelFormat32), tilingMode, aspectRatio, width, height, pitchInPixel, option32);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static bool TryDumpFrame(CpuContext ctx, VideoOutPortState port, int bufferIndex, int flipMode, long flipArg)
+    {
+        if (bufferIndex < 0)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        VideoOutBufferSlot slot;
+        VideoOutBufferGroup? group;
+        lock (_stateGate)
+        {
+            slot = port.BufferSlots[bufferIndex];
+            group = slot.GroupIndex >= 0 && slot.GroupIndex < port.Groups.Length
+                ? port.Groups[slot.GroupIndex]
+                : null;
+        }
+
+        if (group is null || slot.AddressLeft == 0)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        var attribute = group.Attribute;
+        if (attribute.Width == 0 || attribute.Height == 0 || attribute.Width > 8192 || attribute.Height > 8192)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        var bytesPerPixel = GetBytesPerPixel(attribute.PixelFormat);
+        if (bytesPerPixel == 0)
+        {
+            return DumpRawFrame(ctx, port.Handle, slot.AddressLeft, attribute, bufferIndex, flipMode, flipArg, "unsupported-format");
+        }
+
+        var pitch = attribute.PitchInPixel == 0 ? attribute.Width : attribute.PitchInPixel;
+        var rowBytes = checked((int)(pitch * bytesPerPixel));
+        var visibleRowBytes = checked((int)(attribute.Width * bytesPerPixel));
+        var frameBytes = checked((ulong)rowBytes * attribute.Height);
+        if (frameBytes > 256UL * 1024UL * 1024UL)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        lock (_frameDumpGate)
+        {
+            if (_frameDumpCount >= MaxFrameDumps)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        const ulong fnvOffsetBasis = 14695981039346656037UL;
+        const ulong fnvPrime = 1099511628211UL;
+        var fingerprint = fnvOffsetBasis;
+        var row = new byte[rowBytes];
+        for (uint y = 0; y < attribute.Height; y++)
+        {
+            if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(slot.AddressLeft + ((ulong)y * (ulong)rowBytes), row))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            foreach (var value in row.AsSpan(0, visibleRowBytes))
+            {
+                fingerprint = (fingerprint ^ value) * fnvPrime;
+            }
+        }
+
+        var fingerprintKey = (port.Handle, bufferIndex, slot.AddressLeft);
+        lock (_frameDumpGate)
+        {
+            if (_lastFrameFingerprints.TryGetValue(fingerprintKey, out var previousFingerprint) &&
+                previousFingerprint == fingerprint)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (_frameDumpCount >= MaxFrameDumps)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            _lastFrameFingerprints[fingerprintKey] = fingerprint;
+            _frameDumpCount++;
+        }
+
+        var rgb = new byte[checked((int)(attribute.Width * attribute.Height * 3))];
+        var rgbOffset = 0;
+        for (uint y = 0; y < attribute.Height; y++)
+        {
+            if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(slot.AddressLeft + ((ulong)y * (ulong)rowBytes), row))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            ConvertRowToRgb(row.AsSpan(0, visibleRowBytes), rgb.AsSpan(rgbOffset, (int)attribute.Width * 3), attribute.PixelFormat);
+            rgbOffset += (int)attribute.Width * 3;
+        }
+
+        var frameIndex = Interlocked.Increment(ref _nextFrameDumpIndex);
+        var basePath = GetFrameDumpBasePath(frameIndex, port.Handle, bufferIndex);
+        WriteBmp(basePath + ".bmp", attribute.Width, attribute.Height, rgb);
+        WriteFrameMetadata(basePath + ".txt", slot.AddressLeft, attribute, bufferIndex, flipMode, flipArg, "bmp-linear-read", fingerprint);
+        TraceVideoOut($"videoout.dump_frame path={basePath}.bmp addr=0x{slot.AddressLeft:X16} {attribute.Width}x{attribute.Height} fmt=0x{attribute.PixelFormat:X} fingerprint=0x{fingerprint:X16}");
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static bool DumpRawFrame(CpuContext ctx, int handle, ulong address, BufferAttribute attribute, int bufferIndex, int flipMode, long flipArg, string reason)
+    {
+        var bytesPerPixel = Math.Max(GetBytesPerPixel(attribute.PixelFormat), 4u);
+        var pitch = attribute.PitchInPixel == 0 ? attribute.Width : attribute.PitchInPixel;
+        var byteCount = checked((ulong)pitch * attribute.Height * bytesPerPixel);
+        if (byteCount == 0 || byteCount > 256UL * 1024UL * 1024UL)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        var bytes = new byte[(int)byteCount];
+        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address, bytes))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        var fingerprint = ComputeFingerprint(bytes);
+        var fingerprintKey = (handle, bufferIndex, address);
+        lock (_frameDumpGate)
+        {
+            if ((_lastFrameFingerprints.TryGetValue(fingerprintKey, out var previousFingerprint) &&
+                 previousFingerprint == fingerprint) ||
+                _frameDumpCount >= MaxFrameDumps)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            _lastFrameFingerprints[fingerprintKey] = fingerprint;
+            _frameDumpCount++;
+        }
+
+        var frameIndex = Interlocked.Increment(ref _nextFrameDumpIndex);
+        var basePath = GetFrameDumpBasePath(frameIndex, handle, bufferIndex);
+        File.WriteAllBytes(basePath + ".raw", bytes);
+        WriteFrameMetadata(basePath + ".txt", address, attribute, bufferIndex, flipMode, flipArg, reason, fingerprint);
+        TraceVideoOut($"videoout.dump_frame path={basePath}.raw addr=0x{address:X16} bytes={byteCount} reason={reason} fingerprint=0x{fingerprint:X16}");
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static ulong ComputeFingerprint(ReadOnlySpan<byte> bytes)
+    {
+        const ulong fnvOffsetBasis = 14695981039346656037UL;
+        const ulong fnvPrime = 1099511628211UL;
+        var fingerprint = fnvOffsetBasis;
+        foreach (var value in bytes)
+        {
+            fingerprint = (fingerprint ^ value) * fnvPrime;
+        }
+
+        return fingerprint;
+    }
+
+    private static uint GetBytesPerPixel(ulong pixelFormat) =>
+        pixelFormat is SceVideoOutPixelFormatA8R8G8B8Srgb or
+            SceVideoOutPixelFormatA8B8G8R8Srgb or
+            SceVideoOutPixelFormatA2R10G10B10 or
+            SceVideoOutPixelFormatA2R10G10B10Srgb or
+            SceVideoOutPixelFormatA2R10G10B10Bt2020Pq
+            ? 4u
+            : 0u;
+
+    private static ulong NormalizePixelFormat(ulong pixelFormat)
+    {
+        if (GetBytesPerPixel(pixelFormat) != 0)
+        {
+            return pixelFormat;
+        }
+
+        var low = (uint)(pixelFormat & 0xFFFF_FFFFUL);
+        if (GetBytesPerPixel(low) != 0)
+        {
+            return low;
+        }
+
+        var high = (uint)(pixelFormat >> 32);
+        if (GetBytesPerPixel(high) != 0)
+        {
+            return high;
+        }
+
+        var packed = high | (low >> 16);
+        return GetBytesPerPixel(packed) != 0 ? packed : pixelFormat;
+    }
+
+    private static void ConvertRowToRgb(ReadOnlySpan<byte> source, Span<byte> destination, ulong pixelFormat)
+    {
+        var dst = 0;
+        for (var src = 0; src + 3 < source.Length; src += 4)
+        {
+            if (pixelFormat == SceVideoOutPixelFormatA8B8G8R8Srgb)
+            {
+                destination[dst++] = source[src + 0];
+                destination[dst++] = source[src + 1];
+                destination[dst++] = source[src + 2];
+            }
+            else if (pixelFormat is SceVideoOutPixelFormatA2R10G10B10 or SceVideoOutPixelFormatA2R10G10B10Srgb or SceVideoOutPixelFormatA2R10G10B10Bt2020Pq)
+            {
+                var value = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(source[src..(src + 4)]);
+                destination[dst++] = (byte)(((value >> 20) & 0x3FF) >> 2);
+                destination[dst++] = (byte)(((value >> 10) & 0x3FF) >> 2);
+                destination[dst++] = (byte)((value & 0x3FF) >> 2);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                destination[dst++] = source[src + 2];
+                destination[dst++] = source[src + 1];
+                destination[dst++] = source[src + 0];
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static string GetFrameDumpBasePath(long frameIndex, int handle, int bufferIndex)
+    {
+        var directory = GetLogsDirectory();
+        Directory.CreateDirectory(directory);
+        return Path.Combine(directory, $"videoout_frame_{frameIndex:D4}_h{handle}_b{bufferIndex}");
+    }
+
+    private static string GetLogsDirectory()
+    {
+        var current = new DirectoryInfo(AppContext.BaseDirectory);
+        while (current is not null)
+        {
+            if (File.Exists(Path.Combine(current.FullName, "SharpEmu.slnx")))
+            {
+                return Path.Combine(current.FullName, "logs");
+            }
+
+            current = current.Parent;
+        }
+
+        return Path.Combine(Directory.GetCurrentDirectory(), "logs");
+    }
+
+    private static void WriteBmp(string path, uint width, uint height, byte[] rgb)
+    {
+        var rowStride = checked((int)(((width * 3u) + 3u) & ~3u));
+        var pixelBytes = checked(rowStride * (int)height);
+        var fileSize = 54 + pixelBytes;
+        using var stream = File.Create(path);
+        Span<byte> header = stackalloc byte[54];
+        header[0] = (byte)'B';
+        header[1] = (byte)'M';
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(header[0x02..], (uint)fileSize);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(header[0x0A..], 54);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(header[0x0E..], 40);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(header[0x12..], (int)width);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(header[0x16..], -(int)height);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt16LittleEndian(header[0x1A..], 1);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt16LittleEndian(header[0x1C..], 24);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(header[0x22..], (uint)pixelBytes);
+        stream.Write(header);
+
+        var row = new byte[rowStride];
+        var sourceStride = (int)width * 3;
+        var heightInt = (int)height;
+        var widthInt = (int)width;
+        for (var y = 0; y < heightInt; y++)
+        {
+            row.AsSpan().Clear();
+            var src = rgb.AsSpan(y * sourceStride, sourceStride);
+            for (var x = 0; x < widthInt; x++)
+            {
+                row[(x * 3) + 0] = src[(x * 3) + 2];
+                row[(x * 3) + 1] = src[(x * 3) + 1];
+                row[(x * 3) + 2] = src[(x * 3) + 0];
+            }
+
+            stream.Write(row);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void WriteFrameMetadata(
+        string path,
+        ulong address,
+        BufferAttribute attribute,
+        int bufferIndex,
+        int flipMode,
+        long flipArg,
+        string kind,
+        ulong fingerprint)
+    {
+        File.WriteAllText(
+            path,
+            $"kind={kind}\naddress=0x{address:X16}\nbuffer_index={bufferIndex}\nflip_mode={flipMode}\nflip_arg={flipArg}\nfingerprint=0x{fingerprint:X16}\npixel_format=0x{attribute.PixelFormat:X}\ntiling_mode={attribute.TilingMode}\nwidth={attribute.Width}\nheight={attribute.Height}\npitch_in_pixel={attribute.PitchInPixel}\noption=0x{attribute.Option:X}\n");
+    }
+
     private static bool IsValidBufferRange(int startIndex, int bufferNum)
     {
         return startIndex >= 0 &&
@@ -393,6 +1028,17 @@ public static class VideoOutExports
         }
     }
 
+    private static VideoOutBufferSlot[] CreateBufferSlots()
+    {
+        var slots = new VideoOutBufferSlot[MaxDisplayBuffers];
+        for (var i = 0; i < slots.Length; i++)
+        {
+            slots[i] = new VideoOutBufferSlot();
+        }
+
+        return slots;
+    }
+
     private static bool TryReadStackUInt32(CpuContext ctx, int stackIndex, out uint value)
     {
         var address = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsp] + 0x08 + ((ulong)stackIndex * 0x08);
@@ -406,4 +1052,40 @@ public static class VideoOutExports
         value = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(buffer);
         return true;
     }
+
+    private static bool TryReadUInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, out uint value)
+    {
+        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
+        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address, buffer))
+        {
+            value = 0;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        value = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(buffer);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static bool TryReadInt16(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, out short value)
+    {
+        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[sizeof(short)];
+        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address, buffer))
+        {
+            value = 0;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        value = BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt16LittleEndian(buffer);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static void TraceVideoOut(string message)
+    {
+        if (!string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_VIDEOOUT"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal))
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][TRACE] {message}");
+    }
 }