Cover Linux aligned mapping retention

.github/workflows/workflow.yml

@@ -7,8 +7,6 @@ on:
   push:
     branches:
       - "**"
-    tags:
-      - "v*"
     paths-ignore:
       - "**/*.md"
       - "**/*.png"
@@ -55,11 +53,6 @@ jobs:
           release_tag="v${version}"
           release_name="SharpEmu v${version}"
 
-          if [ "${GITHUB_REF_TYPE}" = "tag" ] && [ "${GITHUB_REF_NAME}" != "${release_tag}" ]; then
-            echo "Release tag ${GITHUB_REF_NAME} does not match project version ${release_tag}." >&2
-            exit 1
-          fi
-
           {
             echo "short-sha=${short_sha}"
             echo "safe-ref=${safe_ref}"
@@ -210,9 +203,7 @@ jobs:
       - init
       - build
       - build-posix
-    # Versioned releases are immutable and tag-driven. Branch and manual runs
-    # still produce Actions artifacts without modifying a published release.
-    if: github.event_name == 'push' && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v')
+    if: github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/main')
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     permissions:
       contents: write
@@ -222,7 +213,7 @@ jobs:
         with:
           path: release
 
-      - name: Create release
+      - name: Create or update release
         shell: bash
         env:
           GH_REPO: ${{ github.repository }}
@@ -240,11 +231,26 @@ jobs:
           notes="Automated SharpEmu v${VERSION} build for commit ${GITHUB_SHA}."
 
           if gh release view "${RELEASE_TAG}" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-            echo "Release ${RELEASE_TAG} already exists and will not be modified." >&2
-            exit 1
+            gh release upload "${RELEASE_TAG}" "${assets[@]}" --clobber
+            gh release edit "${RELEASE_TAG}" --title "${RELEASE_NAME}" --notes "${notes}"
+          else
+            gh release create "${RELEASE_TAG}" "${assets[@]}" \
+              --title "${RELEASE_NAME}" \
+              --notes "${notes}" \
+              --target "${GITHUB_SHA}"
           fi
 
-          gh release create "${RELEASE_TAG}" "${assets[@]}" \
-            --verify-tag \
-            --title "${RELEASE_NAME}" \
-            --notes "${notes}"
+          keep=()
+          for asset_path in "${assets[@]}"; do
+            keep+=("$(basename "${asset_path}")")
+          done
+          mapfile -t release_assets < <(gh release view "${RELEASE_TAG}" --json assets --jq '.assets[].name' | sort)
+          for asset in "${release_assets[@]}"; do
+            case "${asset}" in
+              sharpemu-${VERSION}-*.zip|sharpemu-${VERSION}-*.tar.gz)
+                if ! printf '%s\n' "${keep[@]}" | grep -Fxq "${asset}"; then
+                  gh release delete-asset "${RELEASE_TAG}" "${asset}" --yes
+                fi
+                ;;
+            esac
+          done

Directory.Build.props

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
     <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
     <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
     <GenerateDocumentationFile>true</GenerateDocumentationFile>
-    <SharpEmuVersion>0.0.2</SharpEmuVersion>
+    <SharpEmuVersion>0.0.1</SharpEmuVersion>
     <Version>$(SharpEmuVersion)</Version>
 
     <RepoRoot>$([MSBuild]::NormalizeDirectory('$(MSBuildThisFileDirectory)'))</RepoRoot>

README.md

@@ -23,11 +23,11 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
   <strong>Join our Discord for development updates, compatibility discussions, support, and community chat.</strong>
 </p>
 
----
-
-> [!NOTE]  
-> SharpEmu supports Windows x64, Linux x64, and macOS x64. Apple Silicon Macs
-> can run the macOS x64 build through Rosetta 2.
+---
+
+> [!NOTE]  
+> SharpEmu supports Windows x64, Linux x64, and macOS x64. Apple Silicon Macs
+> can run the macOS x64 build through Rosetta 2.
 
 > [!WARNING]  
 > SharpEmu is an experimental PS5 emulator developed from scratch in C#. The current focus is on accuracy and infrastructure setup rather than game-specific compatibility.
@@ -41,16 +41,6 @@ This project is developed purely for research and educational purposes. There ar
 SharpEmu focuses exclusively on the PlayStation 5.  
 Our goal is **not** to emulate PS4 games, as there is already an excellent emulator dedicated to that platform: **ShadPS4**.
 
-## Games Tested
-
-|               Demons Souls Remake                   |                     Dreaming Sarah                         |
-| :-----------------------------------------------------------: | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: |
-| ![Bloodborne screenshot](./.github/images/demons-souls.jpg) | ![Dreaming Sarah](./.github/images/dreaming-sarah.jpg) |
-
-|                  Void Terrarium                     |                 Dead Cells                    |
-| :------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :------------------------------------------------------------------: |
-| ![Void Terrarium](./.github/images/void-terrarium.jpg) | ![Dead Cells](./.github/images/dead-cells.jpg) |
-
 ## Status
 
 The emulator can currently load the `eboot.bin` of real games, execute native CPU instructions, and partially handle kernel-related functionality. However, several critical components are still missing.
@@ -70,33 +60,52 @@ Current capabilities include:
 
 Some games have reached like `sceVideoOut` and AGC stages.
 
-SharpEmu supports Windows, Linux, and macOS hosts. Video output uses Vulkan on
-Windows and Linux, and MoltenVK on macOS. Platform support is still experimental,
-so compatibility and performance vary by game, operating system, and GPU driver.
+SharpEmu supports Windows, Linux, and macOS hosts. Video output uses Vulkan on
+Windows and Linux, and MoltenVK on macOS. Platform support is still experimental,
+so compatibility and performance vary by game, operating system, and GPU driver.
+
+## Using
+
+Download the release archive for your operating system, extract it, and launch
+SharpEmu with the path to a legally obtained game's `eboot.bin`.
+
+Windows PowerShell:
+
+```powershell
+.\SharpEmu.exe "C:\path\to\game\eboot.bin" 2>&1 |
+  Tee-Object -FilePath "SharpEmu.log"
+```
+
+Linux and macOS:
+
+```bash
+chmod +x ./SharpEmu
+
+./SharpEmu "/path/to/game/eboot.bin" 2>&1 |
+  tee SharpEmu.log
+```
+
+A Vulkan-capable GPU and current graphics driver are required. The macOS
+release includes the MoltenVK Vulkan implementation.
 
-## Using
+## Games Tested
 
-Download the release archive for your operating system, extract it, and launch
-SharpEmu with the path to a legally obtained game's `eboot.bin`.
+* **Demon's Souls Remake**
+  * [Demon's Souls [PPSA01341]](https://github.com/sharpemu/sharpemu/issues/2)
+  * Demon's Souls is now video loop. Shaders are ready to be converted to SPIR-V/Vulkan. We are continuing our work on this.
+  ![DeS videoOut submit first frame](./.github/images/des-videoout-shaders.jpg)
 
-Windows PowerShell:
+* **Poppy Playtime Chapter 1**
+  * [Poppy Playtime Chapter 1 [PPSA20591]](https://github.com/sharpemu/sharpemu/issues/3)
 
-```powershell
-.\SharpEmu.exe "C:\path\to\game\eboot.bin" 2>&1 |
-  Tee-Object -FilePath "SharpEmu.log"
-```
+* **SILENT HILL: The Short Message**
+  * [SILENT HILL: The Short Message [PPSA10112]](https://github.com/sharpemu/sharpemu/issues/4)
 
-Linux and macOS:
+* **Dreaming Sarah**
+  * [Dreaming Sarah [PPSA02929]](https://github.com/sharpemu/sharpemu/issues/9)
+  * Real texture rendering for this game;
+  ![Splash texture](./.github/images/dreaming-sarah.jpg)
 
-```bash
-chmod +x ./SharpEmu
-
-./SharpEmu "/path/to/game/eboot.bin" 2>&1 |
-  tee SharpEmu.log
-```
-
-A Vulkan-capable GPU and current graphics driver are required. The macOS
-release includes the MoltenVK Vulkan implementation.
 
 > [!IMPORTANT]  
 > This project does **not** support or condone piracy.  
@@ -105,7 +114,7 @@ release includes the MoltenVK Vulkan implementation.
 
 ## Build
 
-1. Install the .NET SDK version specified in [`global.json`](./global.json).
+1. Install the .NET SDK version specified in [`global.json`](./global.json).
 2. Clone the repository: `git clone https://github.com/sharpemu/sharpemu.git`
 3. Open the solution file (`SharpEmu.slnx`) in **VSCode**.
 4. Build the project: `dotnet build` or `dotnet publish`

scripts/release.py

@@ -1,408 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-
-# Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import argparse
-import re
-import subprocess
-import sys
-from pathlib import Path
-
-
-VERSION_PATTERN = re.compile(r"^\d+\.\d+\.\d+(?:-[0-9A-Za-z.-]+)?$")
-VERSION_ELEMENT_PATTERN = re.compile(
-    r"(<SharpEmuVersion>)([^<]+)(</SharpEmuVersion>)"
-)
-
-
-class ReleaseError(RuntimeError):
-    pass
-
-
-def run_git(
-    *args: str,
-    cwd: Path,
-    capture_output: bool = False,
-) -> str:
-    command = ["git", *args]
-
-    try:
-        result = subprocess.run(
-            command,
-            cwd=cwd,
-            check=True,
-            text=True,
-            capture_output=capture_output,
-        )
-    except FileNotFoundError:
-        raise ReleaseError("Git was not found in PATH.") from None
-    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
-        stderr = error.stderr.strip() if error.stderr else ""
-        detail = f"\n{stderr}" if stderr else ""
-
-        raise ReleaseError(
-            f"Git command failed: {' '.join(command)}{detail}"
-        ) from error
-
-    return result.stdout.strip() if capture_output else ""
-
-
-def find_repository_root(script_path: Path) -> Path:
-    root = run_git(
-        "rev-parse",
-        "--show-toplevel",
-        cwd=script_path.resolve().parent,
-        capture_output=True,
-    )
-
-    return Path(root)
-
-
-def get_status(repository_root: Path) -> str:
-    return run_git(
-        "status",
-        "--porcelain",
-        cwd=repository_root,
-        capture_output=True,
-    )
-
-
-def ensure_clean_worktree(repository_root: Path) -> None:
-    status = get_status(repository_root)
-
-    if status:
-        raise ReleaseError(
-            "The working tree is not clean.\n\n"
-            f"{status}\n\n"
-            "Commit, stash, or remove these changes first."
-        )
-
-
-def get_current_branch(repository_root: Path) -> str:
-    branch = run_git(
-        "branch",
-        "--show-current",
-        cwd=repository_root,
-        capture_output=True,
-    )
-
-    if not branch:
-        raise ReleaseError(
-            "HEAD is detached. Switch to a branch before continuing."
-        )
-
-    return branch
-
-
-def ensure_branch_does_not_exist(
-    repository_root: Path,
-    branch: str,
-    remote: str,
-) -> None:
-    local_branch = run_git(
-        "branch",
-        "--list",
-        branch,
-        cwd=repository_root,
-        capture_output=True,
-    )
-
-    if local_branch:
-        raise ReleaseError(f"Branch {branch} already exists locally.")
-
-    remote_branch = run_git(
-        "ls-remote",
-        "--heads",
-        remote,
-        branch,
-        cwd=repository_root,
-        capture_output=True,
-    )
-
-    if remote_branch:
-        raise ReleaseError(
-            f"Branch {branch} already exists on {remote}."
-        )
-
-
-def ensure_tag_does_not_exist(
-    repository_root: Path,
-    tag: str,
-    remote: str,
-) -> None:
-    local_tag = run_git(
-        "tag",
-        "--list",
-        tag,
-        cwd=repository_root,
-        capture_output=True,
-    )
-
-    if local_tag:
-        raise ReleaseError(f"Tag {tag} already exists locally.")
-
-    remote_tag = run_git(
-        "ls-remote",
-        "--tags",
-        remote,
-        f"refs/tags/{tag}",
-        cwd=repository_root,
-        capture_output=True,
-    )
-
-    if remote_tag:
-        raise ReleaseError(f"Tag {tag} already exists on {remote}.")
-
-
-def read_version(props_path: Path) -> str:
-    if not props_path.exists():
-        raise ReleaseError(f"Version file not found: {props_path}")
-
-    content = props_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
-    match = VERSION_ELEMENT_PATTERN.search(content)
-
-    if match is None:
-        raise ReleaseError(
-            f"SharpEmuVersion was not found in {props_path.name}."
-        )
-
-    return match.group(2).strip()
-
-
-def update_version(props_path: Path, version: str) -> str:
-    content = props_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
-    current_version = read_version(props_path)
-
-    if current_version == version:
-        raise ReleaseError(
-            f"SharpEmuVersion is already set to {version}."
-        )
-
-    updated_content, replacement_count = VERSION_ELEMENT_PATTERN.subn(
-        rf"\g<1>{version}\g<3>",
-        content,
-        count=1,
-    )
-
-    if replacement_count != 1:
-        raise ReleaseError(
-            "Expected exactly one SharpEmuVersion element."
-        )
-
-    props_path.write_text(
-        updated_content,
-        encoding="utf-8",
-        newline="\n",
-    )
-
-    return current_version
-
-
-def prepare_release(
-    repository_root: Path,
-    props_path: Path,
-    version: str,
-    remote: str,
-) -> None:
-    ensure_clean_worktree(repository_root)
-
-    current_branch = get_current_branch(repository_root)
-
-    if current_branch != "main":
-        raise ReleaseError(
-            f"Prepare must be run from main, not {current_branch}."
-        )
-
-    run_git(
-        "pull",
-        "--ff-only",
-        remote,
-        "main",
-        cwd=repository_root,
-    )
-
-    branch = f"release/{version}"
-    ensure_branch_does_not_exist(
-        repository_root,
-        branch,
-        remote,
-    )
-
-    previous_version = read_version(props_path)
-
-    run_git(
-        "switch",
-        "-c",
-        branch,
-        cwd=repository_root,
-    )
-
-    try:
-        update_version(props_path, version)
-
-        relative_props_path = props_path.relative_to(repository_root)
-
-        run_git(
-            "add",
-            relative_props_path.as_posix(),
-            cwd=repository_root,
-        )
-        run_git(
-            "commit",
-            "-m",
-            f"chore: bump version to {version}",
-            cwd=repository_root,
-        )
-        run_git(
-            "push",
-            "-u",
-            remote,
-            branch,
-            cwd=repository_root,
-        )
-    except Exception:
-        print(
-            "\nPrepare failed. The release branch may still exist locally.",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        raise
-
-    print()
-    print(f"Prepared release {previous_version} -> {version}")
-    print(f"Branch pushed: {branch}")
-    print()
-    print("Open a pull request from:")
-    print(f"  {branch}")
-    print("into:")
-    print("  main")
-    print()
-    print("After merging the PR, run:")
-    print(f"  python scripts/release.py tag {version}")
-
-
-def create_release_tag(
-    repository_root: Path,
-    props_path: Path,
-    version: str,
-    remote: str,
-) -> None:
-    ensure_clean_worktree(repository_root)
-
-    current_branch = get_current_branch(repository_root)
-
-    if current_branch != "main":
-        raise ReleaseError(
-            f"Tagging must be run from main, not {current_branch}."
-        )
-
-    run_git(
-        "pull",
-        "--ff-only",
-        remote,
-        "main",
-        cwd=repository_root,
-    )
-
-    current_version = read_version(props_path)
-
-    if current_version != version:
-        raise ReleaseError(
-            "Version mismatch:\n"
-            f"  Directory.Build.props: {current_version}\n"
-            f"  Requested tag:         {version}"
-        )
-
-    tag = f"v{version}"
-
-    ensure_tag_does_not_exist(
-        repository_root,
-        tag,
-        remote,
-    )
-
-    run_git(
-        "tag",
-        "-a",
-        tag,
-        "-m",
-        f"SharpEmu {version}",
-        cwd=repository_root,
-    )
-    run_git(
-        "push",
-        remote,
-        tag,
-        cwd=repository_root,
-    )
-
-    print()
-    print(f"Successfully pushed tag {tag}.")
-    print("The release workflow should start automatically.")
-
-
-def parse_arguments() -> argparse.Namespace:
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
-        description="Prepare or tag a SharpEmu release."
-    )
-
-    subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(
-        dest="command",
-        required=True,
-    )
-
-    for command in ("prepare", "tag"):
-        subparser = subparsers.add_parser(command)
-        subparser.add_argument(
-            "version",
-            help="Version without the v prefix, e.g. 0.0.2-beta.2.",
-        )
-        subparser.add_argument(
-            "--remote",
-            default="origin",
-            help="Git remote. Default: origin.",
-        )
-
-    arguments = parser.parse_args()
-
-    if not VERSION_PATTERN.fullmatch(arguments.version):
-        parser.error(
-            "Version must look like 0.0.2, "
-            "0.0.2-beta.2, or 0.0.2-rc.1."
-        )
-
-    return arguments
-
-
-def main() -> int:
-    arguments = parse_arguments()
-
-    try:
-        repository_root = find_repository_root(Path(__file__))
-        props_path = repository_root / "Directory.Build.props"
-
-        if arguments.command == "prepare":
-            prepare_release(
-                repository_root,
-                props_path,
-                arguments.version,
-                arguments.remote,
-            )
-        else:
-            create_release_tag(
-                repository_root,
-                props_path,
-                arguments.version,
-                arguments.remote,
-            )
-    except ReleaseError as error:
-        print(f"Error: {error}", file=sys.stderr)
-        return 1
-
-    return 0
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    raise SystemExit(main())

src/SharpEmu.CLI/Program.cs

@@ -63,11 +63,6 @@ internal static partial class Program
 
     private static int Run(string[] args)
     {
-        if (Updater.TryApply(args, out var updateExitCode))
-        {
-            return updateExitCode;
-        }
-
         args = NormalizeInternalArguments(args, out var isMitigatedChild);
         if (args.Length == 0 && !isMitigatedChild)
         {

src/SharpEmu.Core/Cpu/Emulation/BmiInstructionEmulator.cs

@@ -1,305 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using System.Numerics;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Core.Cpu.Emulation;
-
-/// <summary>
-/// Pure software implementations of the BMI1, BMI2 and ABM general-purpose-register
-/// bit-manipulation instructions.
-///
-/// The direct-execution backend runs guest PS5 code natively on the host CPU. The PS5's
-/// Zen 2 cores implement BMI1/BMI2/ABM, but a host CPU that predates those extensions raises
-/// #UD (STATUS_ILLEGAL_INSTRUCTION) when it meets one of these opcodes. This class provides the
-/// register-only arithmetic so the exception handler can finish the instruction in software and
-/// resume, instead of aborting the title.
-///
-/// The methods deliberately operate on plain integers rather than on the OS CONTEXT record so the
-/// semantics can be unit-tested in isolation; the unsafe register/memory plumbing lives in the
-/// backend adapter. Each method returns the result already masked to the operand width and, where
-/// the instruction is defined to touch flags, updates <paramref name="eflags"/> in place. Flags
-/// documented as "undefined" by the vendor manuals are left untouched so behaviour stays
-/// deterministic across hosts.
-/// </summary>
-public static class BmiInstructionEmulator
-{
-    private const uint FlagCarry = 1u << 0;
-    private const uint FlagZero = 1u << 6;
-    private const uint FlagSign = 1u << 7;
-    private const uint FlagOverflow = 1u << 11;
-
-    private static ulong WidthMask(GprOperandSize size) =>
-        size == GprOperandSize.Bits64 ? ulong.MaxValue : 0xFFFF_FFFFUL;
-
-    private static int WidthBits(GprOperandSize size) => (int)size;
-
-    private static bool SignSet(ulong value, GprOperandSize size) =>
-        size == GprOperandSize.Bits64 ? (value >> 63) != 0 : (value & 0x8000_0000UL) != 0;
-
-    private static uint WithFlag(uint eflags, uint flag, bool set) =>
-        set ? eflags | flag : eflags & ~flag;
-
-    // Applies the CF/ZF/SF/OF set shared by ANDN/BLS*/BZHI: OF is always cleared, ZF and SF follow
-    // the result, and the caller supplies CF because each instruction defines it differently.
-    private static uint ApplyLogicFlags(uint eflags, ulong result, GprOperandSize size, bool carry)
-    {
-        eflags = WithFlag(eflags, FlagCarry, carry);
-        eflags = WithFlag(eflags, FlagZero, result == 0);
-        eflags = WithFlag(eflags, FlagSign, SignSet(result, size));
-        eflags = WithFlag(eflags, FlagOverflow, false);
-        return eflags;
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>ANDN: <c>dest = (~src1) &amp; src2</c>. CF and OF are cleared.</summary>
-    public static ulong Andn(ulong src1, ulong src2, GprOperandSize size, ref uint eflags)
-    {
-        var result = (~src1 & src2) & WidthMask(size);
-        eflags = ApplyLogicFlags(eflags, result, size, carry: false);
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>BLSI: isolate the lowest set bit, <c>dest = (-src) &amp; src</c>. CF = (src != 0).</summary>
-    public static ulong Blsi(ulong src, GprOperandSize size, ref uint eflags)
-    {
-        var mask = WidthMask(size);
-        var s = src & mask;
-        var result = ((0UL - s) & s) & mask;
-        eflags = ApplyLogicFlags(eflags, result, size, carry: s != 0);
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>BLSMSK: mask up to and including the lowest set bit, <c>dest = (src - 1) ^ src</c>. CF = (src == 0).</summary>
-    public static ulong Blsmsk(ulong src, GprOperandSize size, ref uint eflags)
-    {
-        var mask = WidthMask(size);
-        var s = src & mask;
-        var result = ((s - 1) ^ s) & mask;
-        eflags = ApplyLogicFlags(eflags, result, size, carry: s == 0);
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>BLSR: reset the lowest set bit, <c>dest = (src - 1) &amp; src</c>. CF = (src == 0).</summary>
-    public static ulong Blsr(ulong src, GprOperandSize size, ref uint eflags)
-    {
-        var mask = WidthMask(size);
-        var s = src & mask;
-        var result = ((s - 1) & s) & mask;
-        eflags = ApplyLogicFlags(eflags, result, size, carry: s == 0);
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// BEXTR: extract <c>len</c> bits of <paramref name="src"/> starting at bit <c>start</c>, where
-    /// start = control[7:0] and len = control[15:8]. Only ZF (per result) and cleared CF/OF are defined.
-    /// </summary>
-    public static ulong Bextr(ulong src, ulong control, GprOperandSize size, ref uint eflags)
-    {
-        var bits = WidthBits(size);
-        var start = (int)(control & 0xFF);
-        var length = (int)((control >> 8) & 0xFF);
-
-        ulong result;
-        if (start >= bits)
-        {
-            result = 0;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            var shifted = (src & WidthMask(size)) >> start;
-            if (length == 0)
-            {
-                result = 0;
-            }
-            else if (length >= bits)
-            {
-                result = shifted;
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                result = shifted & ((1UL << length) - 1);
-            }
-        }
-
-        result &= WidthMask(size);
-        eflags = WithFlag(eflags, FlagZero, result == 0);
-        eflags = WithFlag(eflags, FlagCarry, false);
-        eflags = WithFlag(eflags, FlagOverflow, false);
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// BZHI: zero the bits of <paramref name="src"/> from bit position <c>index[7:0]</c> upward.
-    /// CF is set when the requested position is at or beyond the operand width.
-    /// </summary>
-    public static ulong Bzhi(ulong src, ulong index, GprOperandSize size, ref uint eflags)
-    {
-        var bits = WidthBits(size);
-        var mask = WidthMask(size);
-        var s = src & mask;
-        var n = (int)(index & 0xFF);
-
-        ulong result;
-        bool carry;
-        if (n >= bits)
-        {
-            result = s;
-            carry = true;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            result = s & ((1UL << n) - 1);
-            carry = false;
-        }
-
-        eflags = ApplyLogicFlags(eflags, result, size, carry);
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>TZCNT: count trailing zero bits. If src == 0 the result is the operand width and CF is set.</summary>
-    public static ulong Tzcnt(ulong src, GprOperandSize size, ref uint eflags)
-    {
-        var bits = WidthBits(size);
-        var s = src & WidthMask(size);
-
-        ulong result;
-        bool carry;
-        if (s == 0)
-        {
-            result = (ulong)bits;
-            carry = true;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            result = (ulong)(size == GprOperandSize.Bits64
-                ? BitOperations.TrailingZeroCount(s)
-                : BitOperations.TrailingZeroCount((uint)s));
-            carry = false;
-        }
-
-        eflags = WithFlag(eflags, FlagCarry, carry);
-        eflags = WithFlag(eflags, FlagZero, result == 0);
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>LZCNT: count leading zero bits. If src == 0 the result is the operand width and CF is set.</summary>
-    public static ulong Lzcnt(ulong src, GprOperandSize size, ref uint eflags)
-    {
-        var bits = WidthBits(size);
-        var s = src & WidthMask(size);
-
-        ulong result;
-        bool carry;
-        if (s == 0)
-        {
-            result = (ulong)bits;
-            carry = true;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            result = (ulong)(size == GprOperandSize.Bits64
-                ? BitOperations.LeadingZeroCount(s)
-                : BitOperations.LeadingZeroCount((uint)s));
-            carry = false;
-        }
-
-        eflags = WithFlag(eflags, FlagCarry, carry);
-        eflags = WithFlag(eflags, FlagZero, result == 0);
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>RORX: rotate <paramref name="src"/> right by <paramref name="count"/> (masked to the operand width). No flags.</summary>
-    public static ulong Rorx(ulong src, int count, GprOperandSize size)
-    {
-        var bits = WidthBits(size);
-        var mask = WidthMask(size);
-        var s = src & mask;
-        var rotate = count & (bits - 1);
-        if (rotate == 0)
-        {
-            return s;
-        }
-
-        return ((s >> rotate) | (s << (bits - rotate))) & mask;
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>SARX: arithmetic shift right by <paramref name="count"/> (masked to the operand width). No flags.</summary>
-    public static ulong Sarx(ulong src, int count, GprOperandSize size)
-    {
-        var bits = WidthBits(size);
-        var mask = WidthMask(size);
-        var shift = count & (bits - 1);
-        if (size == GprOperandSize.Bits64)
-        {
-            return (ulong)((long)src >> shift);
-        }
-
-        return (ulong)(uint)((int)(uint)src >> shift) & mask;
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>SHLX: logical shift left by <paramref name="count"/> (masked to the operand width). No flags.</summary>
-    public static ulong Shlx(ulong src, int count, GprOperandSize size)
-    {
-        var bits = WidthBits(size);
-        var mask = WidthMask(size);
-        var shift = count & (bits - 1);
-        return (src << shift) & mask;
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>SHRX: logical shift right by <paramref name="count"/> (masked to the operand width). No flags.</summary>
-    public static ulong Shrx(ulong src, int count, GprOperandSize size)
-    {
-        var bits = WidthBits(size);
-        var mask = WidthMask(size);
-        var s = src & mask;
-        var shift = count & (bits - 1);
-        return s >> shift;
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>PDEP: deposit contiguous low bits of <paramref name="src"/> into the positions selected by <paramref name="mask"/>. No flags.</summary>
-    public static ulong Pdep(ulong src, ulong mask, GprOperandSize size)
-    {
-        var bits = WidthBits(size);
-        var selector = mask & WidthMask(size);
-        ulong result = 0;
-        var bit = 0;
-        for (var i = 0; i < bits; i++)
-        {
-            var position = 1UL << i;
-            if ((selector & position) != 0)
-            {
-                if (((src >> bit) & 1UL) != 0)
-                {
-                    result |= position;
-                }
-
-                bit++;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return result & WidthMask(size);
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>PEXT: gather the bits of <paramref name="src"/> selected by <paramref name="mask"/> into contiguous low bits. No flags.</summary>
-    public static ulong Pext(ulong src, ulong mask, GprOperandSize size)
-    {
-        var bits = WidthBits(size);
-        var selector = mask & WidthMask(size);
-        ulong result = 0;
-        var bit = 0;
-        for (var i = 0; i < bits; i++)
-        {
-            if ((selector & (1UL << i)) != 0)
-            {
-                if (((src >> i) & 1UL) != 0)
-                {
-                    result |= 1UL << bit;
-                }
-
-                bit++;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return result & WidthMask(size);
-    }
-}

src/SharpEmu.Core/Cpu/Emulation/GprOperandSize.cs

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Core.Cpu.Emulation;
-
-/// <summary>
-/// Operand width for the emulated general-purpose-register instructions. The numeric value is the
-/// bit width, so it can double as the "count leading/trailing zeros of an all-zero source" result.
-/// </summary>
-public enum GprOperandSize
-{
-    Bits32 = 32,
-    Bits64 = 64,
-}

src/SharpEmu.Core/Cpu/Native/DirectExecutionBackend.Exceptions.cs

@@ -128,11 +128,6 @@ public sealed partial class DirectExecutionBackend
 			{
 				return -1;
 			}
-			if (exceptionCode == StatusIllegalInstruction &&
-				TryRecoverIllegalInstruction(contextRecord, rip))
-			{
-				return -1;
-			}
 			if (IsBenignHostDebugException(exceptionCode))
 			{
 				return -1;

src/SharpEmu.Core/Cpu/Native/DirectExecutionBackend.IllegalInstruction.cs

@@ -1,362 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using System.Buffers.Binary;
-using System.Threading;
-using Iced.Intel;
-using SharpEmu.Core.Cpu.Emulation;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Core.Cpu.Native;
-
-// Software fallback for the BMI1/BMI2/ABM general-purpose-register instructions.
-//
-// Guest code runs natively, so the guest and host share the same virtual address space and the
-// same registers (the OS delivers them in the CONTEXT record on a fault). When the host CPU lacks
-// one of these extensions it raises #UD instead of executing the opcode; without this the title
-// simply aborts. Here we decode the faulting instruction, evaluate it against the trapped register
-// and memory state, write the result back into the CONTEXT, step RIP past the instruction and ask
-// the OS to continue. Only the register-only BMI/ABM forms are handled; anything else returns false
-// and falls through to the existing diagnostics unchanged, so this can never mis-handle an opcode it
-// does not fully model.
-public sealed partial class DirectExecutionBackend
-{
-    // Windows x64 CONTEXT.EFlags lives just past the segment selectors. The GPR offsets it shares
-    // with the rest of the backend are the CTX_* constants declared in DirectExecutionBackend.cs.
-    private const int CTX_EFLAGS = 68;
-
-    // STATUS_ILLEGAL_INSTRUCTION (#UD surfaced by the Windows vectored handler).
-    private const uint StatusIllegalInstruction = 0xC000001Du;
-
-    private const int MaxInstructionBytes = 15;
-
-    // Instruction-window sizes tried in turn so a fault near a page boundary still decodes.
-    private static readonly int[] DecodeWindowSizes = { MaxInstructionBytes, 11, 8, 4, 2 };
-
-    private static int _bmiSoftwareFallbackAnnounced;
-    private static long _bmiInstructionsEmulated;
-
-    private unsafe bool TryRecoverIllegalInstruction(void* contextRecord, ulong rip)
-    {
-        if (!TryReadFaultingInstruction(rip, out var instruction))
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        if (instruction.Op0Kind != OpKind.Register ||
-            !TryGetGprSlot(instruction.Op0Register, out var destOffset, out var size))
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        if (!TryEvaluate(contextRecord, in instruction, size, out var result, out var flagsChanged, out var eflags))
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        WriteCtxU64(contextRecord, destOffset, result);
-        if (flagsChanged)
-        {
-            WriteCtxU32(contextRecord, CTX_EFLAGS, eflags);
-        }
-
-        WriteCtxU64(contextRecord, CTX_RIP, rip + (ulong)instruction.Length);
-
-        Interlocked.Increment(ref _bmiInstructionsEmulated);
-        if (Interlocked.Exchange(ref _bmiSoftwareFallbackAnnounced, 1) == 0)
-        {
-            Console.Error.WriteLine(
-                "[LOADER][INFO] Host lacks a BMI/ABM extension used by the guest; " +
-                "emulating those instructions in software.");
-        }
-
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    private unsafe bool TryEvaluate(
-        void* contextRecord,
-        in Instruction instruction,
-        GprOperandSize size,
-        out ulong result,
-        out bool flagsChanged,
-        out uint eflags)
-    {
-        result = 0;
-        flagsChanged = false;
-        eflags = ReadCtxU32(contextRecord, CTX_EFLAGS);
-
-        switch (instruction.Mnemonic)
-        {
-            case Mnemonic.Andn:
-                if (!TryReadOperand(contextRecord, in instruction, 1, size, out var andnSrc1) ||
-                    !TryReadOperand(contextRecord, in instruction, 2, size, out var andnSrc2))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Andn(andnSrc1, andnSrc2, size, ref eflags);
-                flagsChanged = true;
-                return true;
-
-            case Mnemonic.Blsi:
-            case Mnemonic.Blsmsk:
-            case Mnemonic.Blsr:
-                if (!TryReadOperand(contextRecord, in instruction, 1, size, out var blsSrc))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                result = instruction.Mnemonic switch
-                {
-                    Mnemonic.Blsi => BmiInstructionEmulator.Blsi(blsSrc, size, ref eflags),
-                    Mnemonic.Blsmsk => BmiInstructionEmulator.Blsmsk(blsSrc, size, ref eflags),
-                    _ => BmiInstructionEmulator.Blsr(blsSrc, size, ref eflags),
-                };
-                flagsChanged = true;
-                return true;
-
-            case Mnemonic.Bextr:
-                if (!TryReadOperand(contextRecord, in instruction, 1, size, out var bextrSrc) ||
-                    !TryReadOperand(contextRecord, in instruction, 2, size, out var bextrControl))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Bextr(bextrSrc, bextrControl, size, ref eflags);
-                flagsChanged = true;
-                return true;
-
-            case Mnemonic.Bzhi:
-                if (!TryReadOperand(contextRecord, in instruction, 1, size, out var bzhiSrc) ||
-                    !TryReadOperand(contextRecord, in instruction, 2, size, out var bzhiIndex))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Bzhi(bzhiSrc, bzhiIndex, size, ref eflags);
-                flagsChanged = true;
-                return true;
-
-            case Mnemonic.Tzcnt:
-            case Mnemonic.Lzcnt:
-                if (!TryReadOperand(contextRecord, in instruction, 1, size, out var cntSrc))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                result = instruction.Mnemonic == Mnemonic.Tzcnt
-                    ? BmiInstructionEmulator.Tzcnt(cntSrc, size, ref eflags)
-                    : BmiInstructionEmulator.Lzcnt(cntSrc, size, ref eflags);
-                flagsChanged = true;
-                return true;
-
-            case Mnemonic.Rorx:
-                if (instruction.Op2Kind != OpKind.Immediate8 ||
-                    !TryReadOperand(contextRecord, in instruction, 1, size, out var rorxSrc))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Rorx(rorxSrc, instruction.Immediate8, size);
-                return true;
-
-            case Mnemonic.Sarx:
-            case Mnemonic.Shlx:
-            case Mnemonic.Shrx:
-                if (!TryReadOperand(contextRecord, in instruction, 1, size, out var shiftSrc) ||
-                    !TryReadOperand(contextRecord, in instruction, 2, size, out var shiftCount))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                result = instruction.Mnemonic switch
-                {
-                    Mnemonic.Sarx => BmiInstructionEmulator.Sarx(shiftSrc, (int)shiftCount, size),
-                    Mnemonic.Shlx => BmiInstructionEmulator.Shlx(shiftSrc, (int)shiftCount, size),
-                    _ => BmiInstructionEmulator.Shrx(shiftSrc, (int)shiftCount, size),
-                };
-                return true;
-
-            case Mnemonic.Pdep:
-            case Mnemonic.Pext:
-                if (!TryReadOperand(contextRecord, in instruction, 1, size, out var packSrc) ||
-                    !TryReadOperand(contextRecord, in instruction, 2, size, out var packMask))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                result = instruction.Mnemonic == Mnemonic.Pdep
-                    ? BmiInstructionEmulator.Pdep(packSrc, packMask, size)
-                    : BmiInstructionEmulator.Pext(packSrc, packMask, size);
-                return true;
-
-            default:
-                return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private unsafe bool TryReadFaultingInstruction(ulong rip, out Instruction instruction)
-    {
-        // Try the full instruction window first, then shrink so a fault near the end of a mapped
-        // page (where fewer than 15 bytes are readable) still decodes.
-        foreach (var attempt in DecodeWindowSizes)
-        {
-            var buffer = new byte[attempt];
-            if (!TryReadHostBytes(rip, buffer))
-            {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            var decoder = Decoder.Create(64, new ByteArrayCodeReader(buffer));
-            decoder.IP = rip;
-            decoder.Decode(out instruction);
-            if (instruction.Code != Code.INVALID && instruction.Length > 0 && instruction.Length <= attempt)
-            {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-
-        instruction = default;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    private unsafe bool TryReadOperand(
-        void* contextRecord,
-        in Instruction instruction,
-        int operandIndex,
-        GprOperandSize size,
-        out ulong value)
-    {
-        value = 0;
-        switch (instruction.GetOpKind(operandIndex))
-        {
-            case OpKind.Register:
-                if (!TryGetGprSlot(instruction.GetOpRegister(operandIndex), out var offset, out _))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                var raw = ReadCtxU64(contextRecord, offset);
-                value = size == GprOperandSize.Bits64 ? raw : raw & 0xFFFF_FFFFUL;
-                return true;
-
-            case OpKind.Memory:
-                if (!TryComputeMemoryAddress(contextRecord, in instruction, out var address))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                var byteCount = size == GprOperandSize.Bits64 ? 8 : 4;
-                var buffer = new byte[byteCount];
-                if (!TryReadHostBytes(address, buffer))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                value = byteCount == 8
-                    ? BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt64LittleEndian(buffer)
-                    : BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(buffer);
-                return true;
-
-            default:
-                return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private unsafe bool TryComputeMemoryAddress(void* contextRecord, in Instruction instruction, out ulong address)
-    {
-        address = 0;
-
-        // FS/GS-relative operands need the guest segment base, which is not modelled here.
-        if (instruction.SegmentPrefix != Register.None)
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        if (instruction.IsIPRelativeMemoryOperand)
-        {
-            address = instruction.IPRelativeMemoryAddress;
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        var effective = instruction.MemoryDisplacement64;
-        if (instruction.MemoryBase != Register.None)
-        {
-            if (!TryGetGpr64Offset(instruction.MemoryBase, out var baseOffset))
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            effective += ReadCtxU64(contextRecord, baseOffset);
-        }
-
-        if (instruction.MemoryIndex != Register.None)
-        {
-            if (!TryGetGpr64Offset(instruction.MemoryIndex, out var indexOffset))
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            effective += ReadCtxU64(contextRecord, indexOffset) * (ulong)instruction.MemoryIndexScale;
-        }
-
-        address = effective;
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    // Maps a 32- or 64-bit GPR to its CONTEXT offset and reports the operand width it implies.
-    private static bool TryGetGprSlot(Register register, out int offset, out GprOperandSize size)
-    {
-        switch (register)
-        {
-            case Register.EAX: offset = CTX_RAX; size = GprOperandSize.Bits32; return true;
-            case Register.ECX: offset = CTX_RCX; size = GprOperandSize.Bits32; return true;
-            case Register.EDX: offset = CTX_RDX; size = GprOperandSize.Bits32; return true;
-            case Register.EBX: offset = CTX_RBX; size = GprOperandSize.Bits32; return true;
-            case Register.ESP: offset = CTX_RSP; size = GprOperandSize.Bits32; return true;
-            case Register.EBP: offset = CTX_RBP; size = GprOperandSize.Bits32; return true;
-            case Register.ESI: offset = CTX_RSI; size = GprOperandSize.Bits32; return true;
-            case Register.EDI: offset = CTX_RDI; size = GprOperandSize.Bits32; return true;
-            case Register.R8D: offset = CTX_R8; size = GprOperandSize.Bits32; return true;
-            case Register.R9D: offset = CTX_R9; size = GprOperandSize.Bits32; return true;
-            case Register.R10D: offset = CTX_R10; size = GprOperandSize.Bits32; return true;
-            case Register.R11D: offset = CTX_R11; size = GprOperandSize.Bits32; return true;
-            case Register.R12D: offset = CTX_R12; size = GprOperandSize.Bits32; return true;
-            case Register.R13D: offset = CTX_R13; size = GprOperandSize.Bits32; return true;
-            case Register.R14D: offset = CTX_R14; size = GprOperandSize.Bits32; return true;
-            case Register.R15D: offset = CTX_R15; size = GprOperandSize.Bits32; return true;
-            default:
-                if (TryGetGpr64Offset(register, out offset))
-                {
-                    size = GprOperandSize.Bits64;
-                    return true;
-                }
-
-                size = GprOperandSize.Bits32;
-                return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static bool TryGetGpr64Offset(Register register, out int offset)
-    {
-        switch (register)
-        {
-            case Register.RAX: offset = CTX_RAX; return true;
-            case Register.RCX: offset = CTX_RCX; return true;
-            case Register.RDX: offset = CTX_RDX; return true;
-            case Register.RBX: offset = CTX_RBX; return true;
-            case Register.RSP: offset = CTX_RSP; return true;
-            case Register.RBP: offset = CTX_RBP; return true;
-            case Register.RSI: offset = CTX_RSI; return true;
-            case Register.RDI: offset = CTX_RDI; return true;
-            case Register.R8: offset = CTX_R8; return true;
-            case Register.R9: offset = CTX_R9; return true;
-            case Register.R10: offset = CTX_R10; return true;
-            case Register.R11: offset = CTX_R11; return true;
-            case Register.R12: offset = CTX_R12; return true;
-            case Register.R13: offset = CTX_R13; return true;
-            case Register.R14: offset = CTX_R14; return true;
-            case Register.R15: offset = CTX_R15; return true;
-            default: offset = 0; return false;
-        }
-    }
-}

src/SharpEmu.Core/Cpu/Native/DirectExecutionBackend.Imports.cs

@@ -598,7 +598,7 @@ public sealed partial class DirectExecutionBackend
 				}
 
 				*(ulong*)(argPackPtr + 96) = unchecked((ulong)transferStub);
-				if (_logFiber)
+				if (string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_FIBER"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal))
 				{
 					Console.Error.WriteLine(
 						$"[LOADER][TRACE] fiber.context-transfer rip=0x{transferTarget.Rip:X16} " +
@@ -1292,7 +1292,7 @@ public sealed partial class DirectExecutionBackend
 		}
 
 		int returnValue;
-		if (importStubEntry.IsNoBlockLeaf)
+		if (IsNoBlockLeafImport(importStubEntry.Nid))
 		{
 			cpuContext.ClearRaxWriteFlag();
 			returnValue = export.Function(cpuContext);

src/SharpEmu.Core/Cpu/Native/DirectExecutionBackend.cs

@@ -48,8 +48,6 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 		// hashing are hoisted to stub-setup time.
 		public bool IsLeaf { get; }
 
-		public bool IsNoBlockLeaf { get; }
-
 		public bool SuppressStrlenTrace { get; }
 
 		public bool IsLoopGuardBoundary { get; }
@@ -61,7 +59,6 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 			string nid,
 			ExportedFunction? export,
 			bool isLeaf,
-			bool isNoBlockLeaf,
 			bool suppressStrlenTrace,
 			bool isLoopGuardBoundary,
 			ulong nidHash)
@@ -70,7 +67,6 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 			Nid = nid;
 			Export = export;
 			IsLeaf = isLeaf;
-			IsNoBlockLeaf = isNoBlockLeaf;
 			SuppressStrlenTrace = suppressStrlenTrace;
 			IsLoopGuardBoundary = isLoopGuardBoundary;
 			NidHash = nidHash;
@@ -322,8 +318,6 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 
 	private bool _logUsleep;
 
-	private bool _logFiber;
-
 	private bool _logBootstrap;
 
 	private bool _logAllImports;
@@ -1073,7 +1067,6 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 		_ignoredGuestInt41Count = 0;
 		_logGuestThreads = string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_GUEST_THREADS"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal);
 		_logUsleep = string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_USLEEP"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal);
-		_logFiber = string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_FIBER"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal);
 		_logBootstrap = string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_BOOTSTRAP"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal);
 		_logAllImports = string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_ALL_IMPORTS"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal);
 		_logImportFrames = string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_IMPORT_FRAMES"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal);
@@ -1171,7 +1164,6 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 				text2,
 				resolvedExport,
 				IsLeafImport(text2),
-				IsNoBlockLeafImport(text2),
 				ShouldSuppressStrlenTrace(text2),
 				IsImportLoopGuardBoundary(text2),
 				StableHash64(text2));
@@ -1768,16 +1760,14 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 		frameAddress = 0;
 		transferStub = 0;
 		error = null;
-		if (ActiveCpuContext is not { } activeContext)
+		if (target.Rip < 65536 || target.Rsp == 0)
 		{
-			error = "guest context transfer without an active CPU context";
+			error = $"invalid guest context transfer target rip=0x{target.Rip:X16} rsp=0x{target.Rsp:X16}";
 			return false;
 		}
-		if (!TryValidateGuestContextTransferTarget(activeContext.Memory, target, out error))
-		{
-			return false;
-		}
-		if (!activeContext.TryWriteUInt64(target.Rsp - sizeof(ulong), target.Rip))
+		if (target.Rsp < sizeof(ulong) ||
+			ActiveCpuContext is not { } activeContext ||
+			!activeContext.TryWriteUInt64(target.Rsp - sizeof(ulong), target.Rip))
 		{
 			error = $"guest context transfer slot is not writable at 0x{target.Rsp - sizeof(ulong):X16}";
 			return false;
@@ -1821,30 +1811,6 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 		return true;
 	}
 
-	internal static bool TryValidateGuestContextTransferTarget(
-		ICpuMemory memory,
-		in GuestCpuContinuation target,
-		out string? error)
-	{
-		if (target.Rip < 65536 || target.Rsp < sizeof(ulong))
-		{
-			error = $"invalid guest context transfer target rip=0x{target.Rip:X16} rsp=0x{target.Rsp:X16}";
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		Span<byte> ripProbe = stackalloc byte[1];
-		if (!memory.TryRead(target.Rip, ripProbe))
-		{
-			error =
-				$"guest context transfer target rip=0x{target.Rip:X16} is not mapped guest memory " +
-				$"(rsp=0x{target.Rsp:X16})";
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		error = null;
-		return true;
-	}
-
 	private unsafe nint GetOrCreateGuestContextTransferStub()
 	{
 		if (Volatile.Read(ref _guestContextTransferStub) != 0)
@@ -3298,15 +3264,31 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 		{
 			Pump(callerContext, reason);
 
-			// Tally run states under the lock without allocating a snapshot every
-			// spin (this loop can iterate rapidly); the full snapshot is only
-			// materialized for the gated diagnostic dump below.
-			GetGuestThreadActivity(out var threadCount, out var hasReadyThread, out var hasRunningThread, out var hasBlockedThread);
-			if (threadCount == 0)
+			var threads = SnapshotGuestThreads();
+			if (threads.Length == 0)
 			{
 				return;
 			}
 
+			var hasReadyThread = false;
+			var hasRunningThread = false;
+			var hasBlockedThread = false;
+			foreach (var thread in threads)
+			{
+				switch (thread.State)
+				{
+					case GuestThreadRunState.Ready:
+						hasReadyThread = true;
+						break;
+					case GuestThreadRunState.Running:
+						hasRunningThread = true;
+						break;
+					case GuestThreadRunState.Blocked:
+						hasBlockedThread = true;
+						break;
+				}
+			}
+
 			if (hasReadyThread)
 			{
 				continue;
@@ -3319,7 +3301,7 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 
 			if (_logGuestThreads && Stopwatch.GetTimestamp() >= nextSnapshotTimestamp)
 			{
-				foreach (var thread in SnapshotGuestThreads())
+				foreach (var thread in threads)
 				{
 					Console.Error.WriteLine(
 						$"[LOADER][TRACE] guest_thread.idle_wait reason={reason} handle=0x{thread.ThreadHandle:X16} " +
@@ -3339,36 +3321,7 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 	{
 		using (LockGate("SnapshotGuestThreads"))
 		{
-			var snapshot = new GuestThreadState[_guestThreads.Count];
-			_guestThreads.Values.CopyTo(snapshot, 0);
-			return snapshot;
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Allocation-free run-state tally for the idle spin loop.
-	private void GetGuestThreadActivity(out int count, out bool hasReady, out bool hasRunning, out bool hasBlocked)
-	{
-		hasReady = false;
-		hasRunning = false;
-		hasBlocked = false;
-		using (LockGate("GetGuestThreadActivity"))
-		{
-			count = _guestThreads.Count;
-			foreach (var thread in _guestThreads.Values)
-			{
-				switch (thread.State)
-				{
-					case GuestThreadRunState.Ready:
-						hasReady = true;
-						break;
-					case GuestThreadRunState.Running:
-						hasRunning = true;
-						break;
-					case GuestThreadRunState.Blocked:
-						hasBlocked = true;
-						break;
-				}
-			}
+			return _guestThreads.Values.ToArray();
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -5127,51 +5080,64 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 			BindTlsBase(context);
 			byte* ptr2 = (byte*)ptr;
 			ulong hostRspSlot = (ulong)hostRspStorage;
-			var emitter = new NativeCodeEmitter(ptr2);
+			int offset = 0;
 
-			emitter.Emit(0x53); // push rbx
-			emitter.Emit(0x55); // push rbp
-			emitter.Emit(0x57); // push rdi
-			emitter.Emit(0x56); // push rsi
-			emitter.Emit(0x41); emitter.Emit(0x54); // push r12
-			emitter.Emit(0x41); emitter.Emit(0x55); // push r13
-			emitter.Emit(0x41); emitter.Emit(0x56); // push r14
-			emitter.Emit(0x41); emitter.Emit(0x57); // push r15
-			EmitHostNonvolatileXmmSave(ptr2, ref emitter.Offset);
+			void Emit(byte value) => ptr2[offset++] = value;
+			void EmitU64(ulong value)
+			{
+				*(ulong*)(ptr2 + offset) = value;
+				offset += sizeof(ulong);
+			}
+			void EmitMovR64Imm(byte rex, byte opcode, ulong value)
+			{
+				Emit(rex);
+				Emit(opcode);
+				EmitU64(value);
+			}
+
+			Emit(0x53); // push rbx
+			Emit(0x55); // push rbp
+			Emit(0x57); // push rdi
+			Emit(0x56); // push rsi
+			Emit(0x41); Emit(0x54); // push r12
+			Emit(0x41); Emit(0x55); // push r13
+			Emit(0x41); Emit(0x56); // push r14
+			Emit(0x41); Emit(0x57); // push r15
+			EmitHostNonvolatileXmmSave(ptr2, ref offset);
 			// Restore the fiber's floating-point control environment before
 			// abandoning the host stack. This path is used when a blocked guest
 			// continuation migrates to another managed worker.
-			emitter.Emit(0x48); emitter.Emit(0x83); emitter.Emit(0xEC); emitter.Emit(0x08); // sub rsp,8
-			emitter.Emit(0xC7); emitter.Emit(0x04); emitter.Emit(0x24); // mov dword [rsp],imm32
-			emitter.Emit(context.Mxcsr);
-			emitter.Emit(0x0F); emitter.Emit(0xAE); emitter.Emit(0x14); emitter.Emit(0x24); // ldmxcsr [rsp]
-			emitter.Emit(0x66); emitter.Emit(0xC7); emitter.Emit(0x04); emitter.Emit(0x24); // mov word [rsp],imm16
-			emitter.Emit(context.FpuControlWord);
-			emitter.Emit(0xD9); emitter.Emit(0x2C); emitter.Emit(0x24); // fldcw [rsp]
-			emitter.Emit(0x48); emitter.Emit(0x83); emitter.Emit(0xC4); emitter.Emit(0x08); // add rsp,8
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x49, 0xBA, hostRspSlot); // mov r10, hostRspSlot
-			emitter.Emit(0x49); emitter.Emit(0x89); emitter.Emit(0x22); // mov [r10], rsp
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x48, 0xB8, context[CpuRegister.Rsp]); // mov rax, guest rsp
-			emitter.Emit(0x48); emitter.Emit(0x89); emitter.Emit(0xC4); // mov rsp, rax
-			emitter.Emit(0x48); emitter.Emit(0x83); emitter.Emit(0xEC); emitter.Emit(0x08); // reserve transfer slot
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x48, 0xB8, entryPoint); // mov rax, entryPoint
-			emitter.Emit(0x48); emitter.Emit(0x89); emitter.Emit(0x04); emitter.Emit(0x24); // mov [rsp],rax
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x48, 0xBB, context[CpuRegister.Rbx]); // mov rbx, imm64
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x48, 0xBD, context[CpuRegister.Rbp]); // mov rbp, imm64
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x48, 0xBF, context[CpuRegister.Rdi]); // mov rdi, imm64
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x48, 0xBE, context[CpuRegister.Rsi]); // mov rsi, imm64
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x48, 0xBA, context[CpuRegister.Rdx]); // mov rdx, imm64
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x48, 0xB9, context[CpuRegister.Rcx]); // mov rcx, imm64
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x49, 0xB8, context[CpuRegister.R8]); // mov r8, imm64
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x49, 0xB9, context[CpuRegister.R9]); // mov r9, imm64
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x49, 0xBA, context[CpuRegister.R10]); // mov r10, imm64
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x49, 0xBC, context[CpuRegister.R12]); // mov r12, imm64
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x49, 0xBD, context[CpuRegister.R13]); // mov r13, imm64
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x49, 0xBE, context[CpuRegister.R14]); // mov r14, imm64
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x49, 0xBF, context[CpuRegister.R15]); // mov r15, imm64
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x49, 0xBB, context[CpuRegister.R11]); // mov r11, imm64
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x48, 0xB8, context[CpuRegister.Rax]); // mov rax, imm64
-			emitter.Emit(0xC3); // ret through the synthetic transfer slot
+			Emit(0x48); Emit(0x83); Emit(0xEC); Emit(0x08); // sub rsp,8
+			Emit(0xC7); Emit(0x04); Emit(0x24);             // mov dword [rsp],imm32
+			*(uint*)(ptr2 + offset) = context.Mxcsr; offset += sizeof(uint);
+			Emit(0x0F); Emit(0xAE); Emit(0x14); Emit(0x24); // ldmxcsr [rsp]
+			Emit(0x66); Emit(0xC7); Emit(0x04); Emit(0x24); // mov word [rsp],imm16
+			*(ushort*)(ptr2 + offset) = context.FpuControlWord; offset += sizeof(ushort);
+			Emit(0xD9); Emit(0x2C); Emit(0x24);             // fldcw [rsp]
+			Emit(0x48); Emit(0x83); Emit(0xC4); Emit(0x08); // add rsp,8
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x49, 0xBA, hostRspSlot); // mov r10, hostRspSlot
+			Emit(0x49); Emit(0x89); Emit(0x22); // mov [r10], rsp
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x48, 0xB8, context[CpuRegister.Rsp]); // mov rax, guest rsp
+			Emit(0x48); Emit(0x89); Emit(0xC4); // mov rsp, rax
+			Emit(0x48); Emit(0x83); Emit(0xEC); Emit(0x08); // reserve transfer slot
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x48, 0xB8, entryPoint); // mov rax, entryPoint
+			Emit(0x48); Emit(0x89); Emit(0x04); Emit(0x24); // mov [rsp],rax
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x48, 0xBB, context[CpuRegister.Rbx]); // mov rbx, imm64
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x48, 0xBD, context[CpuRegister.Rbp]); // mov rbp, imm64
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x48, 0xBF, context[CpuRegister.Rdi]); // mov rdi, imm64
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x48, 0xBE, context[CpuRegister.Rsi]); // mov rsi, imm64
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x48, 0xBA, context[CpuRegister.Rdx]); // mov rdx, imm64
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x48, 0xB9, context[CpuRegister.Rcx]); // mov rcx, imm64
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x49, 0xB8, context[CpuRegister.R8]); // mov r8, imm64
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x49, 0xB9, context[CpuRegister.R9]); // mov r9, imm64
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x49, 0xBA, context[CpuRegister.R10]); // mov r10, imm64
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x49, 0xBC, context[CpuRegister.R12]); // mov r12, imm64
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x49, 0xBD, context[CpuRegister.R13]); // mov r13, imm64
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x49, 0xBE, context[CpuRegister.R14]); // mov r14, imm64
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x49, 0xBF, context[CpuRegister.R15]); // mov r15, imm64
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x49, 0xBB, context[CpuRegister.R11]); // mov r11, imm64
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x48, 0xB8, context[CpuRegister.Rax]); // mov rax, imm64
+			Emit(0xC3); // ret through the synthetic transfer slot
 			ActiveEntryReturnSentinelRip = (ulong)_guestReturnStub;
 			if (returnSlotAddress == 0 || !context.TryWriteUInt64(returnSlotAddress, (ulong)_guestReturnStub))
 			{
@@ -5235,45 +5201,6 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 		}
 	}
 
-	// The continuation trampoline is rebuilt on every blocked-thread resume.
-	// Keep its tiny writer on the stack: capturing local emit functions create a
-	// managed display-class allocation on this extremely hot path.
-	private unsafe ref struct NativeCodeEmitter(byte* code)
-	{
-		private readonly byte* _code = code;
-		public int Offset;
-
-		public void Emit(byte value)
-		{
-			_code[Offset++] = value;
-		}
-
-		public void Emit(ushort value)
-		{
-			*(ushort*)(_code + Offset) = value;
-			Offset += sizeof(ushort);
-		}
-
-		public void Emit(uint value)
-		{
-			*(uint*)(_code + Offset) = value;
-			Offset += sizeof(uint);
-		}
-
-		private void Emit(ulong value)
-		{
-			*(ulong*)(_code + Offset) = value;
-			Offset += sizeof(ulong);
-		}
-
-		public void EmitMovR64Immediate(byte rex, byte opcode, ulong value)
-		{
-			Emit(rex);
-			Emit(opcode);
-			Emit(value);
-		}
-	}
-
 	private static ulong AlignDown(ulong value, ulong alignment)
 	{
 		if (alignment == 0)

src/SharpEmu.Core/Loader/SelfLoader.cs

@@ -197,9 +197,8 @@ public sealed class SelfLoader : ISelfLoader
             {
                 if (!physicalVm.TryAllocateAtExact(imageBase, totalImageSize, executable: true, out var allocatedBase))
                 {
-                    var reason = physicalVm.DescribeAddressForDiagnostics(imageBase);
                     throw new InvalidOperationException(
-                        $"Could not allocate main image at required base 0x{imageBase:X16} (size=0x{totalImageSize:X}): {reason}.");
+                        $"Could not allocate main image at required base 0x{imageBase:X16} (size=0x{totalImageSize:X}).");
                 }
 
                 imageBase = allocatedBase;

src/SharpEmu.Core/Memory/PhysicalVirtualMemory.cs

@@ -198,24 +198,6 @@ public sealed unsafe class PhysicalVirtualMemory : IVirtualMemory, IGuestMemoryA
         return true;
     }
 
-    public string DescribeAddressForDiagnostics(ulong address)
-    {
-        if (!_hostMemory.Query(address, out var info))
-        {
-            return "unable to query host memory at this address";
-        }
-
-        return info.State switch
-        {
-            HostRegionState.Free => "address reports free, but the exact-address reservation still failed",
-            HostRegionState.Reserved =>
-                $"already reserved by another host allocation (base=0x{info.AllocationBase:X16}, size=0x{info.RegionSize:X})",
-            HostRegionState.Committed =>
-                $"already committed by another host allocation (base=0x{info.AllocationBase:X16}, size=0x{info.RegionSize:X}, protect=0x{info.RawProtection:X})",
-            _ => $"in an unexpected host state (raw=0x{info.RawState:X})",
-        };
-    }
-
     public ulong AllocateAt(ulong desiredAddress, ulong size, bool executable = true, bool allowAlternative = true)
     {
         if (size == 0)

src/SharpEmu.Core/Runtime/SharpEmuRuntime.cs

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ using SharpEmu.Libs.Kernel;
 using SharpEmu.Libs.AppContent;
 using SharpEmu.Libs.SaveData;
 using SharpEmu.Libs.Fiber;
-using SharpEmu.Libs.SystemService;
 using System.Buffers.Binary;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Linq;
@@ -142,7 +141,6 @@ public sealed class SharpEmuRuntime : ISharpEmuRuntime
         var image = LoadImage(normalizedEbootPath);
         VideoOutExports.ConfigureApplicationInfo(image.Title, image.TitleId, image.Version);
         SaveDataExports.ConfigureApplicationInfo(image.TitleId);
-        SystemServiceExports.ConfigureApplicationInfo(image.TitleId);
         _ = RegisterLoadedModule(normalizedEbootPath, image, isMain: true, isSystemModule: false);
         KernelRuntimeCompatExports.ConfigureProcessProcParamAddress(image.ProcParamAddress);
         Console.Error.WriteLine($"[RUNTIME] Entry: 0x{image.EntryPoint:X16}");

src/SharpEmu.Core/SharpEmu.Core.csproj

@@ -14,10 +14,6 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
     <PackageReference Include="Iced" />
   </ItemGroup>
 
-  <ItemGroup>
-    <InternalsVisibleTo Include="SharpEmu.Libs.Tests" />
-  </ItemGroup>
-
   <PropertyGroup>
     <NoWarn>$(NoWarn);1591</NoWarn>
   </PropertyGroup>

src/SharpEmu.GUI/GuiSettings.cs

@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@ public sealed class GuiSettings
 
     public bool StrictDynlibResolution { get; set; }
 
+    /// <summary>GPU implementation selected for newly launched games.</summary>
+    public string RenderingBackend { get; set; } = "Legacy";
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Mirror emulator output to user/logs/&lt;titleId&gt;-&lt;timestamp&gt;.log, if <see cref="LogFilePath"/> is null.
     /// </summary>
@@ -48,8 +51,6 @@ public sealed class GuiSettings
     /// <summary>Publish launcher/game status to Discord Rich Presence.</summary>
     public bool DiscordRichPresence { get; set; } = true;
 
-    public bool CheckForUpdatesOnStartup { get; set; } = true;
-
     /// <summary>Names of SHARPEMU_* switches set to "1" in the emulator's environment at launch.</summary>
     public List<string> EnvironmentToggles { get; set; } = new();
 

src/SharpEmu.GUI/Languages/en.json

@@ -31,11 +31,9 @@
   "Options.Env.Desc": "Switches passed to the emulator as environment variables at launch.",
   "Options.Env.Bthid.Desc": "Report Bluetooth HID as unavailable for titles whose wheel/FFB middleware polls forever.\nLeave off normally. Some titles freeze when init fails.",
   "Options.Env.LoopGuard.Desc": "Do not force quit titles that repeat the same call for too long.\nTry this when a game exits on its own while loading.",
-  "Options.Env.WritableApp0.Desc": "Allow titles to create and write files inside their install folder.\nNeeded by unpackaged dumps that write their save or config data under /app0.",
   "Options.Env.VkValidation.Desc": "Enable Vulkan validation layers for GPU debugging.\nSlow. Requires the Vulkan SDK to be installed.",
   "Options.Env.DumpSpirv.Desc": "Dump AGC shaders and their SPIR-V translations to the shader-dumps folder.\nUse when reporting shader or rendering bugs.",
   "Options.Env.LogDirectMemory.Desc": "Log direct memory allocations and failures to the console.\nUse when a game aborts or exits during boot.",
-  "Options.Env.LogIo.Desc": "Log file open, read, and path-resolve activity to the console.\nUse when a game cannot find its data files during boot.",
   "Options.Env.LogNp.Desc": "Log NP (PlayStation Network) library calls to the console.",
   "Options.Section.Emulation": "EMULATION",
   "Options.Section.Logging": "LOGGING",
@@ -45,6 +43,12 @@
   "Options.CpuEngine.Desc": "Execution engine used to run game code.",
   "Options.CpuEngine.Native": "Native",
 
+  "Options.RenderingBackend.Label": "Rendering backend",
+  "Options.RenderingBackend.Desc": "Graphics implementation used for newly launched games. Native Vulkan requires a separate library.",
+  "Options.RenderingBackend.Native": "Native Vulkan (Experimental)",
+  "Options.RenderingBackend.Legacy": "Silk.NET Vulkan (Default)",
+  "Launch.NativeBackendMissing": "WARNING: Native Vulkan is selected, but {0} was not found next to SharpEmu. Download it from https://github.com/sharpemu/sharpemu.vulkan or select Silk.NET Vulkan in Options.",
+
   "Options.Strict.Label": "Strict dynlib resolution",
   "Options.Strict.Desc": "Fail the launch when an imported symbol cannot be resolved.",
 
@@ -141,25 +145,8 @@
   "Options.About" : "About",
   "About.Github.Label": "GitHub",
   "About.Github.Desc": "Source code, issues and project development.",
-  "About.Github.LatestCommitLabel": "Latest Commit",
-  "About.Github.LatestCommitDescription": "Latest commit on the main branch",
   "About.Discord.Label": "Discord",
   "About.Discord.Desc": "Join the community, get support and follow development.",
   "About.GithubButton": "Contribute in GitHub!",
-  "About.DiscordButton": "Join our Discord!",
-
-  "Updater.Auto.Label": "Check for updates on startup",
-  "Updater.Auto.Desc": "Checks GitHub without delaying startup.",
-  "Updater.Label": "Updates",
-  "Updater.Check": "Check for updates",
-  "Updater.DownloadRestart": "Download and restart",
-  "Updater.Status.Ready": "Current build: {0}",
-  "Updater.Status.Checking": "Checking for updates…",
-  "Updater.Status.Current": "You are up to date ({0}).",
-  "Updater.Status.Available": "A new build is available: {0}",
-  "Updater.Status.Downloading": "Downloading update… {0}%",
-  "Updater.Status.Installing": "Installing update…",
-  "Updater.Status.Timeout": "Update check timed out after 10 seconds.",
-  "Updater.Status.Failed": "Could not check for updates.",
-  "Updater.Status.Unsupported": "Automatic updating requires a Windows, Linux or macOS x64 build."
+  "About.DiscordButton": "Join our Discord!"
 }

src/SharpEmu.GUI/Languages/es.json

@@ -131,8 +131,6 @@
   "About.Github.Label": "GitHub",
   "About.Github.Desc": "Código fuente, issues y desarrollo del proyecto.",
   "About.Discord.Label": "Discord",
-  "About.Github.LatestCommitLabel": "Último Commit",
-  "About.Github.LatestCommitDescription": "Último commit en la rama main",
   "About.Discord.Desc": "Únete a la comunidad, recibe soporte y sigue el desarrollo.",
   "About.GithubButton": "Contribuye en GitHub!",
   "About.DiscordButton": "Únete a nuestro Discord!"

src/SharpEmu.GUI/Languages/tr.json

@@ -125,20 +125,5 @@
   "Dialog.PsExecutables": "PS çalıştırılabilirleri",
   "Dialog.SaveLogFile": "Günlük dosyasının kaydedileceği yeri seçin",
   "Dialog.PlainTextFiles": "Düz Metin Dosyaları",
-  "Dialog.LogFiles": "Günlük Dosyaları",
-
-  "Updater.Auto.Label": "Açılışta güncellemeleri denetle",
-  "Updater.Auto.Desc": "Açılışı geciktirmeden GitHub'ı denetler.",
-  "Updater.Label": "Güncellemeler",
-  "Updater.Check": "Güncellemeleri denetle",
-  "Updater.DownloadRestart": "İndir ve yeniden başlat",
-  "Updater.Status.Ready": "Mevcut build: {0}",
-  "Updater.Status.Checking": "Güncellemeler denetleniyor…",
-  "Updater.Status.Current": "Güncelsiniz ({0}).",
-  "Updater.Status.Available": "Yeni build mevcut: {0}",
-  "Updater.Status.Downloading": "Güncelleme indiriliyor… %{0}",
-  "Updater.Status.Installing": "Güncelleme kuruluyor…",
-  "Updater.Status.Timeout": "Güncelleme denetimi 10 saniye sonra zaman aşımına uğradı.",
-  "Updater.Status.Failed": "Güncellemeler denetlenemedi.",
-  "Updater.Status.Unsupported": "Otomatik güncelleme Windows, Linux veya macOS x64 build'i gerektirir."
+  "Dialog.LogFiles": "Günlük Dosyaları"
 }

src/SharpEmu.GUI/MainWindow.axaml

@@ -203,6 +203,19 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
                         </ComboBox>
                       </Grid>
 
+                      <Grid ColumnDefinitions="*,Auto">
+                        <StackPanel VerticalAlignment="Center" Spacing="2" Margin="0,0,16,0">
+                          <TextBlock x:Name="RenderingBackendLabel" Text="Rendering backend" FontSize="13" />
+                          <TextBlock x:Name="RenderingBackendDesc" Text="Graphics implementation used for newly launched games."
+                                     FontSize="11" Foreground="{StaticResource MutedBrush}" TextWrapping="Wrap" />
+                        </StackPanel>
+                        <ComboBox Grid.Column="1" x:Name="RenderingBackendBox" Width="200" SelectedIndex="0"
+                                  VerticalAlignment="Center" CornerRadius="8">
+                          <ComboBoxItem x:Name="RenderingBackendLegacyItem" Content="Silk.NET Vulkan (Default)" />
+                          <ComboBoxItem x:Name="RenderingBackendNativeItem" Content="Native Vulkan (Experimental)" />
+                        </ComboBox>
+                      </Grid>
+
                       <Grid ColumnDefinitions="*,Auto">
                         <StackPanel VerticalAlignment="Center" Spacing="2" Margin="0,0,16,0">
                           <TextBlock x:Name="StrictLabel" Text="Strict dynlib resolution" FontSize="13" />
@@ -315,16 +328,6 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
                         <ToggleSwitch Grid.Column="1" x:Name="DiscordToggle" OnContent="On" OffContent="Off"
                                       VerticalAlignment="Center" />
                       </Grid>
-
-                      <Grid ColumnDefinitions="*,Auto">
-                        <StackPanel VerticalAlignment="Center" Spacing="2" Margin="0,0,16,0">
-                          <TextBlock x:Name="AutoUpdateLabel" Text="Check for updates on startup" FontSize="13" />
-                          <TextBlock x:Name="AutoUpdateDesc" Text="Checks GitHub without delaying startup."
-                                     FontSize="11" Foreground="{StaticResource MutedBrush}" TextWrapping="Wrap" />
-                        </StackPanel>
-                        <ToggleSwitch Grid.Column="1" x:Name="AutoUpdateToggle" OnContent="On" OffContent="Off"
-                                      IsChecked="True" VerticalAlignment="Center" />
-                      </Grid>
                     </StackPanel>
                   </Border>
                   <Border Classes="card">
@@ -332,40 +335,6 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
                       <TextBlock x:Name="AboutSectionTitle"
                                 Classes="sectionTitle"
                                 Text="ABOUT" />
-
-                      <!--Latest commit info-->
-                      <Grid ColumnDefinitions="*,Auto">
-                        <StackPanel Grid.Column="0" Orientation="Horizontal" Spacing="8" VerticalAlignment="Center">
-                          <Image Source="avares://SharpEmu.GUI/Assets/commit-icon.png"
-                                    Width="24" Height="24" VerticalAlignment="Center" />
-                          <StackPanel Spacing="2" VerticalAlignment="Center">
-                            <TextBlock x:Name="LatestCommitLabel" Text="Latest commit" FontSize="13"/>
-                            <TextBlock x:Name="LatestCommitDescription" Text="Latest commit on the main branch" FontSize="11" Foreground="{StaticResource MutedBrush}"/>
-                          </StackPanel>
-                        </StackPanel>
-
-                        <Button Grid.Column="1" x:Name="LatestCommitHashText" Classes="ghost"
-                          Content="Loading…" FontSize="12" FontFamily="Consolas,monospace"
-                          VerticalAlignment="Center" IsEnabled="False" />
-
-                      </Grid>
-
-                      <!--Update-->
-                      <Grid ColumnDefinitions="*,Auto">
-                        <StackPanel Grid.Column="0" Orientation="Horizontal" Spacing="8" VerticalAlignment="Center">
-                          <Image Source="avares://SharpEmu.GUI/Assets/update-icon.png"
-                                    Width="24"
-                                    Height="24"
-                                    VerticalAlignment="Center" />
-                          <StackPanel Spacing="2" VerticalAlignment="Center">
-                            <TextBlock x:Name="UpdateLabel" Text="Updates" FontSize="13" />
-                            <TextBlock x:Name="UpdateStatusText" Text="Current build: dev" FontSize="11"
-                                      Foreground="{StaticResource MutedBrush}" TextWrapping="Wrap" />
-                          </StackPanel>
-                        </StackPanel>
-                        <Button Grid.Column="1" x:Name="UpdateButton" Classes="ghost"
-                                Content="Check for updates" VerticalAlignment="Center" />
-                      </Grid>
                       
                       <!--Github-->
                       <Grid ColumnDefinitions="*,Auto">
@@ -464,17 +433,6 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
                                       VerticalAlignment="Center" />
                       </Grid>
 
-                      <Grid ColumnDefinitions="*,Auto">
-                        <StackPanel VerticalAlignment="Center" Spacing="2" Margin="0,0,16,0">
-                          <TextBlock Text="SHARPEMU_WRITABLE_APP0" FontSize="13" FontFamily="Consolas,monospace" />
-                          <TextBlock x:Name="EnvWritableApp0Desc"
-                                     Text="Allow titles to create and write files inside their install folder.&#10;Needed by unpackaged dumps that write their save or config data under /app0."
-                                     FontSize="11" Foreground="{StaticResource MutedBrush}" TextWrapping="Wrap" />
-                        </StackPanel>
-                        <ToggleSwitch Grid.Column="1" x:Name="EnvWritableApp0Toggle" OnContent="On" OffContent="Off"
-                                      VerticalAlignment="Center" />
-                      </Grid>
-
                       <Grid ColumnDefinitions="*,Auto">
                         <StackPanel VerticalAlignment="Center" Spacing="2" Margin="0,0,16,0">
                           <TextBlock Text="SHARPEMU_VK_VALIDATION" FontSize="13" FontFamily="Consolas,monospace" />
@@ -508,17 +466,6 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
                                       VerticalAlignment="Center" />
                       </Grid>
 
-                      <Grid ColumnDefinitions="*,Auto">
-                        <StackPanel VerticalAlignment="Center" Spacing="2" Margin="0,0,16,0">
-                          <TextBlock Text="SHARPEMU_LOG_IO" FontSize="13" FontFamily="Consolas,monospace" />
-                          <TextBlock x:Name="EnvLogIoDesc"
-                                     Text="Log file open, read, and path-resolve activity to the console.&#10;Use when a game cannot find its data files during boot."
-                                     FontSize="11" Foreground="{StaticResource MutedBrush}" TextWrapping="Wrap" />
-                        </StackPanel>
-                        <ToggleSwitch Grid.Column="1" x:Name="EnvLogIoToggle" OnContent="On" OffContent="Off"
-                                      VerticalAlignment="Center" />
-                      </Grid>
-
                       <Grid ColumnDefinitions="*,Auto">
                         <StackPanel VerticalAlignment="Center" Spacing="2" Margin="0,0,16,0">
                           <TextBlock Text="SHARPEMU_LOG_NP" FontSize="13" FontFamily="Consolas,monospace" />

src/SharpEmu.GUI/MainWindow.axaml.cs

@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
 using System.Diagnostics;
 using System.Reflection;
 using System.Text.Json;
-using System.Net.Http.Headers;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.GUI;
 
@@ -58,9 +57,6 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
     private bool _isRunning;
     private int _autoScrollTicks;
     private int _activePageIndex;
-    private Updater.UpdateInfo? _availableUpdate;
-    private string _updateStatusKey = "Updater.Status.Ready";
-    private object?[] _updateStatusArgs = [BuildInfo.CommitSha ?? "dev"];
 
     // Discord Rich Presence state.
     private readonly long _launcherStartUnixSeconds = DateTimeOffset.UtcNow.ToUnixTimeSeconds();
@@ -79,10 +75,6 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
     private long _navUpNextAt;
     private long _navDownNextAt;
 
-    //Github http client for latest commit
-    private static readonly HttpClient GithubHttpClient = CreateGithubHttpClient();
-    private string? _latestCommitSha;
-
     public MainWindow()
     {
         InitializeComponent();
@@ -124,6 +116,8 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
         // The settings page edits _settings live, so a launch started while
         // it is open already uses the new values.
         LogLevelBox.SelectionChanged += (_, _) => _settings.LogLevel = SelectedLogLevel();
+        RenderingBackendBox.SelectionChanged += (_, _) =>
+            _settings.RenderingBackend = SelectedRenderingBackend();
         TraceImportsBox.ValueChanged += (_, _) => _settings.ImportTraceLimit = (int)(TraceImportsBox.Value ?? 0);
         StrictToggle.IsCheckedChanged += (_, _) => _settings.StrictDynlibResolution = StrictToggle.IsChecked == true;
         LogToFileToggle.IsCheckedChanged += (_, _) => _settings.LogToFile = LogToFileToggle.IsChecked == true;
@@ -139,24 +133,17 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
             _settings.DiscordRichPresence = DiscordToggle.IsChecked == true;
             UpdateDiscordPresence();
         };
-        AutoUpdateToggle.IsCheckedChanged += (_, _) =>
-            _settings.CheckForUpdatesOnStartup = AutoUpdateToggle.IsChecked == true;
-        UpdateButton.Click += async (_, _) => await OnUpdateButtonAsync();
         SelectLogFilePathButton.Click += async (_, _) => await SelectLogFilePathAsync();
         EnvBthidToggle.IsCheckedChanged += (_, _) =>
             SetEnvironmentToggle("SHARPEMU_BTHID_UNAVAILABLE", EnvBthidToggle.IsChecked == true);
         EnvLoopGuardToggle.IsCheckedChanged += (_, _) =>
             SetEnvironmentToggle("SHARPEMU_DISABLE_IMPORT_LOOP_GUARD", EnvLoopGuardToggle.IsChecked == true);
-        EnvWritableApp0Toggle.IsCheckedChanged += (_, _) =>
-            SetEnvironmentToggle("SHARPEMU_WRITABLE_APP0", EnvWritableApp0Toggle.IsChecked == true);
         EnvVkValidationToggle.IsCheckedChanged += (_, _) =>
             SetEnvironmentToggle("SHARPEMU_VK_VALIDATION", EnvVkValidationToggle.IsChecked == true);
         EnvDumpSpirvToggle.IsCheckedChanged += (_, _) =>
             SetEnvironmentToggle("SHARPEMU_DUMP_SPIRV", EnvDumpSpirvToggle.IsChecked == true);
         EnvLogDirectMemoryToggle.IsCheckedChanged += (_, _) =>
             SetEnvironmentToggle("SHARPEMU_LOG_DIRECT_MEMORY", EnvLogDirectMemoryToggle.IsChecked == true);
-        EnvLogIoToggle.IsCheckedChanged += (_, _) =>
-            SetEnvironmentToggle("SHARPEMU_LOG_IO", EnvLogIoToggle.IsChecked == true);
         EnvLogNpToggle.IsCheckedChanged += (_, _) =>
             SetEnvironmentToggle("SHARPEMU_LOG_NP", EnvLogNpToggle.IsChecked == true);
         LanguageBox.SelectionChanged += (_, _) => OnLanguageChanged();
@@ -200,21 +187,6 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
                 UseShellExecute = true
             });
         };
-
-        LatestCommitHashText.Click += (_, _) =>
-        {
-            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(_latestCommitSha))
-            {
-                return;
-            }
-
-            Process.Start(new ProcessStartInfo
-            {
-                FileName =
-                    $"https://github.com/sharpemu/sharpemu/commit/{_latestCommitSha}",
-                UseShellExecute = true
-            });
-        };
     }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -256,91 +228,6 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
         }
     }
 
-    // ---- Github http client config ----
-    // This is for getting lash commit id
-    private static HttpClient CreateGithubHttpClient()
-    {
-        var client = new HttpClient
-        {
-            Timeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(15)
-        };
-
-        client.DefaultRequestHeaders.UserAgent.ParseAdd("SharpEmu/1.0");
-        client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(
-            new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue("application/vnd.github.sha"));
-
-        client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add(
-            "X-GitHub-Api-Version",
-            "2026-03-10");
-
-        return client;
-    }
-    private async Task LoadLatestCommitAsync()
-    {
-        const string apiUrl =
-            "https://api.github.com/repos/sharpemu/sharpemu/commits/main";
-
-        _latestCommitSha = null;
-        LatestCommitHashText.Content = "Loading…";
-        LatestCommitHashText.IsEnabled = false;
-
-        try
-        {
-            using var response = await GithubHttpClient.GetAsync(apiUrl);
-            var responseBody =
-                (await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync()).Trim();
-
-            if (!response.IsSuccessStatusCode)
-            {
-                LatestCommitHashText.Content =
-                    $"HTTP {(int)response.StatusCode}";
-
-                ToolTip.SetTip(
-                    LatestCommitHashText,
-                    string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(responseBody)
-                        ? response.ReasonPhrase
-                        : responseBody);
-
-                return;
-            }
-
-            if (responseBody.Length < 7)
-            {
-                LatestCommitHashText.Content = "Invalid response";
-                ToolTip.SetTip(LatestCommitHashText, responseBody);
-                return;
-            }
-
-            // Keep the complete SHA for the URL.
-            _latestCommitSha = responseBody;
-
-            // Display only the short SHA.
-            LatestCommitHashText.Content =
-                responseBody[..Math.Min(7, responseBody.Length)];
-
-            LatestCommitHashText.IsEnabled = true;
-
-            ToolTip.SetTip(
-                LatestCommitHashText,
-                $"Open commit {_latestCommitSha}");
-        }
-        catch (TaskCanceledException ex)
-        {
-            LatestCommitHashText.Content = "Timeout";
-            ToolTip.SetTip(LatestCommitHashText, ex.Message);
-        }
-        catch (HttpRequestException ex)
-        {
-            LatestCommitHashText.Content = "Connection error";
-            ToolTip.SetTip(LatestCommitHashText, ex.Message);
-        }
-        catch (Exception ex)
-        {
-            LatestCommitHashText.Content = "Error";
-            ToolTip.SetTip(LatestCommitHashText, ex.Message);
-        }
-    }
-
     // ---- Controller navigation ----
 
     private void PollGamepad()
@@ -486,12 +373,6 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
         ApplySettingsToControls();
         LocateEmulator();
         UpdateDiscordPresence();
-        _ = LoadLatestCommitAsync();
-
-        if (_settings.CheckForUpdatesOnStartup)
-        {
-            _ = CheckForUpdatesAsync();
-        }
         await RescanLibraryAsync();
     }
 
@@ -548,11 +429,9 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
         EnvDesc.Text = loc.Get("Options.Env.Desc");
         EnvBthidDesc.Text = loc.Get("Options.Env.Bthid.Desc");
         EnvLoopGuardDesc.Text = loc.Get("Options.Env.LoopGuard.Desc");
-        EnvWritableApp0Desc.Text = loc.Get("Options.Env.WritableApp0.Desc");
         EnvVkValidationDesc.Text = loc.Get("Options.Env.VkValidation.Desc");
         EnvDumpSpirvDesc.Text = loc.Get("Options.Env.DumpSpirv.Desc");
         EnvLogDirectMemoryDesc.Text = loc.Get("Options.Env.LogDirectMemory.Desc");
-        EnvLogIoDesc.Text = loc.Get("Options.Env.LogIo.Desc");
         EnvLogNpDesc.Text = loc.Get("Options.Env.LogNp.Desc");
         EmulationSectionTitle.Text = loc.Get("Options.Section.Emulation");
         LoggingSectionTitle.Text = loc.Get("Options.Section.Logging");
@@ -562,6 +441,11 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
         CpuEngineDesc.Text = loc.Get("Options.CpuEngine.Desc");
         CpuEngineNativeItem.Content = loc.Get("Options.CpuEngine.Native");
 
+        RenderingBackendLabel.Text = loc.Get("Options.RenderingBackend.Label");
+        RenderingBackendDesc.Text = loc.Get("Options.RenderingBackend.Desc");
+        RenderingBackendNativeItem.Content = loc.Get("Options.RenderingBackend.Native");
+        RenderingBackendLegacyItem.Content = loc.Get("Options.RenderingBackend.Legacy");
+
         StrictLabel.Text = loc.Get("Options.Strict.Label");
         StrictDesc.Text = loc.Get("Options.Strict.Desc");
 
@@ -595,10 +479,8 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
 
         DiscordLabel.Text = loc.Get("Options.Discord.Label");
         DiscordDesc.Text = loc.Get("Options.Discord.Desc");
-        AutoUpdateLabel.Text = loc.Get("Updater.Auto.Label");
-        AutoUpdateDesc.Text = loc.Get("Updater.Auto.Desc");
 
-        foreach (var toggle in new[] { StrictToggle, LogToFileToggle, OverrideLogFileToggle, TitleMusicToggle, DiscordToggle, AutoUpdateToggle })
+        foreach (var toggle in new[] { StrictToggle, LogToFileToggle, OverrideLogFileToggle, TitleMusicToggle, DiscordToggle })
         {
             toggle.OnContent = loc.Get("Common.On");
             toggle.OffContent = loc.Get("Common.Off");
@@ -622,10 +504,6 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
         DiscordServerDesc.Text = loc.Get("About.Discord.Desc");
         GithubButton.Content = loc.Get("About.GithubButton");
         DiscordButton.Content = loc.Get("About.DiscordButton");
-        UpdateLabel.Text = loc.Get("Updater.Label");
-        LatestCommitLabel.Text = loc.Get("About.Github.LatestCommitLabel");
-        LatestCommitDescription.Text = loc.Get("About.Github.LatestCommitDescription");
-        RefreshUpdateText();
 
         UpdateEmptyStateTexts();
         UpdateSelectedGameTexts();
@@ -725,6 +603,10 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
 
     private void ApplySettingsToControls()
     {
+        RenderingBackendBox.SelectedIndex = string.Equals(
+            _settings.RenderingBackend,
+            "Native",
+            StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ? 1 : 0;
         LogLevelBox.SelectedIndex = _settings.LogLevel.ToLowerInvariant() switch
         {
             "trace" => 0,
@@ -741,87 +623,15 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
         OverrideLogFileToggle.IsChecked = _settings.OverrideLogFile;
         TitleMusicToggle.IsChecked = _settings.PlayTitleMusic;
         DiscordToggle.IsChecked = _settings.DiscordRichPresence;
-        AutoUpdateToggle.IsChecked = _settings.CheckForUpdatesOnStartup;
         EnvBthidToggle.IsChecked = _settings.EnvironmentToggles.Contains("SHARPEMU_BTHID_UNAVAILABLE");
         EnvLoopGuardToggle.IsChecked = _settings.EnvironmentToggles.Contains("SHARPEMU_DISABLE_IMPORT_LOOP_GUARD");
-        EnvWritableApp0Toggle.IsChecked = _settings.EnvironmentToggles.Contains("SHARPEMU_WRITABLE_APP0");
         EnvVkValidationToggle.IsChecked = _settings.EnvironmentToggles.Contains("SHARPEMU_VK_VALIDATION");
         EnvDumpSpirvToggle.IsChecked = _settings.EnvironmentToggles.Contains("SHARPEMU_DUMP_SPIRV");
         EnvLogDirectMemoryToggle.IsChecked = _settings.EnvironmentToggles.Contains("SHARPEMU_LOG_DIRECT_MEMORY");
-        EnvLogIoToggle.IsChecked = _settings.EnvironmentToggles.Contains("SHARPEMU_LOG_IO");
         EnvLogNpToggle.IsChecked = _settings.EnvironmentToggles.Contains("SHARPEMU_LOG_NP");
         UpdateLogFilePathText();
     }
 
-    private async Task OnUpdateButtonAsync()
-    {
-        if (_availableUpdate is null)
-        {
-            await CheckForUpdatesAsync();
-            return;
-        }
-
-        UpdateButton.IsEnabled = false;
-        try
-        {
-            var progress = new Progress<int>(value =>
-                SetUpdateStatus("Updater.Status.Downloading", value));
-            await Updater.DownloadAndRestartAsync(_availableUpdate, progress);
-            SetUpdateStatus("Updater.Status.Installing");
-            Close();
-        }
-        catch
-        {
-            SetUpdateStatus("Updater.Status.Failed");
-            UpdateButton.IsEnabled = true;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private async Task CheckForUpdatesAsync()
-    {
-        _availableUpdate = null;
-        UpdateButton.IsEnabled = false;
-        SetUpdateStatus("Updater.Status.Checking");
-        try
-        {
-            _availableUpdate = await Updater.CheckAsync(BuildInfo.CommitSha);
-            SetUpdateStatus(
-                _availableUpdate is null ? "Updater.Status.Current" : "Updater.Status.Available",
-                _availableUpdate?.Sha ?? BuildInfo.CommitSha ?? "dev");
-        }
-        catch (OperationCanceledException)
-        {
-            SetUpdateStatus("Updater.Status.Timeout");
-        }
-        catch (PlatformNotSupportedException)
-        {
-            SetUpdateStatus("Updater.Status.Unsupported");
-        }
-        catch
-        {
-            SetUpdateStatus("Updater.Status.Failed");
-        }
-        finally
-        {
-            UpdateButton.IsEnabled = true;
-            RefreshUpdateText();
-        }
-    }
-
-    private void SetUpdateStatus(string key, params object?[] args)
-    {
-        _updateStatusKey = key;
-        _updateStatusArgs = args;
-        RefreshUpdateText();
-    }
-
-    private void RefreshUpdateText()
-    {
-        UpdateStatusText.Text = Localization.Instance.Format(_updateStatusKey, _updateStatusArgs);
-        UpdateButton.Content = Localization.Instance.Get(
-            _availableUpdate is null ? "Updater.Check" : "Updater.DownloadRestart");
-    }
-
     // Environment variables set on this process at the previous launch; children
     // inherit the process environment, so stale names must be cleared explicitly.
     private readonly HashSet<string> _appliedEnvironmentVariables = new(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
@@ -855,6 +665,9 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
         };
     }
 
+    private string SelectedRenderingBackend() =>
+        RenderingBackendBox.SelectedIndex == 1 ? "Native" : "Legacy";
+
     private void UpdateLogFilePathText()
     {
         LogFilePathText.Text = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(_settings.LogFilePath)
@@ -1674,6 +1487,31 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
             _appliedEnvironmentVariables.Add(name);
         }
 
+        // The GUI owns this setting when it launches the emulator. Set both
+        // choices explicitly so a SHARPEMU_GPU_BACKEND value inherited by the
+        // launcher cannot silently override the Options menu.
+        Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(
+            "SHARPEMU_GPU_BACKEND",
+            string.Equals(_settings.RenderingBackend, "Legacy", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+                ? "legacy"
+                : "native");
+
+        if (string.Equals(_settings.RenderingBackend, "Native", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+        {
+            var nativeLibraryName = OperatingSystem.IsWindows()
+                ? "sharpemu_gpu_vulkan.dll"
+                : OperatingSystem.IsMacOS()
+                    ? "libsharpemu_gpu_vulkan.dylib"
+                    : "libsharpemu_gpu_vulkan.so";
+            var emulatorDirectory = Path.GetDirectoryName(_emulatorExePath) ?? AppContext.BaseDirectory;
+            if (!File.Exists(Path.Combine(emulatorDirectory, nativeLibraryName)))
+            {
+                AppendConsoleLine(
+                    Localization.Instance.Format("Launch.NativeBackendMissing", nativeLibraryName),
+                    WarningLineBrush);
+            }
+        }
+
         var emulator = new EmulatorProcess();
         emulator.OutputReceived += (line, isError) => _pendingLines.Enqueue((line, isError));
         emulator.Exited += code => Dispatcher.UIThread.Post(() => OnEmulatorExited(code));

src/SharpEmu.GUI/SharpEmu.GUI.csproj

@@ -32,8 +32,6 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
     <AvaloniaResource Include="..\..\assets\images\SharpEmu.ico" Link="Assets/SharpEmu.ico" />
     <AvaloniaResource Include="..\..\assets\images\github.png" Link="Assets/github.png" />
     <AvaloniaResource Include="..\..\assets\images\discord.png" Link="Assets/discord.png" />
-    <AvaloniaResource Include="..\..\assets\images\update-icon.png" Link="Assets/update-icon.png" />
-    <AvaloniaResource Include="..\..\assets\images\commit-icon.png" Link="Assets/commit-icon.png" />
   </ItemGroup>
 
   <ItemGroup>

src/SharpEmu.GUI/Updater.cs

@@ -1,253 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using System.Diagnostics;
-using System.Formats.Tar;
-using System.IO.Compression;
-using System.Net.Http.Headers;
-using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
-using System.Text.Json;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.GUI;
-
-/// <summary>Self-contained Windows updater; the emulator layers do not depend on it.</summary>
-public static class Updater
-{
-    private const string ApplyArgument = "--sharpemu-apply-update";
-    private const string LatestReleaseUrl = "https://api.github.com/repos/sharpemu/sharpemu/releases/latest";
-    private static readonly TimeSpan CheckTimeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10);
-    private static readonly HttpClient Http = CreateHttpClient();
-
-    public sealed record UpdateInfo(string Sha, string Name, string DownloadUrl, long Size);
-
-    public static async Task<UpdateInfo?> CheckAsync(string? currentSha, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
-    {
-        var platform = CurrentPlatform();
-        using var timeout = CancellationTokenSource.CreateLinkedTokenSource(cancellationToken);
-        timeout.CancelAfter(CheckTimeout);
-
-        using var response = await Http.GetAsync(LatestReleaseUrl, timeout.Token);
-        response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();
-        return ParseRelease(
-            await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(timeout.Token),
-            currentSha,
-            platform.Rid,
-            platform.Extension);
-    }
-
-    public static async Task DownloadAndRestartAsync(
-        UpdateInfo update,
-        IProgress<int>? progress = null,
-        CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
-    {
-        var root = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), "SharpEmu.Update");
-        var payload = Path.Combine(root, "payload");
-        if (Directory.Exists(root))
-        {
-            Directory.Delete(root, recursive: true);
-        }
-
-        Directory.CreateDirectory(root);
-        var archive = Path.Combine(root, update.Name);
-        using (var response = await Http.GetAsync(update.DownloadUrl, HttpCompletionOption.ResponseHeadersRead, cancellationToken))
-        {
-            response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();
-            await using var input = await response.Content.ReadAsStreamAsync(cancellationToken);
-            await using var output = File.Create(archive);
-            var buffer = new byte[81920];
-            long written = 0;
-            int read;
-            while ((read = await input.ReadAsync(buffer, cancellationToken)) > 0)
-            {
-                await output.WriteAsync(buffer.AsMemory(0, read), cancellationToken);
-                written += read;
-                progress?.Report(update.Size == 0 ? 0 : (int)(written * 100 / update.Size));
-            }
-
-            if (written != update.Size)
-            {
-                throw new InvalidDataException($"Downloaded {written} bytes; expected {update.Size}.");
-            }
-        }
-
-        var platform = CurrentPlatform();
-        var stagedExe = ExtractArchive(archive, payload, platform.Extension, platform.ExecutableName);
-
-        var start = new ProcessStartInfo(stagedExe)
-        {
-            UseShellExecute = false,
-            WorkingDirectory = payload,
-        };
-        start.ArgumentList.Add(ApplyArgument);
-        start.ArgumentList.Add(Environment.ProcessId.ToString());
-        start.ArgumentList.Add(AppContext.BaseDirectory);
-        using var helper = Process.Start(start)
-            ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("The update installer could not be started.");
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>Runs from the downloaded executable after the old GUI exits.</summary>
-    public static bool TryApply(string[] args, out int exitCode)
-    {
-        exitCode = 0;
-        if (args.Length != 3 || args[0] != ApplyArgument)
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        try
-        {
-            if (int.TryParse(args[1], out var oldPid))
-            {
-                try
-                {
-                    if (!Process.GetProcessById(oldPid).WaitForExit(30_000))
-                    {
-                        throw new TimeoutException("SharpEmu did not close within 30 seconds.");
-                    }
-                }
-                catch (ArgumentException)
-                {
-                    // The old process has already exited.
-                }
-            }
-
-            var source = AppContext.BaseDirectory;
-            var target = Path.GetFullPath(args[2]);
-            foreach (var file in Directory.EnumerateFiles(source, "*", SearchOption.AllDirectories))
-            {
-                var relative = Path.GetRelativePath(source, file);
-                if (relative.Equals("gui-settings.json", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ||
-                    relative.StartsWith("user" + Path.DirectorySeparatorChar, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ||
-                    relative.StartsWith("logs" + Path.DirectorySeparatorChar, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ||
-                    relative.StartsWith("Languages" + Path.DirectorySeparatorChar, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-                {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                var destination = Path.Combine(target, relative);
-                Directory.CreateDirectory(Path.GetDirectoryName(destination)!);
-                File.Copy(file, destination, overwrite: true);
-                if (!OperatingSystem.IsWindows())
-                {
-                    File.SetUnixFileMode(destination, File.GetUnixFileMode(file));
-                }
-            }
-
-            using var restarted = Process.Start(new ProcessStartInfo(
-                Path.Combine(target, CurrentPlatform().ExecutableName))
-            {
-                UseShellExecute = false,
-                WorkingDirectory = target,
-            }) ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("The updated SharpEmu could not be started.");
-        }
-        catch (Exception ex)
-        {
-            exitCode = 1;
-            try
-            {
-                File.WriteAllText(Path.Combine(args[2], "update-error.log"), ex.ToString());
-            }
-            catch
-            {
-                // Best-effort diagnostics only.
-            }
-        }
-
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    private static UpdateInfo? ParseRelease(
-        string json,
-        string? currentSha,
-        string rid,
-        string extension)
-    {
-        using var document = JsonDocument.Parse(json);
-        var candidates = new List<(DateTimeOffset Created, UpdateInfo Update)>();
-        foreach (var asset in document.RootElement.GetProperty("assets").EnumerateArray())
-        {
-            var name = asset.GetProperty("name").GetString() ?? "";
-            var marker = $"-{rid}-";
-            var markerIndex = name.LastIndexOf(marker, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
-            if (!name.EndsWith(extension, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ||
-                markerIndex < 0)
-            {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            var sha = name[(markerIndex + marker.Length)..^extension.Length];
-            if (sha.Length < 7 || !sha.All(Uri.IsHexDigit))
-            {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            candidates.Add((
-                asset.GetProperty("created_at").GetDateTimeOffset(),
-                new UpdateInfo(
-                    sha,
-                    name,
-                    asset.GetProperty("browser_download_url").GetString()!,
-                    asset.GetProperty("size").GetInt64())));
-        }
-
-        var latest = candidates.OrderByDescending(candidate => candidate.Created).FirstOrDefault().Update;
-        return latest is null || string.Equals(latest.Sha, currentSha, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
-            ? null
-            : latest;
-    }
-
-    private static string ExtractArchive(
-        string archive,
-        string payload,
-        string extension,
-        string executableName)
-    {
-        if (extension == ".zip")
-        {
-            ZipFile.ExtractToDirectory(archive, payload);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            Directory.CreateDirectory(payload);
-            using var compressed = File.OpenRead(archive);
-            using var gzip = new GZipStream(compressed, CompressionMode.Decompress);
-            TarFile.ExtractToDirectory(gzip, payload, overwriteFiles: false);
-        }
-
-        var executable = Path.Combine(payload, executableName);
-        if (!File.Exists(executable))
-        {
-            throw new InvalidDataException($"The update archive does not contain {executableName}.");
-        }
-
-        if (!OperatingSystem.IsWindows())
-        {
-            File.SetUnixFileMode(executable, File.GetUnixFileMode(executable) | UnixFileMode.UserExecute);
-        }
-
-        return executable;
-    }
-
-    private static HttpClient CreateHttpClient()
-    {
-        var client = new HttpClient { Timeout = Timeout.InfiniteTimeSpan };
-        client.DefaultRequestHeaders.UserAgent.Add(new ProductInfoHeaderValue("SharpEmu", "0.0.1"));
-        client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue("application/vnd.github+json"));
-        return client;
-    }
-
-    private static PlatformInfo CurrentPlatform()
-    {
-        if (RuntimeInformation.ProcessArchitecture != Architecture.X64)
-        {
-            throw new PlatformNotSupportedException("SharpEmu releases require an x64 process.");
-        }
-
-        if (OperatingSystem.IsWindows()) return new("win-x64", ".zip", "SharpEmu.exe");
-        if (OperatingSystem.IsLinux()) return new("linux-x64", ".tar.gz", "SharpEmu");
-        if (OperatingSystem.IsMacOS()) return new("osx-x64", ".tar.gz", "SharpEmu");
-        throw new PlatformNotSupportedException();
-    }
-
-    private sealed record PlatformInfo(string Rid, string Extension, string ExecutableName);
-}

src/SharpEmu.HLE/Host/Posix/PosixHostMemory.cs

@@ -163,18 +163,13 @@ internal sealed unsafe class PosixHostMemory : IHostMemory
         private const int PROT_EXEC = 0x4;
 
         private const int MAP_PRIVATE = 0x02;
+        private const int MAP_FIXED = 0x10;
         private static readonly int MAP_ANON = OperatingSystem.IsMacOS() ? 0x1000 : 0x20;
         private static readonly int MAP_NORESERVE = OperatingSystem.IsMacOS() ? 0 : 0x4000;
 
         // Linux-only: fail instead of clobbering an existing mapping.
         private const int MAP_FIXED_NOREPLACE = 0x100000;
 
-        private const int KERN_SUCCESS = 0;
-
-        // On Darwin fixed placement is represented by the absence of
-        // VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE. Do not add VM_FLAGS_OVERWRITE: overlap must fail.
-        private const int VM_FLAGS_FIXED = 0;
-
         private static readonly nint MAP_FAILED = -1;
 
         private static readonly object Gate = new();
@@ -186,7 +181,6 @@ internal sealed unsafe class PosixHostMemory : IHostMemory
             public ulong Size;
             public uint DefaultProtect;
             public Dictionary<ulong, uint>? PageProtects;
-            public bool UsesMachAllocation;
 
             public ulong End => Base + Size;
 
@@ -257,7 +251,6 @@ internal sealed unsafe class PosixHostMemory : IHostMemory
                 }
 
                 nint result;
-                var usesMachAllocation = false;
                 if (address != null)
                 {
                     // Win32 maps at exactly the requested address or fails
@@ -287,17 +280,15 @@ internal sealed unsafe class PosixHostMemory : IHostMemory
                     if (result == MAP_FAILED && OperatingSystem.IsMacOS())
                     {
                         // The hint-only attempt above didn't land at the requested
-                        // address. mach_vm_allocate with fixed placement and no
-                        // overwrite flag atomically maps the requested range or
-                        // fails if any host mapping already owns it. Unlike
-                        // MAP_FIXED, it cannot clobber CLR, dyld, JIT, or Rosetta
-                        // memory that is absent from our shadow table.
-                        Trace($"exact mmap hint failed, retrying with fixed Mach allocation: addr=0x{(ulong)address:X16}");
-                        result = AllocateDarwinFixed(
-                            (nint)address,
-                            alignedSize,
-                            posixProtect);
-                        usesMachAllocation = result != MAP_FAILED;
+                        // address. This is routinely the case for the PS5's fixed
+                        // 32 GiB image base under Rosetta 2 on Apple Silicon, where
+                        // the kernel never honors that hint. Retry with true
+                        // MAP_FIXED: this can clobber an untracked host mapping
+                        // (dyld, the runtime's JIT heap, Rosetta) if one already
+                        // sits exactly there, but without it guest images that
+                        // require this base never load at all on macOS.
+                        Trace($"exact mmap hint failed, retrying with MAP_FIXED: addr=0x{(ulong)address:X16}");
+                        result = mmap((nint)address, (nuint)alignedSize, posixProtect, flags | MAP_FIXED, -1, 0);
                     }
 
                     if (result == MAP_FAILED || (ulong)result != (ulong)address)
@@ -325,8 +316,7 @@ internal sealed unsafe class PosixHostMemory : IHostMemory
                 {
                     Base = (ulong)result,
                     Size = alignedSize,
-                    DefaultProtect = protect,
-                    UsesMachAllocation = usesMachAllocation,
+                    DefaultProtect = protect
                 };
 
                 return (void*)result;
@@ -345,15 +335,8 @@ internal sealed unsafe class PosixHostMemory : IHostMemory
                     return false;
                 }
 
-                var released = region.UsesMachAllocation
-                    ? mach_vm_deallocate(mach_task_self(), (ulong)address, region.Size) == KERN_SUCCESS
-                    : munmap((nint)address, (nuint)region.Size) == 0;
-                if (released)
-                {
-                    Regions.Remove((ulong)address);
-                }
-
-                return released;
+                Regions.Remove((ulong)address);
+                return munmap((nint)address, (nuint)region.Size) == 0;
             }
         }
 
@@ -521,40 +504,6 @@ internal sealed unsafe class PosixHostMemory : IHostMemory
             };
         }
 
-        private static nint AllocateDarwinFixed(nint requestedAddress, ulong size, int posixProtect)
-        {
-            var address = (ulong)requestedAddress;
-            var result = mach_vm_allocate(
-                mach_task_self(),
-                ref address,
-                size,
-                VM_FLAGS_FIXED);
-            if (result != KERN_SUCCESS || address != (ulong)requestedAddress)
-            {
-                if (result == KERN_SUCCESS)
-                {
-                    _ = mach_vm_deallocate(mach_task_self(), address, size);
-                }
-
-                Trace(
-                    $"fixed Mach allocation failed: addr=0x{(ulong)requestedAddress:X16} " +
-                    $"size=0x{size:X} kern_return={result}");
-                return MAP_FAILED;
-            }
-
-            if (mprotect((nint)address, (nuint)size, posixProtect) == 0)
-            {
-                return (nint)address;
-            }
-
-            var error = Marshal.GetLastPInvokeError();
-            _ = mach_vm_deallocate(mach_task_self(), address, size);
-            Trace(
-                $"fixed Mach allocation protection failed: addr=0x{address:X16} " +
-                $"size=0x{size:X} errno={error}");
-            return MAP_FAILED;
-        }
-
         private static void Trace(string message)
         {
             if (string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_VMEM"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal))
@@ -575,14 +524,5 @@ internal sealed unsafe class PosixHostMemory : IHostMemory
 
         [DllImport("libc", SetLastError = true)]
         private static extern int mprotect(nint addr, nuint length, int prot);
-
-        [DllImport("libSystem.B.dylib")]
-        private static extern uint mach_task_self();
-
-        [DllImport("libSystem.B.dylib")]
-        private static extern int mach_vm_allocate(uint target, ref ulong address, ulong size, int flags);
-
-        [DllImport("libSystem.B.dylib")]
-        private static extern int mach_vm_deallocate(uint target, ulong address, ulong size);
     }
 }

src/SharpEmu.HLE/SharpEmu.HLE.csproj

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
   <ItemGroup>
     <InternalsVisibleTo Include="SharpEmu.Core" />
-    <InternalsVisibleTo Include="SharpEmu.Libs.Tests" />
   </ItemGroup>
 
   <ItemGroup>

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Agc/AgcExports.cs

@@ -121,7 +121,6 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
     private const uint CbBlend0Control = 0x1E0;
     private const uint PaScModeCntl0 = 0x292;
     // GFX10 DB context registers (register byte address minus 0x28000, / 4).
-    private const uint DbRenderControl = 0x000;
     private const uint DbDepthView = 0x002;
     private const uint DbDepthSizeXy = 0x007;
     private const uint DbDepthClear = 0x00B;
@@ -3729,16 +3728,13 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
             _labelProducers.Add(producer);
         }
 
-        if (_traceAgc)
+        foreach (var waiting in GpuWaitRegistry.SnapshotInRange(memory, address, length))
         {
-            foreach (var waiting in GpuWaitRegistry.SnapshotInRange(memory, address, length))
-            {
-                TraceAgc(
-                    $"agc.wait_producer_scheduled label=0x{waiting.Address:X16} " +
-                    $"waiters={waiting.Count} producer_seq={producer.Sequence} " +
-                    $"queue={producer.QueueName} submission={producer.SubmissionId} " +
-                    $"packet=0x{packetAddress:X16} action='{debugName}'");
-            }
+            TraceAgc(
+                $"agc.wait_producer_scheduled label=0x{waiting.Address:X16} " +
+                $"waiters={waiting.Count} producer_seq={producer.Sequence} " +
+                $"queue={producer.QueueName} submission={producer.SubmissionId} " +
+                $"packet=0x{packetAddress:X16} action='{debugName}'");
         }
 
         return producer;
@@ -3756,19 +3752,16 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
             producer.Completed = true;
         }
 
-        if (_traceAgc)
+        foreach (var waiting in GpuWaitRegistry.SnapshotInRange(
+                     producer.Memory,
+                     producer.Address,
+                     producer.Length))
         {
-            foreach (var waiting in GpuWaitRegistry.SnapshotInRange(
-                         producer.Memory,
-                         producer.Address,
-                         producer.Length))
-            {
-                TraceAgc(
-                    $"agc.wait_producer_completed label=0x{waiting.Address:X16} " +
-                    $"waiters={waiting.Count} producer_seq={producer.Sequence} " +
-                    $"queue={producer.QueueName} submission={producer.SubmissionId} " +
-                    $"action='{producer.DebugName}'");
-            }
+            TraceAgc(
+                $"agc.wait_producer_completed label=0x{waiting.Address:X16} " +
+                $"waiters={waiting.Count} producer_seq={producer.Sequence} " +
+                $"queue={producer.QueueName} submission={producer.SubmissionId} " +
+                $"action='{producer.DebugName}'");
         }
     }
 
@@ -3813,14 +3806,6 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
             }
         }
 
-        // Producer-backed waits are trace-only. Keep the producer lookup above
-        // because producerless waits are always warned, but do not build the
-        // detailed condition strings when AGC tracing is disabled.
-        if (producer is not null && !_traceAgc)
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-
         var prefix = stale ? "agc.wait_stale" : "agc.wait_suspended";
         var current = currentValue.HasValue
             ? $"0x{currentValue.Value:X16}"
@@ -5306,7 +5291,7 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
         var hasDepthOnlyCandidate = hasExportShader &&
             !hasPixelShader &&
             depthTarget is not null &&
-            (depthState.TestEnable || depthState.WriteEnable || depthState.ClearEnable);
+            (depthState.TestEnable || depthState.WriteEnable);
         if (hasDepthOnlyCandidate &&
             TryCreateTranslatedDepthOnlyGuestDraw(
                 ctx,
@@ -5951,37 +5936,22 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
         // Every bound color target the shader exports to. Deferred renderers
         // draw a multi-render-target G-buffer (up to eight slots) in one pass.
         // Fall back to slot 0 if we cannot match any export to a bound target.
-        var pixelColorExportMasks = pixelState.Program.PixelColorExportMasks;
         var allBoundTargets = GetRenderTargets(state.CxRegisters);
-        // At most 8 slots; a manual filter avoids the per-draw LINQ iterator/
-        // closure allocations. Slots are distinct, so sorting by slot is stable.
-        var selectedTargets = new List<RenderTargetDescriptor>(allBoundTargets.Count);
-        foreach (var target in allBoundTargets)
+        var renderTargets = allBoundTargets
+            .Where(target => HasPixelColorExport(pixelState, target.Slot))
+            .OrderBy(target => target.Slot)
+            .ToArray();
+        if (renderTargets.Length == 0)
         {
-            if (GetPixelColorExportMask(pixelColorExportMasks, target.Slot) != 0)
-            {
-                selectedTargets.Add(target);
-            }
+            renderTargets = allBoundTargets
+                .Where(target => target.Slot == 0)
+                .ToArray();
         }
-
-        if (selectedTargets.Count == 0)
-        {
-            foreach (var target in allBoundTargets)
-            {
-                if (target.Slot == 0)
-                {
-                    selectedTargets.Add(target);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        selectedTargets.Sort(static (left, right) => left.Slot.CompareTo(right.Slot));
-        var renderTargets = selectedTargets.ToArray();
         if (_traceAgcShader && allBoundTargets.Count > 1)
         {
             TraceAgcShader(
                 $"agc.mrt_filter ps=0x{pixelShaderAddress:X16} " +
-                $"bound=[{string.Join(",", allBoundTargets.Select(t => $"s{t.Slot}:0x{t.Address:X}:exp{(GetPixelColorExportMask(pixelColorExportMasks, t.Slot) != 0 ? 1 : 0)}"))}] " +
+                $"bound=[{string.Join(",", allBoundTargets.Select(t => $"s{t.Slot}:0x{t.Address:X}:exp{(HasPixelColorExport(pixelState, t.Slot) ? 1 : 0)}"))}] " +
                  $"kept={renderTargets.Length}");
         }
 
@@ -6102,39 +6072,54 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
             _graphicsShaderCache.TryAdd(shaderKey, compiled);
         }
 
+        var imageBindings = pixelEvaluation.ImageBindings
+            .Concat(exportEvaluation.ImageBindings);
         var textures = new List<TranslatedImageBinding>(
             pixelEvaluation.ImageBindings.Count +
             exportEvaluation.ImageBindings.Count);
-        if (!TryAppendTranslatedImageBindings(
-                pixelEvaluation.ImageBindings,
-                textures,
-                pixelShaderAddress,
-                exportShaderAddress,
-                out error) ||
-            !TryAppendTranslatedImageBindings(
-                exportEvaluation.ImageBindings,
-                textures,
-                pixelShaderAddress,
-                exportShaderAddress,
-                out error))
+        foreach (var binding in imageBindings)
         {
-            ReturnPooledEvaluationArrays(exportEvaluation);
-            ReturnPooledEvaluationArrays(pixelEvaluation);
-            return false;
+            if (!TryDecodeTextureDescriptor(binding.ResourceDescriptor, out var texture))
+            {
+                // A garbage/zeroed texture descriptor (from a per-draw descriptor
+                // setup race — the same root as scalar-load-failed) would drop
+                // the whole draw, so Demon's Souls' deferred-lighting/composite
+                // passes that produce the composite's feeder targets never run
+                // and the frame stays black. Substitute a 1x1 fallback binding so
+                // the pass still renders (that one sampled texture reads black)
+                // rather than dropping it entirely. STRICT reverts.
+                if (_strictShaderDescriptors)
+                {
+                    error = $"invalid texture descriptor at pc=0x{binding.Pc:X}";
+                    ReturnPooledEvaluationArrays(exportEvaluation);
+                    ReturnPooledEvaluationArrays(pixelEvaluation);
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                texture = new TextureDescriptor(
+                    0, 1, 1, Gen5TextureFormatR8G8B8A8Unorm, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0xFAC);
+            }
+
+            if (_traceAgcShader || _tracePixelShaderAddress == pixelShaderAddress)
+            {
+                Console.Error.WriteLine(
+                    "[LOADER][TRACE] " +
+                    $"agc.texture_binding ps=0x{pixelShaderAddress:X16} es=0x{exportShaderAddress:X16} " +
+                    $"pc=0x{binding.Pc:X} op={binding.Opcode} storage={(Gen5ShaderTranslator.IsStorageImageOperation(binding.Opcode) ? 1 : 0)} " +
+                    $"decoded={FormatTextureDescriptor(texture)} " +
+                    $"raw={FormatShaderDwords(binding.ResourceDescriptor)} sampler={FormatShaderDwords(binding.SamplerDescriptor)}");
+            }
+            textures.Add(
+                new TranslatedImageBinding(
+                    texture,
+                    Gen5ShaderTranslator.IsStorageImageOperation(binding.Opcode),
+                    binding.MipLevel ?? 0,
+                    binding.SamplerDescriptor));
         }
 
-        var globalMemoryBindings = new Gen5GlobalMemoryBinding[
-            pixelEvaluation.GlobalMemoryBindings.Count +
-            exportEvaluation.GlobalMemoryBindings.Count];
-        for (var index = 0; index < pixelEvaluation.GlobalMemoryBindings.Count; index++)
-        {
-            globalMemoryBindings[index] = pixelEvaluation.GlobalMemoryBindings[index];
-        }
-        for (var index = 0; index < exportEvaluation.GlobalMemoryBindings.Count; index++)
-        {
-            globalMemoryBindings[pixelEvaluation.GlobalMemoryBindings.Count + index] =
-                exportEvaluation.GlobalMemoryBindings[index];
-        }
+        var globalMemoryBindings = pixelEvaluation.GlobalMemoryBindings
+            .Concat(exportEvaluation.GlobalMemoryBindings)
+            .ToArray();
         IReadOnlyList<Gen5VertexInputBinding> vertexInputs =
             exportEvaluation.VertexInputs ?? [];
         state.UcRegisters.TryGetValue(VgtPrimitiveType, out var primitiveType);
@@ -6149,13 +6134,6 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
                 renderTargets[index].NumberType);
         }
 
-        var pixelUserDataCount = Math.Min(pixelEvaluation.InitialScalarRegisters.Count, 8);
-        var pixelUserData = new uint[pixelUserDataCount];
-        for (var index = 0; index < pixelUserDataCount; index++)
-        {
-            pixelUserData[index] = pixelEvaluation.InitialScalarRegisters[index];
-        }
-
         draw = new TranslatedGuestDraw(
             exportShaderAddress,
             pixelShaderAddress,
@@ -6173,11 +6151,11 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
             DecodeDepthTarget(state.CxRegisters),
             guestTargets,
             ApplyTransparentPremultipliedFillClear(
-                CreateRenderState(state.CxRegisters, renderTargets, pixelColorExportMasks),
+                CreateRenderState(state.CxRegisters, renderTargets, pixelState),
                 textures,
                 vertexInputs,
                 pixelEvaluation.InitialScalarRegisters),
-            pixelUserData,
+            pixelEvaluation.InitialScalarRegisters.Take(8).ToArray(),
             state.CxRegisters.TryGetValue(CbBlend0Control, out var rawBlend) ? rawBlend : 0,
             state.CxRegisters.TryGetValue(
                 CbColor0Info + renderTargets.FirstOrDefault().Slot * CbColorRegisterStride,
@@ -6189,55 +6167,6 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
         return true;
     }
 
-    private static bool TryAppendTranslatedImageBindings(
-        IReadOnlyList<Gen5ImageBinding> bindings,
-        List<TranslatedImageBinding> textures,
-        ulong pixelShaderAddress,
-        ulong exportShaderAddress,
-        out string error)
-    {
-        foreach (var binding in bindings)
-        {
-            if (!TryDecodeTextureDescriptor(binding.ResourceDescriptor, out var texture))
-            {
-                // A garbage/zeroed texture descriptor (from a per-draw descriptor
-                // setup race — the same root as scalar-load-failed) would drop
-                // the whole draw, so deferred-lighting/composite passes that
-                // produce the composite's feeder targets never run. Keep the
-                // existing 1x1 fallback unless strict diagnostics are requested.
-                if (_strictShaderDescriptors)
-                {
-                    error = $"invalid texture descriptor at pc=0x{binding.Pc:X}";
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                texture = new TextureDescriptor(
-                    0, 1, 1, Gen5TextureFormatR8G8B8A8Unorm, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0xFAC);
-            }
-
-            var isStorage =
-                Gen5ShaderTranslator.IsStorageImageOperation(binding.Opcode);
-            if (_traceAgcShader || _tracePixelShaderAddress == pixelShaderAddress)
-            {
-                Console.Error.WriteLine(
-                    "[LOADER][TRACE] " +
-                    $"agc.texture_binding ps=0x{pixelShaderAddress:X16} es=0x{exportShaderAddress:X16} " +
-                    $"pc=0x{binding.Pc:X} op={binding.Opcode} storage={(isStorage ? 1 : 0)} " +
-                    $"decoded={FormatTextureDescriptor(texture)} " +
-                    $"raw={FormatShaderDwords(binding.ResourceDescriptor)} sampler={FormatShaderDwords(binding.SamplerDescriptor)}");
-            }
-            textures.Add(
-                new TranslatedImageBinding(
-                    texture,
-                    isStorage,
-                    binding.MipLevel ?? 0,
-                    binding.SamplerDescriptor));
-        }
-
-        error = string.Empty;
-        return true;
-    }
-
     private static int _tracedAstroTitlePixelGlobals;
     private static int _tracedAstroTitlePixelGlobalProbe;
 
@@ -6466,10 +6395,15 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
         return true;
     }
 
-    private static uint GetPixelColorExportMask(uint packedMasks, uint target) =>
-        target < ColorTargetCount
-            ? (packedMasks >> (int)(target * 4)) & 0xFu
-            : 0;
+    private static bool HasPixelColorExport(Gen5ShaderState state, uint target) =>
+        GetPixelColorExportMask(state, target) != 0;
+
+    private static uint GetPixelColorExportMask(Gen5ShaderState state, uint target) =>
+        state.Program.Instructions
+            .Select(instruction => instruction.Control)
+            .OfType<Gen5ExportControl>()
+            .Where(export => export.Target == target)
+            .Aggregate(0u, (mask, export) => mask | (export.EnableMask & 0xFu));
 
     private static uint GetInterpolatedAttributeCount(Gen5ShaderState state)
     {
@@ -6667,7 +6601,7 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
     private static GuestRenderState CreateRenderState(
         IReadOnlyDictionary<uint, uint> registers,
         IReadOnlyList<RenderTargetDescriptor> targets,
-        uint pixelColorExportMasks)
+        Gen5ShaderState pixelState)
     {
         if (targets.Count == 0)
         {
@@ -6676,21 +6610,15 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
 
         var target = targets[0];
         var scissor = DecodeScissor(registers, target.Width, target.Height);
-        var blends = new GuestBlendState[targets.Count];
-        for (var index = 0; index < targets.Count; index++)
-        {
-            var blend = DecodeBlendState(registers, targets[index].Slot);
-            blends[index] = blend with
-            {
-                WriteMask = blend.WriteMask &
-                    GetPixelColorExportMask(
-                        pixelColorExportMasks,
-                        targets[index].Slot),
-            };
-        }
-
         return new GuestRenderState(
-            blends,
+            targets.Select(target =>
+            {
+                var blend = DecodeBlendState(registers, target.Slot);
+                return blend with
+                {
+                    WriteMask = blend.WriteMask & GetPixelColorExportMask(pixelState, target.Slot),
+                };
+            }).ToArray(),
             scissor,
             DecodeViewport(registers, target.Width, target.Height, scissor),
             DecodeRasterState(registers),
@@ -6699,30 +6627,27 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
 
     // DB_DEPTH_CONTROL (context register 0x200): Z_ENABLE bit1, Z_WRITE_ENABLE
     // bit2, ZFUNC bits[6:4] (GCN compare, matches Vulkan CompareOp ordering).
-    // DB_RENDER_CONTROL (context register 0x000): DEPTH_CLEAR_ENABLE bit0.
     private const uint DbDepthControl = 0x200;
 
-    internal static GuestDepthState DecodeDepthState(
+    private static GuestDepthState DecodeDepthState(
         IReadOnlyDictionary<uint, uint> registers)
     {
-        var hasDepthControl = registers.TryGetValue(DbDepthControl, out var control);
-        registers.TryGetValue(DbRenderControl, out var renderControl);
+        if (!registers.TryGetValue(DbDepthControl, out var control))
+        {
+            return GuestDepthState.Default;
+        }
+
         var testEnable = (control & 0x2u) != 0;
         var writeEnable = (control & 0x4u) != 0;
-        var compareOp = hasDepthControl
-            ? (control >> 4) & 0x7u
-            : GuestDepthState.Default.CompareOp;
-        var clearEnable = (renderControl & 0x1u) != 0;
-        return new GuestDepthState(testEnable, writeEnable, compareOp, clearEnable);
+        var compareOp = (control >> 4) & 0x7u;
+        return new GuestDepthState(testEnable, writeEnable, compareOp);
     }
 
     private static GuestDepthTarget? DecodeDepthTarget(
         IReadOnlyDictionary<uint, uint> registers)
     {
         var depthState = DecodeDepthState(registers);
-        if (!depthState.TestEnable &&
-            !depthState.WriteEnable &&
-            !depthState.ClearEnable)
+        if (!depthState.TestEnable && !depthState.WriteEnable)
         {
             return null;
         }

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Audio/AudioPcmConversion.cs

@@ -52,19 +52,8 @@ internal static class AudioPcmConversion
         }
 
         var bits = BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt32LittleEndian(sample);
-        return ConvertFloatSample(BitConverter.Int32BitsToSingle(bits));
-    }
-
-    private static short ConvertFloatSample(float value)
-    {
-        if (float.IsNaN(value))
-        {
-            return 0;
-        }
-
-        value = Math.Clamp(value, -1.0f, 1.0f);
-        var scale = value < 0.0f ? 32768.0f : short.MaxValue;
-        return checked((short)MathF.Round(value * scale));
+        var value = Math.Clamp(BitConverter.Int32BitsToSingle(bits), -1.0f, 1.0f);
+        return checked((short)MathF.Round(value * short.MaxValue));
     }
 
     private static short ApplyVolume(short sample, float volume)

src/SharpEmu.Libs/ContentExport/ContentExportExports.cs

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using SharpEmu.HLE;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.ContentExport;
-
-// No host media library exists to export captures into, so initialization
-// reports success.
-public static class ContentExportExports
-{
-    [SysAbiExport(
-        Nid = "0GnN4QCgIfs",
-        ExportName = "sceContentExportInit2",
-        Target = Generation.Gen5,
-        LibraryName = "libSceContentExport")]
-    public static int ContentExportInit2(CpuContext ctx) => ctx.SetReturn(0);
-}

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Font/FontExports.cs

@@ -74,85 +74,6 @@ public static class FontExports
     public static int CreateRendererWithEdition(CpuContext ctx) =>
         CreateOpaqueHandle(ctx, ctx[CpuRegister.Rcx], 0x100, magic: 0x0F07);
 
-    [SysAbiExport(
-        Nid = "3OdRkSjOcog",
-        ExportName = "sceFontBindRenderer",
-        Target = Generation.Gen5,
-        LibraryName = "libSceFont")]
-    public static int BindRenderer(CpuContext ctx) => SetSuccess(ctx);
-
-    [SysAbiExport(
-        Nid = "N1EBMeGhf7E",
-        ExportName = "sceFontSetScalePixel",
-        Target = Generation.Gen5,
-        LibraryName = "libSceFont")]
-    public static int SetScalePixel(CpuContext ctx) => SetSuccess(ctx);
-
-    [SysAbiExport(
-        Nid = "TMtqoFQjjbA",
-        ExportName = "sceFontSetEffectSlant",
-        Target = Generation.Gen5,
-        LibraryName = "libSceFont")]
-    public static int SetEffectSlant(CpuContext ctx) => SetSuccess(ctx);
-
-    [SysAbiExport(
-        Nid = "v0phZwa4R5o",
-        ExportName = "sceFontSetEffectWeight",
-        Target = Generation.Gen5,
-        LibraryName = "libSceFont")]
-    public static int SetEffectWeight(CpuContext ctx) => SetSuccess(ctx);
-
-    [SysAbiExport(
-        Nid = "6vGCkkQJOcI",
-        ExportName = "sceFontSetupRenderScalePixel",
-        Target = Generation.Gen5,
-        LibraryName = "libSceFont")]
-    public static int SetupRenderScalePixel(CpuContext ctx) => SetSuccess(ctx);
-
-    [SysAbiExport(
-        Nid = "lz9y9UFO2UU",
-        ExportName = "sceFontSetupRenderEffectSlant",
-        Target = Generation.Gen5,
-        LibraryName = "libSceFont")]
-    public static int SetupRenderEffectSlant(CpuContext ctx) => SetSuccess(ctx);
-
-    [SysAbiExport(
-        Nid = "XIGorvLusDQ",
-        ExportName = "sceFontSetupRenderEffectWeight",
-        Target = Generation.Gen5,
-        LibraryName = "libSceFont")]
-    public static int SetupRenderEffectWeight(CpuContext ctx) => SetSuccess(ctx);
-
-    [SysAbiExport(
-        Nid = "imxVx8lm+KM",
-        ExportName = "sceFontGetHorizontalLayout",
-        Target = Generation.Gen5,
-        LibraryName = "libSceFont")]
-    public static int GetHorizontalLayout(CpuContext ctx)
-    {
-        var layoutAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
-        if (layoutAddress == 0)
-        {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
-        }
-
-        // Baseline, line advance, decoration extent: the same invented geometry
-        // as GetRenderCharGlyphMetrics.
-        var values = new[] { 12.0f, 16.0f, 0.0f };
-        for (var index = 0; index < values.Length; index++)
-        {
-            if (!TryWriteUInt32(
-                    ctx,
-                    layoutAddress + (ulong)(index * sizeof(float)),
-                    BitConverter.SingleToUInt32Bits(values[index])))
-            {
-                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
-            }
-        }
-
-        return SetSuccess(ctx);
-    }
-
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "cKYtVmeSTcw",
         ExportName = "sceFontOpenFontSet",

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Gpu/GuestGpu.cs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
 using SharpEmu.Libs.Gpu.Vulkan;
+using SharpEmu.Libs.Gpu.NativeVulkan;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Gpu;
 
@@ -12,7 +13,25 @@ namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Gpu;
 /// </summary>
 internal static class GuestGpu
 {
-    private static readonly Lazy<IGuestGpuBackend> Instance = new(static () => new VulkanGuestGpuBackend());
+    private static readonly Lazy<IGuestGpuBackend> Instance = new(CreateBackend);
 
     public static IGuestGpuBackend Current => Instance.Value;
+
+    private static IGuestGpuBackend CreateBackend()
+    {
+        if (!string.Equals(
+                Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_GPU_BACKEND"),
+                "native",
+                StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+        {
+            return new VulkanGuestGpuBackend();
+        }
+
+        if (!NativeVulkanApi.IsAvailable(out var error))
+        {
+            Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][WARN] {error}");
+        }
+
+        return new NativeVulkanGuestGpuBackend();
+    }
 }

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Gpu/GuestGpuTypes.cs

@@ -91,10 +91,9 @@ internal readonly record struct GuestRasterState(
 internal readonly record struct GuestDepthState(
     bool TestEnable,
     bool WriteEnable,
-    uint CompareOp,
-    bool ClearEnable = false)
+    uint CompareOp)
 {
-    public static GuestDepthState Default { get; } = new(false, false, 7, false);
+    public static GuestDepthState Default { get; } = new(false, false, 7);
 }
 
 /// <summary>Factors/funcs are raw guest CB_BLEND*_CONTROL register bitfields; the

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Gpu/NativeVulkan/NativeGpuInputSource.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using SharpEmu.HLE.Host;
+using SharpEmu.HLE.Host.Posix;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Gpu.NativeVulkan;
+
+internal sealed unsafe class NativeGpuInputSource : IPosixWindowInputSource
+{
+    internal static NativeGpuInputSource Instance { get; } = new();
+    private readonly object _gate = new();
+    private readonly uint[] _keys = new uint[8];
+    private bool _focused;
+    private bool _gamepadConnected;
+    private HostGamepadState _gamepad;
+    private string? _gamepadName;
+
+    private NativeGpuInputSource() { }
+
+    internal void Attach() => PosixHostInput.SetSource(this);
+
+    internal void Update(NativeVulkanApi.Input* state)
+    {
+        lock (_gate)
+        {
+            _focused = state->KeyboardFocused != 0;
+            for (var index = 0; index < _keys.Length; ++index) _keys[index] = state->VirtualKeys[index];
+            _gamepadConnected = state->GamepadConnected != 0;
+            _gamepad = new HostGamepadState(
+                _gamepadConnected,
+                (HostGamepadButtons)state->GamepadButtons,
+                state->LeftX,
+                state->LeftY,
+                state->RightX,
+                state->RightY,
+                state->LeftTrigger,
+                state->RightTrigger);
+            _gamepadName = _gamepadConnected
+                ? Marshal.PtrToStringUTF8((nint)state->GamepadNameUtf8)
+                : null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public bool HasKeyboardFocus
+    {
+        get { lock (_gate) return _focused; }
+    }
+
+    public bool IsKeyDown(int virtualKey)
+    {
+        if ((uint)virtualKey >= 256) return false;
+        lock (_gate) return (_keys[virtualKey / 32] & (1u << (virtualKey % 32))) != 0;
+    }
+
+    public int GetGamepadStates(Span<HostGamepadState> destination)
+    {
+        lock (_gate)
+        {
+            if (!_gamepadConnected || destination.IsEmpty) return 0;
+            destination[0] = _gamepad;
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public string? DescribeConnectedGamepad()
+    {
+        lock (_gate) return _gamepadConnected ? _gamepadName ?? "SDL gamepad" : null;
+    }
+}

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Gpu/NativeVulkan/NativeGpuPacket.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using SharpEmu.Libs.Gpu.Vulkan;
+using SharpEmu.ShaderCompiler.Vulkan;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Gpu.NativeVulkan;
+
+internal static unsafe class NativeGpuPacket
+{
+    internal static NativeGpuResult SubmitDraw(
+        nint backend,
+        VulkanCompiledGuestShader pixelShader,
+        IReadOnlyList<GuestDrawTexture> textures,
+        IReadOnlyList<GuestMemoryBuffer> memoryBuffers,
+        uint width,
+        uint height,
+        uint attributeCount,
+        VulkanCompiledGuestShader? vertexShader,
+        uint vertexCount,
+        uint instanceCount,
+        uint primitiveType,
+        GuestIndexBuffer? indexBuffer,
+        IReadOnlyList<GuestVertexBuffer>? vertexBuffers,
+        GuestRenderState? renderState,
+        IReadOnlyList<GuestRenderTarget>? targets,
+        bool publishTargets)
+    {
+        using var storage = new Storage();
+        var nativeTextures = storage.Allocate<NativeVulkanApi.Texture>(textures.Count);
+        for (var index = 0; index < textures.Count; ++index)
+            nativeTextures[index] = Texture(textures[index], storage);
+        var nativeMemory = storage.Allocate<NativeVulkanApi.MemoryBuffer>(memoryBuffers.Count);
+        for (var index = 0; index < memoryBuffers.Count; ++index)
+            nativeMemory[index] = new() { Address = memoryBuffers[index].BaseAddress, Data = storage.Pin(memoryBuffers[index].Data) };
+        var vertices = vertexBuffers ?? [];
+        var nativeVertices = storage.Allocate<NativeVulkanApi.VertexBuffer>(vertices.Count);
+        for (var index = 0; index < vertices.Count; ++index)
+        {
+            var source = vertices[index];
+            nativeVertices[index] = new()
+            {
+                StructSize = (uint)sizeof(NativeVulkanApi.VertexBuffer), Location = source.Location,
+                ComponentCount = source.ComponentCount, DataFormat = source.DataFormat,
+                NumberFormat = source.NumberFormat, Address = source.BaseAddress, Stride = source.Stride,
+                OffsetBytes = source.OffsetBytes, Data = storage.Pin(source.Data),
+            };
+        }
+        var targetList = targets ?? [];
+        var nativeTargets = storage.Allocate<NativeVulkanApi.RenderTarget>(targetList.Count);
+        for (var index = 0; index < targetList.Count; ++index)
+        {
+            var source = targetList[index];
+            nativeTargets[index] = new()
+            {
+                StructSize = (uint)sizeof(NativeVulkanApi.RenderTarget), Address = source.Address,
+                Width = source.Width, Height = source.Height, Format = source.Format,
+                NumberType = source.NumberType, MipLevels = source.MipLevels,
+            };
+        }
+        var state = renderState ?? GuestRenderState.Default;
+        var blends = storage.Allocate<NativeVulkanApi.Blend>(state.Blends.Count);
+        for (var index = 0; index < state.Blends.Count; ++index)
+        {
+            var source = state.Blends[index];
+            blends[index] = new()
+            {
+                Enable = source.Enable ? 1u : 0u, ColorSrc = source.ColorSrcFactor,
+                ColorDst = source.ColorDstFactor, ColorFunc = source.ColorFunc,
+                AlphaSrc = source.AlphaSrcFactor, AlphaDst = source.AlphaDstFactor,
+                AlphaFunc = source.AlphaFunc, SeparateAlpha = source.SeparateAlphaBlend ? 1u : 0u,
+                WriteMask = source.WriteMask,
+            };
+        }
+        NativeVulkanApi.IndexBuffer nativeIndex = default;
+        NativeVulkanApi.IndexBuffer* nativeIndexPointer = null;
+        if (indexBuffer is not null)
+        {
+            nativeIndex = new() { Data = storage.Pin(indexBuffer.Data), Is32Bit = indexBuffer.Is32Bit ? 1u : 0u };
+            nativeIndexPointer = &nativeIndex;
+        }
+        NativeVulkanApi.Rect nativeScissor = default; NativeVulkanApi.Rect* scissorPointer = null;
+        if (state.Scissor is { } scissor)
+        {
+            nativeScissor = new() { X = scissor.X, Y = scissor.Y, Width = scissor.Width, Height = scissor.Height };
+            scissorPointer = &nativeScissor;
+        }
+        NativeVulkanApi.Viewport nativeViewport = default; NativeVulkanApi.Viewport* viewportPointer = null;
+        if (state.Viewport is { } viewport)
+        {
+            nativeViewport = new()
+            {
+                X = viewport.X, Y = viewport.Y, Width = viewport.Width, Height = viewport.Height,
+                MinDepth = viewport.MinDepth, MaxDepth = viewport.MaxDepth,
+            };
+            viewportPointer = &nativeViewport;
+        }
+        var draw = new NativeVulkanApi.Draw
+        {
+            StructSize = (uint)sizeof(NativeVulkanApi.Draw),
+            Width = width,
+            Height = height,
+            VertexSpirv = storage.Pin(vertexShader?.Spirv ?? SpirvFixedShaders.CreateFullscreenVertex(attributeCount)),
+            PixelSpirv = storage.Pin(pixelShader.Spirv), Textures = nativeTextures,
+            TextureCount = (uint)textures.Count, MemoryBuffers = nativeMemory,
+            MemoryBufferCount = (uint)memoryBuffers.Count, VertexBuffers = nativeVertices,
+            VertexBufferCount = (uint)vertices.Count, Targets = nativeTargets,
+            TargetCount = (uint)targetList.Count, Blends = blends, BlendCount = (uint)state.Blends.Count,
+            IndexBuffer = nativeIndexPointer, Scissor = scissorPointer, ViewportState = viewportPointer,
+            AttributeCount = attributeCount, VertexCount = vertexCount, InstanceCount = instanceCount,
+            PrimitiveType = primitiveType, PublishTargets = publishTargets ? 1u : 0u,
+        };
+        return NativeVulkanApi.SubmitDraw(backend, &draw);
+    }
+
+    internal static NativeGpuResult SubmitCompute(
+        nint backend,
+        ulong shaderAddress,
+        VulkanCompiledGuestShader shader,
+        IReadOnlyList<GuestDrawTexture> textures,
+        IReadOnlyList<GuestMemoryBuffer> buffers,
+        uint x, uint y, uint z)
+    {
+        using var storage = new Storage();
+        var nativeTextures = storage.Allocate<NativeVulkanApi.Texture>(textures.Count);
+        for (var index = 0; index < textures.Count; ++index) nativeTextures[index] = Texture(textures[index], storage);
+        var nativeBuffers = storage.Allocate<NativeVulkanApi.MemoryBuffer>(buffers.Count);
+        for (var index = 0; index < buffers.Count; ++index)
+            nativeBuffers[index] = new() { Address = buffers[index].BaseAddress, Data = storage.Pin(buffers[index].Data) };
+        var compute = new NativeVulkanApi.Compute
+        {
+            StructSize = (uint)sizeof(NativeVulkanApi.Compute), ShaderAddress = shaderAddress,
+            Spirv = storage.Pin(shader.Spirv), Textures = nativeTextures, TextureCount = (uint)textures.Count,
+            MemoryBuffers = nativeBuffers, MemoryBufferCount = (uint)buffers.Count,
+            GroupsX = x, GroupsY = y, GroupsZ = z,
+        };
+        return NativeVulkanApi.SubmitCompute(backend, &compute);
+    }
+
+    private static NativeVulkanApi.Texture Texture(GuestDrawTexture source, Storage storage)
+    {
+        var result = new NativeVulkanApi.Texture
+        {
+            StructSize = (uint)sizeof(NativeVulkanApi.Texture), Address = source.Address,
+            Width = source.Width, Height = source.Height, Format = source.Format,
+            NumberType = source.NumberType, RgbaPixels = storage.Pin(source.RgbaPixels),
+            IsFallback = source.IsFallback ? 1u : 0u, IsStorage = source.IsStorage ? 1u : 0u,
+            MipLevels = source.MipLevels, MipLevel = source.MipLevel, Pitch = source.Pitch,
+            TileMode = source.TileMode, DstSelect = source.DstSelect,
+        };
+        result.SamplerState.Words[0] = source.Sampler.Word0;
+        result.SamplerState.Words[1] = source.Sampler.Word1;
+        result.SamplerState.Words[2] = source.Sampler.Word2;
+        result.SamplerState.Words[3] = source.Sampler.Word3;
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private sealed class Storage : IDisposable
+    {
+        private readonly List<GCHandle> _pins = [];
+        private readonly List<nint> _allocations = [];
+        internal NativeVulkanApi.Bytes Pin(byte[] data)
+        {
+            if (data.Length == 0) return default;
+            var pin = GCHandle.Alloc(data, GCHandleType.Pinned); _pins.Add(pin);
+            return new() { Data = (void*)pin.AddrOfPinnedObject(), Size = (nuint)data.Length };
+        }
+        internal T* Allocate<T>(int count) where T : unmanaged
+        {
+            if (count == 0) return null;
+            var pointer = NativeMemory.AllocZeroed((nuint)count, (nuint)sizeof(T));
+            if (pointer is null) throw new OutOfMemoryException();
+            _allocations.Add((nint)pointer); return (T*)pointer;
+        }
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            foreach (var pin in _pins) pin.Free();
+            foreach (var allocation in _allocations) NativeMemory.Free((void*)allocation);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Gpu/NativeVulkan/NativeVulkanApi.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Gpu.NativeVulkan;
+
+internal enum NativeGpuResult
+{
+    Success = 0,
+    NotFound = 1,
+    NotReady = 2,
+    InvalidArgument = -1,
+    IncompatibleAbi = -2,
+    PlatformError = -3,
+    VulkanError = -4,
+    OutOfMemory = -5,
+    InternalError = -6,
+}
+
+internal static unsafe partial class NativeVulkanApi
+{
+    internal const uint AbiVersion = 1;
+    private const string Library = "sharpemu_gpu_vulkan";
+
+    internal static string LibraryFileName =>
+        OperatingSystem.IsWindows() ? "sharpemu_gpu_vulkan.dll" :
+        OperatingSystem.IsMacOS() ? "libsharpemu_gpu_vulkan.dylib" :
+        "libsharpemu_gpu_vulkan.so";
+
+    internal static bool IsAvailable(out string error)
+    {
+        if (NativeLibrary.TryLoad(
+                Library,
+                typeof(NativeVulkanApi).Assembly,
+                DllImportSearchPath.SafeDirectories | DllImportSearchPath.AssemblyDirectory,
+                out var handle))
+        {
+            NativeLibrary.Free(handle);
+            error = string.Empty;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        error =
+            $"The optional native Vulkan backend was selected, but {LibraryFileName} could not be loaded. " +
+            "Place the library from https://github.com/sharpemu/sharpemu.vulkan next to the SharpEmu executable " +
+            "and ensure its SDL3 and Vulkan runtime dependencies are installed.";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+    internal struct CreateInfo
+    {
+        internal uint StructSize;
+        internal uint AbiVersion;
+        internal uint Width;
+        internal uint Height;
+        internal uint EnableValidation;
+        internal byte* TitleUtf8;
+        internal delegate* unmanaged[Cdecl]<int, byte*, void*, void> Log;
+        internal void* LogUser;
+    }
+
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)] internal struct Bytes { internal void* Data; internal nuint Size; }
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)] internal struct Sampler { internal fixed uint Words[4]; }
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+    internal struct Texture
+    {
+        internal uint StructSize; internal ulong Address; internal uint Width, Height, Format, NumberType;
+        internal Bytes RgbaPixels; internal uint IsFallback, IsStorage, MipLevels, MipLevel;
+        internal uint Pitch, TileMode, DstSelect; internal Sampler SamplerState;
+    }
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)] internal struct MemoryBuffer { internal ulong Address; internal Bytes Data; }
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+    internal struct VertexBuffer
+    {
+        internal uint StructSize, Location, ComponentCount, DataFormat, NumberFormat;
+        internal ulong Address; internal uint Stride, OffsetBytes; internal Bytes Data;
+    }
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)] internal struct IndexBuffer { internal Bytes Data; internal uint Is32Bit; }
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)] internal struct Rect { internal int X, Y; internal uint Width, Height; }
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+    internal struct Viewport { internal float X, Y, Width, Height, MinDepth, MaxDepth; }
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+    internal struct Blend
+    {
+        internal uint Enable, ColorSrc, ColorDst, ColorFunc, AlphaSrc, AlphaDst, AlphaFunc;
+        internal uint SeparateAlpha, WriteMask;
+    }
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+    internal struct RenderTarget
+    {
+        internal uint StructSize; internal ulong Address;
+        internal uint Width, Height, Format, NumberType, MipLevels;
+    }
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+    internal struct Draw
+    {
+        internal uint StructSize, Width, Height; internal Bytes VertexSpirv, PixelSpirv;
+        internal Texture* Textures; internal uint TextureCount;
+        internal MemoryBuffer* MemoryBuffers; internal uint MemoryBufferCount;
+        internal VertexBuffer* VertexBuffers; internal uint VertexBufferCount;
+        internal RenderTarget* Targets; internal uint TargetCount;
+        internal Blend* Blends; internal uint BlendCount;
+        internal IndexBuffer* IndexBuffer; internal Rect* Scissor; internal Viewport* ViewportState;
+        internal uint AttributeCount, VertexCount, InstanceCount, PrimitiveType, PublishTargets;
+    }
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+    internal struct Compute
+    {
+        internal uint StructSize; internal ulong ShaderAddress; internal Bytes Spirv;
+        internal Texture* Textures; internal uint TextureCount;
+        internal MemoryBuffer* MemoryBuffers; internal uint MemoryBufferCount;
+        internal uint GroupsX, GroupsY, GroupsZ;
+    }
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+    internal struct Input
+    {
+        internal uint StructSize, KeyboardFocused;
+        internal fixed uint VirtualKeys[8];
+        internal uint GamepadConnected, GamepadButtons;
+        internal byte LeftX, LeftY, RightX, RightY, LeftTrigger, RightTrigger;
+        internal fixed byte Reserved[2]; internal fixed byte GamepadNameUtf8[128];
+    }
+
+    [LibraryImport(Library, EntryPoint = "se_gpu_abi_version")]
+    [UnmanagedCallConv(CallConvs = [typeof(CallConvCdecl)])]
+    internal static partial uint GetAbiVersion();
+
+    [LibraryImport(Library, EntryPoint = "se_gpu_last_error")]
+    [UnmanagedCallConv(CallConvs = [typeof(CallConvCdecl)])]
+    private static partial byte* LastError(nint backend);
+
+    [LibraryImport(Library, EntryPoint = "se_gpu_create")]
+    [UnmanagedCallConv(CallConvs = [typeof(CallConvCdecl)])]
+    internal static partial NativeGpuResult Create(CreateInfo* info, out nint backend);
+
+    [LibraryImport(Library, EntryPoint = "se_gpu_destroy")]
+    [UnmanagedCallConv(CallConvs = [typeof(CallConvCdecl)])]
+    internal static partial void Destroy(nint backend);
+
+    [LibraryImport(Library, EntryPoint = "se_gpu_poll")]
+    [UnmanagedCallConv(CallConvs = [typeof(CallConvCdecl)])]
+    internal static partial NativeGpuResult Poll(nint backend, out uint shouldClose);
+
+    [LibraryImport(Library, EntryPoint = "se_gpu_input_snapshot")]
+    [UnmanagedCallConv(CallConvs = [typeof(CallConvCdecl)])]
+    internal static partial NativeGpuResult InputSnapshot(nint backend, Input* input);
+
+    [LibraryImport(Library, EntryPoint = "se_gpu_present_bgra")]
+    [UnmanagedCallConv(CallConvs = [typeof(CallConvCdecl)])]
+    internal static partial NativeGpuResult PresentBgra(
+        nint backend,
+        void* pixels,
+        nuint size,
+        uint width,
+        uint height,
+        uint pitch);
+
+    [LibraryImport(Library, EntryPoint = "se_gpu_submit_draw")]
+    [UnmanagedCallConv(CallConvs = [typeof(CallConvCdecl)])]
+    internal static partial NativeGpuResult SubmitDraw(nint backend, Draw* draw);
+
+    [LibraryImport(Library, EntryPoint = "se_gpu_submit_compute")]
+    [UnmanagedCallConv(CallConvs = [typeof(CallConvCdecl)])]
+    internal static partial NativeGpuResult SubmitCompute(nint backend, Compute* compute);
+
+    [LibraryImport(Library, EntryPoint = "se_gpu_register_display_buffer")]
+    [UnmanagedCallConv(CallConvs = [typeof(CallConvCdecl)])]
+    internal static partial NativeGpuResult RegisterDisplayBuffer(nint backend, ulong address, uint format);
+
+    [LibraryImport(Library, EntryPoint = "se_gpu_present_guest_image")]
+    [UnmanagedCallConv(CallConvs = [typeof(CallConvCdecl)])]
+    internal static partial NativeGpuResult PresentGuestImage(
+        nint backend, ulong address, uint width, uint height, uint pitch);
+
+    [LibraryImport(Library, EntryPoint = "se_gpu_has_guest_image")]
+    [UnmanagedCallConv(CallConvs = [typeof(CallConvCdecl)])]
+    internal static partial NativeGpuResult HasGuestImage(nint backend, ulong address, uint format, uint numberType);
+
+    [LibraryImport(Library, EntryPoint = "se_gpu_blit_guest_image")]
+    [UnmanagedCallConv(CallConvs = [typeof(CallConvCdecl)])]
+    internal static partial NativeGpuResult BlitGuestImage(
+        nint backend, ulong sourceAddress, uint sourceWidth, uint sourceHeight, uint sourceFormat,
+        ulong destinationAddress, uint destinationWidth, uint destinationHeight, uint destinationFormat);
+
+    [LibraryImport(Library, EntryPoint = "se_gpu_render_target_output_kind")]
+    [UnmanagedCallConv(CallConvs = [typeof(CallConvCdecl)])]
+    internal static partial NativeGpuResult RenderTargetOutputKind(uint format, uint numberType, out uint outputKind);
+
+    internal static string GetError(nint backend)
+    {
+        var pointer = LastError(backend);
+        return pointer is null ? "Unknown native GPU error" : Marshal.PtrToStringUTF8((nint)pointer)!;
+    }
+}

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Gpu/NativeVulkan/NativeVulkanGuestGpuBackend.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using SharpEmu.Libs.Gpu.Vulkan;
+using SharpEmu.ShaderCompiler;
+using SharpEmu.ShaderCompiler.Vulkan;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Gpu.NativeVulkan;
+
+/// <summary>Native C++ Vulkan implementation of the guest-domain GPU seam.</summary>
+internal sealed unsafe class NativeVulkanGuestGpuBackend : IGuestGpuBackend
+{
+    private static readonly IGuestCompiledShader DepthOnlyFragmentShader =
+        new VulkanCompiledGuestShader(SpirvFixedShaders.CreateDepthOnlyFragment());
+
+    private readonly object _startGate = new();
+    private readonly BlockingCollection<Action<nint>> _commands = new(new ConcurrentQueue<Action<nint>>(), 256);
+    private readonly ManualResetEventSlim _ready = new(false);
+    private Thread? _thread;
+    private Exception? _startError;
+
+    public void EnsureStarted(uint width, uint height)
+    {
+        if (width == 0 || height == 0) return;
+        lock (_startGate)
+        {
+            if (_thread is null)
+            {
+                _thread = new Thread(() => Run(width, height))
+                {
+                    IsBackground = true,
+                    Name = "SharpEmu native Vulkan",
+                };
+                _thread.Start();
+            }
+        }
+        _ready.Wait();
+        if (_startError is not null)
+        {
+            if (_startError is DllNotFoundException)
+            {
+                _ = NativeVulkanApi.IsAvailable(out var error);
+                throw new InvalidOperationException(error, _startError);
+            }
+
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("Native Vulkan startup failed", _startError);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public bool TryCompileVertexShader(Gen5ShaderState state, Gen5ShaderEvaluation evaluation,
+        out IGuestCompiledShader? shader, out string error, int globalBufferBase = 0,
+        int totalGlobalBufferCount = -1, int imageBindingBase = 0, int scalarRegisterBufferIndex = -1,
+        int requiredVertexOutputCount = 0, ulong storageBufferOffsetAlignment = 1)
+    {
+        shader = null;
+        if (!Gen5SpirvTranslator.TryCompileVertexShader(state, evaluation, out var compiled, out error,
+                globalBufferBase, totalGlobalBufferCount, imageBindingBase, scalarRegisterBufferIndex,
+                requiredVertexOutputCount, storageBufferOffsetAlignment)) return false;
+        shader = new VulkanCompiledGuestShader(compiled.Spirv); return true;
+    }
+
+    public bool TryCompilePixelShader(Gen5ShaderState state, Gen5ShaderEvaluation evaluation,
+        IReadOnlyList<Gen5PixelOutputBinding> outputs, out IGuestCompiledShader? shader, out string error,
+        int globalBufferBase = 0, int totalGlobalBufferCount = -1, int imageBindingBase = 0,
+        int scalarRegisterBufferIndex = -1, uint pixelInputEnable = 0, uint pixelInputAddress = 0,
+        ulong storageBufferOffsetAlignment = 1)
+    {
+        shader = null;
+        if (!Gen5SpirvTranslator.TryCompilePixelShader(state, evaluation, outputs, out var compiled, out error,
+                globalBufferBase, totalGlobalBufferCount, imageBindingBase, scalarRegisterBufferIndex,
+                pixelInputEnable, pixelInputAddress, storageBufferOffsetAlignment)) return false;
+        shader = new VulkanCompiledGuestShader(compiled.Spirv); return true;
+    }
+
+    public bool TryCompileComputeShader(Gen5ShaderState state, Gen5ShaderEvaluation evaluation,
+        uint localSizeX, uint localSizeY, uint localSizeZ, out IGuestCompiledShader? shader, out string error,
+        int totalGlobalBufferCount = -1, int initialScalarBufferIndex = -1, uint waveLaneCount = 32,
+        ulong storageBufferOffsetAlignment = 1)
+    {
+        shader = null;
+        if (!Gen5SpirvTranslator.TryCompileComputeShader(state, evaluation, localSizeX, localSizeY, localSizeZ,
+                out var compiled, out error, totalGlobalBufferCount, initialScalarBufferIndex, waveLaneCount,
+                storageBufferOffsetAlignment)) return false;
+        shader = new VulkanCompiledGuestShader(compiled.Spirv); return true;
+    }
+
+    public IGuestCompiledShader GetDepthOnlyFragmentShader() => DepthOnlyFragmentShader;
+
+    public void HideSplashScreen() { }
+
+    public void Submit(byte[] bgraFrame, uint width, uint height)
+    {
+        if (bgraFrame.Length != checked((int)(width * height * 4))) return;
+        EnsureStarted(width, height);
+        Enqueue(handle =>
+        {
+            fixed (byte* pixels = bgraFrame)
+                Check(handle, NativeVulkanApi.PresentBgra(handle, pixels, (nuint)bgraFrame.Length, width, height, width * 4));
+        });
+    }
+
+    public void SubmitGuestDraw(GuestDrawKind drawKind, uint width, uint height)
+    {
+        if (drawKind != GuestDrawKind.FullscreenBarycentric || width == 0 || height == 0) return;
+        EnsureStarted(width, height);
+        var pixel = new VulkanCompiledGuestShader(SpirvFixedShaders.CreateBarycentricFragment());
+        Enqueue(handle => Check(handle, NativeGpuPacket.SubmitDraw(handle, pixel, [], [],
+            width, height, 1, null, 3, 1, 4, null, null, null, null, false)));
+    }
+
+    public void SubmitTranslatedDraw(IGuestCompiledShader pixelShader, IReadOnlyList<GuestDrawTexture> textures,
+        IReadOnlyList<GuestMemoryBuffer> globalMemoryBuffers, uint width, uint height, uint attributeCount,
+        IGuestCompiledShader? vertexShader = null, uint vertexCount = 3, uint instanceCount = 1,
+        uint primitiveType = 4, GuestIndexBuffer? indexBuffer = null,
+        IReadOnlyList<GuestVertexBuffer>? vertexBuffers = null, GuestRenderState? renderState = null)
+    {
+        EnsureStarted(width, height);
+        var ps = Spirv(pixelShader); var vs = vertexShader is null ? null : Spirv(vertexShader);
+        var textureCopy = textures.ToArray(); var memoryCopy = globalMemoryBuffers.ToArray();
+        var vertexCopy = vertexBuffers?.ToArray();
+        Enqueue(handle => Check(handle, NativeGpuPacket.SubmitDraw(handle, ps, textureCopy, memoryCopy,
+            width, height, attributeCount, vs, vertexCount, instanceCount, primitiveType, indexBuffer,
+            vertexCopy, renderState, null, false)));
+    }
+
+    public void SubmitOffscreenTranslatedDraw(IGuestCompiledShader pixelShader,
+        IReadOnlyList<GuestDrawTexture> textures, IReadOnlyList<GuestMemoryBuffer> globalMemoryBuffers,
+        uint attributeCount, IReadOnlyList<GuestRenderTarget> targets, IGuestCompiledShader? vertexShader = null,
+        uint vertexCount = 3, uint instanceCount = 1, uint primitiveType = 4,
+        GuestIndexBuffer? indexBuffer = null, IReadOnlyList<GuestVertexBuffer>? vertexBuffers = null,
+        GuestRenderState? renderState = null, GuestDepthTarget? depthTarget = null, ulong shaderAddress = 0)
+    {
+        if (targets.Count == 0) return;
+        EnsureStarted(targets[0].Width, targets[0].Height);
+        var ps = Spirv(pixelShader); var vs = vertexShader is null ? null : Spirv(vertexShader);
+        var textureCopy = textures.ToArray(); var memoryCopy = globalMemoryBuffers.ToArray();
+        var targetCopy = targets.ToArray(); var vertexCopy = vertexBuffers?.ToArray();
+        Enqueue(handle => Check(handle, NativeGpuPacket.SubmitDraw(handle, ps, textureCopy, memoryCopy,
+            targetCopy[0].Width, targetCopy[0].Height, attributeCount, vs, vertexCount, instanceCount,
+            primitiveType, indexBuffer, vertexCopy, renderState, targetCopy, true)));
+    }
+
+    public void SubmitDepthOnlyTranslatedDraw(IGuestCompiledShader pixelShader,
+        IReadOnlyList<GuestDrawTexture> textures, IReadOnlyList<GuestMemoryBuffer> globalMemoryBuffers,
+        uint attributeCount, GuestDepthTarget depthTarget, IGuestCompiledShader? vertexShader = null,
+        uint vertexCount = 3, uint instanceCount = 1, uint primitiveType = 4,
+        GuestIndexBuffer? indexBuffer = null, IReadOnlyList<GuestVertexBuffer>? vertexBuffers = null,
+        GuestRenderState? renderState = null, ulong shaderAddress = 0)
+    {
+        EnsureStarted(depthTarget.Width, depthTarget.Height);
+        var ps = Spirv(pixelShader); var vs = vertexShader is null ? null : Spirv(vertexShader);
+        var textureCopy = textures.ToArray(); var memoryCopy = globalMemoryBuffers.ToArray();
+        var vertexCopy = vertexBuffers?.ToArray();
+        Enqueue(handle => Check(handle, NativeGpuPacket.SubmitDraw(handle, ps, textureCopy, memoryCopy,
+            depthTarget.Width, depthTarget.Height, attributeCount, vs, vertexCount, instanceCount,
+            primitiveType, indexBuffer, vertexCopy, renderState, null, false)));
+    }
+
+    public void SubmitStorageTranslatedDraw(IGuestCompiledShader pixelShader,
+        IReadOnlyList<GuestDrawTexture> textures, IReadOnlyList<GuestMemoryBuffer> globalMemoryBuffers,
+        uint attributeCount, uint width, uint height, ulong shaderAddress = 0)
+    {
+        EnsureStarted(width, height); var ps = Spirv(pixelShader);
+        var textureCopy = textures.ToArray(); var memoryCopy = globalMemoryBuffers.ToArray();
+        GuestRenderTarget[] targets = [new(0, width, height, 12, 7)];
+        Enqueue(handle => Check(handle, NativeGpuPacket.SubmitDraw(handle, ps, textureCopy, memoryCopy,
+            width, height, attributeCount, null, 3, 1, 4, null, null, null, targets, false)));
+    }
+
+    public long SubmitComputeDispatch(ulong shaderAddress, IGuestCompiledShader computeShader,
+        IReadOnlyList<GuestDrawTexture> textures, IReadOnlyList<GuestMemoryBuffer> globalMemoryBuffers,
+        uint groupCountX, uint groupCountY, uint groupCountZ, uint baseGroupX, uint baseGroupY,
+        uint baseGroupZ, uint localSizeX, uint localSizeY, uint localSizeZ, bool isIndirect,
+        bool writesGlobalMemory, uint threadCountX = uint.MaxValue, uint threadCountY = uint.MaxValue,
+        uint threadCountZ = uint.MaxValue)
+    {
+        EnsureStarted(1280, 720); var shader = Spirv(computeShader);
+        var textureCopy = textures.ToArray(); var memoryCopy = globalMemoryBuffers.ToArray();
+        Enqueue(handle => Check(handle, NativeGpuPacket.SubmitCompute(handle, shaderAddress, shader,
+            textureCopy, memoryCopy, groupCountX, groupCountY, groupCountZ)));
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    public bool TrySubmitGuestImage(ulong address, uint width, uint height, uint pitchInPixel)
+    {
+        EnsureStarted(width, height);
+        return Invoke(handle => NativeVulkanApi.PresentGuestImage(handle, address, width, height, pitchInPixel)) ==
+               NativeGpuResult.Success;
+    }
+
+    public bool TrySubmitOrderedGuestImageFlip(int videoOutHandle, int displayBufferIndex, ulong address,
+        uint width, uint height, uint pitchInPixel) =>
+        TrySubmitGuestImage(address, width, height, pitchInPixel);
+
+    public void RegisterKnownDisplayBuffer(ulong address, uint guestFormat)
+    {
+        EnsureStarted(1280, 720);
+        Enqueue(handle => Check(handle, NativeVulkanApi.RegisterDisplayBuffer(handle, address, guestFormat)));
+    }
+
+    public bool IsGpuGuestImageAvailable(ulong address, uint format, uint numberType)
+    {
+        EnsureStarted(1280, 720);
+        return Invoke(handle => NativeVulkanApi.HasGuestImage(handle, address, format, numberType)) ==
+               NativeGpuResult.Success;
+    }
+
+    public bool TrySubmitGuestImageBlit(ulong sourceAddress, uint sourceWidth, uint sourceHeight,
+        uint sourceFormat, uint sourceNumberType, ulong destinationAddress, uint destinationWidth,
+        uint destinationHeight, uint destinationFormat, uint destinationNumberType)
+    {
+        EnsureStarted(destinationWidth, destinationHeight);
+        return Invoke(handle => NativeVulkanApi.BlitGuestImage(handle, sourceAddress, sourceWidth, sourceHeight,
+            sourceFormat, destinationAddress, destinationWidth, destinationHeight, destinationFormat)) ==
+               NativeGpuResult.Success;
+    }
+
+    public bool TryGetRenderTargetOutputKind(uint dataFormat, uint numberType,
+        out Gen5PixelOutputKind outputKind)
+    {
+        var result = NativeVulkanApi.RenderTargetOutputKind(dataFormat, numberType, out var nativeKind);
+        outputKind = (Gen5PixelOutputKind)nativeKind; return result == NativeGpuResult.Success;
+    }
+
+    private void Run(uint width, uint height)
+    {
+        nint backend = 0;
+        try
+        {
+            if (NativeVulkanApi.GetAbiVersion() != NativeVulkanApi.AbiVersion)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("Native Vulkan ABI version mismatch");
+            var title = Marshal.StringToCoTaskMemUTF8("SharpEmu");
+            try
+            {
+                var info = new NativeVulkanApi.CreateInfo
+                {
+                    StructSize = (uint)sizeof(NativeVulkanApi.CreateInfo), AbiVersion = NativeVulkanApi.AbiVersion,
+                    Width = width, Height = height, TitleUtf8 = (byte*)title,
+                    EnableValidation = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_VK_VALIDATION") == "1" ? 1u : 0u,
+                };
+                var result = NativeVulkanApi.Create(&info, out backend);
+                if (result != NativeGpuResult.Success)
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException($"se_gpu_create failed with {result}: {NativeVulkanApi.GetError(0)}");
+            }
+            finally { Marshal.FreeCoTaskMem(title); }
+            _ready.Set();
+            NativeGpuInputSource.Instance.Attach();
+            while (true)
+            {
+                if (_commands.TryTake(out var command, 8))
+                {
+                    command(backend);
+                    for (var drained = 1; drained < 128 && _commands.TryTake(out command); ++drained)
+                        command(backend);
+                }
+                var result = NativeVulkanApi.Poll(backend, out var shouldClose);
+                if (result != NativeGpuResult.Success || shouldClose != 0) break;
+                var input = new NativeVulkanApi.Input { StructSize = (uint)sizeof(NativeVulkanApi.Input) };
+                if (NativeVulkanApi.InputSnapshot(backend, &input) == NativeGpuResult.Success)
+                    NativeGpuInputSource.Instance.Update(&input);
+            }
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception)
+        {
+            _startError ??= exception;
+            Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][ERROR] Native Vulkan backend failed: {exception}");
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            _ready.Set();
+            if (backend != 0) NativeVulkanApi.Destroy(backend);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void Enqueue(Action<nint> command)
+    {
+        if (!_commands.TryAdd(command)) Console.Error.WriteLine("[LOADER][WARN] Native GPU queue is full; dropping work");
+    }
+
+    private NativeGpuResult Invoke(Func<nint, NativeGpuResult> operation)
+    {
+        var completion = new TaskCompletionSource<NativeGpuResult>(TaskCreationOptions.RunContinuationsAsynchronously);
+        Enqueue(handle =>
+        {
+            try { completion.SetResult(operation(handle)); }
+            catch (Exception exception) { completion.SetException(exception); }
+        });
+        return completion.Task.GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+    }
+
+    private static void Check(nint backend, NativeGpuResult result)
+    {
+        if (result is NativeGpuResult.Success or NativeGpuResult.NotReady) return;
+        Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][ERROR] Native GPU operation failed: {result}: {NativeVulkanApi.GetError(backend)}");
+    }
+
+    private static VulkanCompiledGuestShader Spirv(IGuestCompiledShader shader) =>
+        shader as VulkanCompiledGuestShader ?? throw new InvalidOperationException(
+            $"Shader type {shader.GetType().Name} was not compiled by the native Vulkan backend");
+}

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Kernel/KernelEventFlagCompatExports.cs

@@ -25,11 +25,6 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
     private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, EventFlagState> _eventFlags = new();
     private static long _nextEventFlagHandle = 1;
 
-    // Cached once: gating every call site avoids building the interpolated
-    // trace string (and FormatFrameChain/FormatGuestWaitObject) when disabled.
-    private static readonly bool _traceEventFlag = string.Equals(
-        Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_EVENT_FLAG"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal);
-
     private sealed class EventFlagState
     {
         public required string Name { get; init; }
@@ -84,7 +79,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
             return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
         }
 
-        if (_traceEventFlag) TraceEventFlag($"create handle=0x{handle:X16} name='{name}' attr=0x{attributes:X2} bits=0x{initialPattern:X16}");
+        TraceEventFlag($"create handle=0x{handle:X16} name='{name}' attr=0x{attributes:X2} bits=0x{initialPattern:X16}");
         return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
     }
 
@@ -106,7 +101,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
             Monitor.PulseAll(state.Gate);
         }
 
-        if (_traceEventFlag) TraceEventFlag($"delete handle=0x{handle:X16} name='{state.Name}'");
+        TraceEventFlag($"delete handle=0x{handle:X16} name='{state.Name}'");
         return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
     }
 
@@ -129,7 +124,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
         {
             state.Bits |= pattern;
             Monitor.PulseAll(state.Gate);
-            if (_traceEventFlag) TraceEventFlag($"set handle=0x{handle:X16} pattern=0x{pattern:X16} bits=0x{state.Bits:X16} ret=0x{returnRip:X16}");
+            TraceEventFlag($"set handle=0x{handle:X16} pattern=0x{pattern:X16} bits=0x{state.Bits:X16} ret=0x{returnRip:X16}");
         }
 
         _ = GuestThreadExecution.Scheduler?.WakeBlockedThreads(GetEventFlagWakeKey(handle));
@@ -153,7 +148,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
         lock (state.Gate)
         {
             state.Bits &= pattern;
-            if (_traceEventFlag) TraceEventFlag($"clear handle=0x{handle:X16} mask=0x{pattern:X16} bits=0x{state.Bits:X16}");
+            TraceEventFlag($"clear handle=0x{handle:X16} mask=0x{pattern:X16} bits=0x{state.Bits:X16}");
         }
 
         return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
@@ -194,7 +189,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
             }
 
             ApplyClearMode(state, pattern, waitMode);
-            if (_traceEventFlag) TraceEventFlag($"poll handle=0x{handle:X16} pattern=0x{pattern:X16} mode=0x{waitMode:X2} bits=0x{state.Bits:X16}");
+            TraceEventFlag($"poll handle=0x{handle:X16} pattern=0x{pattern:X16} mode=0x{waitMode:X2} bits=0x{state.Bits:X16}");
             return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
         }
     }
@@ -292,8 +287,8 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
                     return true;
                 },
                 deadline);
-            if (_traceEventFlag) TraceEventFlag($"wait-unsatisfied handle=0x{handle:X16} pattern=0x{pattern:X16} bits=0x{state.Bits:X16} guest_thread=0x{currentGuestThread:X16} fiber=0x{currentFiber:X16} managed={managedThread} block={requestedBlock} ret=0x{returnRip:X16} frames={FormatFrameChain(ctx)}");
-            if (_traceEventFlag) TraceEventFlag($"wait-object handle=0x{handle:X16} name='{state.Name}' {FormatGuestWaitObject(ctx)}");
+            TraceEventFlag($"wait-unsatisfied handle=0x{handle:X16} pattern=0x{pattern:X16} bits=0x{state.Bits:X16} guest_thread=0x{currentGuestThread:X16} fiber=0x{currentFiber:X16} managed={managedThread} block={requestedBlock} ret=0x{returnRip:X16} frames={FormatFrameChain(ctx)}");
+            TraceEventFlag($"wait-object handle=0x{handle:X16} name='{state.Name}' {FormatGuestWaitObject(ctx)}");
             if (!requestedBlock)
             {
                 var scheduler = GuestThreadExecution.Scheduler;
@@ -303,7 +298,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
                 }
 
                 state.WaitingThreads++;
-                if (_traceEventFlag) TraceEventFlag($"wait-pump handle=0x{handle:X16} pattern=0x{pattern:X16} waiters={state.WaitingThreads} guest_thread=0x{currentGuestThread:X16} fiber=0x{currentFiber:X16} managed={managedThread} ret=0x{returnRip:X16}");
+                TraceEventFlag($"wait-pump handle=0x{handle:X16} pattern=0x{pattern:X16} waiters={state.WaitingThreads} guest_thread=0x{currentGuestThread:X16} fiber=0x{currentFiber:X16} managed={managedThread} ret=0x{returnRip:X16}");
                 var releaseWaiter = true;
                 try
                 {
@@ -323,7 +318,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
                         {
                             state.WaitingThreads = Math.Max(0, state.WaitingThreads - 1);
                             releaseWaiter = false;
-                            if (_traceEventFlag) TraceEventFlag($"wait-wake handle=0x{handle:X16} pattern=0x{pattern:X16} bits=0x{state.Bits:X16} waiters={state.WaitingThreads} ret=0x{returnRip:X16}");
+                            TraceEventFlag($"wait-wake handle=0x{handle:X16} pattern=0x{pattern:X16} bits=0x{state.Bits:X16} waiters={state.WaitingThreads} ret=0x{returnRip:X16}");
                             return SetReturn(ctx, pumpedWaitResult);
                         }
 
@@ -334,7 +329,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
                             releaseWaiter = false;
                             _ = TryWriteUInt32(ctx, timeoutAddress, 0);
                             _ = TryWriteResultPattern(ctx, resultAddress, state.Bits);
-                            if (_traceEventFlag) TraceEventFlag($"wait-timeout handle=0x{handle:X16} pattern=0x{pattern:X16} bits=0x{state.Bits:X16} ret=0x{returnRip:X16}");
+                            TraceEventFlag($"wait-timeout handle=0x{handle:X16} pattern=0x{pattern:X16} bits=0x{state.Bits:X16} ret=0x{returnRip:X16}");
                             return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_TIMED_OUT);
                         }
 
@@ -351,7 +346,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
             }
 
             state.WaitingThreads++;
-            if (_traceEventFlag) TraceEventFlag($"wait-block handle=0x{handle:X16} pattern=0x{pattern:X16} waiters={state.WaitingThreads} guest_thread=0x{currentGuestThread:X16} fiber=0x{currentFiber:X16} managed={managedThread} ret=0x{returnRip:X16}");
+            TraceEventFlag($"wait-block handle=0x{handle:X16} pattern=0x{pattern:X16} waiters={state.WaitingThreads} guest_thread=0x{currentGuestThread:X16} fiber=0x{currentFiber:X16} managed={managedThread} ret=0x{returnRip:X16}");
             return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
         }
         finally
@@ -386,7 +381,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
             state.Bits = setPattern;
             state.WaitingThreads = 0;
             Monitor.PulseAll(state.Gate);
-            if (_traceEventFlag) TraceEventFlag(
+            TraceEventFlag(
                 $"cancel handle=0x{handle:X16} bits=0x{setPattern:X16} " +
                 $"guest_thread=0x{GuestThreadExecution.CurrentGuestThreadHandle:X16} ret=0x{GetCurrentReturnRip():X16}");
         }
@@ -481,7 +476,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
             }
 
             state.WaitingThreads = Math.Max(0, state.WaitingThreads - 1);
-            if (_traceEventFlag) TraceEventFlag(
+            TraceEventFlag(
                 $"wait-wake pattern=0x{pattern:X16} mode=0x{waitMode:X2} bits=0x{state.Bits:X16} waiters={state.WaitingThreads}");
             return true;
         }
@@ -573,7 +568,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
 
     private static void TraceEventFlag(string message)
     {
-        if (_traceEventFlag)
+        if (string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_EVENT_FLAG"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal))
         {
             Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][TRACE] event_flag.{message}");
         }

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Kernel/KernelMemoryCompatExports.cs

@@ -102,11 +102,7 @@ public static partial class KernelMemoryCompatExports
     private static readonly object _guestMountGate = new();
     private static readonly Dictionary<ulong, DirectAllocation> _directAllocations = new();
     private static readonly Dictionary<ulong, LibcHeapAllocation> _libcAllocations = new();
-    // Keyed by (and kept sorted on) region base address so VirtualQuery can find a
-    // containing/next region with a binary search instead of an O(n) scan. Every
-    // write uses the region's own Address as the key (see AddMappedRegionSliceLocked
-    // and the mmap sites), so Values enumerate in ascending address order.
-    private static readonly SortedList<ulong, MappedRegion> _mappedRegions = new();
+    private static readonly Dictionary<ulong, MappedRegion> _mappedRegions = new();
     private static readonly Dictionary<ulong, string> _mappedRegionNames = new();
     private static readonly Dictionary<string, string> _guestMounts = new(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
     private static readonly HashSet<string> _tracedStatResults = new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
@@ -1578,27 +1574,7 @@ public static partial class KernelMemoryCompatExports
         ExportName = "stat",
         Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
         LibraryName = "libc")]
-    public static int PosixStat(CpuContext ctx)
-    {
-        var result = KernelStat(ctx);
-        if (result == (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK)
-        {
-            return 0;
-        }
-
-        // stat(2) follows the libc/POSIX ABI: failures return -1 and expose
-        // the reason through errno. Returning the raw Orbis kernel code here
-        // makes callers treat a missing file as a non-negative success value.
-        var errno = result switch
-        {
-            (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT => Einval,
-            (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT => Efault,
-            _ => 2, // ENOENT
-        };
-        KernelRuntimeCompatExports.TrySetErrno(ctx, errno);
-        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = ulong.MaxValue;
-        return -1;
-    }
+    public static int PosixStat(CpuContext ctx) => KernelStat(ctx);
 
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "gEpBkcwxUjw",
@@ -4037,7 +4013,7 @@ public static partial class KernelMemoryCompatExports
                             _ => unchecked((int)argumentSource.NextGpArg())
                         };
 
-                        var formatted = value.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+                        var formatted = value.ToString();
                         if (showSign && value >= 0)
                             formatted = "+" + formatted;
                         else if (spaceForSign && value >= 0)
@@ -4057,7 +4033,7 @@ public static partial class KernelMemoryCompatExports
                             _ => (uint)argumentSource.NextGpArg()
                         };
 
-                        var formatted = value.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+                        var formatted = value.ToString();
                         sb.Append(PadString(formatted, width, leftAlign, padWithZero && !leftAlign));
                     }
                     break;
@@ -4074,8 +4050,8 @@ public static partial class KernelMemoryCompatExports
                         };
 
                         var formatted = specifier == 'x'
-                            ? value.ToString("x", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)
-                            : value.ToString("X", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+                            ? value.ToString("x")
+                            : value.ToString("X");
 
                         if (alternateForm && value != 0)
                             formatted = specifier == 'x' ? "0x" + formatted : "0X" + formatted;
@@ -4179,10 +4155,7 @@ public static partial class KernelMemoryCompatExports
                         var formatStr = precision >= 0
                             ? $"{{0:{specifier}{precision}}}"
                             : $"{{0:{specifier}}}";
-                        var formatted = string.Format(
-                            CultureInfo.InvariantCulture,
-                            formatStr,
-                            value);
+                        var formatted = string.Format(formatStr, value);
 
                         if (showSign && value >= 0)
                             formatted = "+" + formatted;
@@ -4246,50 +4219,31 @@ public static partial class KernelMemoryCompatExports
     {
         private readonly CpuContext _ctx;
         private int _gpIndex;
-        private int _fpIndex;
-        private int _stackIndex;
 
         public RegisterPrintfArgumentSource(CpuContext ctx, int gpIndex)
         {
             _ctx = ctx;
             _gpIndex = gpIndex;
-            _fpIndex = 0;
-            _stackIndex = 0;
         }
 
         public ulong NextGpArg()
         {
-            var index = _gpIndex;
-            if (index < 6)
+            var index = _gpIndex++;
+            return index switch
             {
-                _gpIndex++;
-                return index switch
-                {
-                    0 => _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi],
-                    1 => _ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi],
-                    2 => _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx],
-                    3 => _ctx[CpuRegister.Rcx],
-                    4 => _ctx[CpuRegister.R8],
-                    _ => _ctx[CpuRegister.R9],
-                };
-            }
-
-            return ReadStackArg(_ctx, (ulong)(_stackIndex++) * 8);
+                0 => _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi],
+                1 => _ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi],
+                2 => _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx],
+                3 => _ctx[CpuRegister.Rcx],
+                4 => _ctx[CpuRegister.R8],
+                5 => _ctx[CpuRegister.R9],
+                _ => ReadStackArg(_ctx, (ulong)(index - 6) * 8)
+            };
         }
 
         public double NextFloatArg()
         {
-            ulong bits;
-            if (_fpIndex < 8)
-            {
-                _ctx.GetXmmRegister(_fpIndex++, out bits, out _);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                bits = ReadStackArg(_ctx, (ulong)(_stackIndex++) * 8);
-            }
-
-            return BitConverter.Int64BitsToDouble(unchecked((long)bits));
+            return BitConverter.Int64BitsToDouble(unchecked((long)NextGpArg()));
         }
     }
 
@@ -4852,19 +4806,8 @@ public static partial class KernelMemoryCompatExports
     private static bool IsMutatingOpen(int flags) =>
         (flags & (O_WRONLY | O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | O_APPEND)) != 0;
 
-    // Dev-build dumps (unpackaged UE titles, etc.) may write their Saved/ tree under
-    // /app0, which is read-only on retail hardware. Opt in via SHARPEMU_WRITABLE_APP0=1
-    // to allow those writes so such dumps can boot; defaults off to keep retail semantics.
-    private static readonly bool _writableApp0 =
-        string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_WRITABLE_APP0"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal);
-
     public static bool IsReadOnlyGuestMutationPath(string guestPath)
     {
-        if (_writableApp0)
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-
         var normalized = NormalizeGuestStatCachePath(guestPath);
         return normalized is not null &&
                (string.Equals(normalized, "/app0", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ||
@@ -5484,9 +5427,7 @@ public static partial class KernelMemoryCompatExports
 
         var affected = new List<MappedRegion>();
         var cursor = address;
-        // _mappedRegions is a SortedList keyed by address, so Values already
-        // enumerate in ascending address order.
-        foreach (var region in _mappedRegions.Values)
+        foreach (var region in _mappedRegions.Values.OrderBy(static region => region.Address))
         {
             if (!TryAddU64(region.Address, region.Length, out var regionEnd) || regionEnd <= cursor)
             {
@@ -5647,33 +5588,9 @@ public static partial class KernelMemoryCompatExports
     private static bool TryFindVirtualQueryRegionLocked(ulong queryAddress, bool findNext, out MappedRegion region)
     {
         region = default;
-        var keys = _mappedRegions.Keys;
-        var values = _mappedRegions.Values;
-        var count = keys.Count;
-
-        // First index whose region address is >= queryAddress.
-        var lo = 0;
-        var hi = count;
-        while (lo < hi)
+        var foundNext = false;
+        foreach (var candidate in _mappedRegions.Values)
         {
-            var mid = (int)(((uint)lo + (uint)hi) >> 1);
-            if (keys[mid] < queryAddress)
-            {
-                lo = mid + 1;
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                hi = mid;
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Regions do not overlap, so only the one with the greatest base address
-        // <= queryAddress can contain it — index lo when it starts exactly at
-        // queryAddress, otherwise lo - 1.
-        var floorIndex = (lo < count && keys[lo] == queryAddress) ? lo : lo - 1;
-        if (floorIndex >= 0)
-        {
-            var candidate = values[floorIndex];
             if (TryAddU64(candidate.Address, candidate.Length, out var candidateEnd) &&
                 queryAddress >= candidate.Address &&
                 queryAddress < candidateEnd)
@@ -5681,16 +5598,20 @@ public static partial class KernelMemoryCompatExports
                 region = candidate;
                 return true;
             }
+
+            if (!findNext || candidate.Address < queryAddress)
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (!foundNext || candidate.Address < region.Address)
+            {
+                region = candidate;
+                foundNext = true;
+            }
         }
 
-        // findNext: the region with the smallest base address >= queryAddress.
-        if (findNext && lo < count)
-        {
-            region = values[lo];
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        return false;
+        return foundNext;
     }
 
     private static void TraceDirectMemoryCall(
@@ -5719,12 +5640,10 @@ public static partial class KernelMemoryCompatExports
             $"[LOADER][TRACE] {operation}: ret=0x{returnRip:X16} len=0x{length:X16} align=0x{alignment:X16} type=0x{memoryType:X8} out=0x{outAddress:X16} selected=0x{selectedAddress:X16} result={result?.ToString() ?? "<pending>"}");
     }
 
-    // Cached once so the ~8 direct-memory call sites don't each do a
-    // GetEnvironmentVariable P/Invoke per operation.
-    private static readonly bool _traceDirectMemory = string.Equals(
-        Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_DIRECT_MEMORY"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal);
-
-    private static bool ShouldTraceDirectMemory() => _traceDirectMemory;
+    private static bool ShouldTraceDirectMemory()
+    {
+        return string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_DIRECT_MEMORY"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal);
+    }
 
     private static bool TryReleaseDirectMemoryRangeLocked(ulong start, ulong length)
     {

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Network/NetExports.cs

@@ -344,10 +344,8 @@ public static class NetExports
     public static int NetHtonl(CpuContext ctx)
     {
         var value = unchecked((uint)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
-        // The byte-swapped result is the return value and already lives in Rax; return OK as the
-        // dispatch status without going through SetReturn, which would overwrite Rax with 0.
         ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = BinaryPrimitives.ReverseEndianness(value);
-        return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -358,10 +356,8 @@ public static class NetExports
     public static int NetHtons(CpuContext ctx)
     {
         var value = unchecked((ushort)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
-        // The byte-swapped result is the return value and already lives in Rax; return OK as the
-        // dispatch status without going through SetReturn, which would overwrite Rax with 0.
         ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = BinaryPrimitives.ReverseEndianness(value);
-        return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -372,10 +368,8 @@ public static class NetExports
     public static int NetNtohl(CpuContext ctx)
     {
         var value = unchecked((uint)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
-        // The byte-swapped result is the return value and already lives in Rax; return OK as the
-        // dispatch status without going through SetReturn, which would overwrite Rax with 0.
         ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = BinaryPrimitives.ReverseEndianness(value);
-        return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -386,10 +380,8 @@ public static class NetExports
     public static int NetNtohs(CpuContext ctx)
     {
         var value = unchecked((ushort)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
-        // The byte-swapped result is the return value and already lives in Rax; return OK as the
-        // dispatch status without going through SetReturn, which would overwrite Rax with 0.
         ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = BinaryPrimitives.ReverseEndianness(value);
-        return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Np/NpWebApi2Exports.cs

@@ -43,19 +43,6 @@ public static class NpWebApi2Exports
         return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
-    [SysAbiExport(
-        Nid = "sk54bi6FtYM",
-        ExportName = "sceNpWebApi2CreateUserContext",
-        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
-        LibraryName = "libSceNpWebApi2")]
-    public static int NpWebApi2CreateUserContext(CpuContext ctx)
-    {
-        // No PSN backend: refuse user-context creation so the title's online
-        // layer backs off instead of driving a half-created context handle.
-        TraceNpWebApi2("create-user-context", unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]), ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi]);
-        return ctx.SetReturn(NpWebApi2ErrorInvalidArgument);
-    }
-
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "bEvXpcEk200",
         ExportName = "sceNpWebApi2Terminate",

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Pad/BluetoothHidExports.cs

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
-using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
-using System.Threading;
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Pad;
@@ -18,19 +16,6 @@ public static class BluetoothHidExports
         "1",
         StringComparison.Ordinal);
 
-    // EXPERIMENT: fire the registered callback once with a zeroed event struct.
-    // Direct execution shares the host address space with the guest, so an
-    // AllocHGlobal buffer is directly readable by guest code.
-    // SHARPEMU_BTHID_FIRE_CALLBACK=1 enables; SHARPEMU_BTHID_EVENT_CODE and
-    // SHARPEMU_BTHID_EVENT_SIZE (default 0 / 256) shape the synthetic event.
-    private static readonly bool _fireCallback = string.Equals(
-        Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_BTHID_FIRE_CALLBACK"),
-        "1",
-        StringComparison.Ordinal);
-
-    private static ulong _callbackFunction;
-    private static int _fired;
-
     private static int Result(CpuContext ctx) =>
         ctx.SetReturn(_reportUnavailable ? BluetoothHidUnavailable : 0);
 
@@ -46,101 +31,12 @@ public static class BluetoothHidExports
         ExportName = "sceBluetoothHidRegisterDevice",
         Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
         LibraryName = "libSceBluetoothHid")]
-    public static int BluetoothHidRegisterDevice(CpuContext ctx)
-    {
-        var result = Result(ctx);
-        if (_fireCallback && _callbackFunction >= 0x10000 &&
-            Interlocked.Exchange(ref _fired, 1) == 0)
-        {
-            FireEnumerationComplete(ctx);
-        }
-
-        return result;
-    }
+    public static int BluetoothHidRegisterDevice(CpuContext ctx) => Result(ctx);
 
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "4Ypfo9RIwfM",
         ExportName = "sceBluetoothHidRegisterCallback",
         Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
         LibraryName = "libSceBluetoothHid")]
-    public static int BluetoothHidRegisterCallback(CpuContext ctx)
-    {
-        _callbackFunction = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
-
-        // EXPERIMENT: failing ONLY the callback registration (with a generic kernel
-        // error, unlike the BT-specific unavailable code) may make wheel/FFB
-        // middleware disable its Bluetooth search loop instead of polling forever.
-        // SHARPEMU_BTHID_CB_FAIL=nf -> NOT_FOUND, =ni -> NOT_IMPLEMENTED.
-        var mode = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_BTHID_CB_FAIL");
-        if (string.Equals(mode, "nf", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-        {
-            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND);
-        }
-
-        if (string.Equals(mode, "ni", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-        {
-            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED);
-        }
-
-        return Result(ctx);
-    }
-
-    private static void FireEnumerationComplete(CpuContext ctx)
-    {
-        var scheduler = GuestThreadExecution.Scheduler;
-        if (scheduler is null)
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        var eventCode = ParseEnvUInt64("SHARPEMU_BTHID_EVENT_CODE", 0);
-        var eventSize = (int)ParseEnvUInt64("SHARPEMU_BTHID_EVENT_SIZE", 256);
-        if (eventSize < 1)
-        {
-            eventSize = 256;
-        }
-
-        // Leaked by design: the guest may retain the pointer past the callback.
-        var eventStruct = Marshal.AllocHGlobal(eventSize);
-        for (var offset = 0; offset < eventSize; offset++)
-        {
-            Marshal.WriteByte(eventStruct, offset, 0);
-        }
-
-        Console.Error.WriteLine(
-            $"[BTHID][EXPERIMENT] firing callback=0x{_callbackFunction:X} code={eventCode} size={eventSize} struct=0x{eventStruct.ToInt64():X}");
-        if (!scheduler.TryCallGuestFunction(
-                ctx,
-                _callbackFunction,
-                unchecked((ulong)eventStruct.ToInt64()),
-                eventCode,
-                0,
-                0,
-                "sceBluetoothHid synthetic enumeration event",
-                out var error))
-        {
-            Console.Error.WriteLine($"[BTHID][EXPERIMENT] callback failed: {error}");
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            Console.Error.WriteLine("[BTHID][EXPERIMENT] callback returned OK");
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static ulong ParseEnvUInt64(string name, ulong fallback)
-    {
-        var value = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(name);
-        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(value))
-        {
-            return fallback;
-        }
-
-        value = value.Trim();
-        var hex = value.StartsWith("0x", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
-        return ulong.TryParse(
-            hex ? value[2..] : value,
-            hex ? System.Globalization.NumberStyles.HexNumber : System.Globalization.NumberStyles.Integer,
-            null,
-            out var parsed) ? parsed : fallback;
-    }
+    public static int BluetoothHidRegisterCallback(CpuContext ctx) => Result(ctx);
 }

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Pad/HostWindowInput.cs

@@ -253,9 +253,9 @@ public static class HostWindowInput
         };
     }
 
-    internal static byte ToStickByte(float value)
+    private static byte ToStickByte(float value)
     {
-        return (byte)Math.Clamp((int)MathF.Round((value + 1.0f) * 127.5f), 0, 255);
+        return (byte)Math.Clamp((int)(128.0f + value * 127.0f), 0, 255);
     }
 
     private static HostGamepadButtons MapButton(ButtonName name) => name switch

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Pad/PadExports.cs

@@ -23,11 +23,6 @@ public static class PadExports
     private const int PrimaryPadHandle = 1;
     private const int ControllerInformationSize = 0x1C;
     private const int PadDataSize = 0x78;
-
-    // Real firmware hands out small non-negative handles; 0 is valid. Some titles
-    // (Monster Truck Championship) read pad state with handle 0, and rejecting it
-    // leaves their controller/FFB init path polling a never-valid state forever.
-    private static bool IsPrimaryPadHandle(int handle) => handle is 0 or PrimaryPadHandle;
     private static readonly long InputSampleIntervalTicks = Math.Max(1, Stopwatch.Frequency / 1000);
 
     [ThreadStatic]
@@ -109,7 +104,7 @@ public static class PadExports
     public static int PadClose(CpuContext ctx)
     {
         var handle = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
-        return IsPrimaryPadHandle(handle)
+        return handle == PrimaryPadHandle
             ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
             : ctx.SetReturn(OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle);
     }
@@ -122,20 +117,7 @@ public static class PadExports
     public static int PadSetMotionSensorState(CpuContext ctx)
     {
         var handle = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
-        return IsPrimaryPadHandle(handle)
-            ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
-            : ctx.SetReturn(OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle);
-    }
-
-    [SysAbiExport(
-        Nid = "vDLMoJLde8I",
-        ExportName = "scePadSetTiltCorrectionState",
-        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
-        LibraryName = "libScePad")]
-    public static int PadSetTiltCorrectionState(CpuContext ctx)
-    {
-        var handle = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
-        return IsPrimaryPadHandle(handle)
+        return handle == PrimaryPadHandle
             ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
             : ctx.SetReturn(OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle);
     }
@@ -149,7 +131,7 @@ public static class PadExports
     {
         var handle = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
         var informationAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
-        if (!IsPrimaryPadHandle(handle))
+        if (handle != PrimaryPadHandle)
         {
             return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle);
         }
@@ -184,7 +166,7 @@ public static class PadExports
     {
         var handle = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
         var informationAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
-        if (!IsPrimaryPadHandle(handle))
+        if (handle != PrimaryPadHandle)
         {
             return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle);
         }
@@ -225,7 +207,7 @@ public static class PadExports
     {
         var handle = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
         var dataAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
-        if (!IsPrimaryPadHandle(handle))
+        if (handle != PrimaryPadHandle)
         {
             return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle);
         }
@@ -250,7 +232,7 @@ public static class PadExports
         var handle = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
         var dataAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
         var count = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx]);
-        if (!IsPrimaryPadHandle(handle))
+        if (handle != PrimaryPadHandle)
         {
             return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle);
         }
@@ -284,7 +266,7 @@ public static class PadExports
     {
         var handle = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
         var parameterAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
-        if (!IsPrimaryPadHandle(handle))
+        if (handle != PrimaryPadHandle)
         {
             return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle);
         }
@@ -328,7 +310,7 @@ public static class PadExports
     {
         var handle = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
         var parameterAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
-        if (!IsPrimaryPadHandle(handle))
+        if (handle != PrimaryPadHandle)
         {
             return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle);
         }
@@ -358,7 +340,7 @@ public static class PadExports
     {
         var handle = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
         var parameterAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
-        if (!IsPrimaryPadHandle(handle))
+        if (handle != PrimaryPadHandle)
         {
             return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle);
         }
@@ -387,7 +369,7 @@ public static class PadExports
     public static int PadResetLightBar(CpuContext ctx)
     {
         var handle = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
-        if (!IsPrimaryPadHandle(handle))
+        if (handle != PrimaryPadHandle)
         {
             return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle);
         }

src/SharpEmu.Libs/PlayGo/PlayGoExports.cs

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
 using System.Buffers.Binary;
 using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
-using System.Xml.Linq;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.Libs.PlayGo;
 
@@ -419,21 +418,12 @@ public static class PlayGoExports
                         $"[LOADER][TRACE] playgo.unknown_chunk_id id={chunkId} entries={numberOfEntries} " +
                         $"known=[{string.Join(',', knownChunkIds)}]");
                 }
-
-                // Real firmware rejects chunk ids outside the package's chunk set.
-                // Titles rely on this as an enumeration terminator: Monster Truck
-                // scans ids 0,1,2,... until BAD_CHUNK_ID, and answering OK for every
-                // id makes that scan wrap the ushort range and spin forever.
-                loci[i] = PlayGoLocusNotDownloaded;
-                return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(outLoci, loci)
-                    ? OrbisPlayGoErrorBadChunkId
-                    : (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
             }
 
             loci[i] = PlayGoLocusLocalFast;
         }
 
-        TracePlayGoLocus(ctx, numberOfEntries, chunkIds, outLoci);
+        TracePlayGoLocus(numberOfEntries, chunkIds, outLoci);
         return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(outLoci, loci)
             ? (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK
             : (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
@@ -673,8 +663,7 @@ public static class PlayGoExports
     {
         lock (_stateGate)
         {
-            return _metadata.ChunkIdKnowledge == PlayGoChunkIdKnowledge.Unknown ||
-                Array.BinarySearch(_metadata.ChunkIds, chunkId) >= 0;
+            return _metadata.ChunkIds.Length == 0 || Array.BinarySearch(_metadata.ChunkIds, chunkId) >= 0;
         }
     }
 
@@ -683,12 +672,7 @@ public static class PlayGoExports
         var app0Root = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_APP0_DIR");
         if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(app0Root))
         {
-            // No app0 override to probe for sidecar files: same fully-installed
-            // single-chunk fallback as below, or scePlayGoOpen fails fatally.
-            return new PlayGoMetadata(
-                true,
-                [(ushort)0],
-                PlayGoChunkIdKnowledge.Authoritative);
+            return PlayGoMetadata.Empty;
         }
 
         var playGoDat = Path.Combine(app0Root, "sce_sys", "playgo-chunk.dat");
@@ -698,24 +682,13 @@ public static class PlayGoExports
         var hasMetadata = File.Exists(playGoDat) || File.Exists(scenarioJson) || File.Exists(chunkDefsXml);
         if (!hasMetadata)
         {
-            // No PlayGo sidecar: report a fully-installed single chunk. Available must
-            // stay true or scePlayGoOpen fails with NotSupportPlayGo (fatal PS5-component
-            // init failure for UE titles); chunk 0 reports LocalFast and every other id
-            // returns BAD_CHUNK_ID, terminating title-side chunk enumeration.
-            TracePlayGo("metadata_missing; fully-installed single chunk");
-            return new PlayGoMetadata(
-                true,
-                [(ushort)0],
-                PlayGoChunkIdKnowledge.Authoritative);
+            // Full installs may omit PlayGo sidecar metadata.
+            TracePlayGo("metadata_missing; using fully-installed default chunk");
+            return new PlayGoMetadata(true, [(ushort)0]);
         }
 
         var chunkIds = LoadChunkIds(chunkDefsXml);
-        return new PlayGoMetadata(
-            true,
-            chunkIds,
-            chunkIds.Length == 0
-                ? PlayGoChunkIdKnowledge.Unknown
-                : PlayGoChunkIdKnowledge.Authoritative);
+        return new PlayGoMetadata(true, chunkIds);
     }
 
     private static ushort[] LoadChunkIds(string chunkDefsXml)
@@ -728,8 +701,6 @@ public static class PlayGoExports
         try
         {
             var xml = File.ReadAllText(chunkDefsXml);
-            _ = XDocument.Parse(xml, LoadOptions.None);
-
             var chunkIds = new HashSet<ushort>();
             AddChunkIds(xml, DefaultChunkPattern, chunkIds);
             AddChunkIds(xml, ChunkIdPattern, chunkIds);
@@ -746,10 +717,6 @@ public static class PlayGoExports
         {
             return Array.Empty<ushort>();
         }
-        catch (System.Xml.XmlException)
-        {
-            return Array.Empty<ushort>();
-        }
     }
 
     private static void AddChunkIds(string xml, Regex pattern, HashSet<ushort> chunkIds)
@@ -771,7 +738,7 @@ public static class PlayGoExports
         }
     }
 
-    private static void TracePlayGoLocus(CpuContext ctx, uint entries, ulong chunkIds, ulong outLoci)
+    private static void TracePlayGoLocus(uint entries, ulong chunkIds, ulong outLoci)
     {
         if (!string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_PLAYGO"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal))
         {
@@ -781,42 +748,13 @@ public static class PlayGoExports
         var count = Interlocked.Increment(ref _locusTraceDiagnostics);
         if (entries != 1 || count <= 32 || count % 1000 == 0)
         {
-            _ = ctx.TryReadUInt16(chunkIds, out var firstChunkId);
             Console.Error.WriteLine(
-                $"[LOADER][TRACE] playgo.get_locus entries={entries} first_chunk={firstChunkId} " +
-                $"chunk_ids=0x{chunkIds:X16} out=0x{outLoci:X16}");
+                $"[LOADER][TRACE] playgo.get_locus entries={entries} chunk_ids=0x{chunkIds:X16} out=0x{outLoci:X16}");
         }
     }
 
-    internal static void ResetForTests()
+    private sealed record PlayGoMetadata(bool Available, ushort[] ChunkIds)
     {
-        lock (_stateGate)
-        {
-            _initialized = false;
-            _opened = false;
-            _metadata = PlayGoMetadata.Empty;
-            _installSpeed = PlayGoInstallSpeedTrickle;
-            _languageMask = ulong.MaxValue;
-        }
-
-        Interlocked.Exchange(ref _unknownChunkDiagnostics, 0);
-        Interlocked.Exchange(ref _locusTraceDiagnostics, 0);
-    }
-
-    private enum PlayGoChunkIdKnowledge
-    {
-        Unknown,
-        Authoritative,
-    }
-
-    private sealed record PlayGoMetadata(
-        bool Available,
-        ushort[] ChunkIds,
-        PlayGoChunkIdKnowledge ChunkIdKnowledge)
-    {
-        public static readonly PlayGoMetadata Empty = new(
-            false,
-            Array.Empty<ushort>(),
-            PlayGoChunkIdKnowledge.Unknown);
+        public static readonly PlayGoMetadata Empty = new(false, Array.Empty<ushort>());
     }
 }

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Rtc/RtcExports.cs

@@ -241,64 +241,6 @@ public static class RtcExports
         LibraryName = "libSceRtc")]
     public static int RtcGetCurrentRawNetworkTick(CpuContext ctx) => RtcGetCurrentTick(ctx);
 
-    // Diagnostic: middleware busy-wait loops typically poll sceRtcGetCurrentTick, so the
-    // caller's return address pinpoints the loop. SHARPEMU_RTC_PROBE_RANGE=<start>-<end>
-    // (hex guest addresses) dumps 0x100 bytes of code around the first matching caller,
-    // once, for offline disassembly. Costs nothing when the variable is unset.
-    private static readonly ulong[]? _rtcProbeRange = ParseRtcProbeRange();
-    private static int _rtcProbeDone;
-
-    private static ulong[]? ParseRtcProbeRange()
-    {
-        var value = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_RTC_PROBE_RANGE");
-        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(value))
-        {
-            return null;
-        }
-
-        var parts = value.Split('-', 2, StringSplitOptions.TrimEntries);
-        return parts.Length == 2 &&
-               TryParseHexAddress(parts[0], out var start) &&
-               TryParseHexAddress(parts[1], out var end) &&
-               start < end
-            ? [start, end]
-            : null;
-    }
-
-    private static bool TryParseHexAddress(string value, out ulong address)
-    {
-        if (value.StartsWith("0x", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-        {
-            value = value[2..];
-        }
-
-        return ulong.TryParse(
-            value,
-            System.Globalization.NumberStyles.HexNumber,
-            null,
-            out address);
-    }
-
-    private static void ProbeRtcCaller(CpuContext ctx)
-    {
-        if (Volatile.Read(ref _rtcProbeDone) != 0 ||
-            !ctx.TryReadUInt64(ctx[CpuRegister.Rsp], out var ret) ||
-            ret < _rtcProbeRange![0] ||
-            ret >= _rtcProbeRange[1] ||
-            Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref _rtcProbeDone, 1, 0) != 0)
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        var start = ret - 0x60;
-        Span<byte> code = stackalloc byte[0x100];
-        if (ctx.Memory.TryRead(start, code))
-        {
-            Console.Error.WriteLine(
-                $"[LOADER][DIAG] rtc.caller_code ret=0x{ret:X} @0x{start:X}: {System.Convert.ToHexString(code)}");
-        }
-    }
-
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "18B2NS1y9UU",
         ExportName = "sceRtcGetCurrentTick",
@@ -312,11 +254,6 @@ public static class RtcExports
             return unchecked((int)0x80B50002);
         }
 
-        if (_rtcProbeRange is not null)
-        {
-            ProbeRtcCaller(ctx);
-        }
-
         var tickValue = unchecked((ulong)(DateTime.UtcNow.Ticks / DateTimeTicksPerMicrosecond));
         if (!ctx.TryWriteUInt64(tickAddress, tickValue))
         {

src/SharpEmu.Libs/SaveData/SaveDataExports.cs

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
 using SharpEmu.Libs.Kernel;
-using System.Buffers;
 using System.Buffers.Binary;
 using System.Text;
 
@@ -15,7 +14,6 @@ public static class SaveDataExports
     private const int OrbisSaveDataErrorExists = unchecked((int)0x809F0007);
     private const int OrbisSaveDataErrorNotFound = unchecked((int)0x809F0008);
     private const int OrbisSaveDataErrorInternal = unchecked((int)0x809F000B);
-    private const int OrbisSaveDataErrorMemoryNotReady = unchecked((int)0x809F0012);
     private const int SaveDataTitleIdSize = 10;
     private const int SaveDataDirNameSize = 32;
     private const int SaveDataParamSize = 0x530;
@@ -31,10 +29,7 @@ public static class SaveDataExports
     private const uint MountModeCreate = 1u << 2;
     private const uint MountModeCreate2 = 1u << 5;
     private const int MountResultSize = 0x40;
-    // Emulator guard against corrupt or misread sizes, not a platform limit.
-    private const ulong SaveDataMemoryMaxSize = 64UL * 1024 * 1024;
     private static readonly object _stateGate = new();
-    private static readonly object _memoryGate = new();
     private static readonly HashSet<int> _preparedTransactionResources = [];
     private static string? _titleId;
 
@@ -477,19 +472,6 @@ public static class SaveDataExports
     private static string ResolveTitleSaveRoot(int userId, string titleId) =>
         Path.Combine(ResolveSaveDataRoot(), userId.ToString(), SanitizePathSegment(titleId));
 
-    private static string ResolveSaveDataMemoryPath(int userId) =>
-        Path.Combine(ResolveTitleSaveRoot(userId, ResolveConfiguredTitleId()), "sce_sdmemory", "memory.dat");
-
-    private static bool TryReadMemoryData(
-        CpuContext ctx, ulong address, out ulong buffer, out ulong size, out ulong offset)
-    {
-        size = 0;
-        offset = 0;
-        return ctx.TryReadUInt64(address, out buffer) &&
-            ctx.TryReadUInt64(address + 0x08, out size) &&
-            ctx.TryReadUInt64(address + 0x10, out offset);
-    }
-
     private static string ResolveSaveDataRoot()
     {
         var configured = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_SAVEDATA_DIR");
@@ -688,197 +670,4 @@ public static class SaveDataExports
         TraceSaveData($"commit commit=0x{commitAddress:X16}");
         return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
-
-    // Save data memory: a small per-user blob titles read and write without
-    // mounting anything, backed by one zero-filled file per user and title.
-    [SysAbiExport(
-        Nid = "oQySEUfgXRA",
-        ExportName = "sceSaveDataSetupSaveDataMemory2",
-        Target = Generation.Gen5,
-        LibraryName = "libSceSaveData")]
-    public static int SaveDataSetupSaveDataMemory2(CpuContext ctx)
-    {
-        var paramAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
-        var resultAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
-        if (paramAddress == 0)
-        {
-            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
-        }
-
-        if (!TryReadInt32(ctx, paramAddress + 0x04, out var userId) ||
-            !ctx.TryReadUInt64(paramAddress + 0x08, out var memorySize))
-        {
-            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
-        }
-
-        if (userId < 0 || memorySize == 0 || memorySize > SaveDataMemoryMaxSize)
-        {
-            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
-        }
-
-        try
-        {
-            var path = ResolveSaveDataMemoryPath(userId);
-            lock (_memoryGate)
-            {
-                var backing = new FileInfo(path);
-                var existedSize = backing.Exists ? (ulong)backing.Length : 0;
-
-                // The result write comes first so a faulted result pointer
-                // cannot leave created or grown setup state behind.
-                if (resultAddress != 0 && !ctx.TryWriteUInt64(resultAddress, existedSize))
-                {
-                    return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
-                }
-
-                if (existedSize < memorySize)
-                {
-                    Directory.CreateDirectory(Path.GetDirectoryName(path)!);
-                    using var stream = new FileStream(path, FileMode.OpenOrCreate, FileAccess.ReadWrite);
-                    stream.SetLength((long)memorySize);
-                }
-
-                TraceSaveData($"memory-setup2 user={userId} size=0x{memorySize:X} existed=0x{existedSize:X}");
-            }
-
-            return ctx.SetReturn(0);
-        }
-        catch (Exception ex) when (ex is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException)
-        {
-            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorInternal);
-        }
-    }
-
-    [SysAbiExport(
-        Nid = "QwOO7vegnV8",
-        ExportName = "sceSaveDataGetSaveDataMemory2",
-        Target = Generation.Gen5,
-        LibraryName = "libSceSaveData")]
-    public static int SaveDataGetSaveDataMemory2(CpuContext ctx) =>
-        TransferSaveDataMemory(ctx, write: false);
-
-    [SysAbiExport(
-        Nid = "cduy9v4YmT4",
-        ExportName = "sceSaveDataSetSaveDataMemory2",
-        Target = Generation.Gen5,
-        LibraryName = "libSceSaveData")]
-    public static int SaveDataSetSaveDataMemory2(CpuContext ctx) =>
-        TransferSaveDataMemory(ctx, write: true);
-
-    // Writes go straight through to the backing file, so a ready state is
-    // all sync has to confirm.
-    [SysAbiExport(
-        Nid = "wiT9jeC7xPw",
-        ExportName = "sceSaveDataSyncSaveDataMemory",
-        Target = Generation.Gen5,
-        LibraryName = "libSceSaveData")]
-    public static int SaveDataSyncSaveDataMemory(CpuContext ctx)
-    {
-        var syncAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
-        if (syncAddress == 0)
-        {
-            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
-        }
-
-        if (!TryReadInt32(ctx, syncAddress, out var userId))
-        {
-            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
-        }
-
-        if (userId < 0)
-        {
-            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
-        }
-
-        return ctx.SetReturn(
-            File.Exists(ResolveSaveDataMemoryPath(userId)) ? 0 : OrbisSaveDataErrorMemoryNotReady);
-    }
-
-    private static int TransferSaveDataMemory(CpuContext ctx, bool write)
-    {
-        var requestAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
-        if (requestAddress == 0)
-        {
-            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
-        }
-
-        if (!TryReadInt32(ctx, requestAddress, out var userId) ||
-            !ctx.TryReadUInt64(requestAddress + 0x08, out var dataAddress))
-        {
-            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
-        }
-
-        if (userId < 0)
-        {
-            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
-        }
-
-        try
-        {
-            var path = ResolveSaveDataMemoryPath(userId);
-            lock (_memoryGate)
-            {
-                if (!File.Exists(path))
-                {
-                    return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorMemoryNotReady);
-                }
-
-                if (dataAddress == 0)
-                {
-                    return ctx.SetReturn(0);
-                }
-
-                if (!TryReadMemoryData(ctx, dataAddress, out var bufAddress, out var bufSize, out var offset))
-                {
-                    return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
-                }
-
-                using var stream = new FileStream(
-                    path, FileMode.Open, write ? FileAccess.ReadWrite : FileAccess.Read);
-                var length = (ulong)stream.Length;
-                if (bufAddress == 0 || bufSize > length || offset > length - bufSize)
-                {
-                    return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
-                }
-
-                // The guarded file length bounds bufSize, so one rented buffer
-                // covers the transfer and a guest fault never partially writes.
-                var buffer = ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Rent((int)Math.Max(bufSize, 1));
-                try
-                {
-                    var span = buffer.AsSpan(0, (int)bufSize);
-                    stream.Seek((long)offset, SeekOrigin.Begin);
-                    if (write)
-                    {
-                        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(bufAddress, span))
-                        {
-                            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
-                        }
-
-                        stream.Write(span);
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        stream.ReadExactly(span);
-                        if (!ctx.Memory.TryWrite(bufAddress, span))
-                        {
-                            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                finally
-                {
-                    ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Return(buffer);
-                }
-
-                TraceSaveData(
-                    $"memory-{(write ? "set2" : "get2")} user={userId} offset=0x{offset:X} size=0x{bufSize:X}");
-                return ctx.SetReturn(0);
-            }
-        }
-        catch (Exception ex) when (ex is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException)
-        {
-            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorInternal);
-        }
-    }
 }

src/SharpEmu.Libs/SystemService/SystemServiceExports.cs

@@ -15,62 +15,6 @@ public static class SystemServiceExports
     private const int DisplaySafeAreaInfoSize = sizeof(float) + 128;
     private const int HdrToneMapLuminanceSize = sizeof(float) * 3;
 
-    private const int TitleIdFieldSize = 0x10;
-
-    private static string? _mainAppTitleId;
-
-    public static void ConfigureApplicationInfo(string? titleId)
-    {
-        _mainAppTitleId = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(titleId) ? null : titleId.Trim();
-    }
-
-    [SysAbiExport(
-        Nid = "3RQ5aQfnstU",
-        ExportName = "sceSystemServiceGetNoticeScreenSkipFlag",
-        Target = Generation.Gen5,
-        LibraryName = "libSceSystemService")]
-    public static int SystemServiceGetNoticeScreenSkipFlag(CpuContext ctx)
-    {
-        var flagAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
-        if (flagAddress == 0)
-        {
-            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSystemServiceErrorParameter);
-        }
-
-        // No system notice screen to skip in the emulator; report "do not skip".
-        Span<byte> flagBytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(int)];
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(flagBytes, 0);
-        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(flagAddress, flagBytes)
-            ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
-            : ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
-    }
-
-    [SysAbiExport(
-        Nid = "4veE0XiIugA",
-        ExportName = "sceSystemServiceGetMainAppTitleId",
-        Target = Generation.Gen5,
-        LibraryName = "libSceSystemService")]
-    public static int SystemServiceGetMainAppTitleId(CpuContext ctx)
-    {
-        var titleIdAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
-        if (titleIdAddress == 0)
-        {
-            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSystemServiceErrorParameter);
-        }
-
-        // Title IDs are a fixed 9-char format written into a 0x10-byte field;
-        // bound the length so a malformed param.json cannot drive an unbounded
-        // stack allocation or overrun the guest buffer.
-        var titleId = _mainAppTitleId ?? "PPSA00000";
-        var length = Math.Min(titleId.Length, TitleIdFieldSize - 1);
-        Span<byte> titleIdBytes = stackalloc byte[TitleIdFieldSize];
-        titleIdBytes.Clear();
-        System.Text.Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(titleId.AsSpan(0, length), titleIdBytes);
-        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(titleIdAddress, titleIdBytes[..(length + 1)])
-            ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
-            : ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
-    }
-
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "fZo48un7LK4",
         ExportName = "sceSystemServiceParamGetInt",

src/SharpEmu.Libs/VideoOut/VideoOutExports.cs

@@ -259,22 +259,6 @@ public static class VideoOutExports
         }
     }
 
-    [SysAbiExport(
-        Nid = "Nv8c-Kb+DUM",
-        ExportName = "sceVideoOutIsOutputSupported",
-        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
-        LibraryName = "libSceVideoOut")]
-    public static int VideoOutIsOutputSupported(CpuContext ctx)
-    {
-        var busType = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
-        _ = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi]; // pixelFormat
-        _ = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx]; // aspectRatio
-
-        // The emulator supports any output configuration on the main bus.
-        // Return 1 (supported) for SceVideoOutBusTypeMain, 0 otherwise.
-        return busType == SceVideoOutBusTypeMain ? 1 : 0;
-    }
-
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "uquVH4-Du78",
         ExportName = "sceVideoOutClose",
@@ -1646,12 +1630,8 @@ public static class VideoOutExports
     // Maps the PS5 VideoOut pixel format space to the AGC "guest texture format" tags
     // the backend keys its guest-image registry on (see VulkanVideoPresenter.
     // GetGuestTextureFormat: format=10 => 56 for 8-bit RGBA variants, format=9 => 9 for 10-bit).
-    // Unknown formats default to 56 (8-bit RGBA) with a logged warning so games
-    // display something rather than silently failing the flip pipeline.
-    private static uint MapPixelFormatToGuestTextureFormat(ulong pixelFormat)
-    {
-        var normalized = NormalizePixelFormat(pixelFormat);
-        var result = normalized switch
+    private static uint MapPixelFormatToGuestTextureFormat(ulong pixelFormat) =>
+        NormalizePixelFormat(pixelFormat) switch
         {
             SceVideoOutPixelFormatA8R8G8B8Srgb or
             SceVideoOutPixelFormatA8B8G8R8Srgb or
@@ -1669,17 +1649,6 @@ public static class VideoOutExports
             _ => 0u,
         };
 
-        if (result == 0u)
-        {
-            Console.Error.WriteLine(
-                $"[LOADER][WARN] vk: unknown pixel format 0x{pixelFormat:X16} (normalized=0x{normalized:X16}) " +
-                $"— falling back to format 56 (8-bit RGBA). Report this format to the project.");
-            result = 56u;
-        }
-
-        return result;
-    }
-
     internal static bool TryPackRgba8Pixel(
         ulong pixelFormat,
         byte red,

src/SharpEmu.Libs/VideoOut/VulkanHostBufferPool.cs

@@ -1,109 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using Silk.NET.Vulkan;
-using VkBuffer = Silk.NET.Vulkan.Buffer;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.VideoOut;
-
-internal readonly record struct VulkanHostBufferPoolKey(
-    BufferUsageFlags Usage,
-    ulong Capacity);
-
-internal readonly record struct VulkanHostBufferAllocation(
-    VkBuffer Buffer,
-    DeviceMemory Memory,
-    VulkanHostBufferPoolKey Key,
-    nint Mapped);
-
-internal sealed class VulkanHostBufferPool : IDisposable
-{
-    private readonly Dictionary<VulkanHostBufferPoolKey, Stack<VulkanHostBufferAllocation>>
-        _available = [];
-    private readonly Dictionary<ulong, VulkanHostBufferAllocation> _allocations = [];
-    private readonly HashSet<ulong> _cachedHandles = [];
-    private readonly Action<VulkanHostBufferAllocation> _destroy;
-
-    public VulkanHostBufferPool(
-        ulong maximumCachedBytes,
-        Action<VulkanHostBufferAllocation> destroy)
-    {
-        MaximumCachedBytes = maximumCachedBytes;
-        _destroy = destroy;
-    }
-
-    public ulong MaximumCachedBytes { get; }
-
-    public ulong CachedBytes { get; private set; }
-
-    public bool TryRent(
-        VulkanHostBufferPoolKey key,
-        out VulkanHostBufferAllocation allocation)
-    {
-        if (!_available.TryGetValue(key, out var available) ||
-            !available.TryPop(out allocation))
-        {
-            allocation = default;
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        _cachedHandles.Remove(allocation.Buffer.Handle);
-        CachedBytes -= allocation.Key.Capacity;
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    public void Register(VulkanHostBufferAllocation allocation)
-    {
-        if (allocation.Buffer.Handle == 0)
-        {
-            throw new ArgumentException("A pooled buffer must have a valid handle.", nameof(allocation));
-        }
-
-        _allocations.Add(allocation.Buffer.Handle, allocation);
-    }
-
-    public bool Return(VkBuffer buffer, DeviceMemory memory)
-    {
-        if (!_allocations.TryGetValue(buffer.Handle, out var allocation) ||
-            allocation.Memory.Handle != memory.Handle)
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        if (!_cachedHandles.Add(buffer.Handle))
-        {
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        if (allocation.Key.Capacity > MaximumCachedBytes - CachedBytes)
-        {
-            _cachedHandles.Remove(buffer.Handle);
-            _allocations.Remove(buffer.Handle);
-            _destroy(allocation);
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        if (!_available.TryGetValue(allocation.Key, out var available))
-        {
-            available = [];
-            _available.Add(allocation.Key, available);
-        }
-
-        available.Push(allocation);
-        CachedBytes += allocation.Key.Capacity;
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    public void Dispose()
-    {
-        foreach (var allocation in _allocations.Values)
-        {
-            _destroy(allocation);
-        }
-
-        _allocations.Clear();
-        _available.Clear();
-        _cachedHandles.Clear();
-        CachedBytes = 0;
-    }
-}

src/SharpEmu.ShaderCompiler.Vulkan/Gen5SpirvTranslator.cs

@@ -1802,6 +1802,24 @@ public static partial class Gen5SpirvTranslator
 
             switch (instruction.Opcode)
             {
+                case "DsAddU32":
+                {
+                    if (instruction.Sources.Count < 2)
+                    {
+                        error = "missing LDS atomic-add source";
+                        return false;
+                    }
+
+                    var address = GetRawSource(instruction, 0);
+                    _module.AddInstruction(
+                        SpirvOp.AtomicIAdd,
+                        _uintType,
+                        LdsPointer(address, control.Offset0),
+                        UInt(2), // Workgroup scope.
+                        UInt(0x108), // AcquireRelease | WorkgroupMemory.
+                        GetRawSource(instruction, 1));
+                    return true;
+                }
                 case "DsWriteB32":
                 {
                     if (instruction.Sources.Count < 2)
@@ -1946,11 +1964,6 @@ public static partial class Gen5SpirvTranslator
                     return true;
                 }
                 default:
-                    if (Gen5ShaderTranslator.IsDataShareAtomic(instruction.Opcode))
-                    {
-                        return TryEmitDataShareAtomic(instruction, control, out error);
-                    }
-
                     error = $"unsupported LDS opcode {instruction.Opcode}";
                     return false;
             }
@@ -1991,126 +2004,6 @@ public static partial class Gen5SpirvTranslator
             Store(pointer, selected);
         }
 
-        private bool TryEmitDataShareAtomic(
-            Gen5ShaderInstruction instruction,
-            Gen5DataShareControl control,
-            out string error)
-        {
-            error = string.Empty;
-            var atomicOp = instruction.Opcode switch
-            {
-                "DsAddU32" or "DsAddRtnU32" => SpirvOp.AtomicIAdd,
-                "DsSubU32" or "DsSubRtnU32" => SpirvOp.AtomicISub,
-                "DsIncU32" or "DsIncRtnU32" => SpirvOp.AtomicIIncrement,
-                "DsDecU32" or "DsDecRtnU32" => SpirvOp.AtomicIDecrement,
-                "DsMinI32" or "DsMinRtnI32" => SpirvOp.AtomicSMin,
-                "DsMaxI32" or "DsMaxRtnI32" => SpirvOp.AtomicSMax,
-                "DsMinU32" or "DsMinRtnU32" => SpirvOp.AtomicUMin,
-                "DsMaxU32" or "DsMaxRtnU32" => SpirvOp.AtomicUMax,
-                "DsAndB32" or "DsAndRtnB32" => SpirvOp.AtomicAnd,
-                "DsOrB32" or "DsOrRtnB32" => SpirvOp.AtomicOr,
-                "DsXorB32" or "DsXorRtnB32" => SpirvOp.AtomicXor,
-                "DsWrxchgRtnB32" => SpirvOp.AtomicExchange,
-                "DsCmpstB32" or "DsCmpstRtnB32" => SpirvOp.AtomicCompareExchange,
-                _ => SpirvOp.Nop,
-            };
-            if (atomicOp == SpirvOp.Nop)
-            {
-                error = $"unsupported LDS opcode {instruction.Opcode}";
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            var address = GetRawSource(instruction, 0);
-            var pointer = LdsPointer(address, control.Offset0);
-            EmitExecConditional(() =>
-            {
-                var original = EmitAtomic(
-                    atomicOp,
-                    _uintType,
-                    pointer,
-                    scope: 2,
-                    semantics: 0x108,
-                    // DS_CMPST sources: DATA0 is the comparator, DATA1 the new value.
-                    value: () => GetRawSource(
-                        instruction,
-                        atomicOp == SpirvOp.AtomicCompareExchange ? 2 : 1),
-                    comparator: () => GetRawSource(instruction, 1));
-                if (instruction.Destinations.Count > 0)
-                {
-                    StoreV(instruction.Destinations[0].Value, original);
-                }
-            });
-
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        // Maps the AMD atomic-op name suffix shared by buffer/image atomics to a SPIR-V opcode.
-        // Inc/Dec approximate the AMD wrap-clamp semantics (MEM = tmp >= DATA ? 0 : tmp + 1),
-        // which is exact for the common 0xFFFFFFFF clamp operand.
-        private static bool TryGetAtomicOp(string name, out SpirvOp op)
-        {
-            op = name switch
-            {
-                "Swap" => SpirvOp.AtomicExchange,
-                "Cmpswap" => SpirvOp.AtomicCompareExchange,
-                "Add" => SpirvOp.AtomicIAdd,
-                "Sub" => SpirvOp.AtomicISub,
-                "Smin" => SpirvOp.AtomicSMin,
-                "Umin" => SpirvOp.AtomicUMin,
-                "Smax" => SpirvOp.AtomicSMax,
-                "Umax" => SpirvOp.AtomicUMax,
-                "And" => SpirvOp.AtomicAnd,
-                "Or" => SpirvOp.AtomicOr,
-                "Xor" => SpirvOp.AtomicXor,
-                "Inc" => SpirvOp.AtomicIIncrement,
-                "Dec" => SpirvOp.AtomicIDecrement,
-                _ => SpirvOp.Nop,
-            };
-            return op != SpirvOp.Nop;
-        }
-
-        private uint EmitAtomic(
-            SpirvOp op,
-            uint type,
-            uint pointer,
-            uint scope,
-            uint semantics,
-            Func<uint> value,
-            Func<uint> comparator)
-        {
-            if (op is SpirvOp.AtomicIIncrement or SpirvOp.AtomicIDecrement)
-            {
-                return _module.AddInstruction(
-                    op,
-                    type,
-                    pointer,
-                    UInt(scope),
-                    UInt(semantics));
-            }
-
-            if (op == SpirvOp.AtomicCompareExchange)
-            {
-                // The unequal semantics must not contain Release; downgrade it to Acquire.
-                return _module.AddInstruction(
-                    op,
-                    type,
-                    pointer,
-                    UInt(scope),
-                    UInt(semantics),
-                    UInt((semantics & ~0x8u) | 0x2u),
-                    value(),
-                    comparator());
-            }
-
-            return _module.AddInstruction(
-                op,
-                type,
-                pointer,
-                UInt(scope),
-                UInt(semantics),
-                value());
-        }
-
         private bool TryEmitInterpolation(
             Gen5ShaderInstruction instruction,
             Gen5InterpolationControl interpolation,
@@ -2346,27 +2239,22 @@ public static partial class Gen5SpirvTranslator
             byteAddress = ApplyGuestBufferByteBias(bindingIndex, byteAddress);
             var dwordAddress = ShiftRightLogical(byteAddress, UInt(2));
 
-            if (instruction.Opcode.StartsWith("BufferAtomic", StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            if (instruction.Opcode is "BufferAtomicAdd" or "BufferAtomicUMax")
             {
-                if (!TryGetAtomicOp(instruction.Opcode["BufferAtomic".Length..], out var atomicOp))
-                {
-                    error = $"unsupported buffer opcode {instruction.Opcode}";
-                    return false;
-                }
-
                 EmitExecConditional(() =>
                 {
                     var inRange = IsBufferWordInRange(bindingIndex, dwordAddress);
                     EmitConditional(inRange, () =>
                     {
-                        var original = EmitAtomic(
-                            atomicOp,
+                        var original = _module.AddInstruction(
+                            instruction.Opcode == "BufferAtomicAdd"
+                                ? SpirvOp.AtomicIAdd
+                                : SpirvOp.AtomicUMax,
                             _uintType,
                             BufferWordPointer(bindingIndex, dwordAddress),
-                            scope: 1,
-                            semantics: 0x48,
-                            value: () => LoadV(control.VectorData),
-                            comparator: () => LoadV(control.VectorData + 1));
+                            UInt(1),
+                            UInt(0x48),
+                            LoadV(control.VectorData));
                         if (control.Glc)
                         {
                             StoreV(control.VectorData, original);
@@ -3308,60 +3196,6 @@ public static partial class Gen5SpirvTranslator
                 return true;
             }
 
-            if (instruction.Opcode.StartsWith("ImageAtomic", StringComparison.Ordinal))
-            {
-                if (!resource.IsStorage)
-                {
-                    error = "image atomic is not bound as storage";
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                if (resource.ComponentKind == ImageComponentKind.Float ||
-                    !TryGetAtomicOp(instruction.Opcode["ImageAtomic".Length..], out var atomicOp))
-                {
-                    error = $"unsupported storage image opcode {instruction.Opcode}";
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                var signed = resource.ComponentKind == ImageComponentKind.Sint;
-                var atomicImageSize = _module.AddInstruction(
-                    SpirvOp.ImageQuerySize,
-                    _module.TypeVector(_intType, 2),
-                    imageObject);
-                var coordinates = BuildClampedIntegerCoordinates(
-                    image,
-                    0,
-                    atomicImageSize);
-                EmitExecConditional(() =>
-                {
-                    var pointer = _module.AddInstruction(
-                        SpirvOp.ImageTexelPointer,
-                        _module.TypePointer(SpirvStorageClass.Image, resource.ComponentType),
-                        resource.Variable,
-                        coordinates,
-                        UInt(0));
-                    uint LoadData(uint register) => signed
-                        ? Bitcast(_intType, LoadV(register))
-                        : LoadV(register);
-                    var original = EmitAtomic(
-                        atomicOp,
-                        resource.ComponentType,
-                        pointer,
-                        scope: 1,
-                        semantics: 0x808,
-                        value: () => LoadData(image.VectorData),
-                        comparator: () => LoadData(image.VectorData + 1));
-                    if (image.Glc)
-                    {
-                        StoreV(
-                            image.VectorData,
-                            signed ? Bitcast(_uintType, original) : original);
-                    }
-                });
-
-                return true;
-            }
-
             if (resource.IsStorage &&
                 instruction.Opcode is not ("ImageLoad" or "ImageLoadMip"))
             {

src/SharpEmu.ShaderCompiler.Vulkan/SpirvFixedShaders.cs

@@ -5,6 +5,36 @@ namespace SharpEmu.ShaderCompiler.Vulkan;
 
 public static class SpirvFixedShaders
 {
+    /// <summary>Fragment half of the fixed fullscreen barycentric diagnostic draw.</summary>
+    public static byte[] CreateBarycentricFragment()
+    {
+        var module = new SpirvModuleBuilder();
+        module.AddCapability(SpirvCapability.Shader);
+        var voidType = module.TypeVoid();
+        var floatType = module.TypeFloat(32);
+        var vec4Type = module.TypeVector(floatType, 4);
+        var inputPointer = module.TypePointer(SpirvStorageClass.Input, vec4Type);
+        var outputPointer = module.TypePointer(SpirvStorageClass.Output, vec4Type);
+        var barycentric = module.AddGlobalVariable(inputPointer, SpirvStorageClass.Input);
+        module.AddName(barycentric, "barycentric");
+        module.AddDecoration(barycentric, SpirvDecoration.Location, 0);
+        module.AddDecoration(barycentric, SpirvDecoration.NoPerspective);
+        var output = module.AddGlobalVariable(outputPointer, SpirvStorageClass.Output);
+        module.AddName(output, "outColor");
+        module.AddDecoration(output, SpirvDecoration.Location, 0);
+        var functionType = module.TypeFunction(voidType);
+        var main = module.BeginFunction(voidType, functionType);
+        module.AddName(main, "main");
+        module.AddLabel();
+        var value = module.AddInstruction(SpirvOp.Load, vec4Type, barycentric);
+        module.AddStatement(SpirvOp.Store, output, value);
+        module.AddStatement(SpirvOp.Return);
+        module.EndFunction();
+        module.AddEntryPoint(SpirvExecutionModel.Fragment, main, "main", [barycentric, output]);
+        module.AddExecutionMode(main, SpirvExecutionMode.OriginUpperLeft);
+        return module.Build();
+    }
+
     public static byte[] CreateFullscreenVertex(uint attributeCount)
     {
         var module = new SpirvModuleBuilder();

src/SharpEmu.ShaderCompiler.Vulkan/SpirvModuleBuilder.cs

@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ public enum SpirvOp : ushort
     FunctionEnd = 56,
     FunctionCall = 57,
     Variable = 59,
-    ImageTexelPointer = 60,
     Load = 61,
     Store = 62,
     AccessChain = 65,
@@ -143,19 +142,8 @@ public enum SpirvOp : ushort
     BitCount = 205,
     ControlBarrier = 224,
     MemoryBarrier = 225,
-    AtomicExchange = 229,
-    AtomicCompareExchange = 230,
-    AtomicIIncrement = 232,
-    AtomicIDecrement = 233,
     AtomicIAdd = 234,
-    AtomicISub = 235,
-    AtomicSMin = 236,
-    AtomicUMin = 237,
-    AtomicSMax = 238,
     AtomicUMax = 239,
-    AtomicAnd = 240,
-    AtomicOr = 241,
-    AtomicXor = 242,
     Phi = 245,
     LoopMerge = 246,
     SelectionMerge = 247,

src/SharpEmu.ShaderCompiler/Gen5ShaderIr.cs

@@ -325,31 +325,9 @@ public sealed record Gen5ShaderProgram(
     ulong Address,
     IReadOnlyList<Gen5ShaderInstruction> Instructions)
 {
-    private const uint PixelColorTargetCount = 8;
-    private const int PixelColorMaskBits = 4;
-    private readonly uint _pixelColorExportMasks = ComputePixelColorExportMasks(Instructions);
     private const int ScalarRegisterCount = 256;
     private IReadOnlySet<uint>? _runtimeScalarRegisters;
 
-    public uint PixelColorExportMasks => _pixelColorExportMasks;
-
-    private static uint ComputePixelColorExportMasks(
-        IReadOnlyList<Gen5ShaderInstruction> instructions)
-    {
-        var masks = 0u;
-        foreach (var instruction in instructions)
-        {
-            if (instruction.Control is Gen5ExportControl export &&
-                export.Target < PixelColorTargetCount)
-            {
-                masks |= (export.EnableMask & 0xFu) <<
-                    (int)(export.Target * PixelColorMaskBits);
-            }
-        }
-
-        return masks;
-    }
-
     public IEnumerable<Gen5ImageControl> ImageResources =>
         Instructions
             .Select(instruction => instruction.Control)

src/SharpEmu.ShaderCompiler/Gen5ShaderTranslator.cs

@@ -1172,33 +1172,9 @@ public static class Gen5ShaderTranslator
         name = opcode switch
         {
             0x00 => "DsAddU32",
-            0x01 => "DsSubU32",
-            0x03 => "DsIncU32",
-            0x04 => "DsDecU32",
-            0x05 => "DsMinI32",
-            0x06 => "DsMaxI32",
-            0x07 => "DsMinU32",
-            0x08 => "DsMaxU32",
-            0x09 => "DsAndB32",
-            0x0A => "DsOrB32",
-            0x0B => "DsXorB32",
             0x0D => "DsWriteB32",
             0x0E => "DsWrite2B32",
             0x0F => "DsWrite2St64B32",
-            0x10 => "DsCmpstB32",
-            0x20 => "DsAddRtnU32",
-            0x21 => "DsSubRtnU32",
-            0x23 => "DsIncRtnU32",
-            0x24 => "DsDecRtnU32",
-            0x25 => "DsMinRtnI32",
-            0x26 => "DsMaxRtnI32",
-            0x27 => "DsMinRtnU32",
-            0x28 => "DsMaxRtnU32",
-            0x29 => "DsAndRtnB32",
-            0x2A => "DsOrRtnB32",
-            0x2B => "DsXorRtnB32",
-            0x2D => "DsWrxchgRtnB32",
-            0x30 => "DsCmpstRtnB32",
             0x35 => "DsSwizzleB32",
             0x36 => "DsReadB32",
             0x37 => "DsRead2B32",
@@ -1296,19 +1272,8 @@ public static class Gen5ShaderTranslator
             0x23 => "BufferLoadSbyteD16Hi",
             0x24 => "BufferLoadShortD16",
             0x25 => "BufferLoadShortD16Hi",
-            0x30 => "BufferAtomicSwap",
-            0x31 => "BufferAtomicCmpswap",
             0x32 => "BufferAtomicAdd",
-            0x33 => "BufferAtomicSub",
-            0x35 => "BufferAtomicSmin",
-            0x36 => "BufferAtomicUmin",
-            0x37 => "BufferAtomicSmax",
-            0x38 => "BufferAtomicUmax",
-            0x39 => "BufferAtomicAnd",
-            0x3A => "BufferAtomicOr",
-            0x3B => "BufferAtomicXor",
-            0x3C => "BufferAtomicInc",
-            0x3D => "BufferAtomicDec",
+            0x38 => "BufferAtomicUMax",
             _ => $"MubufRaw{opcode:X2}",
         };
         sizeDwords = (extra >> 24) == 0xFF ? 3u : 2u;
@@ -1423,18 +1388,7 @@ public static class Gen5ShaderTranslator
             0x08 => "ImageStore",
             0x09 => "ImageStoreMip",
             0x0E => "ImageGetResinfo",
-            0x0F => "ImageAtomicSwap",
             0x10 => "ImageAtomicCmpswap",
-            0x11 => "ImageAtomicAdd",
-            0x12 => "ImageAtomicSub",
-            0x14 => "ImageAtomicSmin",
-            0x15 => "ImageAtomicUmin",
-            0x16 => "ImageAtomicSmax",
-            0x17 => "ImageAtomicUmax",
-            0x18 => "ImageAtomicAnd",
-            0x19 => "ImageAtomicOr",
-            0x1A => "ImageAtomicXor",
-            0x1B => "ImageAtomicInc",
             0x1C => "ImageAtomicDec",
             0x20 => "ImageSample",
             0x22 => "ImageSampleD",
@@ -1534,18 +1488,6 @@ public static class Gen5ShaderTranslator
         name.StartsWith("ImageStore", StringComparison.Ordinal) ||
         name.StartsWith("ImageAtomic", StringComparison.Ordinal);
 
-    public static bool IsDataShareAtomic(string name) => name switch
-    {
-        "DsAddU32" or "DsSubU32" or "DsIncU32" or "DsDecU32" or
-        "DsMinI32" or "DsMaxI32" or "DsMinU32" or "DsMaxU32" or
-        "DsAndB32" or "DsOrB32" or "DsXorB32" or "DsCmpstB32" or
-        "DsAddRtnU32" or "DsSubRtnU32" or "DsIncRtnU32" or "DsDecRtnU32" or
-        "DsMinRtnI32" or "DsMaxRtnI32" or "DsMinRtnU32" or "DsMaxRtnU32" or
-        "DsAndRtnB32" or "DsOrRtnB32" or "DsXorRtnB32" or
-        "DsWrxchgRtnB32" or "DsCmpstRtnB32" => true,
-        _ => false,
-    };
-
     private static Gen5ShaderInstruction CreateInstruction(
         uint pc,
         Gen5ShaderEncoding encoding,
@@ -1825,9 +1767,9 @@ public static class Gen5ShaderTranslator
                 destinations = [Gen5Operand.Vector(word & 0xFF)];
                 if (opcode == "VReadlaneB32")
                 {
-                    // The scalar destination lives in the low vdst byte (bits 0-7);
-                    // bits 8-14 are the VOP3B carry-out sdst, which readlane lacks.
-                    destinations = [Gen5Operand.Scalar(word & 0xFF)];
+                    // VReadlaneB32 writes to scalar destination (bits 8-14), not vector.
+                    // Bits 0-7 are unused for this opcode.
+                    destinations = [Gen5Operand.Scalar((word >> 8) & 0x7F)];
                 }
                 var isVop3B = IsVop3BOpcode((word >> 16) & 0x3FF);
                 control = new Gen5Vop3Control(
@@ -1852,6 +1794,10 @@ public static class Gen5ShaderTranslator
                     ((word >> 17) & 1) != 0);
                 sources = opcode switch
                 {
+                    "DsAddU32" => [
+                        Gen5Operand.Vector(vectorAddress),
+                        Gen5Operand.Vector(vectorData0),
+                    ],
                     "DsWriteB32" => [
                         Gen5Operand.Vector(vectorAddress),
                         Gen5Operand.Vector(vectorData0),
@@ -1880,17 +1826,6 @@ public static class Gen5ShaderTranslator
                         Gen5Operand.Vector(vectorData1),
                     ],
                     "DsSwizzleB32" => [Gen5Operand.Vector(vectorData0)],
-                    // DS_CMPST operand order is reversed vs buffer/image cmpswap:
-                    // DATA0 holds the comparator, DATA1 holds the new value.
-                    "DsCmpstB32" or "DsCmpstRtnB32" => [
-                        Gen5Operand.Vector(vectorAddress),
-                        Gen5Operand.Vector(vectorData0),
-                        Gen5Operand.Vector(vectorData1),
-                    ],
-                    _ when IsDataShareAtomic(opcode) => [
-                        Gen5Operand.Vector(vectorAddress),
-                        Gen5Operand.Vector(vectorData0),
-                    ],
                     _ => [Gen5Operand.Vector(vectorAddress)],
                 };
                 destinations = opcode switch
@@ -1913,10 +1848,6 @@ public static class Gen5ShaderTranslator
                         Gen5Operand.Vector(vectorDestination + 2),
                         Gen5Operand.Vector(vectorDestination + 3),
                     ],
-                    _ when IsDataShareAtomic(opcode) &&
-                        opcode.Contains("Rtn", StringComparison.Ordinal) => [
-                        Gen5Operand.Vector(vectorDestination),
-                    ],
                     _ => [],
                 };
                 break;
@@ -2022,8 +1953,8 @@ public static class Gen5ShaderTranslator
                     "BufferStoreDwordx2" => 2u,
                     "BufferStoreDwordx3" => 3u,
                     "BufferStoreDwordx4" => 4u,
-                    "BufferAtomicCmpswap" => 2u,
-                    _ when opcode.StartsWith("BufferAtomic", StringComparison.Ordinal) => 1u,
+                    "BufferAtomicAdd" => 1u,
+                    "BufferAtomicUMax" => 1u,
                     _ => 0u,
                 };
                 sources =

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Agc/Gen5ShaderAtomicDecodeTests.cs

@@ -1,134 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using System.Buffers.Binary;
-using SharpEmu.HLE;
-using SharpEmu.ShaderCompiler;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Agc;
-
-// Decodes synthetic GFX10 atomic instructions and checks the opcode names and operand wiring
-// that the SPIR-V translator relies on. Word layouts follow the RDNA2 ISA manual:
-// MUBUF op=word0[24:18], MIMG op=word0[24:18], DS op=word0[25:18].
-public sealed class Gen5ShaderAtomicDecodeTests
-{
-    private const ulong ShaderAddress = 0x1_0000_0000;
-    private const uint EndPgm = 0xBF810000;
-
-    // Compute-stage register block: COMPUTE_USER_DATA_0 and COMPUTE_PGM_RSRC2,
-    // required since TryCreateState validates the USER_SGPR count.
-    internal const uint ComputeUserDataRegister = 0x240;
-    internal const uint ComputePgmRsrc2Register = 0x213;
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void BufferAtomicUmax_DecodesControlAndDestination()
-    {
-        // BUFFER_ATOMIC_UMAX v1, off, s[0:3], 128 offset:8 glc
-        var instruction = DecodeSingle(0xE0E04008, 0x80000100);
-
-        Assert.Equal("BufferAtomicUmax", instruction.Opcode);
-        var control = Assert.IsType<Gen5BufferMemoryControl>(instruction.Control);
-        Assert.Equal(1u, control.DwordCount);
-        Assert.Equal(1u, control.VectorData);
-        Assert.Equal(0u, control.ScalarResource);
-        Assert.Equal(8, control.OffsetBytes);
-        Assert.True(control.Glc);
-        Assert.Equal(new[] { Gen5Operand.Vector(1) }, instruction.Destinations);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void BufferAtomicCmpswap_UsesTwoDataRegisters()
-    {
-        // BUFFER_ATOMIC_CMPSWAP v[1:2], off, s[0:3], 128 glc
-        var instruction = DecodeSingle(0xE0C44000, 0x80000100);
-
-        Assert.Equal("BufferAtomicCmpswap", instruction.Opcode);
-        var control = Assert.IsType<Gen5BufferMemoryControl>(instruction.Control);
-        Assert.Equal(2u, control.DwordCount);
-        Assert.Equal(1u, control.VectorData);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void ImageAtomicAdd_KeepsDataRegisterAsDestination()
-    {
-        // IMAGE_ATOMIC_ADD v2, v[0:1], s[4:11] dmask:0x1 dim:2D glc
-        var instruction = DecodeSingle(0xF0442100, 0x00010200);
-
-        Assert.Equal("ImageAtomicAdd", instruction.Opcode);
-        var control = Assert.IsType<Gen5ImageControl>(instruction.Control);
-        Assert.Equal(2u, control.VectorData);
-        Assert.Equal(4u, control.ScalarResource);
-        Assert.True(control.Glc);
-        Assert.Equal(new[] { Gen5Operand.Vector(2) }, instruction.Destinations);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void DsAddU32_HasAddressAndDataSourcesButNoDestination()
-    {
-        // DS_ADD_U32 v0, v1
-        var instruction = DecodeSingle(0xD8000000, 0x00000100);
-
-        Assert.Equal("DsAddU32", instruction.Opcode);
-        Assert.Equal(
-            new[] { Gen5Operand.Vector(0), Gen5Operand.Vector(1) },
-            instruction.Sources);
-        Assert.Empty(instruction.Destinations);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void DsAddRtnU32_WritesReturnRegister()
-    {
-        // DS_ADD_RTN_U32 v3, v0, v1
-        var instruction = DecodeSingle(0xD8800000, 0x03000100);
-
-        Assert.Equal("DsAddRtnU32", instruction.Opcode);
-        Assert.Equal(
-            new[] { Gen5Operand.Vector(0), Gen5Operand.Vector(1) },
-            instruction.Sources);
-        Assert.Equal(new[] { Gen5Operand.Vector(3) }, instruction.Destinations);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void DsCmpstRtnB32_OrdersComparatorBeforeNewValue()
-    {
-        // DS_CMPST_RTN_B32 v3, v0, v1, v2 - DATA0 (v1) is the comparator, DATA1 (v2) the
-        // new value, reversed relative to buffer/image cmpswap.
-        var instruction = DecodeSingle(0xD8C00000, 0x03020100);
-
-        Assert.Equal("DsCmpstRtnB32", instruction.Opcode);
-        Assert.Equal(
-            new[] { Gen5Operand.Vector(0), Gen5Operand.Vector(1), Gen5Operand.Vector(2) },
-            instruction.Sources);
-        Assert.Equal(new[] { Gen5Operand.Vector(3) }, instruction.Destinations);
-    }
-
-    private static Gen5ShaderInstruction DecodeSingle(params uint[] words)
-    {
-        var memory = new FakeCpuMemory(ShaderAddress, 0x1000);
-        var ctx = new CpuContext(memory, Generation.Gen5);
-        WriteProgram(memory, ShaderAddress, words);
-        Assert.True(
-            Gen5ShaderTranslator.TryCreateState(
-                ctx,
-                ShaderAddress,
-                0,
-                new Dictionary<uint, uint> { [ComputePgmRsrc2Register] = 0 },
-                ComputeUserDataRegister,
-                out var state,
-                out var error),
-            error);
-        return state.Program.Instructions[0];
-    }
-
-    internal static void WriteProgram(FakeCpuMemory memory, ulong address, uint[] words)
-    {
-        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[4];
-        foreach (var word in words.Append(EndPgm))
-        {
-            BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(buffer, word);
-            Assert.True(memory.TryWrite(address, buffer));
-            address += sizeof(uint);
-        }
-    }
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Agc/Gen5ShaderProgramTests.cs

@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using SharpEmu.ShaderCompiler;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Agc;
-
-public sealed class Gen5ShaderProgramTests
-{
-    [Fact]
-    public void PixelColorExportMasksPackAllColorTargets()
-    {
-        var program = new Gen5ShaderProgram(
-            0,
-            [
-                Export(0, 0x1),
-                Export(0, 0x4),
-                Export(1, 0x2),
-                Export(2, 0x3),
-                Export(3, 0x4),
-                Export(4, 0x5),
-                Export(5, 0x6),
-                Export(6, 0x7),
-                Export(7, 0x8),
-                Export(8, 0xF),
-            ]);
-
-        Assert.Equal(0x8765_4325u, program.PixelColorExportMasks);
-        Assert.Equal(0x8765_4325u, program.PixelColorExportMasks);
-    }
-
-    private static Gen5ShaderInstruction Export(uint target, uint enableMask) => new(
-        0,
-        Gen5ShaderEncoding.Exp,
-        "exp",
-        [],
-        [],
-        [],
-        new Gen5ExportControl(target, enableMask, false, false, false));
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Agc/Gen5SpirvAtomicTranslationTests.cs

@@ -1,137 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using System.Buffers.Binary;
-using SharpEmu.HLE;
-using SharpEmu.ShaderCompiler;
-using SharpEmu.ShaderCompiler.Vulkan;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Agc;
-
-// End-to-end pipeline tests: synthetic GFX10 program -> decode -> scalar evaluation -> SPIR-V.
-// Each test asserts the expected OpAtomic* instructions land in the emitted module.
-public sealed class Gen5SpirvAtomicTranslationTests
-{
-    private const ulong ShaderAddress = 0x1_0000_0000;
-    private const ulong BufferAddress = 0x1_0000_1000;
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void BufferAtomics_EmitAtomicOpcodes()
-    {
-        // BUFFER_ATOMIC_UMAX v1, BUFFER_ATOMIC_CMPSWAP v[1:2], BUFFER_ATOMIC_INC v1,
-        // all against the V# in s[0:3].
-        var opcodes = CompileCompute(
-            [
-                0xE0E04008, 0x80000100,
-                0xE0C44000, 0x80000100,
-                0xE0F00000, 0x80000100,
-            ],
-            BufferDescriptorRegisters());
-
-        Assert.Contains((ushort)SpirvOp.AtomicUMax, opcodes);
-        Assert.Contains((ushort)SpirvOp.AtomicCompareExchange, opcodes);
-        Assert.Contains((ushort)SpirvOp.AtomicIIncrement, opcodes);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void DataShareAtomics_EmitAtomicOpcodes()
-    {
-        // DS_ADD_RTN_U32 v3, v0, v1; DS_CMPST_RTN_B32 v3, v0, v1, v2; DS_MAX_U32 v0, v1.
-        var opcodes = CompileCompute(
-            [
-                0xD8800000, 0x03000100,
-                0xD8C00000, 0x03020100,
-                0xD8200000, 0x00000100,
-            ],
-            new Dictionary<uint, uint>());
-
-        Assert.Contains((ushort)SpirvOp.AtomicIAdd, opcodes);
-        Assert.Contains((ushort)SpirvOp.AtomicCompareExchange, opcodes);
-        Assert.Contains((ushort)SpirvOp.AtomicUMax, opcodes);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void ImageAtomicAdd_EmitsTexelPointerAndAtomicAdd()
-    {
-        // IMAGE_ATOMIC_ADD v2, v[0:1], s[4:11] dmask:0x1 dim:2D glc against an R32ui T#.
-        var opcodes = CompileCompute(
-            [0xF0442100, 0x00010200],
-            new Dictionary<uint, uint>
-            {
-                // Descriptor word1 dataFormat (bits 28:20) = 20 selects R32ui/Uint.
-                [5] = 20u << 20,
-            });
-
-        Assert.Contains((ushort)SpirvOp.ImageTexelPointer, opcodes);
-        Assert.Contains((ushort)SpirvOp.AtomicIAdd, opcodes);
-    }
-
-    private static Dictionary<uint, uint> BufferDescriptorRegisters() => new()
-    {
-        // V# in s[0:3]: base=BufferAddress, stride=0, numRecords=64 bytes, type=0.
-        [0] = unchecked((uint)BufferAddress),
-        [1] = (uint)(BufferAddress >> 32),
-        [2] = 64,
-        [3] = 0,
-    };
-
-    private static HashSet<ushort> CompileCompute(
-        uint[] programWords,
-        Dictionary<uint, uint> userDataSgprs)
-    {
-        var memory = new FakeCpuMemory(ShaderAddress, 0x2000);
-        var ctx = new CpuContext(memory, Generation.Gen5);
-        Gen5ShaderAtomicDecodeTests.WriteProgram(memory, ShaderAddress, programWords);
-        // COMPUTE_PGM_RSRC2 advertises 16 user SGPRs; the user data words at
-        // COMPUTE_USER_DATA_0 + index seed s[0..15] for the scalar evaluator.
-        var shaderRegisters = new Dictionary<uint, uint>
-        {
-            [Gen5ShaderAtomicDecodeTests.ComputePgmRsrc2Register] = 16u << 1,
-        };
-        foreach (var (sgpr, value) in userDataSgprs)
-        {
-            shaderRegisters[Gen5ShaderAtomicDecodeTests.ComputeUserDataRegister + sgpr] = value;
-        }
-
-        Assert.True(
-            Gen5ShaderTranslator.TryCreateState(
-                ctx,
-                ShaderAddress,
-                0,
-                shaderRegisters,
-                Gen5ShaderAtomicDecodeTests.ComputeUserDataRegister,
-                out var state,
-                out var error),
-            error);
-        Assert.True(
-            Gen5ShaderScalarEvaluator.TryEvaluate(ctx, state, out var evaluation, out error),
-            error);
-        Assert.True(
-            Gen5SpirvTranslator.TryCompileComputeShader(
-                state,
-                evaluation,
-                1,
-                1,
-                1,
-                out var shader,
-                out error),
-            error);
-        return CollectOpcodes(shader.Spirv);
-    }
-
-    private static HashSet<ushort> CollectOpcodes(byte[] spirv)
-    {
-        var opcodes = new HashSet<ushort>();
-        // 5-word SPIR-V header, then (wordCount << 16 | opcode) packed instructions.
-        for (var offset = 5 * sizeof(uint); offset + sizeof(uint) <= spirv.Length;)
-        {
-            var word = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(
-                spirv.AsSpan(offset, sizeof(uint)));
-            opcodes.Add((ushort)word);
-            offset += Math.Max((int)(word >> 16), 1) * sizeof(uint);
-        }
-
-        return opcodes;
-    }
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Ampr/AprStreamingContractTests.cs

@@ -1,99 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using SharpEmu.HLE;
-using SharpEmu.Libs.Ampr;
-using SharpEmu.Libs.Kernel;
-using System.Buffers.Binary;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Ampr;
-
-public sealed class AprStreamingContractTests
-{
-    [Fact]
-    public void ResolveStatAndReadFile_UsesSharedAprFileId()
-    {
-        const ulong memoryBase = 0x1_0000_0000;
-        const ulong pathListAddress = memoryBase + 0x100;
-        const ulong pathAddress = memoryBase + 0x200;
-        const ulong idsAddress = memoryBase + 0x800;
-        const ulong statAddress = memoryBase + 0x900;
-        const ulong commandBufferAddress = memoryBase + 0x1000;
-        const ulong recordBufferAddress = memoryBase + 0x1100;
-        const ulong destinationAddress = memoryBase + 0x2000;
-        const ulong stackAddress = memoryBase + 0x3000;
-        byte[] fileContents = [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17];
-        var hostPath = Path.GetTempFileName();
-
-        try
-        {
-            File.WriteAllBytes(hostPath, fileContents);
-            var memory = new FakeCpuMemory(memoryBase, 0x4000);
-            var context = new CpuContext(memory, Generation.Gen5);
-            memory.WriteCString(pathAddress, hostPath);
-            WriteUInt64(memory, pathListAddress, pathAddress);
-
-            context[CpuRegister.Rdi] = pathListAddress;
-            context[CpuRegister.Rsi] = 1;
-            context[CpuRegister.Rdx] = idsAddress;
-
-            Assert.Equal(0, KernelMemoryCompatExports.KernelAprResolveFilepathsToIds(context));
-
-            Span<byte> idBytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
-            Assert.True(memory.TryRead(idsAddress, idBytes));
-            var fileId = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(idBytes);
-            Assert.NotEqual(uint.MaxValue, fileId);
-
-            context[CpuRegister.Rdi] = fileId;
-            context[CpuRegister.Rsi] = statAddress;
-
-            Assert.Equal(0, KernelMemoryCompatExports.KernelAprGetFileStat(context));
-
-            Span<byte> stat = stackalloc byte[120];
-            Assert.True(memory.TryRead(statAddress, stat));
-            Assert.Equal(fileContents.Length, BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt64LittleEndian(stat[72..]));
-
-            context[CpuRegister.Rdi] = commandBufferAddress;
-            context[CpuRegister.Rsi] = recordBufferAddress;
-            context[CpuRegister.Rdx] = 0x100;
-
-            Assert.Equal(0, AmprExports.CommandBufferConstructor(context));
-
-            const ulong readOffset = 2;
-            const ulong readSize = 4;
-            WriteUInt64(memory, stackAddress + sizeof(ulong), readOffset);
-            context[CpuRegister.Rsp] = stackAddress;
-            context[CpuRegister.Rdi] = commandBufferAddress;
-            context[CpuRegister.Rcx] = fileId;
-            context[CpuRegister.R8] = destinationAddress;
-            context[CpuRegister.R9] = readSize;
-
-            Assert.Equal(0, AmprExports.AprCommandBufferReadFile(context));
-
-            Span<byte> destination = stackalloc byte[(int)readSize];
-            Assert.True(memory.TryRead(destinationAddress, destination));
-            Assert.Equal(fileContents.AsSpan((int)readOffset, (int)readSize), destination);
-
-            Span<byte> record = stackalloc byte[0x30];
-            Assert.True(memory.TryRead(recordBufferAddress, record));
-            Assert.Equal(1U, BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(record));
-            Assert.Equal(fileId, BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(record[0x04..]));
-            Assert.Equal(destinationAddress, BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt64LittleEndian(record[0x08..]));
-            Assert.Equal(readSize, BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt64LittleEndian(record[0x10..]));
-            Assert.Equal(readOffset, BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt64LittleEndian(record[0x18..]));
-            Assert.Equal(readSize, BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt64LittleEndian(record[0x20..]));
-        }
-        finally
-        {
-            File.Delete(hostPath);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static void WriteUInt64(FakeCpuMemory memory, ulong address, ulong value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> bytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(ulong)];
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(bytes, value);
-        Assert.True(memory.TryWrite(address, bytes));
-    }
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Audio/AudioPcmConversionTests.cs

@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using System.Buffers.Binary;
-using SharpEmu.Libs.Audio;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Audio;
-
-public sealed class AudioPcmConversionTests
-{
-    [Fact]
-    public void FloatFullScaleMapsToSignedPcmEndpoints()
-    {
-        Span<byte> source = stackalloc byte[sizeof(float) * 2];
-        WriteFloat(source, 0, -1.0f);
-        WriteFloat(source, 1, 1.0f);
-        Span<byte> destination = stackalloc byte[AudioPcmConversion.OutputFrameSize];
-
-        AudioPcmConversion.ConvertToStereoPcm16(
-            source,
-            destination,
-            frames: 1,
-            channels: 2,
-            bytesPerSample: sizeof(float),
-            isFloat: true,
-            volume: 1.0f);
-
-        Assert.Equal(short.MinValue, BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt16LittleEndian(destination));
-        Assert.Equal(short.MaxValue, BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt16LittleEndian(destination[2..]));
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void FloatNaNMapsToSilence()
-    {
-        Span<byte> source = stackalloc byte[sizeof(float)];
-        WriteFloat(source, 0, float.NaN);
-        Span<byte> destination = stackalloc byte[AudioPcmConversion.OutputFrameSize];
-
-        AudioPcmConversion.ConvertToStereoPcm16(
-            source,
-            destination,
-            frames: 1,
-            channels: 1,
-            bytesPerSample: sizeof(float),
-            isFloat: true,
-            volume: 1.0f);
-
-        Assert.Equal(0, BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt16LittleEndian(destination));
-        Assert.Equal(0, BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt16LittleEndian(destination[2..]));
-    }
-
-    private static void WriteFloat(Span<byte> destination, int sample, float value) =>
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(
-            destination[(sample * sizeof(float))..],
-            BitConverter.SingleToInt32Bits(value));
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Cpu/BmiInstructionEmulatorTests.cs

@@ -1,243 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using SharpEmu.Core.Cpu.Emulation;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Cpu;
-
-// These exercise the pure BMI1/BMI2/ABM semantics used by the illegal-instruction software
-// fallback. The expected values were computed by hand from the Intel/AMD definitions so a
-// regression in the bit math or the flag handling fails here without needing a live guest.
-public sealed class BmiInstructionEmulatorTests
-{
-    private const uint Carry = 1u << 0;
-    private const uint Zero = 1u << 6;
-    private const uint Sign = 1u << 7;
-    private const uint Overflow = 1u << 11;
-    private const uint DirectionFlag = 1u << 10; // Unrelated flag; must be preserved.
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Andn_ClearsSourceBitsAndFlags()
-    {
-        uint flags = Overflow | Carry | DirectionFlag;
-        var result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Andn(0x0000_00F0, 0x0000_00FF, GprOperandSize.Bits32, ref flags);
-
-        Assert.Equal(0x0000_000FUL, result);
-        Assert.Equal(0u, flags & Carry);
-        Assert.Equal(0u, flags & Overflow);
-        Assert.Equal(0u, flags & Zero);
-        Assert.Equal(0u, flags & Sign);
-        Assert.Equal(DirectionFlag, flags & DirectionFlag);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Andn_SetsZeroFlagWhenResultIsZero()
-    {
-        uint flags = 0;
-        var result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Andn(0xFF, 0xFF, GprOperandSize.Bits32, ref flags);
-
-        Assert.Equal(0UL, result);
-        Assert.Equal(Zero, flags & Zero);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Andn_SetsSignFlagOnHighBit32()
-    {
-        uint flags = 0;
-        var result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Andn(0, 0x8000_0000, GprOperandSize.Bits32, ref flags);
-
-        Assert.Equal(0x8000_0000UL, result);
-        Assert.Equal(Sign, flags & Sign);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Andn_MasksTo64Bits()
-    {
-        uint flags = 0;
-        var result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Andn(0xFFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FF00, 0xFF, GprOperandSize.Bits64, ref flags);
-
-        Assert.Equal(0xFFUL, result);
-    }
-
-    [Theory]
-    [InlineData(0x0000_000CUL, 0x0000_0004UL, false)] // isolate lowest set bit
-    [InlineData(0x0000_0000UL, 0x0000_0000UL, true)]  // src == 0 -> CF clear, ZF set
-    public void Blsi_IsolatesLowestBit(ulong src, ulong expected, bool zero)
-    {
-        uint flags = 0;
-        var result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Blsi(src, GprOperandSize.Bits32, ref flags);
-
-        Assert.Equal(expected, result);
-        Assert.Equal(src != 0 ? Carry : 0u, flags & Carry);
-        Assert.Equal(zero ? Zero : 0u, flags & Zero);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Blsmsk_MasksThroughLowestBit()
-    {
-        uint flags = 0;
-        var result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Blsmsk(0x0000_000C, GprOperandSize.Bits32, ref flags);
-
-        Assert.Equal(0x0000_0007UL, result);
-        Assert.Equal(0u, flags & Carry);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Blsmsk_SetsCarryWhenSourceZero32()
-    {
-        uint flags = 0;
-        var result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Blsmsk(0, GprOperandSize.Bits32, ref flags);
-
-        Assert.Equal(0xFFFF_FFFFUL, result);
-        Assert.Equal(Carry, flags & Carry);
-        Assert.Equal(Sign, flags & Sign);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Blsr_ResetsLowestBit()
-    {
-        uint flags = 0;
-        var result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Blsr(0x0000_000C, GprOperandSize.Bits32, ref flags);
-
-        Assert.Equal(0x0000_0008UL, result);
-        Assert.Equal(0u, flags & Carry);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Blsr_SetsCarryAndZeroWhenSourceZero()
-    {
-        uint flags = 0;
-        var result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Blsr(0, GprOperandSize.Bits32, ref flags);
-
-        Assert.Equal(0UL, result);
-        Assert.Equal(Carry, flags & Carry);
-        Assert.Equal(Zero, flags & Zero);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Bextr_ExtractsBitField()
-    {
-        uint flags = 0;
-        // start = 4, len = 8 -> bits [11:4] of 0x12345678 == 0x67
-        var control = (8UL << 8) | 4UL;
-        var result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Bextr(0x1234_5678, control, GprOperandSize.Bits32, ref flags);
-
-        Assert.Equal(0x0000_0067UL, result);
-        Assert.Equal(0u, flags & Zero);
-        Assert.Equal(0u, flags & Carry);
-        Assert.Equal(0u, flags & Overflow);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Bextr_StartBeyondWidthYieldsZero()
-    {
-        uint flags = 0;
-        var control = (8UL << 8) | 40UL; // start = 40 >= 32
-        var result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Bextr(0xFFFF_FFFF, control, GprOperandSize.Bits32, ref flags);
-
-        Assert.Equal(0UL, result);
-        Assert.Equal(Zero, flags & Zero);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Bzhi_ZeroesHighBits()
-    {
-        uint flags = 0;
-        var result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Bzhi(0xFFFF_FFFF, 8, GprOperandSize.Bits32, ref flags);
-
-        Assert.Equal(0x0000_00FFUL, result);
-        Assert.Equal(0u, flags & Carry);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Bzhi_SetsCarryWhenIndexAtOrBeyondWidth()
-    {
-        uint flags = 0;
-        var result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Bzhi(0xFFFF_FFFF, 32, GprOperandSize.Bits32, ref flags);
-
-        Assert.Equal(0xFFFF_FFFFUL, result);
-        Assert.Equal(Carry, flags & Carry);
-    }
-
-    [Theory]
-    [InlineData(0x0000_0008UL, GprOperandSize.Bits32, 3UL, false)]
-    [InlineData(0x0000_0001UL, GprOperandSize.Bits32, 0UL, false)]
-    [InlineData(0x0000_0000UL, GprOperandSize.Bits32, 32UL, true)]
-    [InlineData(0x1_0000_0000UL, GprOperandSize.Bits64, 32UL, false)]
-    public void Tzcnt_CountsTrailingZeros(ulong src, GprOperandSize size, ulong expected, bool carry)
-    {
-        uint flags = 0;
-        var result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Tzcnt(src, size, ref flags);
-
-        Assert.Equal(expected, result);
-        Assert.Equal(carry ? Carry : 0u, flags & Carry);
-    }
-
-    [Theory]
-    [InlineData(0x0000_0001UL, GprOperandSize.Bits32, 31UL, false)]
-    [InlineData(0x8000_0000UL, GprOperandSize.Bits32, 0UL, false)]
-    [InlineData(0x0000_0000UL, GprOperandSize.Bits32, 32UL, true)]
-    [InlineData(0x0000_0001UL, GprOperandSize.Bits64, 63UL, false)]
-    [InlineData(0x0000_0000UL, GprOperandSize.Bits64, 64UL, true)]
-    public void Lzcnt_CountsLeadingZeros(ulong src, GprOperandSize size, ulong expected, bool carry)
-    {
-        uint flags = 0;
-        var result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Lzcnt(src, size, ref flags);
-
-        Assert.Equal(expected, result);
-        Assert.Equal(carry ? Carry : 0u, flags & Carry);
-    }
-
-    [Theory]
-    [InlineData(0x1234_5678UL, 8, GprOperandSize.Bits32, 0x7812_3456UL)]
-    [InlineData(0x1234_5678UL, 0, GprOperandSize.Bits32, 0x1234_5678UL)]
-    [InlineData(0x0123_4567_89AB_CDEFUL, 4, GprOperandSize.Bits64, 0xF012_3456_789A_BCDEUL)]
-    public void Rorx_RotatesRight(ulong src, int count, GprOperandSize size, ulong expected)
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(expected, BmiInstructionEmulator.Rorx(src, count, size));
-    }
-
-    [Theory]
-    [InlineData(0x8000_0000UL, 4, GprOperandSize.Bits32, 0xF800_0000UL)]
-    [InlineData(0x8000_0000UL, 36, GprOperandSize.Bits32, 0xF800_0000UL)] // count masked to 4
-    [InlineData(0x8000_0000_0000_0000UL, 4, GprOperandSize.Bits64, 0xF800_0000_0000_0000UL)]
-    public void Sarx_ArithmeticShiftRight(ulong src, int count, GprOperandSize size, ulong expected)
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(expected, BmiInstructionEmulator.Sarx(src, count, size));
-    }
-
-    [Theory]
-    [InlineData(0x0000_0001UL, 4, GprOperandSize.Bits32, 0x0000_0010UL)]
-    [InlineData(0x0000_0001UL, 33, GprOperandSize.Bits32, 0x0000_0002UL)] // count masked to 1
-    public void Shlx_LogicalShiftLeft(ulong src, int count, GprOperandSize size, ulong expected)
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(expected, BmiInstructionEmulator.Shlx(src, count, size));
-    }
-
-    [Theory]
-    [InlineData(0x8000_0000UL, 4, GprOperandSize.Bits32, 0x0800_0000UL)]
-    [InlineData(0x8000_0000_0000_0000UL, 4, GprOperandSize.Bits64, 0x0800_0000_0000_0000UL)]
-    public void Shrx_LogicalShiftRight(ulong src, int count, GprOperandSize size, ulong expected)
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(expected, BmiInstructionEmulator.Shrx(src, count, size));
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void PdepAndPext_AreInverseForContiguousSource()
-    {
-        var deposited = BmiInstructionEmulator.Pdep(0x0000_000F, 0x0000_00AA, GprOperandSize.Bits32);
-        Assert.Equal(0x0000_00AAUL, deposited);
-
-        var extracted = BmiInstructionEmulator.Pext(0x0000_00AA, 0x0000_00AA, GprOperandSize.Bits32);
-        Assert.Equal(0x0000_000FUL, extracted);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Pext_GathersSelectedBits()
-    {
-        // mask selects bit positions 1,3,5,7; source has 1s only at 5 and 7 -> packed 0b1100
-        var extracted = BmiInstructionEmulator.Pext(0xF0, 0xAA, GprOperandSize.Bits32);
-        Assert.Equal(0x0000_000CUL, extracted);
-    }
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Cpu/GuestContextTransferValidationTests.cs

@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using SharpEmu.Core.Cpu.Native;
-using SharpEmu.HLE;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Cpu;
-
-public sealed class GuestContextTransferValidationTests
-{
-    private const ulong MemoryBase = 0x1_0000_0000;
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void MappedGuestInstructionPointer_IsAccepted()
-    {
-        var memory = new FakeCpuMemory(MemoryBase, 0x1000);
-        var continuation = CreateContinuation(MemoryBase + 0x100, MemoryBase + 0x800);
-
-        Assert.True(DirectExecutionBackend.TryValidateGuestContextTransferTarget(
-            memory,
-            continuation,
-            out var error));
-        Assert.Null(error);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void UnmappedGuestInstructionPointer_IsRejected()
-    {
-        var memory = new FakeCpuMemory(MemoryBase, 0x1000);
-        var continuation = CreateContinuation(MemoryBase + 0x2000, MemoryBase + 0x800);
-
-        Assert.False(DirectExecutionBackend.TryValidateGuestContextTransferTarget(
-            memory,
-            continuation,
-            out var error));
-        Assert.Contains("not mapped guest memory", error);
-    }
-
-    [Theory]
-    [InlineData(0UL, MemoryBase + 0x800)]
-    [InlineData(MemoryBase + 0x100, 0UL)]
-    public void InvalidInstructionOrStackPointer_IsRejected(ulong rip, ulong rsp)
-    {
-        var memory = new FakeCpuMemory(MemoryBase, 0x1000);
-        var continuation = CreateContinuation(rip, rsp);
-
-        Assert.False(DirectExecutionBackend.TryValidateGuestContextTransferTarget(
-            memory,
-            continuation,
-            out var error));
-        Assert.Contains("invalid guest context transfer target", error);
-    }
-
-    private static GuestCpuContinuation CreateContinuation(ulong rip, ulong rsp) =>
-        new()
-        {
-            Rip = rip,
-            Rsp = rsp,
-        };
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Cpu/ImportTrampolineAbiTests.cs

@@ -1,96 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using SharpEmu.Core.Cpu.Native;
-using SharpEmu.HLE;
-using System.Buffers.Binary;
-using System.Reflection;
-using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
-using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Cpu;
-
-public sealed class ImportTrampolineAbiTests
-{
-    [Fact]
-    public unsafe void GeneratedTrampoline_PreservesVolatileGuestState()
-    {
-        if (RuntimeInformation.ProcessArchitecture != Architecture.X64)
-        {
-            // The production backend emits and initializes x86-64 callback
-            // thunks, so inspect it only in an x64 test process. Apple Silicon
-            // runs this path through the same Rosetta environment as SharpEmu.
-            return;
-        }
-
-        var code = CreateTrampolineBytes();
-
-        AssertContains(code, [0x48, 0x81, 0xEC, 0xB0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]); // sub rsp,0xB0
-        AssertContains(code, [0x48, 0x89, 0x04, 0x24]);                   // mov [rsp],rax
-        AssertContains(code, [0x4C, 0x89, 0x54, 0x24, 0x08]);             // mov [rsp+8],r10
-        AssertContains(code, [0x4C, 0x89, 0x5C, 0x24, 0x10]);             // mov [rsp+16],r11
-        AssertContains(code, [0x0F, 0xAE, 0x5C, 0x24, 0x18]);             // stmxcsr [rsp+24]
-        AssertContains(code, [0xD9, 0x7C, 0x24, 0x1C]);                   // fnstcw [rsp+28]
-        AssertContains(code, [0x4C, 0x8D, 0xA4, 0x24, 0xB0, 0, 0, 0]);   // lea r12,[rsp+0xB0]
-
-        for (var xmm = 0; xmm < 8; xmm++)
-        {
-            Span<byte> save = new byte[9];
-            save[0] = 0xF3;
-            save[1] = 0x0F;
-            save[2] = 0x7F;
-            save[3] = (byte)(0x84 | (xmm << 3));
-            save[4] = 0x24;
-            BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(save[5..], 0x30 + (xmm * 0x10));
-            AssertContains(code, save);
-        }
-
-        for (var xmm = 0; xmm < 2; xmm++)
-        {
-            Span<byte> restore = new byte[10];
-            restore[0] = 0xF3;
-            restore[1] = 0x41;
-            restore[2] = 0x0F;
-            restore[3] = 0x6F;
-            restore[4] = (byte)(0x84 | (xmm << 3));
-            restore[5] = 0x24;
-            BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(restore[6..], -0x80 + (xmm * 0x10));
-            AssertContains(code, restore);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static unsafe byte[] CreateTrampolineBytes()
-    {
-        var backend = (DirectExecutionBackend)RuntimeHelpers.GetUninitializedObject(
-            typeof(DirectExecutionBackend));
-        var trampolineList = typeof(DirectExecutionBackend).GetField(
-            "_importHandlerTrampolines",
-            BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.NonPublic);
-        Assert.NotNull(trampolineList);
-        trampolineList.SetValue(backend, new List<nint>());
-
-        var createTrampoline = typeof(DirectExecutionBackend).GetMethod(
-            "CreateImportHandlerTrampoline",
-            BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.NonPublic);
-        Assert.NotNull(createTrampoline);
-        var trampoline = (nint)createTrampoline.Invoke(backend, [0])!;
-        Assert.NotEqual(0, trampoline);
-
-        try
-        {
-            return new ReadOnlySpan<byte>((void*)trampoline, 512).ToArray();
-        }
-        finally
-        {
-            Assert.True(HostMemory.Free((void*)trampoline, 0, HostMemory.MEM_RELEASE));
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static void AssertContains(ReadOnlySpan<byte> code, ReadOnlySpan<byte> expected)
-    {
-        Assert.True(
-            code.IndexOf(expected) >= 0,
-            $"Generated trampoline did not contain {Convert.ToHexString(expected)}.");
-    }
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Font/FontExportsTests.cs

@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using System.Buffers.Binary;
-using SharpEmu.HLE;
-using SharpEmu.Libs.Font;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Font;
-
-public sealed class FontExportsTests
-{
-    private const ulong Base = 0x1_0000_0000;
-    private const ulong LayoutAddress = Base + 0x100;
-
-    private readonly FakeCpuMemory _memory = new(Base, 0x1000);
-    private readonly CpuContext _ctx;
-
-    public FontExportsTests()
-    {
-        _ctx = new CpuContext(_memory, Generation.Gen5);
-    }
-
-    // SceFontHorizontalLayout is three floats; the sentinel directly after
-    // them must survive the call.
-    [Fact]
-    public void GetHorizontalLayout_WritesExactlyThreeFloats()
-    {
-        const uint Sentinel = 0xDEADBEEF;
-        Span<byte> sentinelBytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(sentinelBytes, Sentinel);
-        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryWrite(LayoutAddress + 12, sentinelBytes));
-
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi] = LayoutAddress;
-        Assert.Equal(0, FontExports.GetHorizontalLayout(_ctx));
-
-        Span<byte> layout = stackalloc byte[16];
-        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryRead(LayoutAddress, layout));
-        Assert.Equal(12.0f, BinaryPrimitives.ReadSingleLittleEndian(layout));
-        Assert.Equal(16.0f, BinaryPrimitives.ReadSingleLittleEndian(layout[4..]));
-        Assert.Equal(0.0f, BinaryPrimitives.ReadSingleLittleEndian(layout[8..]));
-        Assert.Equal(Sentinel, BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(layout[12..]));
-    }
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Kernel/KernelMemoryCompatExportsTests.cs

@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using SharpEmu.HLE;
-using SharpEmu.Libs.Kernel;
-using System.Globalization;
-using System.Text;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Kernel;
-
-public sealed class KernelMemoryCompatExportsTests
-{
-    [Fact]
-    public void PosixStat_MissingFileReturnsMinusOne()
-    {
-        const ulong memoryBase = 0x1_0000_0000;
-        const ulong pathAddress = memoryBase + 0x100;
-        const ulong statAddress = memoryBase + 0x400;
-        var memory = new FakeCpuMemory(memoryBase, 0x1000);
-        var context = new CpuContext(memory, Generation.Gen5);
-        memory.WriteCString(pathAddress, "/__sharpemu_test_missing__/shader.cache");
-        context[CpuRegister.Rdi] = pathAddress;
-        context[CpuRegister.Rsi] = statAddress;
-
-        var result = KernelMemoryCompatExports.PosixStat(context);
-
-        Assert.Equal(-1, result);
-        Assert.Equal(ulong.MaxValue, context[CpuRegister.Rax]);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Sprintf_ReadsVariadicDoubleFromXmmRegister()
-    {
-        const ulong memoryBase = 0x1_0000_0000;
-        const ulong destinationAddress = memoryBase + 0x100;
-        const ulong formatAddress = memoryBase + 0x200;
-        var memory = new FakeCpuMemory(memoryBase, 0x1000);
-        var context = new CpuContext(memory, Generation.Gen5);
-        memory.WriteCString(formatAddress, "%.4f");
-        context[CpuRegister.Rdi] = destinationAddress;
-        context[CpuRegister.Rsi] = formatAddress;
-        context.SetXmmRegister(
-            0,
-            unchecked((ulong)BitConverter.DoubleToInt64Bits(0.5576)),
-            0);
-
-        var previousCulture = CultureInfo.CurrentCulture;
-        try
-        {
-            CultureInfo.CurrentCulture = CultureInfo.GetCultureInfo("es-ES");
-
-            var result = KernelMemoryCompatExports.Sprintf(context);
-
-            Assert.Equal(0, result);
-            Assert.Equal(6UL, context[CpuRegister.Rax]);
-            Span<byte> output = stackalloc byte[7];
-            Assert.True(memory.TryRead(destinationAddress, output));
-            Assert.Equal("0.5576\0", Encoding.UTF8.GetString(output));
-        }
-        finally
-        {
-            CultureInfo.CurrentCulture = previousCulture;
-        }
-    }
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Memory/PhysicalVirtualMemoryTests.cs

@@ -1,229 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using SharpEmu.Core.Memory;
-using SharpEmu.Core.Loader;
-using SharpEmu.HLE.Host;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Memory;
-
-// PhysicalVirtualMemory is the host-backed (identity-mapped) implementation.
-// Reserve-only regions (> 4 GiB, non-executable) defer commit until first
-// access; TryAllocateGuestMemory serves a first-fit free-list with coalescing.
-// These tests pin that behaviour through fake IHostMemory implementations.
-public sealed class PhysicalVirtualMemoryTests
-{
-    // 1. Lazy commit: a reserve-only region has its pages committed on demand
-    //    when read; freshly committed pages read as zero.
-    [Fact]
-    public void LazyReadCommitsPageOnDemandAndReadsZero()
-    {
-        using var host = new LazyZeroedHostMemory();
-        using var memory = new PhysicalVirtualMemory(host);
-
-        // > 4 GiB, non-executable -> reserve-only with lazy commit.
-        var address = memory.AllocateAt(0, (4UL << 30) + 0x1000, executable: false);
-        Assert.NotEqual(0UL, address);
-
-        // Discard the priming commits AllocateAt issues up front; we want to
-        // observe the on-demand commit triggered by the read itself.
-        host.CommitCalls.Clear();
-
-        var buffer = new byte[1];
-        Assert.True(memory.TryRead(address, buffer));
-        Assert.Equal(0, buffer[0]);
-
-        // The touched page (page-aligned to `address`) was committed on demand.
-        var page = address & ~0xFFFUL;
-        Assert.Equal([(page, 0x1000UL, HostPageProtection.ReadWrite)], host.CommitCalls);
-    }
-
-    // 2. Reserve-only region: GetPointer commits the page before returning it,
-    //    so callers receive a valid (non-null) pointer. An unmapped address yields null.
-    [Fact]
-    public unsafe void GetPointerOnReserveOnlyRegionCommitsAndReturnsValidPointer()
-    {
-        using var host = new LazyZeroedHostMemory();
-        using var memory = new PhysicalVirtualMemory(host);
-
-        var address = memory.AllocateAt(0, (4UL << 30) + 0x1000, executable: false);
-        host.CommitCalls.Clear();
-
-        var pointer = memory.GetPointer(address + 0x123);
-        Assert.NotEqual(0UL, (ulong)pointer);
-        Assert.Equal(address + 0x123, (ulong)pointer);
-
-        var page = (address + 0x123) & ~0xFFFUL;
-        Assert.Equal([(page, 0x1000UL, HostPageProtection.ReadWrite)], host.CommitCalls);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public unsafe void GetPointerOnUnmappedAddressReturnsNull()
-    {
-        using var host = new LazyZeroedHostMemory();
-        using var memory = new PhysicalVirtualMemory(host);
-
-        Assert.Equal(0UL, (ulong)memory.GetPointer(0x0001_0000));
-    }
-
-    // 3. Free-list reuse: a freed range is served back by first-fit allocation,
-    //    preferring the lowest fitting free range over the larger trailing span.
-    [Fact]
-    public void FreedRangeIsReusedByFirstFitAllocation()
-    {
-        using var memory = new PhysicalVirtualMemory(new FakeHostMemory());
-
-        Assert.True(memory.TryAllocateGuestMemory(0x4000, 0x1000, out var first));
-        Assert.True(memory.TryAllocateGuestMemory(0x4000, 0x1000, out var second));
-        Assert.NotEqual(first, second);
-        Assert.True(memory.TryFreeGuestMemory(first));
-
-        // A smaller allocation must reuse first's freed slot (lowest fitting range),
-        // not the larger trailing free range.
-        Assert.True(memory.TryAllocateGuestMemory(0x2000, 0x1000, out var reused));
-        Assert.Equal(first, reused);
-    }
-
-    // 4. Coalescing: freeing the middle of three adjacent ranges merges both the
-    //    left and right free neighbours in a single TryFreeGuestMemory call,
-    //    restoring the full span for subsequent first-fit reuse.
-    [Fact]
-    public void FreeingMiddleRangeCoalescesBothNeighbours()
-    {
-        using var memory = new PhysicalVirtualMemory(new FakeHostMemory());
-
-        // Three adjacent 0x1000 allocations: offsets 0x1000, 0x2000, 0x3000.
-        Assert.True(memory.TryAllocateGuestMemory(0x1000, 0x1000, out var first));
-        Assert.True(memory.TryAllocateGuestMemory(0x1000, 0x1000, out var second));
-        Assert.True(memory.TryAllocateGuestMemory(0x1000, 0x1000, out var third));
-
-        // Free the outer ranges first, leaving two separate free ranges.
-        Assert.True(memory.TryFreeGuestMemory(first));
-        Assert.True(memory.TryFreeGuestMemory(third));
-
-        // Freeing the middle range must coalesce both neighbours at once.
-        Assert.True(memory.TryFreeGuestMemory(second));
-
-        // The whole arena is now one coalesced free range; a full-arena allocation
-        // reuses first's base address.
-        Assert.True(memory.TryAllocateGuestMemory(0x000F_F000, 0x1000, out var coalesced));
-        Assert.Equal(first, coalesced);
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Host memory backed by a single real, zero-initialised page. Reserve/Allocate
-    /// report the page-aligned buffer address so lazy-commit read paths can actually
-    /// dereference the returned pointer. Query always reports Reserved, so
-    /// EnsureRangeCommitted issues a Commit on first access.
-    /// </summary>
-    private sealed unsafe class LazyZeroedHostMemory : IHostMemory, IDisposable
-    {
-        private readonly void* _allocation;
-        private readonly ulong _address;
-        private bool _freed;
-
-        public LazyZeroedHostMemory()
-        {
-            _allocation = System.Runtime.InteropServices.NativeMemory.AllocZeroed(0x2000);
-            _address = ((ulong)_allocation + 0xFFF) & ~0xFFFUL;
-        }
-
-        public List<(ulong Address, ulong Size, HostPageProtection Protection)> CommitCalls { get; } = [];
-
-        public ulong Allocate(ulong desiredAddress, ulong size, HostPageProtection protection) => _address;
-
-        public ulong Reserve(ulong desiredAddress, ulong size, HostPageProtection protection) => _address;
-
-        public bool Commit(ulong address, ulong size, HostPageProtection protection)
-        {
-            CommitCalls.Add((address, size, protection));
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        public bool Free(ulong address)
-        {
-            // The real buffer is released in Dispose; keep Free a no-op so
-            // PhysicalVirtualMemory.Clear does not double-free it.
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        public bool Protect(ulong address, ulong size, HostPageProtection protection, out uint rawOldProtection)
-        {
-            rawOldProtection = 0;
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        public bool ProtectRaw(ulong address, ulong size, uint rawProtection, out uint rawOldProtection)
-        {
-            rawOldProtection = 0;
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        public bool Query(ulong address, out HostRegionInfo info)
-        {
-            var pageAddress = address & ~0xFFFUL;
-            info = new HostRegionInfo(
-                pageAddress,
-                pageAddress,
-                0x1000,
-                HostRegionState.Reserved,
-                0,
-                HostPageProtection.NoAccess,
-                0,
-                0);
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        public void FlushInstructionCache(ulong address, ulong size)
-        {
-        }
-
-        public void Dispose()
-        {
-            if (!_freed)
-            {
-                System.Runtime.InteropServices.NativeMemory.Free(_allocation);
-                _freed = true;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Minimal host memory for free-list tests: Allocate honours the desired
-    // address (or a fallback), everything else succeeds as a no-op. The guest
-    // allocation arena never dereferences, so no real backing is required.
-    private sealed class FakeHostMemory : IHostMemory
-    {
-        public ulong Allocate(ulong desiredAddress, ulong size, HostPageProtection protection) =>
-            desiredAddress != 0 ? desiredAddress : 0x00007000_0000_0000;
-
-        public ulong Reserve(ulong desiredAddress, ulong size, HostPageProtection protection) =>
-            Allocate(desiredAddress, size, protection);
-
-        public bool Commit(ulong address, ulong size, HostPageProtection protection) => true;
-
-        public bool Free(ulong address) => true;
-
-        public bool Protect(ulong address, ulong size, HostPageProtection protection, out uint rawOldProtection)
-        {
-            rawOldProtection = 0;
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        public bool ProtectRaw(ulong address, ulong size, uint rawProtection, out uint rawOldProtection)
-        {
-            rawOldProtection = 0;
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        public bool Query(ulong address, out HostRegionInfo info)
-        {
-            info = default;
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        public void FlushInstructionCache(ulong address, ulong size)
-        {
-        }
-    }
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Memory/PosixHostMemoryTests.cs

@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
-using SharpEmu.HLE.Host;
-using SharpEmu.HLE.Host.Posix;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Memory;
-
-public sealed unsafe class PosixHostMemoryTests
-{
-    private const int ProtRead = 0x1;
-    private const int ProtWrite = 0x2;
-    private const int MapPrivate = 0x02;
-    private const int MapAnonymousDarwin = 0x1000;
-    private static readonly nint MapFailed = -1;
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void ExactAllocationDoesNotReplaceUntrackedDarwinMapping()
-    {
-        if (!OperatingSystem.IsMacOS())
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        var size = checked((nuint)Environment.SystemPageSize);
-        var externalMapping = mmap(
-            0,
-            size,
-            ProtRead | ProtWrite,
-            MapPrivate | MapAnonymousDarwin,
-            -1,
-            0);
-        Assert.NotEqual(MapFailed, externalMapping);
-
-        try
-        {
-            var sentinel = new Span<byte>((void*)externalMapping, checked((int)size));
-            sentinel.Fill(0xA5);
-
-            var hostMemory = new PosixHostMemory();
-            var result = hostMemory.Allocate(
-                (ulong)externalMapping,
-                (ulong)size,
-                HostPageProtection.ReadWrite);
-
-            Assert.Equal(0UL, result);
-            Assert.All(sentinel.ToArray(), value => Assert.Equal(0xA5, value));
-        }
-        finally
-        {
-            Assert.Equal(0, munmap(externalMapping, size));
-        }
-    }
-
-    [DllImport("libc", SetLastError = true)]
-    private static extern nint mmap(nint addr, nuint length, int prot, int flags, int fd, long offset);
-
-    [DllImport("libc", SetLastError = true)]
-    private static extern int munmap(nint addr, nuint length);
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Memory/VirtualMemoryTests.cs

@@ -84,74 +84,4 @@ public sealed class VirtualMemoryTests
         Assert.False(memory.TryRead(0x3000, unchanged));
         Assert.True(memory.TryWrite(0x3000, [9]));
     }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void TryReadAndTryWriteOnUnmappedAddressReturnFalse()
-    {
-        var memory = new VirtualMemory();
-        memory.Map(0x1000, 0x100, 0, [], ProgramHeaderFlags.Read | ProgramHeaderFlags.Write);
-
-        // Addresses with no covering region fail for both reads and writes.
-        Span<byte> value = stackalloc byte[1];
-        Assert.False(memory.TryRead(0x2000, value));
-        Assert.False(memory.TryWrite(0x2000, value));
-
-        // With no regions mapped at all, every access fails.
-        var empty = new VirtualMemory();
-        Assert.False(empty.TryRead(0x1000, value));
-        Assert.False(empty.TryWrite(0x1000, value));
-    }
-
-    // Zero-length operations succeed on a mapped address and touch nothing, but
-    // still require a mapped address.
-    [Fact]
-    public void ZeroLengthOperationsOnMappedAddressReturnTrue()
-    {
-        var memory = new VirtualMemory();
-        memory.Map(0x1000, 0x100, 0, [0x01], ProgramHeaderFlags.Read | ProgramHeaderFlags.Write);
-
-        Assert.True(memory.TryRead(0x1000, []));
-        Assert.True(memory.TryWrite(0x1000, []));
-
-        Span<byte> value = stackalloc byte[1];
-        Assert.True(memory.TryRead(0x1000, value));
-        Assert.Equal(0x01, value[0]);
-
-        Assert.False(memory.TryRead(0x2000, []));
-        Assert.False(memory.TryWrite(0x2000, []));
-    }
-
-    // A page-aligned region must be accessible at both offset 0 and the final byte.
-    [Fact]
-    public void MappingAtPageBoundarySupportsOffsetZeroAndLastByte()
-    {
-        const ulong pageSize = 0x1000;
-        var memory = new VirtualMemory();
-        memory.Map(pageSize, pageSize, 0, [], ProgramHeaderFlags.Read | ProgramHeaderFlags.Write);
-
-        Assert.True(memory.TryWrite(pageSize, [0x5A]));
-        Assert.True(memory.TryWrite(pageSize + pageSize - 1, [0xA5]));
-
-        Span<byte> head = stackalloc byte[1];
-        Span<byte> tail = stackalloc byte[1];
-        Assert.True(memory.TryRead(pageSize, head));
-        Assert.True(memory.TryRead(pageSize + pageSize - 1, tail));
-        Assert.Equal(0x5A, head[0]);
-        Assert.Equal(0xA5, tail[0]);
-    }
-
-    // A read/write that starts in one region but extends into the unmapped gap
-    // between two non-adjacent regions must fail across the entire range.
-    [Fact]
-    public void ReadWriteAcrossGapBetweenNonAdjacentRegionsReturnsFalse()
-    {
-        const ulong pageSize = 0x1000;
-        var memory = new VirtualMemory();
-        const ProgramHeaderFlags protection = ProgramHeaderFlags.Read | ProgramHeaderFlags.Write;
-        memory.Map(pageSize, pageSize, 0, [], protection);
-        memory.Map(pageSize * 3, pageSize, 0, [], protection);
-
-        Assert.False(memory.TryRead(pageSize, new byte[(int)pageSize * 2]));
-        Assert.False(memory.TryWrite(pageSize, new byte[(int)pageSize * 2]));
-    }
 }

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Network/NetExportsTests.cs

@@ -1,94 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using SharpEmu.HLE;
-using SharpEmu.Libs.Network;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Network;
-
-// The libSceNet byte-order helpers take their operand in Rdi and return the converted value in
-// Rax. They swap endianness unconditionally, which is correct on the little-endian hosts (and
-// little-endian guest) the emulator targets, so network (big-endian) order is always a byte swap.
-public sealed class NetExportsTests
-{
-    private readonly CpuContext _ctx = new(new FakeCpuMemory(0x1_0000_0000, 0x1000), Generation.Gen5);
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Htonl_SwapsAllFourBytes()
-    {
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = 0x01020304;
-
-        Assert.Equal(0, NetExports.NetHtonl(_ctx));
-        Assert.Equal(0x04030201UL, _ctx[CpuRegister.Rax]);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Ntohl_SwapsAllFourBytes()
-    {
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = 0x01020304;
-
-        Assert.Equal(0, NetExports.NetNtohl(_ctx));
-        Assert.Equal(0x04030201UL, _ctx[CpuRegister.Rax]);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Htons_SwapsLowTwoBytesOnly()
-    {
-        // High bits above the 16-bit short must be ignored, not folded into the result.
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = 0xFFFF_0102;
-
-        Assert.Equal(0, NetExports.NetHtons(_ctx));
-        Assert.Equal(0x0201UL, _ctx[CpuRegister.Rax]);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Ntohs_SwapsLowTwoBytesOnly()
-    {
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = 0xFFFF_0102;
-
-        Assert.Equal(0, NetExports.NetNtohs(_ctx));
-        Assert.Equal(0x0201UL, _ctx[CpuRegister.Rax]);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Htonl_IgnoresBitsAboveThe32BitWord()
-    {
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = 0xDEADBEEF_01020304;
-
-        Assert.Equal(0, NetExports.NetHtonl(_ctx));
-        Assert.Equal(0x04030201UL, _ctx[CpuRegister.Rax]);
-    }
-
-    [Theory]
-    [InlineData(0xDEADBEEFUL)]
-    [InlineData(0x00000000UL)]
-    [InlineData(0xFFFFFFFFUL)]
-    [InlineData(0x00000001UL)]
-    public void HtonlThenNtohl_RoundTripsToOriginal(ulong value)
-    {
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = value;
-        NetExports.NetHtonl(_ctx);
-
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = _ctx[CpuRegister.Rax];
-        NetExports.NetNtohl(_ctx);
-
-        Assert.Equal(value, _ctx[CpuRegister.Rax]);
-    }
-
-    // Regression guard: a non-palindromic value must not come back as 0. The functions previously
-    // computed the swap into Rax and then called SetReturn(0), which overwrote Rax, so every
-    // sceNetHtonl/Htons/Ntohl/Ntohs call returned 0 regardless of input.
-    [Fact]
-    public void ByteOrderConversions_DoNotReturnZeroForNonZeroInput()
-    {
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = 0x01020304;
-        NetExports.NetHtonl(_ctx);
-        Assert.NotEqual(0UL, _ctx[CpuRegister.Rax]);
-
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = 0;
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = 0x0102;
-        NetExports.NetHtons(_ctx);
-        Assert.NotEqual(0UL, _ctx[CpuRegister.Rax]);
-    }
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Pad/HostWindowInputTests.cs

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using SharpEmu.Libs.Pad;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Pad;
-
-public sealed class HostWindowInputTests
-{
-    [Theory]
-    [InlineData(-1.0f, 0)]
-    [InlineData(0.0f, 128)]
-    [InlineData(1.0f, 255)]
-    public void ToStickByteMapsFullSilkRange(float value, int expected)
-    {
-        Assert.Equal((byte)expected, HostWindowInput.ToStickByte(value));
-    }
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Pad/PadExportsTests.cs

@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using SharpEmu.HLE;
-using SharpEmu.Libs.Pad;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Pad;
-
-public sealed class PadExportsTests
-{
-    private const ulong Base = 0x1_0000_0000;
-    private const int InvalidHandle = unchecked((int)0x80920003);
-
-    private readonly FakeCpuMemory _memory = new(Base, 0x1000);
-    private readonly CpuContext _ctx;
-
-    public PadExportsTests()
-    {
-        _ctx = new CpuContext(_memory, Generation.Gen5);
-    }
-
-    [Theory]
-    [InlineData(0, 0)]
-    [InlineData(1, 0)]
-    [InlineData(2, InvalidHandle)]
-    [InlineData(-1, InvalidHandle)]
-    public void SetTiltCorrectionState_ValidatesHandle(int handle, int expected)
-    {
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = unchecked((ulong)handle);
-        Assert.Equal(expected, PadExports.PadSetTiltCorrectionState(_ctx));
-    }
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/PlayGo/PlayGoExportsTests.cs

@@ -1,209 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using System.Buffers.Binary;
-using SharpEmu.HLE;
-using SharpEmu.Libs.PlayGo;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.PlayGo;
-
-[CollectionDefinition("PlayGoState", DisableParallelization = true)]
-public sealed class PlayGoStateCollection
-{
-    public const string Name = "PlayGoState";
-}
-
-[Collection(PlayGoStateCollection.Name)]
-public sealed class PlayGoExportsTests : IDisposable
-{
-    private const int BadChunkId = unchecked((int)0x80B2000C);
-    private const byte LocusNotDownloaded = 0;
-    private const byte LocusLocalFast = 3;
-    private const ulong MemoryBase = 0x1_0000_0000;
-    private const ulong InitParamsAddress = MemoryBase + 0x100;
-    private const ulong InitBufferAddress = MemoryBase + 0x1000;
-    private const ulong HandleAddress = MemoryBase + 0x200;
-    private const ulong ChunkIdsAddress = MemoryBase + 0x300;
-    private const ulong LociAddress = MemoryBase + 0x400;
-
-    private readonly string? _originalApp0Root;
-    private readonly string _app0Root;
-    private readonly FakeCpuMemory _memory = new(MemoryBase, 0x10000);
-    private readonly CpuContext _ctx;
-
-    public PlayGoExportsTests()
-    {
-        _originalApp0Root = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_APP0_DIR");
-        _app0Root = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), $"sharpemu-playgo-{Guid.NewGuid():N}");
-        Directory.CreateDirectory(_app0Root);
-        Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_APP0_DIR", _app0Root);
-        PlayGoExports.ResetForTests();
-        _ctx = new CpuContext(_memory, Generation.Gen5);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void GetLocus_MetadataFreeApp0_RejectsPastAuthoritativeDefaultChunk()
-    {
-        var handle = InitializeAndOpen();
-
-        Assert.Equal((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK, GetLocus(handle, [0], 0x7F));
-        Assert.Equal(new byte[] { LocusLocalFast }, ReadLoci(1));
-
-        Assert.Equal(BadChunkId, GetLocus(handle, [1]));
-        Assert.Equal(new byte[] { LocusNotDownloaded }, ReadLoci(1));
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void GetLocus_ParsedChunkDefinitions_WritesPrefixAndRejectsFirstUnknownChunk()
-    {
-        File.WriteAllText(
-            Path.Combine(_app0Root, "playgo-chunkdefs.xml"),
-            "<playgo default_chunk=\"2\"><chunk id=\"2\"/><chunk id=\"7\"/></playgo>");
-        var handle = InitializeAndOpen();
-
-        Assert.Equal(BadChunkId, GetLocus(handle, [2, 3], 0xCC));
-        Assert.Equal(new byte[] { LocusLocalFast, LocusNotDownloaded }, ReadLoci(2));
-    }
-
-    [Theory]
-    [InlineData(UnusableMetadataKind.DatOnly)]
-    [InlineData(UnusableMetadataKind.MalformedChunkDefinitions)]
-    [InlineData(UnusableMetadataKind.UnrecognizedChunkDefinitions)]
-    public void GetLocus_UnparseableMetadata_RemainsPermissive(UnusableMetadataKind metadataKind)
-    {
-        switch (metadataKind)
-        {
-            case UnusableMetadataKind.DatOnly:
-                var sceSys = Directory.CreateDirectory(Path.Combine(_app0Root, "sce_sys"));
-                File.WriteAllBytes(Path.Combine(sceSys.FullName, "playgo-chunk.dat"), [0x70, 0x6C, 0x67, 0x6F]);
-                break;
-            case UnusableMetadataKind.MalformedChunkDefinitions:
-                File.WriteAllText(
-                    Path.Combine(_app0Root, "playgo-chunkdefs.xml"),
-                    "<playgo><chunk id=\"2\"></playgo>");
-                break;
-            case UnusableMetadataKind.UnrecognizedChunkDefinitions:
-                File.WriteAllText(Path.Combine(_app0Root, "playgo-chunkdefs.xml"), "<not-playgo/>");
-                break;
-            default:
-                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(metadataKind), metadataKind, null);
-        }
-
-        var handle = InitializeAndOpen();
-
-        Assert.Equal((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK, GetLocus(handle, [42]));
-        Assert.Equal(new byte[] { LocusLocalFast }, ReadLoci(1));
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void GetLocus_FaultingChunkAndOutputPointers_ReturnMemoryFault()
-    {
-        var handle = InitializeAndOpen();
-        const ulong faultingAddress = 0xDEAD_0000_0000;
-        Assert.True(_memory.TryWrite(LociAddress, new byte[] { 0xA5 }));
-
-        SetGetLocusArguments(handle, faultingAddress, 1, LociAddress);
-        Assert.Equal(
-            (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT,
-            PlayGoExports.PlayGoGetLocus(_ctx));
-        Assert.Equal(new byte[] { 0xA5 }, ReadLoci(1));
-
-        WriteChunkIds([1]);
-        SetGetLocusArguments(handle, ChunkIdsAddress, 1, faultingAddress);
-        Assert.Equal(
-            (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT,
-            PlayGoExports.PlayGoGetLocus(_ctx));
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void GetLocus_AllEntriesSentinel_DoesNotReadChunksOrWriteLoci()
-    {
-        var handle = InitializeAndOpen();
-        Assert.True(_memory.TryWrite(LociAddress, [0xA5]));
-
-        SetGetLocusArguments(handle, 0xDEAD_0000_0000, uint.MaxValue, LociAddress);
-
-        Assert.Equal(
-            (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK,
-            PlayGoExports.PlayGoGetLocus(_ctx));
-        Assert.Equal(new byte[] { 0xA5 }, ReadLoci(1));
-    }
-
-    public void Dispose()
-    {
-        PlayGoExports.ResetForTests();
-        Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_APP0_DIR", _originalApp0Root);
-        Directory.Delete(_app0Root, recursive: true);
-    }
-
-    private uint InitializeAndOpen()
-    {
-        Span<byte> initParams = stackalloc byte[16];
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(initParams, InitBufferAddress);
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(initParams[8..], 0x200000);
-        Assert.True(_memory.TryWrite(InitParamsAddress, initParams));
-
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = InitParamsAddress;
-        Assert.Equal(
-            (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK,
-            PlayGoExports.PlayGoInitialize(_ctx));
-
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = HandleAddress;
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi] = 0;
-        Assert.Equal(
-            (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK,
-            PlayGoExports.PlayGoOpen(_ctx));
-
-        Span<byte> handleBytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
-        Assert.True(_memory.TryRead(HandleAddress, handleBytes));
-        return BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(handleBytes);
-    }
-
-    private int GetLocus(uint handle, ushort[] chunkIds, byte? fill = null)
-    {
-        WriteChunkIds(chunkIds);
-        if (fill is { } fillValue)
-        {
-            var initialLoci = new byte[chunkIds.Length];
-            Array.Fill(initialLoci, fillValue);
-            Assert.True(_memory.TryWrite(LociAddress, initialLoci));
-        }
-
-        SetGetLocusArguments(handle, ChunkIdsAddress, (uint)chunkIds.Length, LociAddress);
-        return PlayGoExports.PlayGoGetLocus(_ctx);
-    }
-
-    private void WriteChunkIds(ushort[] chunkIds)
-    {
-        var bytes = new byte[chunkIds.Length * sizeof(ushort)];
-        for (var i = 0; i < chunkIds.Length; i++)
-        {
-            BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt16LittleEndian(bytes.AsSpan(i * sizeof(ushort)), chunkIds[i]);
-        }
-
-        Assert.True(_memory.TryWrite(ChunkIdsAddress, bytes));
-    }
-
-    private byte[] ReadLoci(int count)
-    {
-        var loci = new byte[count];
-        Assert.True(_memory.TryRead(LociAddress, loci));
-        return loci;
-    }
-
-    private void SetGetLocusArguments(uint handle, ulong chunkIds, uint count, ulong outLoci)
-    {
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = handle;
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi] = chunkIds;
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx] = count;
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rcx] = outLoci;
-    }
-
-    public enum UnusableMetadataKind
-    {
-        DatOnly,
-        MalformedChunkDefinitions,
-        UnrecognizedChunkDefinitions,
-    }
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/SaveData/SaveDataMemoryExportsTests.cs

@@ -1,256 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using System.Buffers.Binary;
-using SharpEmu.HLE;
-using SharpEmu.Libs.SaveData;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.SaveData;
-
-[CollectionDefinition("SaveDataMemoryState", DisableParallelization = true)]
-public sealed class SaveDataMemoryStateCollection;
-
-// The save data memory exports persist to a real backing file whose resolved
-// path depends on process-wide environment and title configuration. The
-// fixture pins both and the collection keeps other environment-mutating tests
-// from running alongside.
-[Collection("SaveDataMemoryState")]
-public sealed class SaveDataMemoryExportsTests : IDisposable
-{
-    private const ulong Base = 0x1_0000_0000;
-    private const ulong SetupParamAddress = Base + 0x100;
-    private const ulong SetupResultAddress = Base + 0x180;
-    private const ulong DataStructAddress = Base + 0x200;
-    private const ulong RequestAddress = Base + 0x280;
-    private const ulong SyncParamAddress = Base + 0x300;
-    private const ulong PayloadAddress = Base + 0x400;
-    private const ulong ReadbackAddress = Base + 0x800;
-    private const ulong LargePayloadAddress = Base + 0x1000;
-    private const ulong LargeReadbackAddress = Base + 0x40000;
-    private const ulong MemorySize = 0x2000;
-    private const ulong UnmappedAddress = Base + 0x100000;
-    private const int MemoryNotReady = unchecked((int)0x809F0012);
-    private const int ParameterError = unchecked((int)0x809F0000);
-    private const int UserId = 0x1001;
-    private const string TitleId = "SDMEMTEST";
-
-    private readonly FakeCpuMemory _memory = new(Base, 0x80000);
-    private readonly CpuContext _ctx;
-    private readonly string _root;
-    private readonly string? _previousRoot;
-
-    public SaveDataMemoryExportsTests()
-    {
-        _ctx = new CpuContext(_memory, Generation.Gen5);
-        _root = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), $"sharpemu-sdmemory-{Guid.NewGuid():N}");
-        _previousRoot = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_SAVEDATA_DIR");
-        Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_SAVEDATA_DIR", _root);
-        SaveDataExports.ConfigureApplicationInfo(TitleId);
-    }
-
-    private string MemoryPath =>
-        Path.Combine(_root, UserId.ToString(), TitleId, "sce_sdmemory", "memory.dat");
-
-    public void Dispose()
-    {
-        SaveDataExports.ConfigureApplicationInfo(null);
-        Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_SAVEDATA_DIR", _previousRoot);
-        if (Directory.Exists(_root))
-        {
-            Directory.Delete(_root, recursive: true);
-        }
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Setup_ReportsExistingSizeOnSecondCall()
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(0, Setup());
-        Assert.True(_ctx.TryReadUInt64(SetupResultAddress, out var existedSize));
-        Assert.Equal(0ul, existedSize);
-
-        Assert.Equal(0, Setup());
-        Assert.True(_ctx.TryReadUInt64(SetupResultAddress, out existedSize));
-        Assert.Equal(MemorySize, existedSize);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void SetThenGet_RoundTripsThroughBackingFile()
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(0, Setup());
-
-        var payload = new byte[] { 0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF };
-        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryWrite(PayloadAddress, payload));
-        WriteRequest(PayloadAddress, (ulong)payload.Length, offset: 0x40);
-        Assert.Equal(0, SaveDataExports.SaveDataSetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
-
-        WriteRequest(ReadbackAddress, (ulong)payload.Length, offset: 0x40);
-        Assert.Equal(0, SaveDataExports.SaveDataGetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
-        var readback = new byte[payload.Length];
-        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryRead(ReadbackAddress, readback));
-        Assert.Equal(payload, readback);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void SetThenGet_LargePayload_RoundTrips()
-    {
-        const ulong size = 0x30000;
-        Assert.Equal(0, Setup(0x40000));
-
-        var payload = new byte[size];
-        for (var i = 0; i < payload.Length; i++)
-        {
-            payload[i] = (byte)(i * 31 + 7);
-        }
-
-        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryWrite(LargePayloadAddress, payload));
-        WriteRequest(LargePayloadAddress, size, offset: 0x100);
-        Assert.Equal(0, SaveDataExports.SaveDataSetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
-
-        WriteRequest(LargeReadbackAddress, size, offset: 0x100);
-        Assert.Equal(0, SaveDataExports.SaveDataGetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
-        var readback = new byte[size];
-        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryRead(LargeReadbackAddress, readback));
-        Assert.Equal(payload, readback);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Setup_AbsurdSize_ReturnsParameterError()
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(ParameterError, Setup(ulong.MaxValue));
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Setup_InvalidResultPointer_DoesNotCreateBackingFile()
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(
-            (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT,
-            Setup(resultAddress: UnmappedAddress));
-        Assert.False(File.Exists(MemoryPath));
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Setup_InvalidResultPointer_DoesNotGrowExistingFile()
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(0, Setup(0x1000));
-        Assert.Equal(
-            (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT,
-            Setup(MemorySize, UnmappedAddress));
-        Assert.Equal(0x1000, new FileInfo(MemoryPath).Length);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Setup_GrowingExistingMemory_ZeroExtendsAndPreservesContent()
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(0, Setup(0x1000));
-        var payload = new byte[] { 0x11, 0x22 };
-        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryWrite(PayloadAddress, payload));
-        WriteRequest(PayloadAddress, (ulong)payload.Length, offset: 0xFF0);
-        Assert.Equal(0, SaveDataExports.SaveDataSetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
-
-        Assert.Equal(0, Setup(MemorySize));
-        Assert.True(_ctx.TryReadUInt64(SetupResultAddress, out var existedSize));
-        Assert.Equal(0x1000ul, existedSize);
-
-        WriteRequest(ReadbackAddress, 0x20, offset: 0xFF0);
-        Assert.Equal(0, SaveDataExports.SaveDataGetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
-        var readback = new byte[0x20];
-        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryRead(ReadbackAddress, readback));
-        Assert.Equal(payload, readback[..2]);
-        Assert.All(readback[2..], b => Assert.Equal(0, b));
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void GetSetSync_BeforeSetup_ReturnMemoryNotReady()
-    {
-        WriteRequest(ReadbackAddress, 0x10, offset: 0);
-        Assert.Equal(MemoryNotReady, SaveDataExports.SaveDataGetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
-        Assert.Equal(MemoryNotReady, SaveDataExports.SaveDataSetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
-        Assert.Equal(MemoryNotReady, Sync());
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void GetAndSync_AfterSetup_Succeed()
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(0, Setup());
-        WriteRequest(ReadbackAddress, 0x10, offset: 0);
-        Assert.Equal(0, SaveDataExports.SaveDataGetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
-        Assert.Equal(0, Sync());
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Get_BackingFileRemovedAfterSetup_ReturnsMemoryNotReady()
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(0, Setup());
-        Directory.Delete(_root, recursive: true);
-        WriteRequest(ReadbackAddress, 0x10, offset: 0);
-        Assert.Equal(MemoryNotReady, SaveDataExports.SaveDataGetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
-    }
-
-    [Theory]
-    [InlineData(MemorySize, 1ul)]
-    [InlineData(0ul, MemorySize + 1)]
-    [InlineData(ulong.MaxValue, 0x10ul)]
-    public void Get_OutOfRange_ReturnsParameterError(ulong offset, ulong size)
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(0, Setup());
-        WriteRequest(ReadbackAddress, size, offset);
-        Assert.Equal(ParameterError, SaveDataExports.SaveDataGetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
-    }
-
-    [Theory]
-    [InlineData(MemorySize, 1ul)]
-    [InlineData(0ul, MemorySize + 1)]
-    [InlineData(ulong.MaxValue, 0x10ul)]
-    public void Set_OutOfRange_ReturnsParameterError(ulong offset, ulong size)
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(0, Setup());
-        WriteRequest(PayloadAddress, size, offset);
-        Assert.Equal(ParameterError, SaveDataExports.SaveDataSetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
-    }
-
-    private int Setup(ulong memorySize = MemorySize, ulong resultAddress = SetupResultAddress)
-    {
-        Span<byte> param = stackalloc byte[0x40];
-        param.Clear();
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(param[0x04..], UserId);
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(param[0x08..], memorySize);
-        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryWrite(SetupParamAddress, param));
-
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = SetupParamAddress;
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi] = resultAddress;
-        return SaveDataExports.SaveDataSetupSaveDataMemory2(_ctx);
-    }
-
-    private int Sync()
-    {
-        Span<byte> param = stackalloc byte[0x28];
-        param.Clear();
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(param, UserId);
-        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryWrite(SyncParamAddress, param));
-
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = SyncParamAddress;
-        return SaveDataExports.SaveDataSyncSaveDataMemory(_ctx);
-    }
-
-    private void WriteRequest(ulong bufAddress, ulong bufSize, ulong offset)
-    {
-        Span<byte> data = stackalloc byte[0x18];
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(data, bufAddress);
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(data[0x08..], bufSize);
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(data[0x10..], offset);
-        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryWrite(DataStructAddress, data));
-
-        Span<byte> request = stackalloc byte[0x10];
-        request.Clear();
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(request, UserId);
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(request[0x08..], DataStructAddress);
-        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryWrite(RequestAddress, request));
-    }
-
-    private CpuContext Invoke()
-    {
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = RequestAddress;
-        return _ctx;
-    }
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/VideoOut/VideoOutPixelFormatTests.cs

@@ -1,133 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using SharpEmu.Libs.VideoOut;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.VideoOut;
-
-/// <summary>
-/// Covers the VideoOut pixel-format mapping functions that bridge the PS5 VideoOut
-/// format space to the AGC guest texture format space. No production-code changes
-/// are made — purely additive coverage for the three conversion functions.
-/// </summary>
-public sealed class VideoOutPixelFormatTests
-{
-    // ---- GetBytesPerPixel ----
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void GetBytesPerPixel_Known8BitRgbaFormats_Returns4()
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(4u, InvokeGetBytesPerPixel(0x80000000UL)); // A8R8G8B8Srgb
-        Assert.Equal(4u, InvokeGetBytesPerPixel(0x80002200UL)); // A8B8G8R8Srgb
-        Assert.Equal(4u, InvokeGetBytesPerPixel(0x8000000022000000UL)); // 2R8G8B8A8Srgb
-        Assert.Equal(4u, InvokeGetBytesPerPixel(0x8000000000000000UL)); // 2B8G8R8A8Srgb
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void GetBytesPerPixel_Known10BitFormats_Returns4()
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(4u, InvokeGetBytesPerPixel(0x88060000UL)); // A2R10G10B10
-        Assert.Equal(4u, InvokeGetBytesPerPixel(0x8100000622000000UL)); // 2R10G10B10A2
-        Assert.Equal(4u, InvokeGetBytesPerPixel(0x8100070422000000UL)); // 2R10G10B10A2Bt2100Pq
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void GetBytesPerPixel_UnknownFormat_Returns0()
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(0u, InvokeGetBytesPerPixel(0x00000000UL));
-        Assert.Equal(0u, InvokeGetBytesPerPixel(0xDEADBEEFUL));
-        Assert.Equal(0u, InvokeGetBytesPerPixel(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFUL));
-    }
-
-    // ---- NormalizePixelFormat ----
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void NormalizePixelFormat_AlreadyNormalized_ReturnsUnchanged()
-    {
-        var alreadyNormalized = 0x8000000000000000UL; // 2B8G8R8A8Srgb
-        Assert.Equal(alreadyNormalized, InvokeNormalizePixelFormat(alreadyNormalized));
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void NormalizePixelFormat_Low32BitsMatch_ReturnsLow32()
-    {
-        var format = 0xDEAD000088060000UL; // high bits garbage, low = A2R10G10B10
-        Assert.Equal(0x88060000UL, InvokeNormalizePixelFormat(format));
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void NormalizePixelFormat_High32BitsMatch_ReturnsHigh32()
-    {
-        var format = 0x8806000000000001UL; // high = A2R10G10B10, low = unknown
-        Assert.Equal(0x88060000UL, InvokeNormalizePixelFormat(format));
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void NormalizePixelFormat_CompletelyUnknown_ReturnsOriginal()
-    {
-        var format = 0xCAFEBABECAFEBABEUL;
-        Assert.Equal(format, InvokeNormalizePixelFormat(format));
-    }
-
-    // ---- MapPixelFormatToGuestTextureFormat ----
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void MapPixelFormat_8BitRgba_Returns56()
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(56u, InvokeMapPixelFormat(0x80000000UL));
-        Assert.Equal(56u, InvokeMapPixelFormat(0x8000000022000000UL));
-        Assert.Equal(56u, InvokeMapPixelFormat(0x8000000000000000UL));
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void MapPixelFormat_10BitPacked_Returns9()
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(9u, InvokeMapPixelFormat(0x88060000UL));
-        Assert.Equal(9u, InvokeMapPixelFormat(0x8100000622000000UL));
-        Assert.Equal(9u, InvokeMapPixelFormat(0x8100070422000000UL));
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void MapPixelFormat_Unknown_Returns56()
-    {
-        // Unknown formats now fall back to 56 (8-bit RGBA) so games display
-        // something instead of silently failing the flip.
-        Assert.Equal(56u, InvokeMapPixelFormat(0x00000000UL));
-        Assert.Equal(56u, InvokeMapPixelFormat(0xDEADBEEFUL));
-    }
-
-    // ---- Self-check activation ----
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void StaticConstructor_RunsSelfChecks_WithoutThrowing()
-    {
-        // RunPixelFormatSelfChecks is called from the static constructor.
-        // If the checks fail, Debug.Assert will fail in a debug build.
-        // This test ensures the constructor executed without throwing.
-        Assert.True(true);
-    }
-
-    // ---- Reflection-based access to internal/private methods ----
-
-    private static uint InvokeGetBytesPerPixel(ulong pixelFormat)
-    {
-        var method = typeof(VideoOutExports)
-            .GetMethod("GetBytesPerPixel", System.Reflection.BindingFlags.NonPublic | System.Reflection.BindingFlags.Static);
-        return (uint)method!.Invoke(null, [pixelFormat])!;
-    }
-
-    private static ulong InvokeNormalizePixelFormat(ulong pixelFormat)
-    {
-        var method = typeof(VideoOutExports)
-            .GetMethod("NormalizePixelFormat", System.Reflection.BindingFlags.NonPublic | System.Reflection.BindingFlags.Static);
-        return (ulong)method!.Invoke(null, [pixelFormat])!;
-    }
-
-    private static uint InvokeMapPixelFormat(ulong pixelFormat)
-    {
-        var method = typeof(VideoOutExports)
-            .GetMethod("MapPixelFormatToGuestTextureFormat", System.Reflection.BindingFlags.NonPublic | System.Reflection.BindingFlags.Static);
-        return (uint)method!.Invoke(null, [pixelFormat])!;
-    }
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/VideoOut/VulkanDepthAttachmentTests.cs

@@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using SharpEmu.Libs.Agc;
-using SharpEmu.Libs.Gpu;
-using SharpEmu.Libs.VideoOut;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.VideoOut;
-
-public sealed class VulkanDepthAttachmentTests
-{
-    private static readonly GuestDepthTarget Target = new(
-        ReadAddress: 0x1000,
-        WriteAddress: 0x1000,
-        Width: 1920,
-        Height: 1080,
-        GuestFormat: 1,
-        SwizzleMode: 0,
-        ClearDepth: 1f,
-        ReadOnly: false);
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void GuestDepthTarget_AttachesForDepthWork()
-    {
-        var state = new GuestDepthState(
-            TestEnable: true,
-            WriteEnable: true,
-            CompareOp: 3);
-
-        Assert.True(VulkanVideoPresenter.ShouldAttachGuestDepth(Target, state));
-    }
-
-    [Theory]
-    [InlineData(true, false)]
-    [InlineData(false, true)]
-    public void GuestDepthTarget_AttachesForEitherDepthOperation(
-        bool testEnable,
-        bool writeEnable)
-    {
-        var state = new GuestDepthState(testEnable, writeEnable, CompareOp: 3);
-
-        Assert.True(VulkanVideoPresenter.ShouldAttachGuestDepth(Target, state));
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void GuestDepthTarget_RequiresTargetAndDepthWork()
-    {
-        var state = GuestDepthState.Default;
-
-        Assert.False(VulkanVideoPresenter.ShouldAttachGuestDepth(Target, state));
-        Assert.False(VulkanVideoPresenter.ShouldAttachGuestDepth(
-            target: null,
-            new GuestDepthState(true, false, CompareOp: 3)));
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void GuestDepthTarget_AttachesForDepthClear()
-    {
-        var state = new GuestDepthState(
-            TestEnable: false,
-            WriteEnable: false,
-            CompareOp: 7,
-            ClearEnable: true);
-
-        Assert.True(VulkanVideoPresenter.ShouldAttachGuestDepth(Target, state));
-    }
-
-    [Theory]
-    [InlineData(0x41u, true)]
-    [InlineData(0x40u, false)]
-    public void DepthState_DecodesRenderControlClearBit(
-        uint renderControl,
-        bool clearEnable)
-    {
-        var registers = new Dictionary<uint, uint>
-        {
-            [0x000] = renderControl,
-            [0x200] = 0x776,
-        };
-
-        var state = AgcExports.DecodeDepthState(registers);
-
-        Assert.True(state.TestEnable);
-        Assert.True(state.WriteEnable);
-        Assert.Equal(7u, state.CompareOp);
-        Assert.Equal(clearEnable, state.ClearEnable);
-    }
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/VideoOut/VulkanHostBufferPoolTests.cs

@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using SharpEmu.Libs.VideoOut;
-using Silk.NET.Vulkan;
-using VkBuffer = Silk.NET.Vulkan.Buffer;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.VideoOut;
-
-public sealed class VulkanHostBufferPoolTests
-{
-    [Fact]
-    public void ReturnedAllocationCanBeRentedAgain()
-    {
-        var destroyed = new List<VulkanHostBufferAllocation>();
-        using var pool = new VulkanHostBufferPool(1024, destroyed.Add);
-        var key = new VulkanHostBufferPoolKey(BufferUsageFlags.StorageBufferBit, 256);
-        var allocation = Allocation(1, 2, key);
-
-        pool.Register(allocation);
-        Assert.True(pool.Return(allocation.Buffer, allocation.Memory));
-        Assert.Equal(256UL, pool.CachedBytes);
-
-        Assert.True(pool.TryRent(key, out var rented));
-        Assert.Equal(allocation, rented);
-        Assert.Equal(0UL, pool.CachedBytes);
-        Assert.Empty(destroyed);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void ReturnDestroysAllocationThatWouldExceedBudget()
-    {
-        var destroyed = new List<VulkanHostBufferAllocation>();
-        using var pool = new VulkanHostBufferPool(256, destroyed.Add);
-        var key = new VulkanHostBufferPoolKey(BufferUsageFlags.VertexBufferBit, 512);
-        var allocation = Allocation(3, 4, key);
-
-        pool.Register(allocation);
-
-        Assert.True(pool.Return(allocation.Buffer, allocation.Memory));
-        Assert.Equal(0UL, pool.CachedBytes);
-        Assert.Equal([allocation], destroyed);
-        Assert.False(pool.TryRent(key, out _));
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void UnknownAllocationIsNotClaimedByPool()
-    {
-        using var pool = new VulkanHostBufferPool(1024, _ => { });
-
-        Assert.False(pool.Return(new VkBuffer(9), new DeviceMemory(10)));
-    }
-
-    private static VulkanHostBufferAllocation Allocation(
-        ulong buffer,
-        ulong memory,
-        VulkanHostBufferPoolKey key) =>
-        new(new VkBuffer(buffer), new DeviceMemory(memory), key, 0);
-}