[libc] use C locale for printf

.github/workflows/workflow.yml

@@ -7,8 +7,6 @@ on:
   push:
     branches:
       - "**"
-    tags:
-      - "v*"
     paths-ignore:
       - "**/*.md"
       - "**/*.png"
@@ -55,11 +53,6 @@ jobs:
           release_tag="v${version}"
           release_name="SharpEmu v${version}"
 
-          if [ "${GITHUB_REF_TYPE}" = "tag" ] && [ "${GITHUB_REF_NAME}" != "${release_tag}" ]; then
-            echo "Release tag ${GITHUB_REF_NAME} does not match project version ${release_tag}." >&2
-            exit 1
-          fi
-
           {
             echo "short-sha=${short_sha}"
             echo "safe-ref=${safe_ref}"
@@ -210,9 +203,7 @@ jobs:
       - init
       - build
       - build-posix
-    # Versioned releases are immutable and tag-driven. Branch and manual runs
-    # still produce Actions artifacts without modifying a published release.
-    if: github.event_name == 'push' && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v')
+    if: github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/main')
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     permissions:
       contents: write
@@ -222,7 +213,7 @@ jobs:
         with:
           path: release
 
-      - name: Create release
+      - name: Create or update release
         shell: bash
         env:
           GH_REPO: ${{ github.repository }}
@@ -240,11 +231,26 @@ jobs:
           notes="Automated SharpEmu v${VERSION} build for commit ${GITHUB_SHA}."
 
           if gh release view "${RELEASE_TAG}" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-            echo "Release ${RELEASE_TAG} already exists and will not be modified." >&2
-            exit 1
+            gh release upload "${RELEASE_TAG}" "${assets[@]}" --clobber
+            gh release edit "${RELEASE_TAG}" --title "${RELEASE_NAME}" --notes "${notes}"
+          else
+            gh release create "${RELEASE_TAG}" "${assets[@]}" \
+              --title "${RELEASE_NAME}" \
+              --notes "${notes}" \
+              --target "${GITHUB_SHA}"
           fi
 
-          gh release create "${RELEASE_TAG}" "${assets[@]}" \
-            --verify-tag \
-            --title "${RELEASE_NAME}" \
-            --notes "${notes}"
+          keep=()
+          for asset_path in "${assets[@]}"; do
+            keep+=("$(basename "${asset_path}")")
+          done
+          mapfile -t release_assets < <(gh release view "${RELEASE_TAG}" --json assets --jq '.assets[].name' | sort)
+          for asset in "${release_assets[@]}"; do
+            case "${asset}" in
+              sharpemu-${VERSION}-*.zip|sharpemu-${VERSION}-*.tar.gz)
+                if ! printf '%s\n' "${keep[@]}" | grep -Fxq "${asset}"; then
+                  gh release delete-asset "${RELEASE_TAG}" "${asset}" --yes
+                fi
+                ;;
+            esac
+          done

Directory.Build.props

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
     <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
     <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
     <GenerateDocumentationFile>true</GenerateDocumentationFile>
-    <SharpEmuVersion>0.0.2</SharpEmuVersion>
+    <SharpEmuVersion>0.0.1</SharpEmuVersion>
     <Version>$(SharpEmuVersion)</Version>
 
     <RepoRoot>$([MSBuild]::NormalizeDirectory('$(MSBuildThisFileDirectory)'))</RepoRoot>

README.md

@@ -41,16 +41,6 @@ This project is developed purely for research and educational purposes. There ar
 SharpEmu focuses exclusively on the PlayStation 5.  
 Our goal is **not** to emulate PS4 games, as there is already an excellent emulator dedicated to that platform: **ShadPS4**.
 
-## Games Tested
-
-|               Demons Souls Remake                   |                     Dreaming Sarah                         |
-| :-----------------------------------------------------------: | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: |
-| ![Bloodborne screenshot](./.github/images/demons-souls.jpg) | ![Dreaming Sarah](./.github/images/dreaming-sarah.jpg) |
-
-|                  Void Terrarium                     |                 Dead Cells                    |
-| :------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :------------------------------------------------------------------: |
-| ![Void Terrarium](./.github/images/void-terrarium.jpg) | ![Dead Cells](./.github/images/dead-cells.jpg) |
-
 ## Status
 
 The emulator can currently load the `eboot.bin` of real games, execute native CPU instructions, and partially handle kernel-related functionality. However, several critical components are still missing.
@@ -98,6 +88,25 @@ chmod +x ./SharpEmu
 A Vulkan-capable GPU and current graphics driver are required. The macOS
 release includes the MoltenVK Vulkan implementation.
 
+## Games Tested
+
+* **Demon's Souls Remake**
+  * [Demon's Souls [PPSA01341]](https://github.com/sharpemu/sharpemu/issues/2)
+  * Demon's Souls is now video loop. Shaders are ready to be converted to SPIR-V/Vulkan. We are continuing our work on this.
+  ![DeS videoOut submit first frame](./.github/images/des-videoout-shaders.jpg)
+
+* **Poppy Playtime Chapter 1**
+  * [Poppy Playtime Chapter 1 [PPSA20591]](https://github.com/sharpemu/sharpemu/issues/3)
+
+* **SILENT HILL: The Short Message**
+  * [SILENT HILL: The Short Message [PPSA10112]](https://github.com/sharpemu/sharpemu/issues/4)
+
+* **Dreaming Sarah**
+  * [Dreaming Sarah [PPSA02929]](https://github.com/sharpemu/sharpemu/issues/9)
+  * Real texture rendering for this game;
+  ![Splash texture](./.github/images/dreaming-sarah.jpg)
+
+
 > [!IMPORTANT]  
 > This project does **not** support or condone piracy.  
 > All games used during development and testing are dumped from consoles that we personally own.  

scripts/release.py

@@ -1,408 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-
-# Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import argparse
-import re
-import subprocess
-import sys
-from pathlib import Path
-
-
-VERSION_PATTERN = re.compile(r"^\d+\.\d+\.\d+(?:-[0-9A-Za-z.-]+)?$")
-VERSION_ELEMENT_PATTERN = re.compile(
-    r"(<SharpEmuVersion>)([^<]+)(</SharpEmuVersion>)"
-)
-
-
-class ReleaseError(RuntimeError):
-    pass
-
-
-def run_git(
-    *args: str,
-    cwd: Path,
-    capture_output: bool = False,
-) -> str:
-    command = ["git", *args]
-
-    try:
-        result = subprocess.run(
-            command,
-            cwd=cwd,
-            check=True,
-            text=True,
-            capture_output=capture_output,
-        )
-    except FileNotFoundError:
-        raise ReleaseError("Git was not found in PATH.") from None
-    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
-        stderr = error.stderr.strip() if error.stderr else ""
-        detail = f"\n{stderr}" if stderr else ""
-
-        raise ReleaseError(
-            f"Git command failed: {' '.join(command)}{detail}"
-        ) from error
-
-    return result.stdout.strip() if capture_output else ""
-
-
-def find_repository_root(script_path: Path) -> Path:
-    root = run_git(
-        "rev-parse",
-        "--show-toplevel",
-        cwd=script_path.resolve().parent,
-        capture_output=True,
-    )
-
-    return Path(root)
-
-
-def get_status(repository_root: Path) -> str:
-    return run_git(
-        "status",
-        "--porcelain",
-        cwd=repository_root,
-        capture_output=True,
-    )
-
-
-def ensure_clean_worktree(repository_root: Path) -> None:
-    status = get_status(repository_root)
-
-    if status:
-        raise ReleaseError(
-            "The working tree is not clean.\n\n"
-            f"{status}\n\n"
-            "Commit, stash, or remove these changes first."
-        )
-
-
-def get_current_branch(repository_root: Path) -> str:
-    branch = run_git(
-        "branch",
-        "--show-current",
-        cwd=repository_root,
-        capture_output=True,
-    )
-
-    if not branch:
-        raise ReleaseError(
-            "HEAD is detached. Switch to a branch before continuing."
-        )
-
-    return branch
-
-
-def ensure_branch_does_not_exist(
-    repository_root: Path,
-    branch: str,
-    remote: str,
-) -> None:
-    local_branch = run_git(
-        "branch",
-        "--list",
-        branch,
-        cwd=repository_root,
-        capture_output=True,
-    )
-
-    if local_branch:
-        raise ReleaseError(f"Branch {branch} already exists locally.")
-
-    remote_branch = run_git(
-        "ls-remote",
-        "--heads",
-        remote,
-        branch,
-        cwd=repository_root,
-        capture_output=True,
-    )
-
-    if remote_branch:
-        raise ReleaseError(
-            f"Branch {branch} already exists on {remote}."
-        )
-
-
-def ensure_tag_does_not_exist(
-    repository_root: Path,
-    tag: str,
-    remote: str,
-) -> None:
-    local_tag = run_git(
-        "tag",
-        "--list",
-        tag,
-        cwd=repository_root,
-        capture_output=True,
-    )
-
-    if local_tag:
-        raise ReleaseError(f"Tag {tag} already exists locally.")
-
-    remote_tag = run_git(
-        "ls-remote",
-        "--tags",
-        remote,
-        f"refs/tags/{tag}",
-        cwd=repository_root,
-        capture_output=True,
-    )
-
-    if remote_tag:
-        raise ReleaseError(f"Tag {tag} already exists on {remote}.")
-
-
-def read_version(props_path: Path) -> str:
-    if not props_path.exists():
-        raise ReleaseError(f"Version file not found: {props_path}")
-
-    content = props_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
-    match = VERSION_ELEMENT_PATTERN.search(content)
-
-    if match is None:
-        raise ReleaseError(
-            f"SharpEmuVersion was not found in {props_path.name}."
-        )
-
-    return match.group(2).strip()
-
-
-def update_version(props_path: Path, version: str) -> str:
-    content = props_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
-    current_version = read_version(props_path)
-
-    if current_version == version:
-        raise ReleaseError(
-            f"SharpEmuVersion is already set to {version}."
-        )
-
-    updated_content, replacement_count = VERSION_ELEMENT_PATTERN.subn(
-        rf"\g<1>{version}\g<3>",
-        content,
-        count=1,
-    )
-
-    if replacement_count != 1:
-        raise ReleaseError(
-            "Expected exactly one SharpEmuVersion element."
-        )
-
-    props_path.write_text(
-        updated_content,
-        encoding="utf-8",
-        newline="\n",
-    )
-
-    return current_version
-
-
-def prepare_release(
-    repository_root: Path,
-    props_path: Path,
-    version: str,
-    remote: str,
-) -> None:
-    ensure_clean_worktree(repository_root)
-
-    current_branch = get_current_branch(repository_root)
-
-    if current_branch != "main":
-        raise ReleaseError(
-            f"Prepare must be run from main, not {current_branch}."
-        )
-
-    run_git(
-        "pull",
-        "--ff-only",
-        remote,
-        "main",
-        cwd=repository_root,
-    )
-
-    branch = f"release/{version}"
-    ensure_branch_does_not_exist(
-        repository_root,
-        branch,
-        remote,
-    )
-
-    previous_version = read_version(props_path)
-
-    run_git(
-        "switch",
-        "-c",
-        branch,
-        cwd=repository_root,
-    )
-
-    try:
-        update_version(props_path, version)
-
-        relative_props_path = props_path.relative_to(repository_root)
-
-        run_git(
-            "add",
-            relative_props_path.as_posix(),
-            cwd=repository_root,
-        )
-        run_git(
-            "commit",
-            "-m",
-            f"chore: bump version to {version}",
-            cwd=repository_root,
-        )
-        run_git(
-            "push",
-            "-u",
-            remote,
-            branch,
-            cwd=repository_root,
-        )
-    except Exception:
-        print(
-            "\nPrepare failed. The release branch may still exist locally.",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        raise
-
-    print()
-    print(f"Prepared release {previous_version} -> {version}")
-    print(f"Branch pushed: {branch}")
-    print()
-    print("Open a pull request from:")
-    print(f"  {branch}")
-    print("into:")
-    print("  main")
-    print()
-    print("After merging the PR, run:")
-    print(f"  python scripts/release.py tag {version}")
-
-
-def create_release_tag(
-    repository_root: Path,
-    props_path: Path,
-    version: str,
-    remote: str,
-) -> None:
-    ensure_clean_worktree(repository_root)
-
-    current_branch = get_current_branch(repository_root)
-
-    if current_branch != "main":
-        raise ReleaseError(
-            f"Tagging must be run from main, not {current_branch}."
-        )
-
-    run_git(
-        "pull",
-        "--ff-only",
-        remote,
-        "main",
-        cwd=repository_root,
-    )
-
-    current_version = read_version(props_path)
-
-    if current_version != version:
-        raise ReleaseError(
-            "Version mismatch:\n"
-            f"  Directory.Build.props: {current_version}\n"
-            f"  Requested tag:         {version}"
-        )
-
-    tag = f"v{version}"
-
-    ensure_tag_does_not_exist(
-        repository_root,
-        tag,
-        remote,
-    )
-
-    run_git(
-        "tag",
-        "-a",
-        tag,
-        "-m",
-        f"SharpEmu {version}",
-        cwd=repository_root,
-    )
-    run_git(
-        "push",
-        remote,
-        tag,
-        cwd=repository_root,
-    )
-
-    print()
-    print(f"Successfully pushed tag {tag}.")
-    print("The release workflow should start automatically.")
-
-
-def parse_arguments() -> argparse.Namespace:
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
-        description="Prepare or tag a SharpEmu release."
-    )
-
-    subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(
-        dest="command",
-        required=True,
-    )
-
-    for command in ("prepare", "tag"):
-        subparser = subparsers.add_parser(command)
-        subparser.add_argument(
-            "version",
-            help="Version without the v prefix, e.g. 0.0.2-beta.2.",
-        )
-        subparser.add_argument(
-            "--remote",
-            default="origin",
-            help="Git remote. Default: origin.",
-        )
-
-    arguments = parser.parse_args()
-
-    if not VERSION_PATTERN.fullmatch(arguments.version):
-        parser.error(
-            "Version must look like 0.0.2, "
-            "0.0.2-beta.2, or 0.0.2-rc.1."
-        )
-
-    return arguments
-
-
-def main() -> int:
-    arguments = parse_arguments()
-
-    try:
-        repository_root = find_repository_root(Path(__file__))
-        props_path = repository_root / "Directory.Build.props"
-
-        if arguments.command == "prepare":
-            prepare_release(
-                repository_root,
-                props_path,
-                arguments.version,
-                arguments.remote,
-            )
-        else:
-            create_release_tag(
-                repository_root,
-                props_path,
-                arguments.version,
-                arguments.remote,
-            )
-    except ReleaseError as error:
-        print(f"Error: {error}", file=sys.stderr)
-        return 1
-
-    return 0
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    raise SystemExit(main())

src/SharpEmu.Core/Cpu/Emulation/BmiInstructionEmulator.cs

@@ -1,305 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using System.Numerics;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Core.Cpu.Emulation;
-
-/// <summary>
-/// Pure software implementations of the BMI1, BMI2 and ABM general-purpose-register
-/// bit-manipulation instructions.
-///
-/// The direct-execution backend runs guest PS5 code natively on the host CPU. The PS5's
-/// Zen 2 cores implement BMI1/BMI2/ABM, but a host CPU that predates those extensions raises
-/// #UD (STATUS_ILLEGAL_INSTRUCTION) when it meets one of these opcodes. This class provides the
-/// register-only arithmetic so the exception handler can finish the instruction in software and
-/// resume, instead of aborting the title.
-///
-/// The methods deliberately operate on plain integers rather than on the OS CONTEXT record so the
-/// semantics can be unit-tested in isolation; the unsafe register/memory plumbing lives in the
-/// backend adapter. Each method returns the result already masked to the operand width and, where
-/// the instruction is defined to touch flags, updates <paramref name="eflags"/> in place. Flags
-/// documented as "undefined" by the vendor manuals are left untouched so behaviour stays
-/// deterministic across hosts.
-/// </summary>
-public static class BmiInstructionEmulator
-{
-    private const uint FlagCarry = 1u << 0;
-    private const uint FlagZero = 1u << 6;
-    private const uint FlagSign = 1u << 7;
-    private const uint FlagOverflow = 1u << 11;
-
-    private static ulong WidthMask(GprOperandSize size) =>
-        size == GprOperandSize.Bits64 ? ulong.MaxValue : 0xFFFF_FFFFUL;
-
-    private static int WidthBits(GprOperandSize size) => (int)size;
-
-    private static bool SignSet(ulong value, GprOperandSize size) =>
-        size == GprOperandSize.Bits64 ? (value >> 63) != 0 : (value & 0x8000_0000UL) != 0;
-
-    private static uint WithFlag(uint eflags, uint flag, bool set) =>
-        set ? eflags | flag : eflags & ~flag;
-
-    // Applies the CF/ZF/SF/OF set shared by ANDN/BLS*/BZHI: OF is always cleared, ZF and SF follow
-    // the result, and the caller supplies CF because each instruction defines it differently.
-    private static uint ApplyLogicFlags(uint eflags, ulong result, GprOperandSize size, bool carry)
-    {
-        eflags = WithFlag(eflags, FlagCarry, carry);
-        eflags = WithFlag(eflags, FlagZero, result == 0);
-        eflags = WithFlag(eflags, FlagSign, SignSet(result, size));
-        eflags = WithFlag(eflags, FlagOverflow, false);
-        return eflags;
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>ANDN: <c>dest = (~src1) &amp; src2</c>. CF and OF are cleared.</summary>
-    public static ulong Andn(ulong src1, ulong src2, GprOperandSize size, ref uint eflags)
-    {
-        var result = (~src1 & src2) & WidthMask(size);
-        eflags = ApplyLogicFlags(eflags, result, size, carry: false);
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>BLSI: isolate the lowest set bit, <c>dest = (-src) &amp; src</c>. CF = (src != 0).</summary>
-    public static ulong Blsi(ulong src, GprOperandSize size, ref uint eflags)
-    {
-        var mask = WidthMask(size);
-        var s = src & mask;
-        var result = ((0UL - s) & s) & mask;
-        eflags = ApplyLogicFlags(eflags, result, size, carry: s != 0);
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>BLSMSK: mask up to and including the lowest set bit, <c>dest = (src - 1) ^ src</c>. CF = (src == 0).</summary>
-    public static ulong Blsmsk(ulong src, GprOperandSize size, ref uint eflags)
-    {
-        var mask = WidthMask(size);
-        var s = src & mask;
-        var result = ((s - 1) ^ s) & mask;
-        eflags = ApplyLogicFlags(eflags, result, size, carry: s == 0);
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>BLSR: reset the lowest set bit, <c>dest = (src - 1) &amp; src</c>. CF = (src == 0).</summary>
-    public static ulong Blsr(ulong src, GprOperandSize size, ref uint eflags)
-    {
-        var mask = WidthMask(size);
-        var s = src & mask;
-        var result = ((s - 1) & s) & mask;
-        eflags = ApplyLogicFlags(eflags, result, size, carry: s == 0);
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// BEXTR: extract <c>len</c> bits of <paramref name="src"/> starting at bit <c>start</c>, where
-    /// start = control[7:0] and len = control[15:8]. Only ZF (per result) and cleared CF/OF are defined.
-    /// </summary>
-    public static ulong Bextr(ulong src, ulong control, GprOperandSize size, ref uint eflags)
-    {
-        var bits = WidthBits(size);
-        var start = (int)(control & 0xFF);
-        var length = (int)((control >> 8) & 0xFF);
-
-        ulong result;
-        if (start >= bits)
-        {
-            result = 0;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            var shifted = (src & WidthMask(size)) >> start;
-            if (length == 0)
-            {
-                result = 0;
-            }
-            else if (length >= bits)
-            {
-                result = shifted;
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                result = shifted & ((1UL << length) - 1);
-            }
-        }
-
-        result &= WidthMask(size);
-        eflags = WithFlag(eflags, FlagZero, result == 0);
-        eflags = WithFlag(eflags, FlagCarry, false);
-        eflags = WithFlag(eflags, FlagOverflow, false);
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// BZHI: zero the bits of <paramref name="src"/> from bit position <c>index[7:0]</c> upward.
-    /// CF is set when the requested position is at or beyond the operand width.
-    /// </summary>
-    public static ulong Bzhi(ulong src, ulong index, GprOperandSize size, ref uint eflags)
-    {
-        var bits = WidthBits(size);
-        var mask = WidthMask(size);
-        var s = src & mask;
-        var n = (int)(index & 0xFF);
-
-        ulong result;
-        bool carry;
-        if (n >= bits)
-        {
-            result = s;
-            carry = true;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            result = s & ((1UL << n) - 1);
-            carry = false;
-        }
-
-        eflags = ApplyLogicFlags(eflags, result, size, carry);
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>TZCNT: count trailing zero bits. If src == 0 the result is the operand width and CF is set.</summary>
-    public static ulong Tzcnt(ulong src, GprOperandSize size, ref uint eflags)
-    {
-        var bits = WidthBits(size);
-        var s = src & WidthMask(size);
-
-        ulong result;
-        bool carry;
-        if (s == 0)
-        {
-            result = (ulong)bits;
-            carry = true;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            result = (ulong)(size == GprOperandSize.Bits64
-                ? BitOperations.TrailingZeroCount(s)
-                : BitOperations.TrailingZeroCount((uint)s));
-            carry = false;
-        }
-
-        eflags = WithFlag(eflags, FlagCarry, carry);
-        eflags = WithFlag(eflags, FlagZero, result == 0);
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>LZCNT: count leading zero bits. If src == 0 the result is the operand width and CF is set.</summary>
-    public static ulong Lzcnt(ulong src, GprOperandSize size, ref uint eflags)
-    {
-        var bits = WidthBits(size);
-        var s = src & WidthMask(size);
-
-        ulong result;
-        bool carry;
-        if (s == 0)
-        {
-            result = (ulong)bits;
-            carry = true;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            result = (ulong)(size == GprOperandSize.Bits64
-                ? BitOperations.LeadingZeroCount(s)
-                : BitOperations.LeadingZeroCount((uint)s));
-            carry = false;
-        }
-
-        eflags = WithFlag(eflags, FlagCarry, carry);
-        eflags = WithFlag(eflags, FlagZero, result == 0);
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>RORX: rotate <paramref name="src"/> right by <paramref name="count"/> (masked to the operand width). No flags.</summary>
-    public static ulong Rorx(ulong src, int count, GprOperandSize size)
-    {
-        var bits = WidthBits(size);
-        var mask = WidthMask(size);
-        var s = src & mask;
-        var rotate = count & (bits - 1);
-        if (rotate == 0)
-        {
-            return s;
-        }
-
-        return ((s >> rotate) | (s << (bits - rotate))) & mask;
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>SARX: arithmetic shift right by <paramref name="count"/> (masked to the operand width). No flags.</summary>
-    public static ulong Sarx(ulong src, int count, GprOperandSize size)
-    {
-        var bits = WidthBits(size);
-        var mask = WidthMask(size);
-        var shift = count & (bits - 1);
-        if (size == GprOperandSize.Bits64)
-        {
-            return (ulong)((long)src >> shift);
-        }
-
-        return (ulong)(uint)((int)(uint)src >> shift) & mask;
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>SHLX: logical shift left by <paramref name="count"/> (masked to the operand width). No flags.</summary>
-    public static ulong Shlx(ulong src, int count, GprOperandSize size)
-    {
-        var bits = WidthBits(size);
-        var mask = WidthMask(size);
-        var shift = count & (bits - 1);
-        return (src << shift) & mask;
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>SHRX: logical shift right by <paramref name="count"/> (masked to the operand width). No flags.</summary>
-    public static ulong Shrx(ulong src, int count, GprOperandSize size)
-    {
-        var bits = WidthBits(size);
-        var mask = WidthMask(size);
-        var s = src & mask;
-        var shift = count & (bits - 1);
-        return s >> shift;
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>PDEP: deposit contiguous low bits of <paramref name="src"/> into the positions selected by <paramref name="mask"/>. No flags.</summary>
-    public static ulong Pdep(ulong src, ulong mask, GprOperandSize size)
-    {
-        var bits = WidthBits(size);
-        var selector = mask & WidthMask(size);
-        ulong result = 0;
-        var bit = 0;
-        for (var i = 0; i < bits; i++)
-        {
-            var position = 1UL << i;
-            if ((selector & position) != 0)
-            {
-                if (((src >> bit) & 1UL) != 0)
-                {
-                    result |= position;
-                }
-
-                bit++;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return result & WidthMask(size);
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>PEXT: gather the bits of <paramref name="src"/> selected by <paramref name="mask"/> into contiguous low bits. No flags.</summary>
-    public static ulong Pext(ulong src, ulong mask, GprOperandSize size)
-    {
-        var bits = WidthBits(size);
-        var selector = mask & WidthMask(size);
-        ulong result = 0;
-        var bit = 0;
-        for (var i = 0; i < bits; i++)
-        {
-            if ((selector & (1UL << i)) != 0)
-            {
-                if (((src >> i) & 1UL) != 0)
-                {
-                    result |= 1UL << bit;
-                }
-
-                bit++;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return result & WidthMask(size);
-    }
-}

src/SharpEmu.Core/Cpu/Emulation/GprOperandSize.cs

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Core.Cpu.Emulation;
-
-/// <summary>
-/// Operand width for the emulated general-purpose-register instructions. The numeric value is the
-/// bit width, so it can double as the "count leading/trailing zeros of an all-zero source" result.
-/// </summary>
-public enum GprOperandSize
-{
-    Bits32 = 32,
-    Bits64 = 64,
-}

src/SharpEmu.Core/Cpu/Native/DirectExecutionBackend.Exceptions.cs

@@ -128,11 +128,6 @@ public sealed partial class DirectExecutionBackend
 			{
 				return -1;
 			}
-			if (exceptionCode == StatusIllegalInstruction &&
-				TryRecoverIllegalInstruction(contextRecord, rip))
-			{
-				return -1;
-			}
 			if (IsBenignHostDebugException(exceptionCode))
 			{
 				return -1;

src/SharpEmu.Core/Cpu/Native/DirectExecutionBackend.IllegalInstruction.cs

@@ -1,362 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using System.Buffers.Binary;
-using System.Threading;
-using Iced.Intel;
-using SharpEmu.Core.Cpu.Emulation;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Core.Cpu.Native;
-
-// Software fallback for the BMI1/BMI2/ABM general-purpose-register instructions.
-//
-// Guest code runs natively, so the guest and host share the same virtual address space and the
-// same registers (the OS delivers them in the CONTEXT record on a fault). When the host CPU lacks
-// one of these extensions it raises #UD instead of executing the opcode; without this the title
-// simply aborts. Here we decode the faulting instruction, evaluate it against the trapped register
-// and memory state, write the result back into the CONTEXT, step RIP past the instruction and ask
-// the OS to continue. Only the register-only BMI/ABM forms are handled; anything else returns false
-// and falls through to the existing diagnostics unchanged, so this can never mis-handle an opcode it
-// does not fully model.
-public sealed partial class DirectExecutionBackend
-{
-    // Windows x64 CONTEXT.EFlags lives just past the segment selectors. The GPR offsets it shares
-    // with the rest of the backend are the CTX_* constants declared in DirectExecutionBackend.cs.
-    private const int CTX_EFLAGS = 68;
-
-    // STATUS_ILLEGAL_INSTRUCTION (#UD surfaced by the Windows vectored handler).
-    private const uint StatusIllegalInstruction = 0xC000001Du;
-
-    private const int MaxInstructionBytes = 15;
-
-    // Instruction-window sizes tried in turn so a fault near a page boundary still decodes.
-    private static readonly int[] DecodeWindowSizes = { MaxInstructionBytes, 11, 8, 4, 2 };
-
-    private static int _bmiSoftwareFallbackAnnounced;
-    private static long _bmiInstructionsEmulated;
-
-    private unsafe bool TryRecoverIllegalInstruction(void* contextRecord, ulong rip)
-    {
-        if (!TryReadFaultingInstruction(rip, out var instruction))
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        if (instruction.Op0Kind != OpKind.Register ||
-            !TryGetGprSlot(instruction.Op0Register, out var destOffset, out var size))
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        if (!TryEvaluate(contextRecord, in instruction, size, out var result, out var flagsChanged, out var eflags))
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        WriteCtxU64(contextRecord, destOffset, result);
-        if (flagsChanged)
-        {
-            WriteCtxU32(contextRecord, CTX_EFLAGS, eflags);
-        }
-
-        WriteCtxU64(contextRecord, CTX_RIP, rip + (ulong)instruction.Length);
-
-        Interlocked.Increment(ref _bmiInstructionsEmulated);
-        if (Interlocked.Exchange(ref _bmiSoftwareFallbackAnnounced, 1) == 0)
-        {
-            Console.Error.WriteLine(
-                "[LOADER][INFO] Host lacks a BMI/ABM extension used by the guest; " +
-                "emulating those instructions in software.");
-        }
-
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    private unsafe bool TryEvaluate(
-        void* contextRecord,
-        in Instruction instruction,
-        GprOperandSize size,
-        out ulong result,
-        out bool flagsChanged,
-        out uint eflags)
-    {
-        result = 0;
-        flagsChanged = false;
-        eflags = ReadCtxU32(contextRecord, CTX_EFLAGS);
-
-        switch (instruction.Mnemonic)
-        {
-            case Mnemonic.Andn:
-                if (!TryReadOperand(contextRecord, in instruction, 1, size, out var andnSrc1) ||
-                    !TryReadOperand(contextRecord, in instruction, 2, size, out var andnSrc2))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Andn(andnSrc1, andnSrc2, size, ref eflags);
-                flagsChanged = true;
-                return true;
-
-            case Mnemonic.Blsi:
-            case Mnemonic.Blsmsk:
-            case Mnemonic.Blsr:
-                if (!TryReadOperand(contextRecord, in instruction, 1, size, out var blsSrc))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                result = instruction.Mnemonic switch
-                {
-                    Mnemonic.Blsi => BmiInstructionEmulator.Blsi(blsSrc, size, ref eflags),
-                    Mnemonic.Blsmsk => BmiInstructionEmulator.Blsmsk(blsSrc, size, ref eflags),
-                    _ => BmiInstructionEmulator.Blsr(blsSrc, size, ref eflags),
-                };
-                flagsChanged = true;
-                return true;
-
-            case Mnemonic.Bextr:
-                if (!TryReadOperand(contextRecord, in instruction, 1, size, out var bextrSrc) ||
-                    !TryReadOperand(contextRecord, in instruction, 2, size, out var bextrControl))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Bextr(bextrSrc, bextrControl, size, ref eflags);
-                flagsChanged = true;
-                return true;
-
-            case Mnemonic.Bzhi:
-                if (!TryReadOperand(contextRecord, in instruction, 1, size, out var bzhiSrc) ||
-                    !TryReadOperand(contextRecord, in instruction, 2, size, out var bzhiIndex))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Bzhi(bzhiSrc, bzhiIndex, size, ref eflags);
-                flagsChanged = true;
-                return true;
-
-            case Mnemonic.Tzcnt:
-            case Mnemonic.Lzcnt:
-                if (!TryReadOperand(contextRecord, in instruction, 1, size, out var cntSrc))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                result = instruction.Mnemonic == Mnemonic.Tzcnt
-                    ? BmiInstructionEmulator.Tzcnt(cntSrc, size, ref eflags)
-                    : BmiInstructionEmulator.Lzcnt(cntSrc, size, ref eflags);
-                flagsChanged = true;
-                return true;
-
-            case Mnemonic.Rorx:
-                if (instruction.Op2Kind != OpKind.Immediate8 ||
-                    !TryReadOperand(contextRecord, in instruction, 1, size, out var rorxSrc))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Rorx(rorxSrc, instruction.Immediate8, size);
-                return true;
-
-            case Mnemonic.Sarx:
-            case Mnemonic.Shlx:
-            case Mnemonic.Shrx:
-                if (!TryReadOperand(contextRecord, in instruction, 1, size, out var shiftSrc) ||
-                    !TryReadOperand(contextRecord, in instruction, 2, size, out var shiftCount))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                result = instruction.Mnemonic switch
-                {
-                    Mnemonic.Sarx => BmiInstructionEmulator.Sarx(shiftSrc, (int)shiftCount, size),
-                    Mnemonic.Shlx => BmiInstructionEmulator.Shlx(shiftSrc, (int)shiftCount, size),
-                    _ => BmiInstructionEmulator.Shrx(shiftSrc, (int)shiftCount, size),
-                };
-                return true;
-
-            case Mnemonic.Pdep:
-            case Mnemonic.Pext:
-                if (!TryReadOperand(contextRecord, in instruction, 1, size, out var packSrc) ||
-                    !TryReadOperand(contextRecord, in instruction, 2, size, out var packMask))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                result = instruction.Mnemonic == Mnemonic.Pdep
-                    ? BmiInstructionEmulator.Pdep(packSrc, packMask, size)
-                    : BmiInstructionEmulator.Pext(packSrc, packMask, size);
-                return true;
-
-            default:
-                return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private unsafe bool TryReadFaultingInstruction(ulong rip, out Instruction instruction)
-    {
-        // Try the full instruction window first, then shrink so a fault near the end of a mapped
-        // page (where fewer than 15 bytes are readable) still decodes.
-        foreach (var attempt in DecodeWindowSizes)
-        {
-            var buffer = new byte[attempt];
-            if (!TryReadHostBytes(rip, buffer))
-            {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            var decoder = Decoder.Create(64, new ByteArrayCodeReader(buffer));
-            decoder.IP = rip;
-            decoder.Decode(out instruction);
-            if (instruction.Code != Code.INVALID && instruction.Length > 0 && instruction.Length <= attempt)
-            {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-
-        instruction = default;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    private unsafe bool TryReadOperand(
-        void* contextRecord,
-        in Instruction instruction,
-        int operandIndex,
-        GprOperandSize size,
-        out ulong value)
-    {
-        value = 0;
-        switch (instruction.GetOpKind(operandIndex))
-        {
-            case OpKind.Register:
-                if (!TryGetGprSlot(instruction.GetOpRegister(operandIndex), out var offset, out _))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                var raw = ReadCtxU64(contextRecord, offset);
-                value = size == GprOperandSize.Bits64 ? raw : raw & 0xFFFF_FFFFUL;
-                return true;
-
-            case OpKind.Memory:
-                if (!TryComputeMemoryAddress(contextRecord, in instruction, out var address))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                var byteCount = size == GprOperandSize.Bits64 ? 8 : 4;
-                var buffer = new byte[byteCount];
-                if (!TryReadHostBytes(address, buffer))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                value = byteCount == 8
-                    ? BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt64LittleEndian(buffer)
-                    : BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(buffer);
-                return true;
-
-            default:
-                return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private unsafe bool TryComputeMemoryAddress(void* contextRecord, in Instruction instruction, out ulong address)
-    {
-        address = 0;
-
-        // FS/GS-relative operands need the guest segment base, which is not modelled here.
-        if (instruction.SegmentPrefix != Register.None)
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        if (instruction.IsIPRelativeMemoryOperand)
-        {
-            address = instruction.IPRelativeMemoryAddress;
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        var effective = instruction.MemoryDisplacement64;
-        if (instruction.MemoryBase != Register.None)
-        {
-            if (!TryGetGpr64Offset(instruction.MemoryBase, out var baseOffset))
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            effective += ReadCtxU64(contextRecord, baseOffset);
-        }
-
-        if (instruction.MemoryIndex != Register.None)
-        {
-            if (!TryGetGpr64Offset(instruction.MemoryIndex, out var indexOffset))
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            effective += ReadCtxU64(contextRecord, indexOffset) * (ulong)instruction.MemoryIndexScale;
-        }
-
-        address = effective;
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    // Maps a 32- or 64-bit GPR to its CONTEXT offset and reports the operand width it implies.
-    private static bool TryGetGprSlot(Register register, out int offset, out GprOperandSize size)
-    {
-        switch (register)
-        {
-            case Register.EAX: offset = CTX_RAX; size = GprOperandSize.Bits32; return true;
-            case Register.ECX: offset = CTX_RCX; size = GprOperandSize.Bits32; return true;
-            case Register.EDX: offset = CTX_RDX; size = GprOperandSize.Bits32; return true;
-            case Register.EBX: offset = CTX_RBX; size = GprOperandSize.Bits32; return true;
-            case Register.ESP: offset = CTX_RSP; size = GprOperandSize.Bits32; return true;
-            case Register.EBP: offset = CTX_RBP; size = GprOperandSize.Bits32; return true;
-            case Register.ESI: offset = CTX_RSI; size = GprOperandSize.Bits32; return true;
-            case Register.EDI: offset = CTX_RDI; size = GprOperandSize.Bits32; return true;
-            case Register.R8D: offset = CTX_R8; size = GprOperandSize.Bits32; return true;
-            case Register.R9D: offset = CTX_R9; size = GprOperandSize.Bits32; return true;
-            case Register.R10D: offset = CTX_R10; size = GprOperandSize.Bits32; return true;
-            case Register.R11D: offset = CTX_R11; size = GprOperandSize.Bits32; return true;
-            case Register.R12D: offset = CTX_R12; size = GprOperandSize.Bits32; return true;
-            case Register.R13D: offset = CTX_R13; size = GprOperandSize.Bits32; return true;
-            case Register.R14D: offset = CTX_R14; size = GprOperandSize.Bits32; return true;
-            case Register.R15D: offset = CTX_R15; size = GprOperandSize.Bits32; return true;
-            default:
-                if (TryGetGpr64Offset(register, out offset))
-                {
-                    size = GprOperandSize.Bits64;
-                    return true;
-                }
-
-                size = GprOperandSize.Bits32;
-                return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static bool TryGetGpr64Offset(Register register, out int offset)
-    {
-        switch (register)
-        {
-            case Register.RAX: offset = CTX_RAX; return true;
-            case Register.RCX: offset = CTX_RCX; return true;
-            case Register.RDX: offset = CTX_RDX; return true;
-            case Register.RBX: offset = CTX_RBX; return true;
-            case Register.RSP: offset = CTX_RSP; return true;
-            case Register.RBP: offset = CTX_RBP; return true;
-            case Register.RSI: offset = CTX_RSI; return true;
-            case Register.RDI: offset = CTX_RDI; return true;
-            case Register.R8: offset = CTX_R8; return true;
-            case Register.R9: offset = CTX_R9; return true;
-            case Register.R10: offset = CTX_R10; return true;
-            case Register.R11: offset = CTX_R11; return true;
-            case Register.R12: offset = CTX_R12; return true;
-            case Register.R13: offset = CTX_R13; return true;
-            case Register.R14: offset = CTX_R14; return true;
-            case Register.R15: offset = CTX_R15; return true;
-            default: offset = 0; return false;
-        }
-    }
-}

src/SharpEmu.Core/Cpu/Native/DirectExecutionBackend.Imports.cs

@@ -598,7 +598,7 @@ public sealed partial class DirectExecutionBackend
 				}
 
 				*(ulong*)(argPackPtr + 96) = unchecked((ulong)transferStub);
-				if (_logFiber)
+				if (string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_FIBER"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal))
 				{
 					Console.Error.WriteLine(
 						$"[LOADER][TRACE] fiber.context-transfer rip=0x{transferTarget.Rip:X16} " +
@@ -1292,7 +1292,7 @@ public sealed partial class DirectExecutionBackend
 		}
 
 		int returnValue;
-		if (importStubEntry.IsNoBlockLeaf)
+		if (IsNoBlockLeafImport(importStubEntry.Nid))
 		{
 			cpuContext.ClearRaxWriteFlag();
 			returnValue = export.Function(cpuContext);

src/SharpEmu.Core/Cpu/Native/DirectExecutionBackend.cs

@@ -48,8 +48,6 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 		// hashing are hoisted to stub-setup time.
 		public bool IsLeaf { get; }
 
-		public bool IsNoBlockLeaf { get; }
-
 		public bool SuppressStrlenTrace { get; }
 
 		public bool IsLoopGuardBoundary { get; }
@@ -61,7 +59,6 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 			string nid,
 			ExportedFunction? export,
 			bool isLeaf,
-			bool isNoBlockLeaf,
 			bool suppressStrlenTrace,
 			bool isLoopGuardBoundary,
 			ulong nidHash)
@@ -70,7 +67,6 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 			Nid = nid;
 			Export = export;
 			IsLeaf = isLeaf;
-			IsNoBlockLeaf = isNoBlockLeaf;
 			SuppressStrlenTrace = suppressStrlenTrace;
 			IsLoopGuardBoundary = isLoopGuardBoundary;
 			NidHash = nidHash;
@@ -322,8 +318,6 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 
 	private bool _logUsleep;
 
-	private bool _logFiber;
-
 	private bool _logBootstrap;
 
 	private bool _logAllImports;
@@ -1073,7 +1067,6 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 		_ignoredGuestInt41Count = 0;
 		_logGuestThreads = string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_GUEST_THREADS"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal);
 		_logUsleep = string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_USLEEP"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal);
-		_logFiber = string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_FIBER"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal);
 		_logBootstrap = string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_BOOTSTRAP"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal);
 		_logAllImports = string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_ALL_IMPORTS"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal);
 		_logImportFrames = string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_IMPORT_FRAMES"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal);
@@ -1171,7 +1164,6 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 				text2,
 				resolvedExport,
 				IsLeafImport(text2),
-				IsNoBlockLeafImport(text2),
 				ShouldSuppressStrlenTrace(text2),
 				IsImportLoopGuardBoundary(text2),
 				StableHash64(text2));
@@ -1768,16 +1760,14 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 		frameAddress = 0;
 		transferStub = 0;
 		error = null;
-		if (ActiveCpuContext is not { } activeContext)
+		if (target.Rip < 65536 || target.Rsp == 0)
 		{
-			error = "guest context transfer without an active CPU context";
+			error = $"invalid guest context transfer target rip=0x{target.Rip:X16} rsp=0x{target.Rsp:X16}";
 			return false;
 		}
-		if (!TryValidateGuestContextTransferTarget(activeContext.Memory, target, out error))
-		{
-			return false;
-		}
-		if (!activeContext.TryWriteUInt64(target.Rsp - sizeof(ulong), target.Rip))
+		if (target.Rsp < sizeof(ulong) ||
+			ActiveCpuContext is not { } activeContext ||
+			!activeContext.TryWriteUInt64(target.Rsp - sizeof(ulong), target.Rip))
 		{
 			error = $"guest context transfer slot is not writable at 0x{target.Rsp - sizeof(ulong):X16}";
 			return false;
@@ -1821,30 +1811,6 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 		return true;
 	}
 
-	internal static bool TryValidateGuestContextTransferTarget(
-		ICpuMemory memory,
-		in GuestCpuContinuation target,
-		out string? error)
-	{
-		if (target.Rip < 65536 || target.Rsp < sizeof(ulong))
-		{
-			error = $"invalid guest context transfer target rip=0x{target.Rip:X16} rsp=0x{target.Rsp:X16}";
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		Span<byte> ripProbe = stackalloc byte[1];
-		if (!memory.TryRead(target.Rip, ripProbe))
-		{
-			error =
-				$"guest context transfer target rip=0x{target.Rip:X16} is not mapped guest memory " +
-				$"(rsp=0x{target.Rsp:X16})";
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		error = null;
-		return true;
-	}
-
 	private unsafe nint GetOrCreateGuestContextTransferStub()
 	{
 		if (Volatile.Read(ref _guestContextTransferStub) != 0)
@@ -3298,15 +3264,31 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 		{
 			Pump(callerContext, reason);
 
-			// Tally run states under the lock without allocating a snapshot every
-			// spin (this loop can iterate rapidly); the full snapshot is only
-			// materialized for the gated diagnostic dump below.
-			GetGuestThreadActivity(out var threadCount, out var hasReadyThread, out var hasRunningThread, out var hasBlockedThread);
-			if (threadCount == 0)
+			var threads = SnapshotGuestThreads();
+			if (threads.Length == 0)
 			{
 				return;
 			}
 
+			var hasReadyThread = false;
+			var hasRunningThread = false;
+			var hasBlockedThread = false;
+			foreach (var thread in threads)
+			{
+				switch (thread.State)
+				{
+					case GuestThreadRunState.Ready:
+						hasReadyThread = true;
+						break;
+					case GuestThreadRunState.Running:
+						hasRunningThread = true;
+						break;
+					case GuestThreadRunState.Blocked:
+						hasBlockedThread = true;
+						break;
+				}
+			}
+
 			if (hasReadyThread)
 			{
 				continue;
@@ -3319,7 +3301,7 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 
 			if (_logGuestThreads && Stopwatch.GetTimestamp() >= nextSnapshotTimestamp)
 			{
-				foreach (var thread in SnapshotGuestThreads())
+				foreach (var thread in threads)
 				{
 					Console.Error.WriteLine(
 						$"[LOADER][TRACE] guest_thread.idle_wait reason={reason} handle=0x{thread.ThreadHandle:X16} " +
@@ -3339,36 +3321,7 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 	{
 		using (LockGate("SnapshotGuestThreads"))
 		{
-			var snapshot = new GuestThreadState[_guestThreads.Count];
-			_guestThreads.Values.CopyTo(snapshot, 0);
-			return snapshot;
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Allocation-free run-state tally for the idle spin loop.
-	private void GetGuestThreadActivity(out int count, out bool hasReady, out bool hasRunning, out bool hasBlocked)
-	{
-		hasReady = false;
-		hasRunning = false;
-		hasBlocked = false;
-		using (LockGate("GetGuestThreadActivity"))
-		{
-			count = _guestThreads.Count;
-			foreach (var thread in _guestThreads.Values)
-			{
-				switch (thread.State)
-				{
-					case GuestThreadRunState.Ready:
-						hasReady = true;
-						break;
-					case GuestThreadRunState.Running:
-						hasRunning = true;
-						break;
-					case GuestThreadRunState.Blocked:
-						hasBlocked = true;
-						break;
-				}
-			}
+			return _guestThreads.Values.ToArray();
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -5127,51 +5080,64 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 			BindTlsBase(context);
 			byte* ptr2 = (byte*)ptr;
 			ulong hostRspSlot = (ulong)hostRspStorage;
-			var emitter = new NativeCodeEmitter(ptr2);
+			int offset = 0;
 
-			emitter.Emit(0x53); // push rbx
-			emitter.Emit(0x55); // push rbp
-			emitter.Emit(0x57); // push rdi
-			emitter.Emit(0x56); // push rsi
-			emitter.Emit(0x41); emitter.Emit(0x54); // push r12
-			emitter.Emit(0x41); emitter.Emit(0x55); // push r13
-			emitter.Emit(0x41); emitter.Emit(0x56); // push r14
-			emitter.Emit(0x41); emitter.Emit(0x57); // push r15
-			EmitHostNonvolatileXmmSave(ptr2, ref emitter.Offset);
+			void Emit(byte value) => ptr2[offset++] = value;
+			void EmitU64(ulong value)
+			{
+				*(ulong*)(ptr2 + offset) = value;
+				offset += sizeof(ulong);
+			}
+			void EmitMovR64Imm(byte rex, byte opcode, ulong value)
+			{
+				Emit(rex);
+				Emit(opcode);
+				EmitU64(value);
+			}
+
+			Emit(0x53); // push rbx
+			Emit(0x55); // push rbp
+			Emit(0x57); // push rdi
+			Emit(0x56); // push rsi
+			Emit(0x41); Emit(0x54); // push r12
+			Emit(0x41); Emit(0x55); // push r13
+			Emit(0x41); Emit(0x56); // push r14
+			Emit(0x41); Emit(0x57); // push r15
+			EmitHostNonvolatileXmmSave(ptr2, ref offset);
 			// Restore the fiber's floating-point control environment before
 			// abandoning the host stack. This path is used when a blocked guest
 			// continuation migrates to another managed worker.
-			emitter.Emit(0x48); emitter.Emit(0x83); emitter.Emit(0xEC); emitter.Emit(0x08); // sub rsp,8
-			emitter.Emit(0xC7); emitter.Emit(0x04); emitter.Emit(0x24); // mov dword [rsp],imm32
-			emitter.Emit(context.Mxcsr);
-			emitter.Emit(0x0F); emitter.Emit(0xAE); emitter.Emit(0x14); emitter.Emit(0x24); // ldmxcsr [rsp]
-			emitter.Emit(0x66); emitter.Emit(0xC7); emitter.Emit(0x04); emitter.Emit(0x24); // mov word [rsp],imm16
-			emitter.Emit(context.FpuControlWord);
-			emitter.Emit(0xD9); emitter.Emit(0x2C); emitter.Emit(0x24); // fldcw [rsp]
-			emitter.Emit(0x48); emitter.Emit(0x83); emitter.Emit(0xC4); emitter.Emit(0x08); // add rsp,8
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x49, 0xBA, hostRspSlot); // mov r10, hostRspSlot
-			emitter.Emit(0x49); emitter.Emit(0x89); emitter.Emit(0x22); // mov [r10], rsp
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x48, 0xB8, context[CpuRegister.Rsp]); // mov rax, guest rsp
-			emitter.Emit(0x48); emitter.Emit(0x89); emitter.Emit(0xC4); // mov rsp, rax
-			emitter.Emit(0x48); emitter.Emit(0x83); emitter.Emit(0xEC); emitter.Emit(0x08); // reserve transfer slot
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x48, 0xB8, entryPoint); // mov rax, entryPoint
-			emitter.Emit(0x48); emitter.Emit(0x89); emitter.Emit(0x04); emitter.Emit(0x24); // mov [rsp],rax
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x48, 0xBB, context[CpuRegister.Rbx]); // mov rbx, imm64
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x48, 0xBD, context[CpuRegister.Rbp]); // mov rbp, imm64
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x48, 0xBF, context[CpuRegister.Rdi]); // mov rdi, imm64
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x48, 0xBE, context[CpuRegister.Rsi]); // mov rsi, imm64
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x48, 0xBA, context[CpuRegister.Rdx]); // mov rdx, imm64
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x48, 0xB9, context[CpuRegister.Rcx]); // mov rcx, imm64
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x49, 0xB8, context[CpuRegister.R8]); // mov r8, imm64
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x49, 0xB9, context[CpuRegister.R9]); // mov r9, imm64
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x49, 0xBA, context[CpuRegister.R10]); // mov r10, imm64
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x49, 0xBC, context[CpuRegister.R12]); // mov r12, imm64
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x49, 0xBD, context[CpuRegister.R13]); // mov r13, imm64
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x49, 0xBE, context[CpuRegister.R14]); // mov r14, imm64
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x49, 0xBF, context[CpuRegister.R15]); // mov r15, imm64
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x49, 0xBB, context[CpuRegister.R11]); // mov r11, imm64
-			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x48, 0xB8, context[CpuRegister.Rax]); // mov rax, imm64
-			emitter.Emit(0xC3); // ret through the synthetic transfer slot
+			Emit(0x48); Emit(0x83); Emit(0xEC); Emit(0x08); // sub rsp,8
+			Emit(0xC7); Emit(0x04); Emit(0x24);             // mov dword [rsp],imm32
+			*(uint*)(ptr2 + offset) = context.Mxcsr; offset += sizeof(uint);
+			Emit(0x0F); Emit(0xAE); Emit(0x14); Emit(0x24); // ldmxcsr [rsp]
+			Emit(0x66); Emit(0xC7); Emit(0x04); Emit(0x24); // mov word [rsp],imm16
+			*(ushort*)(ptr2 + offset) = context.FpuControlWord; offset += sizeof(ushort);
+			Emit(0xD9); Emit(0x2C); Emit(0x24);             // fldcw [rsp]
+			Emit(0x48); Emit(0x83); Emit(0xC4); Emit(0x08); // add rsp,8
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x49, 0xBA, hostRspSlot); // mov r10, hostRspSlot
+			Emit(0x49); Emit(0x89); Emit(0x22); // mov [r10], rsp
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x48, 0xB8, context[CpuRegister.Rsp]); // mov rax, guest rsp
+			Emit(0x48); Emit(0x89); Emit(0xC4); // mov rsp, rax
+			Emit(0x48); Emit(0x83); Emit(0xEC); Emit(0x08); // reserve transfer slot
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x48, 0xB8, entryPoint); // mov rax, entryPoint
+			Emit(0x48); Emit(0x89); Emit(0x04); Emit(0x24); // mov [rsp],rax
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x48, 0xBB, context[CpuRegister.Rbx]); // mov rbx, imm64
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x48, 0xBD, context[CpuRegister.Rbp]); // mov rbp, imm64
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x48, 0xBF, context[CpuRegister.Rdi]); // mov rdi, imm64
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x48, 0xBE, context[CpuRegister.Rsi]); // mov rsi, imm64
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x48, 0xBA, context[CpuRegister.Rdx]); // mov rdx, imm64
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x48, 0xB9, context[CpuRegister.Rcx]); // mov rcx, imm64
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x49, 0xB8, context[CpuRegister.R8]); // mov r8, imm64
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x49, 0xB9, context[CpuRegister.R9]); // mov r9, imm64
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x49, 0xBA, context[CpuRegister.R10]); // mov r10, imm64
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x49, 0xBC, context[CpuRegister.R12]); // mov r12, imm64
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x49, 0xBD, context[CpuRegister.R13]); // mov r13, imm64
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x49, 0xBE, context[CpuRegister.R14]); // mov r14, imm64
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x49, 0xBF, context[CpuRegister.R15]); // mov r15, imm64
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x49, 0xBB, context[CpuRegister.R11]); // mov r11, imm64
+			EmitMovR64Imm(0x48, 0xB8, context[CpuRegister.Rax]); // mov rax, imm64
+			Emit(0xC3); // ret through the synthetic transfer slot
 			ActiveEntryReturnSentinelRip = (ulong)_guestReturnStub;
 			if (returnSlotAddress == 0 || !context.TryWriteUInt64(returnSlotAddress, (ulong)_guestReturnStub))
 			{
@@ -5235,45 +5201,6 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 		}
 	}
 
-	// The continuation trampoline is rebuilt on every blocked-thread resume.
-	// Keep its tiny writer on the stack: capturing local emit functions create a
-	// managed display-class allocation on this extremely hot path.
-	private unsafe ref struct NativeCodeEmitter(byte* code)
-	{
-		private readonly byte* _code = code;
-		public int Offset;
-
-		public void Emit(byte value)
-		{
-			_code[Offset++] = value;
-		}
-
-		public void Emit(ushort value)
-		{
-			*(ushort*)(_code + Offset) = value;
-			Offset += sizeof(ushort);
-		}
-
-		public void Emit(uint value)
-		{
-			*(uint*)(_code + Offset) = value;
-			Offset += sizeof(uint);
-		}
-
-		private void Emit(ulong value)
-		{
-			*(ulong*)(_code + Offset) = value;
-			Offset += sizeof(ulong);
-		}
-
-		public void EmitMovR64Immediate(byte rex, byte opcode, ulong value)
-		{
-			Emit(rex);
-			Emit(opcode);
-			Emit(value);
-		}
-	}
-
 	private static ulong AlignDown(ulong value, ulong alignment)
 	{
 		if (alignment == 0)

src/SharpEmu.Core/Loader/SelfLoader.cs

@@ -197,9 +197,8 @@ public sealed class SelfLoader : ISelfLoader
             {
                 if (!physicalVm.TryAllocateAtExact(imageBase, totalImageSize, executable: true, out var allocatedBase))
                 {
-                    var reason = physicalVm.DescribeAddressForDiagnostics(imageBase);
                     throw new InvalidOperationException(
-                        $"Could not allocate main image at required base 0x{imageBase:X16} (size=0x{totalImageSize:X}): {reason}.");
+                        $"Could not allocate main image at required base 0x{imageBase:X16} (size=0x{totalImageSize:X}).");
                 }
 
                 imageBase = allocatedBase;

src/SharpEmu.Core/Memory/PhysicalVirtualMemory.cs

@@ -198,24 +198,6 @@ public sealed unsafe class PhysicalVirtualMemory : IVirtualMemory, IGuestMemoryA
         return true;
     }
 
-    public string DescribeAddressForDiagnostics(ulong address)
-    {
-        if (!_hostMemory.Query(address, out var info))
-        {
-            return "unable to query host memory at this address";
-        }
-
-        return info.State switch
-        {
-            HostRegionState.Free => "address reports free, but the exact-address reservation still failed",
-            HostRegionState.Reserved =>
-                $"already reserved by another host allocation (base=0x{info.AllocationBase:X16}, size=0x{info.RegionSize:X})",
-            HostRegionState.Committed =>
-                $"already committed by another host allocation (base=0x{info.AllocationBase:X16}, size=0x{info.RegionSize:X}, protect=0x{info.RawProtection:X})",
-            _ => $"in an unexpected host state (raw=0x{info.RawState:X})",
-        };
-    }
-
     public ulong AllocateAt(ulong desiredAddress, ulong size, bool executable = true, bool allowAlternative = true)
     {
         if (size == 0)

src/SharpEmu.Core/SharpEmu.Core.csproj

@@ -14,10 +14,6 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
     <PackageReference Include="Iced" />
   </ItemGroup>
 
-  <ItemGroup>
-    <InternalsVisibleTo Include="SharpEmu.Libs.Tests" />
-  </ItemGroup>
-
   <PropertyGroup>
     <NoWarn>$(NoWarn);1591</NoWarn>
   </PropertyGroup>

src/SharpEmu.GUI/Languages/en.json

@@ -141,8 +141,6 @@
   "Options.About" : "About",
   "About.Github.Label": "GitHub",
   "About.Github.Desc": "Source code, issues and project development.",
-  "About.Github.LatestCommitLabel": "Latest Commit",
-  "About.Github.LatestCommitDescription": "Latest commit on the main branch",
   "About.Discord.Label": "Discord",
   "About.Discord.Desc": "Join the community, get support and follow development.",
   "About.GithubButton": "Contribute in GitHub!",

src/SharpEmu.GUI/Languages/es.json

@@ -131,8 +131,6 @@
   "About.Github.Label": "GitHub",
   "About.Github.Desc": "Código fuente, issues y desarrollo del proyecto.",
   "About.Discord.Label": "Discord",
-  "About.Github.LatestCommitLabel": "Último Commit",
-  "About.Github.LatestCommitDescription": "Último commit en la rama main",
   "About.Discord.Desc": "Únete a la comunidad, recibe soporte y sigue el desarrollo.",
   "About.GithubButton": "Contribuye en GitHub!",
   "About.DiscordButton": "Únete a nuestro Discord!"

src/SharpEmu.GUI/MainWindow.axaml

@@ -333,36 +333,12 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
                                 Classes="sectionTitle"
                                 Text="ABOUT" />
 
-                      <!--Latest commit info-->
                       <Grid ColumnDefinitions="*,Auto">
-                        <StackPanel Grid.Column="0" Orientation="Horizontal" Spacing="8" VerticalAlignment="Center">
-                          <Image Source="avares://SharpEmu.GUI/Assets/commit-icon.png"
-                                    Width="24" Height="24" VerticalAlignment="Center" />
-                          <StackPanel Spacing="2" VerticalAlignment="Center">
-                            <TextBlock x:Name="LatestCommitLabel" Text="Latest commit" FontSize="13"/>
-                            <TextBlock x:Name="LatestCommitDescription" Text="Latest commit on the main branch" FontSize="11" Foreground="{StaticResource MutedBrush}"/>
-                          </StackPanel>
-                        </StackPanel>
-
-                        <Button Grid.Column="1" x:Name="LatestCommitHashText" Classes="ghost"
-                          Content="Loading…" FontSize="12" FontFamily="Consolas,monospace"
-                          VerticalAlignment="Center" IsEnabled="False" />
-
-                      </Grid>
-
-                      <!--Update-->
-                      <Grid ColumnDefinitions="*,Auto">
-                        <StackPanel Grid.Column="0" Orientation="Horizontal" Spacing="8" VerticalAlignment="Center">
-                          <Image Source="avares://SharpEmu.GUI/Assets/update-icon.png"
-                                    Width="24"
-                                    Height="24"
-                                    VerticalAlignment="Center" />
-                          <StackPanel Spacing="2" VerticalAlignment="Center">
+                        <StackPanel Grid.Column="0" Spacing="2" VerticalAlignment="Center">
                           <TextBlock x:Name="UpdateLabel" Text="Updates" FontSize="13" />
                           <TextBlock x:Name="UpdateStatusText" Text="Current build: dev" FontSize="11"
                                      Foreground="{StaticResource MutedBrush}" TextWrapping="Wrap" />
                         </StackPanel>
-                        </StackPanel>
                         <Button Grid.Column="1" x:Name="UpdateButton" Classes="ghost"
                                 Content="Check for updates" VerticalAlignment="Center" />
                       </Grid>

src/SharpEmu.GUI/MainWindow.axaml.cs

@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
 using System.Diagnostics;
 using System.Reflection;
 using System.Text.Json;
-using System.Net.Http.Headers;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.GUI;
 
@@ -79,10 +78,6 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
     private long _navUpNextAt;
     private long _navDownNextAt;
 
-    //Github http client for latest commit
-    private static readonly HttpClient GithubHttpClient = CreateGithubHttpClient();
-    private string? _latestCommitSha;
-
     public MainWindow()
     {
         InitializeComponent();
@@ -200,21 +195,6 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
                 UseShellExecute = true
             });
         };
-
-        LatestCommitHashText.Click += (_, _) =>
-        {
-            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(_latestCommitSha))
-            {
-                return;
-            }
-
-            Process.Start(new ProcessStartInfo
-            {
-                FileName =
-                    $"https://github.com/sharpemu/sharpemu/commit/{_latestCommitSha}",
-                UseShellExecute = true
-            });
-        };
     }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -256,91 +236,6 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
         }
     }
 
-    // ---- Github http client config ----
-    // This is for getting lash commit id
-    private static HttpClient CreateGithubHttpClient()
-    {
-        var client = new HttpClient
-        {
-            Timeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(15)
-        };
-
-        client.DefaultRequestHeaders.UserAgent.ParseAdd("SharpEmu/1.0");
-        client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(
-            new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue("application/vnd.github.sha"));
-
-        client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add(
-            "X-GitHub-Api-Version",
-            "2026-03-10");
-
-        return client;
-    }
-    private async Task LoadLatestCommitAsync()
-    {
-        const string apiUrl =
-            "https://api.github.com/repos/sharpemu/sharpemu/commits/main";
-
-        _latestCommitSha = null;
-        LatestCommitHashText.Content = "Loading…";
-        LatestCommitHashText.IsEnabled = false;
-
-        try
-        {
-            using var response = await GithubHttpClient.GetAsync(apiUrl);
-            var responseBody =
-                (await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync()).Trim();
-
-            if (!response.IsSuccessStatusCode)
-            {
-                LatestCommitHashText.Content =
-                    $"HTTP {(int)response.StatusCode}";
-
-                ToolTip.SetTip(
-                    LatestCommitHashText,
-                    string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(responseBody)
-                        ? response.ReasonPhrase
-                        : responseBody);
-
-                return;
-            }
-
-            if (responseBody.Length < 7)
-            {
-                LatestCommitHashText.Content = "Invalid response";
-                ToolTip.SetTip(LatestCommitHashText, responseBody);
-                return;
-            }
-
-            // Keep the complete SHA for the URL.
-            _latestCommitSha = responseBody;
-
-            // Display only the short SHA.
-            LatestCommitHashText.Content =
-                responseBody[..Math.Min(7, responseBody.Length)];
-
-            LatestCommitHashText.IsEnabled = true;
-
-            ToolTip.SetTip(
-                LatestCommitHashText,
-                $"Open commit {_latestCommitSha}");
-        }
-        catch (TaskCanceledException ex)
-        {
-            LatestCommitHashText.Content = "Timeout";
-            ToolTip.SetTip(LatestCommitHashText, ex.Message);
-        }
-        catch (HttpRequestException ex)
-        {
-            LatestCommitHashText.Content = "Connection error";
-            ToolTip.SetTip(LatestCommitHashText, ex.Message);
-        }
-        catch (Exception ex)
-        {
-            LatestCommitHashText.Content = "Error";
-            ToolTip.SetTip(LatestCommitHashText, ex.Message);
-        }
-    }
-
     // ---- Controller navigation ----
 
     private void PollGamepad()
@@ -486,8 +381,6 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
         ApplySettingsToControls();
         LocateEmulator();
         UpdateDiscordPresence();
-        _ = LoadLatestCommitAsync();
-
         if (_settings.CheckForUpdatesOnStartup)
         {
             _ = CheckForUpdatesAsync();
@@ -623,8 +516,6 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
         GithubButton.Content = loc.Get("About.GithubButton");
         DiscordButton.Content = loc.Get("About.DiscordButton");
         UpdateLabel.Text = loc.Get("Updater.Label");
-        LatestCommitLabel.Text = loc.Get("About.Github.LatestCommitLabel");
-        LatestCommitDescription.Text = loc.Get("About.Github.LatestCommitDescription");
         RefreshUpdateText();
 
         UpdateEmptyStateTexts();

src/SharpEmu.GUI/SharpEmu.GUI.csproj

@@ -32,8 +32,6 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
     <AvaloniaResource Include="..\..\assets\images\SharpEmu.ico" Link="Assets/SharpEmu.ico" />
     <AvaloniaResource Include="..\..\assets\images\github.png" Link="Assets/github.png" />
     <AvaloniaResource Include="..\..\assets\images\discord.png" Link="Assets/discord.png" />
-    <AvaloniaResource Include="..\..\assets\images\update-icon.png" Link="Assets/update-icon.png" />
-    <AvaloniaResource Include="..\..\assets\images\commit-icon.png" Link="Assets/commit-icon.png" />
   </ItemGroup>
 
   <ItemGroup>

src/SharpEmu.HLE/Host/Posix/PosixHostMemory.cs

@@ -163,18 +163,13 @@ internal sealed unsafe class PosixHostMemory : IHostMemory
         private const int PROT_EXEC = 0x4;
 
         private const int MAP_PRIVATE = 0x02;
+        private const int MAP_FIXED = 0x10;
         private static readonly int MAP_ANON = OperatingSystem.IsMacOS() ? 0x1000 : 0x20;
         private static readonly int MAP_NORESERVE = OperatingSystem.IsMacOS() ? 0 : 0x4000;
 
         // Linux-only: fail instead of clobbering an existing mapping.
         private const int MAP_FIXED_NOREPLACE = 0x100000;
 
-        private const int KERN_SUCCESS = 0;
-
-        // On Darwin fixed placement is represented by the absence of
-        // VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE. Do not add VM_FLAGS_OVERWRITE: overlap must fail.
-        private const int VM_FLAGS_FIXED = 0;
-
         private static readonly nint MAP_FAILED = -1;
 
         private static readonly object Gate = new();
@@ -186,7 +181,6 @@ internal sealed unsafe class PosixHostMemory : IHostMemory
             public ulong Size;
             public uint DefaultProtect;
             public Dictionary<ulong, uint>? PageProtects;
-            public bool UsesMachAllocation;
 
             public ulong End => Base + Size;
 
@@ -257,7 +251,6 @@ internal sealed unsafe class PosixHostMemory : IHostMemory
                 }
 
                 nint result;
-                var usesMachAllocation = false;
                 if (address != null)
                 {
                     // Win32 maps at exactly the requested address or fails
@@ -287,17 +280,15 @@ internal sealed unsafe class PosixHostMemory : IHostMemory
                     if (result == MAP_FAILED && OperatingSystem.IsMacOS())
                     {
                         // The hint-only attempt above didn't land at the requested
-                        // address. mach_vm_allocate with fixed placement and no
-                        // overwrite flag atomically maps the requested range or
-                        // fails if any host mapping already owns it. Unlike
-                        // MAP_FIXED, it cannot clobber CLR, dyld, JIT, or Rosetta
-                        // memory that is absent from our shadow table.
-                        Trace($"exact mmap hint failed, retrying with fixed Mach allocation: addr=0x{(ulong)address:X16}");
-                        result = AllocateDarwinFixed(
-                            (nint)address,
-                            alignedSize,
-                            posixProtect);
-                        usesMachAllocation = result != MAP_FAILED;
+                        // address. This is routinely the case for the PS5's fixed
+                        // 32 GiB image base under Rosetta 2 on Apple Silicon, where
+                        // the kernel never honors that hint. Retry with true
+                        // MAP_FIXED: this can clobber an untracked host mapping
+                        // (dyld, the runtime's JIT heap, Rosetta) if one already
+                        // sits exactly there, but without it guest images that
+                        // require this base never load at all on macOS.
+                        Trace($"exact mmap hint failed, retrying with MAP_FIXED: addr=0x{(ulong)address:X16}");
+                        result = mmap((nint)address, (nuint)alignedSize, posixProtect, flags | MAP_FIXED, -1, 0);
                     }
 
                     if (result == MAP_FAILED || (ulong)result != (ulong)address)
@@ -325,8 +316,7 @@ internal sealed unsafe class PosixHostMemory : IHostMemory
                 {
                     Base = (ulong)result,
                     Size = alignedSize,
-                    DefaultProtect = protect,
-                    UsesMachAllocation = usesMachAllocation,
+                    DefaultProtect = protect
                 };
 
                 return (void*)result;
@@ -345,15 +335,8 @@ internal sealed unsafe class PosixHostMemory : IHostMemory
                     return false;
                 }
 
-                var released = region.UsesMachAllocation
-                    ? mach_vm_deallocate(mach_task_self(), (ulong)address, region.Size) == KERN_SUCCESS
-                    : munmap((nint)address, (nuint)region.Size) == 0;
-                if (released)
-                {
                 Regions.Remove((ulong)address);
-                }
-
-                return released;
+                return munmap((nint)address, (nuint)region.Size) == 0;
             }
         }
 
@@ -521,40 +504,6 @@ internal sealed unsafe class PosixHostMemory : IHostMemory
             };
         }
 
-        private static nint AllocateDarwinFixed(nint requestedAddress, ulong size, int posixProtect)
-        {
-            var address = (ulong)requestedAddress;
-            var result = mach_vm_allocate(
-                mach_task_self(),
-                ref address,
-                size,
-                VM_FLAGS_FIXED);
-            if (result != KERN_SUCCESS || address != (ulong)requestedAddress)
-            {
-                if (result == KERN_SUCCESS)
-                {
-                    _ = mach_vm_deallocate(mach_task_self(), address, size);
-                }
-
-                Trace(
-                    $"fixed Mach allocation failed: addr=0x{(ulong)requestedAddress:X16} " +
-                    $"size=0x{size:X} kern_return={result}");
-                return MAP_FAILED;
-            }
-
-            if (mprotect((nint)address, (nuint)size, posixProtect) == 0)
-            {
-                return (nint)address;
-            }
-
-            var error = Marshal.GetLastPInvokeError();
-            _ = mach_vm_deallocate(mach_task_self(), address, size);
-            Trace(
-                $"fixed Mach allocation protection failed: addr=0x{address:X16} " +
-                $"size=0x{size:X} errno={error}");
-            return MAP_FAILED;
-        }
-
         private static void Trace(string message)
         {
             if (string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_VMEM"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal))
@@ -575,14 +524,5 @@ internal sealed unsafe class PosixHostMemory : IHostMemory
 
         [DllImport("libc", SetLastError = true)]
         private static extern int mprotect(nint addr, nuint length, int prot);
-
-        [DllImport("libSystem.B.dylib")]
-        private static extern uint mach_task_self();
-
-        [DllImport("libSystem.B.dylib")]
-        private static extern int mach_vm_allocate(uint target, ref ulong address, ulong size, int flags);
-
-        [DllImport("libSystem.B.dylib")]
-        private static extern int mach_vm_deallocate(uint target, ulong address, ulong size);
     }
 }

src/SharpEmu.HLE/SharpEmu.HLE.csproj

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
   <ItemGroup>
     <InternalsVisibleTo Include="SharpEmu.Core" />
-    <InternalsVisibleTo Include="SharpEmu.Libs.Tests" />
   </ItemGroup>
 
   <ItemGroup>

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Agc/AgcExports.cs

@@ -121,7 +121,6 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
     private const uint CbBlend0Control = 0x1E0;
     private const uint PaScModeCntl0 = 0x292;
     // GFX10 DB context registers (register byte address minus 0x28000, / 4).
-    private const uint DbRenderControl = 0x000;
     private const uint DbDepthView = 0x002;
     private const uint DbDepthSizeXy = 0x007;
     private const uint DbDepthClear = 0x00B;
@@ -3729,8 +3728,6 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
             _labelProducers.Add(producer);
         }
 
-        if (_traceAgc)
-        {
         foreach (var waiting in GpuWaitRegistry.SnapshotInRange(memory, address, length))
         {
             TraceAgc(
@@ -3739,7 +3736,6 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
                 $"queue={producer.QueueName} submission={producer.SubmissionId} " +
                 $"packet=0x{packetAddress:X16} action='{debugName}'");
         }
-        }
 
         return producer;
     }
@@ -3756,8 +3752,6 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
             producer.Completed = true;
         }
 
-        if (_traceAgc)
-        {
         foreach (var waiting in GpuWaitRegistry.SnapshotInRange(
                      producer.Memory,
                      producer.Address,
@@ -3770,7 +3764,6 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
                 $"action='{producer.DebugName}'");
         }
     }
-    }
 
     private static void TraceWaitProducerState(
         object memory,
@@ -3813,14 +3806,6 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
             }
         }
 
-        // Producer-backed waits are trace-only. Keep the producer lookup above
-        // because producerless waits are always warned, but do not build the
-        // detailed condition strings when AGC tracing is disabled.
-        if (producer is not null && !_traceAgc)
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-
         var prefix = stale ? "agc.wait_stale" : "agc.wait_suspended";
         var current = currentValue.HasValue
             ? $"0x{currentValue.Value:X16}"
@@ -5306,7 +5291,7 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
         var hasDepthOnlyCandidate = hasExportShader &&
             !hasPixelShader &&
             depthTarget is not null &&
-            (depthState.TestEnable || depthState.WriteEnable || depthState.ClearEnable);
+            (depthState.TestEnable || depthState.WriteEnable);
         if (hasDepthOnlyCandidate &&
             TryCreateTranslatedDepthOnlyGuestDraw(
                 ctx,
@@ -5951,37 +5936,22 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
         // Every bound color target the shader exports to. Deferred renderers
         // draw a multi-render-target G-buffer (up to eight slots) in one pass.
         // Fall back to slot 0 if we cannot match any export to a bound target.
-        var pixelColorExportMasks = pixelState.Program.PixelColorExportMasks;
         var allBoundTargets = GetRenderTargets(state.CxRegisters);
-        // At most 8 slots; a manual filter avoids the per-draw LINQ iterator/
-        // closure allocations. Slots are distinct, so sorting by slot is stable.
-        var selectedTargets = new List<RenderTargetDescriptor>(allBoundTargets.Count);
-        foreach (var target in allBoundTargets)
+        var renderTargets = allBoundTargets
+            .Where(target => HasPixelColorExport(pixelState, target.Slot))
+            .OrderBy(target => target.Slot)
+            .ToArray();
+        if (renderTargets.Length == 0)
         {
-            if (GetPixelColorExportMask(pixelColorExportMasks, target.Slot) != 0)
-            {
-                selectedTargets.Add(target);
+            renderTargets = allBoundTargets
+                .Where(target => target.Slot == 0)
+                .ToArray();
         }
-        }
-
-        if (selectedTargets.Count == 0)
-        {
-            foreach (var target in allBoundTargets)
-            {
-                if (target.Slot == 0)
-                {
-                    selectedTargets.Add(target);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        selectedTargets.Sort(static (left, right) => left.Slot.CompareTo(right.Slot));
-        var renderTargets = selectedTargets.ToArray();
         if (_traceAgcShader && allBoundTargets.Count > 1)
         {
             TraceAgcShader(
                 $"agc.mrt_filter ps=0x{pixelShaderAddress:X16} " +
-                $"bound=[{string.Join(",", allBoundTargets.Select(t => $"s{t.Slot}:0x{t.Address:X}:exp{(GetPixelColorExportMask(pixelColorExportMasks, t.Slot) != 0 ? 1 : 0)}"))}] " +
+                $"bound=[{string.Join(",", allBoundTargets.Select(t => $"s{t.Slot}:0x{t.Address:X}:exp{(HasPixelColorExport(pixelState, t.Slot) ? 1 : 0)}"))}] " +
                  $"kept={renderTargets.Length}");
         }
 
@@ -6102,39 +6072,54 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
             _graphicsShaderCache.TryAdd(shaderKey, compiled);
         }
 
+        var imageBindings = pixelEvaluation.ImageBindings
+            .Concat(exportEvaluation.ImageBindings);
         var textures = new List<TranslatedImageBinding>(
             pixelEvaluation.ImageBindings.Count +
             exportEvaluation.ImageBindings.Count);
-        if (!TryAppendTranslatedImageBindings(
-                pixelEvaluation.ImageBindings,
-                textures,
-                pixelShaderAddress,
-                exportShaderAddress,
-                out error) ||
-            !TryAppendTranslatedImageBindings(
-                exportEvaluation.ImageBindings,
-                textures,
-                pixelShaderAddress,
-                exportShaderAddress,
-                out error))
+        foreach (var binding in imageBindings)
         {
+            if (!TryDecodeTextureDescriptor(binding.ResourceDescriptor, out var texture))
+            {
+                // A garbage/zeroed texture descriptor (from a per-draw descriptor
+                // setup race — the same root as scalar-load-failed) would drop
+                // the whole draw, so Demon's Souls' deferred-lighting/composite
+                // passes that produce the composite's feeder targets never run
+                // and the frame stays black. Substitute a 1x1 fallback binding so
+                // the pass still renders (that one sampled texture reads black)
+                // rather than dropping it entirely. STRICT reverts.
+                if (_strictShaderDescriptors)
+                {
+                    error = $"invalid texture descriptor at pc=0x{binding.Pc:X}";
                     ReturnPooledEvaluationArrays(exportEvaluation);
                     ReturnPooledEvaluationArrays(pixelEvaluation);
                     return false;
                 }
 
-        var globalMemoryBindings = new Gen5GlobalMemoryBinding[
-            pixelEvaluation.GlobalMemoryBindings.Count +
-            exportEvaluation.GlobalMemoryBindings.Count];
-        for (var index = 0; index < pixelEvaluation.GlobalMemoryBindings.Count; index++)
-        {
-            globalMemoryBindings[index] = pixelEvaluation.GlobalMemoryBindings[index];
+                texture = new TextureDescriptor(
+                    0, 1, 1, Gen5TextureFormatR8G8B8A8Unorm, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0xFAC);
             }
-        for (var index = 0; index < exportEvaluation.GlobalMemoryBindings.Count; index++)
+
+            if (_traceAgcShader || _tracePixelShaderAddress == pixelShaderAddress)
             {
-            globalMemoryBindings[pixelEvaluation.GlobalMemoryBindings.Count + index] =
-                exportEvaluation.GlobalMemoryBindings[index];
+                Console.Error.WriteLine(
+                    "[LOADER][TRACE] " +
+                    $"agc.texture_binding ps=0x{pixelShaderAddress:X16} es=0x{exportShaderAddress:X16} " +
+                    $"pc=0x{binding.Pc:X} op={binding.Opcode} storage={(Gen5ShaderTranslator.IsStorageImageOperation(binding.Opcode) ? 1 : 0)} " +
+                    $"decoded={FormatTextureDescriptor(texture)} " +
+                    $"raw={FormatShaderDwords(binding.ResourceDescriptor)} sampler={FormatShaderDwords(binding.SamplerDescriptor)}");
             }
+            textures.Add(
+                new TranslatedImageBinding(
+                    texture,
+                    Gen5ShaderTranslator.IsStorageImageOperation(binding.Opcode),
+                    binding.MipLevel ?? 0,
+                    binding.SamplerDescriptor));
+        }
+
+        var globalMemoryBindings = pixelEvaluation.GlobalMemoryBindings
+            .Concat(exportEvaluation.GlobalMemoryBindings)
+            .ToArray();
         IReadOnlyList<Gen5VertexInputBinding> vertexInputs =
             exportEvaluation.VertexInputs ?? [];
         state.UcRegisters.TryGetValue(VgtPrimitiveType, out var primitiveType);
@@ -6149,13 +6134,6 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
                 renderTargets[index].NumberType);
         }
 
-        var pixelUserDataCount = Math.Min(pixelEvaluation.InitialScalarRegisters.Count, 8);
-        var pixelUserData = new uint[pixelUserDataCount];
-        for (var index = 0; index < pixelUserDataCount; index++)
-        {
-            pixelUserData[index] = pixelEvaluation.InitialScalarRegisters[index];
-        }
-
         draw = new TranslatedGuestDraw(
             exportShaderAddress,
             pixelShaderAddress,
@@ -6173,11 +6151,11 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
             DecodeDepthTarget(state.CxRegisters),
             guestTargets,
             ApplyTransparentPremultipliedFillClear(
-                CreateRenderState(state.CxRegisters, renderTargets, pixelColorExportMasks),
+                CreateRenderState(state.CxRegisters, renderTargets, pixelState),
                 textures,
                 vertexInputs,
                 pixelEvaluation.InitialScalarRegisters),
-            pixelUserData,
+            pixelEvaluation.InitialScalarRegisters.Take(8).ToArray(),
             state.CxRegisters.TryGetValue(CbBlend0Control, out var rawBlend) ? rawBlend : 0,
             state.CxRegisters.TryGetValue(
                 CbColor0Info + renderTargets.FirstOrDefault().Slot * CbColorRegisterStride,
@@ -6189,55 +6167,6 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
         return true;
     }
 
-    private static bool TryAppendTranslatedImageBindings(
-        IReadOnlyList<Gen5ImageBinding> bindings,
-        List<TranslatedImageBinding> textures,
-        ulong pixelShaderAddress,
-        ulong exportShaderAddress,
-        out string error)
-    {
-        foreach (var binding in bindings)
-        {
-            if (!TryDecodeTextureDescriptor(binding.ResourceDescriptor, out var texture))
-            {
-                // A garbage/zeroed texture descriptor (from a per-draw descriptor
-                // setup race — the same root as scalar-load-failed) would drop
-                // the whole draw, so deferred-lighting/composite passes that
-                // produce the composite's feeder targets never run. Keep the
-                // existing 1x1 fallback unless strict diagnostics are requested.
-                if (_strictShaderDescriptors)
-                {
-                    error = $"invalid texture descriptor at pc=0x{binding.Pc:X}";
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                texture = new TextureDescriptor(
-                    0, 1, 1, Gen5TextureFormatR8G8B8A8Unorm, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0xFAC);
-            }
-
-            var isStorage =
-                Gen5ShaderTranslator.IsStorageImageOperation(binding.Opcode);
-            if (_traceAgcShader || _tracePixelShaderAddress == pixelShaderAddress)
-            {
-                Console.Error.WriteLine(
-                    "[LOADER][TRACE] " +
-                    $"agc.texture_binding ps=0x{pixelShaderAddress:X16} es=0x{exportShaderAddress:X16} " +
-                    $"pc=0x{binding.Pc:X} op={binding.Opcode} storage={(isStorage ? 1 : 0)} " +
-                    $"decoded={FormatTextureDescriptor(texture)} " +
-                    $"raw={FormatShaderDwords(binding.ResourceDescriptor)} sampler={FormatShaderDwords(binding.SamplerDescriptor)}");
-            }
-            textures.Add(
-                new TranslatedImageBinding(
-                    texture,
-                    isStorage,
-                    binding.MipLevel ?? 0,
-                    binding.SamplerDescriptor));
-        }
-
-        error = string.Empty;
-        return true;
-    }
-
     private static int _tracedAstroTitlePixelGlobals;
     private static int _tracedAstroTitlePixelGlobalProbe;
 
@@ -6466,10 +6395,15 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
         return true;
     }
 
-    private static uint GetPixelColorExportMask(uint packedMasks, uint target) =>
-        target < ColorTargetCount
-            ? (packedMasks >> (int)(target * 4)) & 0xFu
-            : 0;
+    private static bool HasPixelColorExport(Gen5ShaderState state, uint target) =>
+        GetPixelColorExportMask(state, target) != 0;
+
+    private static uint GetPixelColorExportMask(Gen5ShaderState state, uint target) =>
+        state.Program.Instructions
+            .Select(instruction => instruction.Control)
+            .OfType<Gen5ExportControl>()
+            .Where(export => export.Target == target)
+            .Aggregate(0u, (mask, export) => mask | (export.EnableMask & 0xFu));
 
     private static uint GetInterpolatedAttributeCount(Gen5ShaderState state)
     {
@@ -6667,7 +6601,7 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
     private static GuestRenderState CreateRenderState(
         IReadOnlyDictionary<uint, uint> registers,
         IReadOnlyList<RenderTargetDescriptor> targets,
-        uint pixelColorExportMasks)
+        Gen5ShaderState pixelState)
     {
         if (targets.Count == 0)
         {
@@ -6676,21 +6610,15 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
 
         var target = targets[0];
         var scissor = DecodeScissor(registers, target.Width, target.Height);
-        var blends = new GuestBlendState[targets.Count];
-        for (var index = 0; index < targets.Count; index++)
-        {
-            var blend = DecodeBlendState(registers, targets[index].Slot);
-            blends[index] = blend with
-            {
-                WriteMask = blend.WriteMask &
-                    GetPixelColorExportMask(
-                        pixelColorExportMasks,
-                        targets[index].Slot),
-            };
-        }
-
         return new GuestRenderState(
-            blends,
+            targets.Select(target =>
+            {
+                var blend = DecodeBlendState(registers, target.Slot);
+                return blend with
+                {
+                    WriteMask = blend.WriteMask & GetPixelColorExportMask(pixelState, target.Slot),
+                };
+            }).ToArray(),
             scissor,
             DecodeViewport(registers, target.Width, target.Height, scissor),
             DecodeRasterState(registers),
@@ -6699,30 +6627,27 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
 
     // DB_DEPTH_CONTROL (context register 0x200): Z_ENABLE bit1, Z_WRITE_ENABLE
     // bit2, ZFUNC bits[6:4] (GCN compare, matches Vulkan CompareOp ordering).
-    // DB_RENDER_CONTROL (context register 0x000): DEPTH_CLEAR_ENABLE bit0.
     private const uint DbDepthControl = 0x200;
 
-    internal static GuestDepthState DecodeDepthState(
+    private static GuestDepthState DecodeDepthState(
         IReadOnlyDictionary<uint, uint> registers)
     {
-        var hasDepthControl = registers.TryGetValue(DbDepthControl, out var control);
-        registers.TryGetValue(DbRenderControl, out var renderControl);
+        if (!registers.TryGetValue(DbDepthControl, out var control))
+        {
+            return GuestDepthState.Default;
+        }
+
         var testEnable = (control & 0x2u) != 0;
         var writeEnable = (control & 0x4u) != 0;
-        var compareOp = hasDepthControl
-            ? (control >> 4) & 0x7u
-            : GuestDepthState.Default.CompareOp;
-        var clearEnable = (renderControl & 0x1u) != 0;
-        return new GuestDepthState(testEnable, writeEnable, compareOp, clearEnable);
+        var compareOp = (control >> 4) & 0x7u;
+        return new GuestDepthState(testEnable, writeEnable, compareOp);
     }
 
     private static GuestDepthTarget? DecodeDepthTarget(
         IReadOnlyDictionary<uint, uint> registers)
     {
         var depthState = DecodeDepthState(registers);
-        if (!depthState.TestEnable &&
-            !depthState.WriteEnable &&
-            !depthState.ClearEnable)
+        if (!depthState.TestEnable && !depthState.WriteEnable)
         {
             return null;
         }

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Audio/AudioPcmConversion.cs

@@ -52,19 +52,8 @@ internal static class AudioPcmConversion
         }
 
         var bits = BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt32LittleEndian(sample);
-        return ConvertFloatSample(BitConverter.Int32BitsToSingle(bits));
-    }
-
-    private static short ConvertFloatSample(float value)
-    {
-        if (float.IsNaN(value))
-        {
-            return 0;
-        }
-
-        value = Math.Clamp(value, -1.0f, 1.0f);
-        var scale = value < 0.0f ? 32768.0f : short.MaxValue;
-        return checked((short)MathF.Round(value * scale));
+        var value = Math.Clamp(BitConverter.Int32BitsToSingle(bits), -1.0f, 1.0f);
+        return checked((short)MathF.Round(value * short.MaxValue));
     }
 
     private static short ApplyVolume(short sample, float volume)

src/SharpEmu.Libs/ContentExport/ContentExportExports.cs

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using SharpEmu.HLE;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.ContentExport;
-
-// No host media library exists to export captures into, so initialization
-// reports success.
-public static class ContentExportExports
-{
-    [SysAbiExport(
-        Nid = "0GnN4QCgIfs",
-        ExportName = "sceContentExportInit2",
-        Target = Generation.Gen5,
-        LibraryName = "libSceContentExport")]
-    public static int ContentExportInit2(CpuContext ctx) => ctx.SetReturn(0);
-}

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Font/FontExports.cs

@@ -74,85 +74,6 @@ public static class FontExports
     public static int CreateRendererWithEdition(CpuContext ctx) =>
         CreateOpaqueHandle(ctx, ctx[CpuRegister.Rcx], 0x100, magic: 0x0F07);
 
-    [SysAbiExport(
-        Nid = "3OdRkSjOcog",
-        ExportName = "sceFontBindRenderer",
-        Target = Generation.Gen5,
-        LibraryName = "libSceFont")]
-    public static int BindRenderer(CpuContext ctx) => SetSuccess(ctx);
-
-    [SysAbiExport(
-        Nid = "N1EBMeGhf7E",
-        ExportName = "sceFontSetScalePixel",
-        Target = Generation.Gen5,
-        LibraryName = "libSceFont")]
-    public static int SetScalePixel(CpuContext ctx) => SetSuccess(ctx);
-
-    [SysAbiExport(
-        Nid = "TMtqoFQjjbA",
-        ExportName = "sceFontSetEffectSlant",
-        Target = Generation.Gen5,
-        LibraryName = "libSceFont")]
-    public static int SetEffectSlant(CpuContext ctx) => SetSuccess(ctx);
-
-    [SysAbiExport(
-        Nid = "v0phZwa4R5o",
-        ExportName = "sceFontSetEffectWeight",
-        Target = Generation.Gen5,
-        LibraryName = "libSceFont")]
-    public static int SetEffectWeight(CpuContext ctx) => SetSuccess(ctx);
-
-    [SysAbiExport(
-        Nid = "6vGCkkQJOcI",
-        ExportName = "sceFontSetupRenderScalePixel",
-        Target = Generation.Gen5,
-        LibraryName = "libSceFont")]
-    public static int SetupRenderScalePixel(CpuContext ctx) => SetSuccess(ctx);
-
-    [SysAbiExport(
-        Nid = "lz9y9UFO2UU",
-        ExportName = "sceFontSetupRenderEffectSlant",
-        Target = Generation.Gen5,
-        LibraryName = "libSceFont")]
-    public static int SetupRenderEffectSlant(CpuContext ctx) => SetSuccess(ctx);
-
-    [SysAbiExport(
-        Nid = "XIGorvLusDQ",
-        ExportName = "sceFontSetupRenderEffectWeight",
-        Target = Generation.Gen5,
-        LibraryName = "libSceFont")]
-    public static int SetupRenderEffectWeight(CpuContext ctx) => SetSuccess(ctx);
-
-    [SysAbiExport(
-        Nid = "imxVx8lm+KM",
-        ExportName = "sceFontGetHorizontalLayout",
-        Target = Generation.Gen5,
-        LibraryName = "libSceFont")]
-    public static int GetHorizontalLayout(CpuContext ctx)
-    {
-        var layoutAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
-        if (layoutAddress == 0)
-        {
-            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
-        }
-
-        // Baseline, line advance, decoration extent: the same invented geometry
-        // as GetRenderCharGlyphMetrics.
-        var values = new[] { 12.0f, 16.0f, 0.0f };
-        for (var index = 0; index < values.Length; index++)
-        {
-            if (!TryWriteUInt32(
-                    ctx,
-                    layoutAddress + (ulong)(index * sizeof(float)),
-                    BitConverter.SingleToUInt32Bits(values[index])))
-            {
-                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
-            }
-        }
-
-        return SetSuccess(ctx);
-    }
-
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "cKYtVmeSTcw",
         ExportName = "sceFontOpenFontSet",

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Gpu/GuestGpuTypes.cs

@@ -91,10 +91,9 @@ internal readonly record struct GuestRasterState(
 internal readonly record struct GuestDepthState(
     bool TestEnable,
     bool WriteEnable,
-    uint CompareOp,
-    bool ClearEnable = false)
+    uint CompareOp)
 {
-    public static GuestDepthState Default { get; } = new(false, false, 7, false);
+    public static GuestDepthState Default { get; } = new(false, false, 7);
 }
 
 /// <summary>Factors/funcs are raw guest CB_BLEND*_CONTROL register bitfields; the

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Kernel/KernelEventFlagCompatExports.cs

@@ -25,11 +25,6 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
     private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, EventFlagState> _eventFlags = new();
     private static long _nextEventFlagHandle = 1;
 
-    // Cached once: gating every call site avoids building the interpolated
-    // trace string (and FormatFrameChain/FormatGuestWaitObject) when disabled.
-    private static readonly bool _traceEventFlag = string.Equals(
-        Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_EVENT_FLAG"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal);
-
     private sealed class EventFlagState
     {
         public required string Name { get; init; }
@@ -84,7 +79,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
             return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
         }
 
-        if (_traceEventFlag) TraceEventFlag($"create handle=0x{handle:X16} name='{name}' attr=0x{attributes:X2} bits=0x{initialPattern:X16}");
+        TraceEventFlag($"create handle=0x{handle:X16} name='{name}' attr=0x{attributes:X2} bits=0x{initialPattern:X16}");
         return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
     }
 
@@ -106,7 +101,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
             Monitor.PulseAll(state.Gate);
         }
 
-        if (_traceEventFlag) TraceEventFlag($"delete handle=0x{handle:X16} name='{state.Name}'");
+        TraceEventFlag($"delete handle=0x{handle:X16} name='{state.Name}'");
         return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
     }
 
@@ -129,7 +124,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
         {
             state.Bits |= pattern;
             Monitor.PulseAll(state.Gate);
-            if (_traceEventFlag) TraceEventFlag($"set handle=0x{handle:X16} pattern=0x{pattern:X16} bits=0x{state.Bits:X16} ret=0x{returnRip:X16}");
+            TraceEventFlag($"set handle=0x{handle:X16} pattern=0x{pattern:X16} bits=0x{state.Bits:X16} ret=0x{returnRip:X16}");
         }
 
         _ = GuestThreadExecution.Scheduler?.WakeBlockedThreads(GetEventFlagWakeKey(handle));
@@ -153,7 +148,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
         lock (state.Gate)
         {
             state.Bits &= pattern;
-            if (_traceEventFlag) TraceEventFlag($"clear handle=0x{handle:X16} mask=0x{pattern:X16} bits=0x{state.Bits:X16}");
+            TraceEventFlag($"clear handle=0x{handle:X16} mask=0x{pattern:X16} bits=0x{state.Bits:X16}");
         }
 
         return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
@@ -194,7 +189,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
             }
 
             ApplyClearMode(state, pattern, waitMode);
-            if (_traceEventFlag) TraceEventFlag($"poll handle=0x{handle:X16} pattern=0x{pattern:X16} mode=0x{waitMode:X2} bits=0x{state.Bits:X16}");
+            TraceEventFlag($"poll handle=0x{handle:X16} pattern=0x{pattern:X16} mode=0x{waitMode:X2} bits=0x{state.Bits:X16}");
             return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
         }
     }
@@ -292,8 +287,8 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
                     return true;
                 },
                 deadline);
-            if (_traceEventFlag) TraceEventFlag($"wait-unsatisfied handle=0x{handle:X16} pattern=0x{pattern:X16} bits=0x{state.Bits:X16} guest_thread=0x{currentGuestThread:X16} fiber=0x{currentFiber:X16} managed={managedThread} block={requestedBlock} ret=0x{returnRip:X16} frames={FormatFrameChain(ctx)}");
-            if (_traceEventFlag) TraceEventFlag($"wait-object handle=0x{handle:X16} name='{state.Name}' {FormatGuestWaitObject(ctx)}");
+            TraceEventFlag($"wait-unsatisfied handle=0x{handle:X16} pattern=0x{pattern:X16} bits=0x{state.Bits:X16} guest_thread=0x{currentGuestThread:X16} fiber=0x{currentFiber:X16} managed={managedThread} block={requestedBlock} ret=0x{returnRip:X16} frames={FormatFrameChain(ctx)}");
+            TraceEventFlag($"wait-object handle=0x{handle:X16} name='{state.Name}' {FormatGuestWaitObject(ctx)}");
             if (!requestedBlock)
             {
                 var scheduler = GuestThreadExecution.Scheduler;
@@ -303,7 +298,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
                 }
 
                 state.WaitingThreads++;
-                if (_traceEventFlag) TraceEventFlag($"wait-pump handle=0x{handle:X16} pattern=0x{pattern:X16} waiters={state.WaitingThreads} guest_thread=0x{currentGuestThread:X16} fiber=0x{currentFiber:X16} managed={managedThread} ret=0x{returnRip:X16}");
+                TraceEventFlag($"wait-pump handle=0x{handle:X16} pattern=0x{pattern:X16} waiters={state.WaitingThreads} guest_thread=0x{currentGuestThread:X16} fiber=0x{currentFiber:X16} managed={managedThread} ret=0x{returnRip:X16}");
                 var releaseWaiter = true;
                 try
                 {
@@ -323,7 +318,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
                         {
                             state.WaitingThreads = Math.Max(0, state.WaitingThreads - 1);
                             releaseWaiter = false;
-                            if (_traceEventFlag) TraceEventFlag($"wait-wake handle=0x{handle:X16} pattern=0x{pattern:X16} bits=0x{state.Bits:X16} waiters={state.WaitingThreads} ret=0x{returnRip:X16}");
+                            TraceEventFlag($"wait-wake handle=0x{handle:X16} pattern=0x{pattern:X16} bits=0x{state.Bits:X16} waiters={state.WaitingThreads} ret=0x{returnRip:X16}");
                             return SetReturn(ctx, pumpedWaitResult);
                         }
 
@@ -334,7 +329,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
                             releaseWaiter = false;
                             _ = TryWriteUInt32(ctx, timeoutAddress, 0);
                             _ = TryWriteResultPattern(ctx, resultAddress, state.Bits);
-                            if (_traceEventFlag) TraceEventFlag($"wait-timeout handle=0x{handle:X16} pattern=0x{pattern:X16} bits=0x{state.Bits:X16} ret=0x{returnRip:X16}");
+                            TraceEventFlag($"wait-timeout handle=0x{handle:X16} pattern=0x{pattern:X16} bits=0x{state.Bits:X16} ret=0x{returnRip:X16}");
                             return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_TIMED_OUT);
                         }
 
@@ -351,7 +346,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
             }
 
             state.WaitingThreads++;
-            if (_traceEventFlag) TraceEventFlag($"wait-block handle=0x{handle:X16} pattern=0x{pattern:X16} waiters={state.WaitingThreads} guest_thread=0x{currentGuestThread:X16} fiber=0x{currentFiber:X16} managed={managedThread} ret=0x{returnRip:X16}");
+            TraceEventFlag($"wait-block handle=0x{handle:X16} pattern=0x{pattern:X16} waiters={state.WaitingThreads} guest_thread=0x{currentGuestThread:X16} fiber=0x{currentFiber:X16} managed={managedThread} ret=0x{returnRip:X16}");
             return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
         }
         finally
@@ -386,7 +381,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
             state.Bits = setPattern;
             state.WaitingThreads = 0;
             Monitor.PulseAll(state.Gate);
-            if (_traceEventFlag) TraceEventFlag(
+            TraceEventFlag(
                 $"cancel handle=0x{handle:X16} bits=0x{setPattern:X16} " +
                 $"guest_thread=0x{GuestThreadExecution.CurrentGuestThreadHandle:X16} ret=0x{GetCurrentReturnRip():X16}");
         }
@@ -481,7 +476,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
             }
 
             state.WaitingThreads = Math.Max(0, state.WaitingThreads - 1);
-            if (_traceEventFlag) TraceEventFlag(
+            TraceEventFlag(
                 $"wait-wake pattern=0x{pattern:X16} mode=0x{waitMode:X2} bits=0x{state.Bits:X16} waiters={state.WaitingThreads}");
             return true;
         }
@@ -573,7 +568,7 @@ public static class KernelEventFlagCompatExports
 
     private static void TraceEventFlag(string message)
     {
-        if (_traceEventFlag)
+        if (string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_EVENT_FLAG"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal))
         {
             Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][TRACE] event_flag.{message}");
         }

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Kernel/KernelMemoryCompatExports.cs

@@ -102,11 +102,7 @@ public static partial class KernelMemoryCompatExports
     private static readonly object _guestMountGate = new();
     private static readonly Dictionary<ulong, DirectAllocation> _directAllocations = new();
     private static readonly Dictionary<ulong, LibcHeapAllocation> _libcAllocations = new();
-    // Keyed by (and kept sorted on) region base address so VirtualQuery can find a
-    // containing/next region with a binary search instead of an O(n) scan. Every
-    // write uses the region's own Address as the key (see AddMappedRegionSliceLocked
-    // and the mmap sites), so Values enumerate in ascending address order.
-    private static readonly SortedList<ulong, MappedRegion> _mappedRegions = new();
+    private static readonly Dictionary<ulong, MappedRegion> _mappedRegions = new();
     private static readonly Dictionary<ulong, string> _mappedRegionNames = new();
     private static readonly Dictionary<string, string> _guestMounts = new(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
     private static readonly HashSet<string> _tracedStatResults = new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
@@ -5484,9 +5480,7 @@ public static partial class KernelMemoryCompatExports
 
         var affected = new List<MappedRegion>();
         var cursor = address;
-        // _mappedRegions is a SortedList keyed by address, so Values already
-        // enumerate in ascending address order.
-        foreach (var region in _mappedRegions.Values)
+        foreach (var region in _mappedRegions.Values.OrderBy(static region => region.Address))
         {
             if (!TryAddU64(region.Address, region.Length, out var regionEnd) || regionEnd <= cursor)
             {
@@ -5647,33 +5641,9 @@ public static partial class KernelMemoryCompatExports
     private static bool TryFindVirtualQueryRegionLocked(ulong queryAddress, bool findNext, out MappedRegion region)
     {
         region = default;
-        var keys = _mappedRegions.Keys;
-        var values = _mappedRegions.Values;
-        var count = keys.Count;
-
-        // First index whose region address is >= queryAddress.
-        var lo = 0;
-        var hi = count;
-        while (lo < hi)
+        var foundNext = false;
+        foreach (var candidate in _mappedRegions.Values)
         {
-            var mid = (int)(((uint)lo + (uint)hi) >> 1);
-            if (keys[mid] < queryAddress)
-            {
-                lo = mid + 1;
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                hi = mid;
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Regions do not overlap, so only the one with the greatest base address
-        // <= queryAddress can contain it — index lo when it starts exactly at
-        // queryAddress, otherwise lo - 1.
-        var floorIndex = (lo < count && keys[lo] == queryAddress) ? lo : lo - 1;
-        if (floorIndex >= 0)
-        {
-            var candidate = values[floorIndex];
             if (TryAddU64(candidate.Address, candidate.Length, out var candidateEnd) &&
                 queryAddress >= candidate.Address &&
                 queryAddress < candidateEnd)
@@ -5681,16 +5651,20 @@ public static partial class KernelMemoryCompatExports
                 region = candidate;
                 return true;
             }
-        }
 
-        // findNext: the region with the smallest base address >= queryAddress.
-        if (findNext && lo < count)
+            if (!findNext || candidate.Address < queryAddress)
             {
-            region = values[lo];
-            return true;
+                continue;
             }
 
-        return false;
+            if (!foundNext || candidate.Address < region.Address)
+            {
+                region = candidate;
+                foundNext = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return foundNext;
     }
 
     private static void TraceDirectMemoryCall(
@@ -5719,12 +5693,10 @@ public static partial class KernelMemoryCompatExports
             $"[LOADER][TRACE] {operation}: ret=0x{returnRip:X16} len=0x{length:X16} align=0x{alignment:X16} type=0x{memoryType:X8} out=0x{outAddress:X16} selected=0x{selectedAddress:X16} result={result?.ToString() ?? "<pending>"}");
     }
 
-    // Cached once so the ~8 direct-memory call sites don't each do a
-    // GetEnvironmentVariable P/Invoke per operation.
-    private static readonly bool _traceDirectMemory = string.Equals(
-        Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_DIRECT_MEMORY"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal);
-
-    private static bool ShouldTraceDirectMemory() => _traceDirectMemory;
+    private static bool ShouldTraceDirectMemory()
+    {
+        return string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_DIRECT_MEMORY"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal);
+    }
 
     private static bool TryReleaseDirectMemoryRangeLocked(ulong start, ulong length)
     {

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Network/NetExports.cs

@@ -344,10 +344,8 @@ public static class NetExports
     public static int NetHtonl(CpuContext ctx)
     {
         var value = unchecked((uint)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
-        // The byte-swapped result is the return value and already lives in Rax; return OK as the
-        // dispatch status without going through SetReturn, which would overwrite Rax with 0.
         ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = BinaryPrimitives.ReverseEndianness(value);
-        return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -358,10 +356,8 @@ public static class NetExports
     public static int NetHtons(CpuContext ctx)
     {
         var value = unchecked((ushort)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
-        // The byte-swapped result is the return value and already lives in Rax; return OK as the
-        // dispatch status without going through SetReturn, which would overwrite Rax with 0.
         ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = BinaryPrimitives.ReverseEndianness(value);
-        return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -372,10 +368,8 @@ public static class NetExports
     public static int NetNtohl(CpuContext ctx)
     {
         var value = unchecked((uint)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
-        // The byte-swapped result is the return value and already lives in Rax; return OK as the
-        // dispatch status without going through SetReturn, which would overwrite Rax with 0.
         ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = BinaryPrimitives.ReverseEndianness(value);
-        return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -386,10 +380,8 @@ public static class NetExports
     public static int NetNtohs(CpuContext ctx)
     {
         var value = unchecked((ushort)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
-        // The byte-swapped result is the return value and already lives in Rax; return OK as the
-        // dispatch status without going through SetReturn, which would overwrite Rax with 0.
         ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = BinaryPrimitives.ReverseEndianness(value);
-        return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK;
+        return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Pad/HostWindowInput.cs

@@ -253,9 +253,9 @@ public static class HostWindowInput
         };
     }
 
-    internal static byte ToStickByte(float value)
+    private static byte ToStickByte(float value)
     {
-        return (byte)Math.Clamp((int)MathF.Round((value + 1.0f) * 127.5f), 0, 255);
+        return (byte)Math.Clamp((int)(128.0f + value * 127.0f), 0, 255);
     }
 
     private static HostGamepadButtons MapButton(ButtonName name) => name switch

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Pad/PadExports.cs

@@ -127,19 +127,6 @@ public static class PadExports
             : ctx.SetReturn(OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle);
     }
 
-    [SysAbiExport(
-        Nid = "vDLMoJLde8I",
-        ExportName = "scePadSetTiltCorrectionState",
-        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
-        LibraryName = "libScePad")]
-    public static int PadSetTiltCorrectionState(CpuContext ctx)
-    {
-        var handle = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
-        return IsPrimaryPadHandle(handle)
-            ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
-            : ctx.SetReturn(OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle);
-    }
-
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "gjP9-KQzoUk",
         ExportName = "scePadGetControllerInformation",

src/SharpEmu.Libs/PlayGo/PlayGoExports.cs

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
 using System.Buffers.Binary;
 using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
-using System.Xml.Linq;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.Libs.PlayGo;
 
@@ -424,10 +423,7 @@ public static class PlayGoExports
                 // Titles rely on this as an enumeration terminator: Monster Truck
                 // scans ids 0,1,2,... until BAD_CHUNK_ID, and answering OK for every
                 // id makes that scan wrap the ushort range and spin forever.
-                loci[i] = PlayGoLocusNotDownloaded;
-                return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(outLoci, loci)
-                    ? OrbisPlayGoErrorBadChunkId
-                    : (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;
+                return OrbisPlayGoErrorBadChunkId;
             }
 
             loci[i] = PlayGoLocusLocalFast;
@@ -673,8 +669,7 @@ public static class PlayGoExports
     {
         lock (_stateGate)
         {
-            return _metadata.ChunkIdKnowledge == PlayGoChunkIdKnowledge.Unknown ||
-                Array.BinarySearch(_metadata.ChunkIds, chunkId) >= 0;
+            return Array.BinarySearch(_metadata.ChunkIds, chunkId) >= 0;
         }
     }
 
@@ -685,10 +680,7 @@ public static class PlayGoExports
         {
             // No app0 override to probe for sidecar files: same fully-installed
             // single-chunk fallback as below, or scePlayGoOpen fails fatally.
-            return new PlayGoMetadata(
-                true,
-                [(ushort)0],
-                PlayGoChunkIdKnowledge.Authoritative);
+            return new PlayGoMetadata(true, [(ushort)0]);
         }
 
         var playGoDat = Path.Combine(app0Root, "sce_sys", "playgo-chunk.dat");
@@ -703,19 +695,19 @@ public static class PlayGoExports
             // init failure for UE titles); chunk 0 reports LocalFast and every other id
             // returns BAD_CHUNK_ID, terminating title-side chunk enumeration.
             TracePlayGo("metadata_missing; fully-installed single chunk");
-            return new PlayGoMetadata(
-                true,
-                [(ushort)0],
-                PlayGoChunkIdKnowledge.Authoritative);
+            return new PlayGoMetadata(true, [(ushort)0]);
         }
 
         var chunkIds = LoadChunkIds(chunkDefsXml);
-        return new PlayGoMetadata(
-            true,
-            chunkIds,
-            chunkIds.Length == 0
-                ? PlayGoChunkIdKnowledge.Unknown
-                : PlayGoChunkIdKnowledge.Authoritative);
+        if (chunkIds.Length == 0)
+        {
+            // Unreadable/empty sidecar: fall back to chunk 0, not an empty set
+            // (which IsKnownChunkId would treat as "every id valid").
+            TracePlayGo("metadata_unreadable; fully-installed single chunk");
+            return new PlayGoMetadata(true, [(ushort)0]);
+        }
+
+        return new PlayGoMetadata(true, chunkIds);
     }
 
     private static ushort[] LoadChunkIds(string chunkDefsXml)
@@ -728,8 +720,6 @@ public static class PlayGoExports
         try
         {
             var xml = File.ReadAllText(chunkDefsXml);
-            _ = XDocument.Parse(xml, LoadOptions.None);
-
             var chunkIds = new HashSet<ushort>();
             AddChunkIds(xml, DefaultChunkPattern, chunkIds);
             AddChunkIds(xml, ChunkIdPattern, chunkIds);
@@ -746,10 +736,6 @@ public static class PlayGoExports
         {
             return Array.Empty<ushort>();
         }
-        catch (System.Xml.XmlException)
-        {
-            return Array.Empty<ushort>();
-        }
     }
 
     private static void AddChunkIds(string xml, Regex pattern, HashSet<ushort> chunkIds)
@@ -788,35 +774,8 @@ public static class PlayGoExports
         }
     }
 
-    internal static void ResetForTests()
+    private sealed record PlayGoMetadata(bool Available, ushort[] ChunkIds)
     {
-        lock (_stateGate)
-        {
-            _initialized = false;
-            _opened = false;
-            _metadata = PlayGoMetadata.Empty;
-            _installSpeed = PlayGoInstallSpeedTrickle;
-            _languageMask = ulong.MaxValue;
-        }
-
-        Interlocked.Exchange(ref _unknownChunkDiagnostics, 0);
-        Interlocked.Exchange(ref _locusTraceDiagnostics, 0);
-    }
-
-    private enum PlayGoChunkIdKnowledge
-    {
-        Unknown,
-        Authoritative,
-    }
-
-    private sealed record PlayGoMetadata(
-        bool Available,
-        ushort[] ChunkIds,
-        PlayGoChunkIdKnowledge ChunkIdKnowledge)
-    {
-        public static readonly PlayGoMetadata Empty = new(
-            false,
-            Array.Empty<ushort>(),
-            PlayGoChunkIdKnowledge.Unknown);
+        public static readonly PlayGoMetadata Empty = new(false, Array.Empty<ushort>());
     }
 }

src/SharpEmu.Libs/SaveData/SaveDataExports.cs

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
 using SharpEmu.Libs.Kernel;
-using System.Buffers;
 using System.Buffers.Binary;
 using System.Text;
 
@@ -15,7 +14,6 @@ public static class SaveDataExports
     private const int OrbisSaveDataErrorExists = unchecked((int)0x809F0007);
     private const int OrbisSaveDataErrorNotFound = unchecked((int)0x809F0008);
     private const int OrbisSaveDataErrorInternal = unchecked((int)0x809F000B);
-    private const int OrbisSaveDataErrorMemoryNotReady = unchecked((int)0x809F0012);
     private const int SaveDataTitleIdSize = 10;
     private const int SaveDataDirNameSize = 32;
     private const int SaveDataParamSize = 0x530;
@@ -31,10 +29,7 @@ public static class SaveDataExports
     private const uint MountModeCreate = 1u << 2;
     private const uint MountModeCreate2 = 1u << 5;
     private const int MountResultSize = 0x40;
-    // Emulator guard against corrupt or misread sizes, not a platform limit.
-    private const ulong SaveDataMemoryMaxSize = 64UL * 1024 * 1024;
     private static readonly object _stateGate = new();
-    private static readonly object _memoryGate = new();
     private static readonly HashSet<int> _preparedTransactionResources = [];
     private static string? _titleId;
 
@@ -477,19 +472,6 @@ public static class SaveDataExports
     private static string ResolveTitleSaveRoot(int userId, string titleId) =>
         Path.Combine(ResolveSaveDataRoot(), userId.ToString(), SanitizePathSegment(titleId));
 
-    private static string ResolveSaveDataMemoryPath(int userId) =>
-        Path.Combine(ResolveTitleSaveRoot(userId, ResolveConfiguredTitleId()), "sce_sdmemory", "memory.dat");
-
-    private static bool TryReadMemoryData(
-        CpuContext ctx, ulong address, out ulong buffer, out ulong size, out ulong offset)
-    {
-        size = 0;
-        offset = 0;
-        return ctx.TryReadUInt64(address, out buffer) &&
-            ctx.TryReadUInt64(address + 0x08, out size) &&
-            ctx.TryReadUInt64(address + 0x10, out offset);
-    }
-
     private static string ResolveSaveDataRoot()
     {
         var configured = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_SAVEDATA_DIR");
@@ -688,197 +670,4 @@ public static class SaveDataExports
         TraceSaveData($"commit commit=0x{commitAddress:X16}");
         return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
-
-    // Save data memory: a small per-user blob titles read and write without
-    // mounting anything, backed by one zero-filled file per user and title.
-    [SysAbiExport(
-        Nid = "oQySEUfgXRA",
-        ExportName = "sceSaveDataSetupSaveDataMemory2",
-        Target = Generation.Gen5,
-        LibraryName = "libSceSaveData")]
-    public static int SaveDataSetupSaveDataMemory2(CpuContext ctx)
-    {
-        var paramAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
-        var resultAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
-        if (paramAddress == 0)
-        {
-            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
-        }
-
-        if (!TryReadInt32(ctx, paramAddress + 0x04, out var userId) ||
-            !ctx.TryReadUInt64(paramAddress + 0x08, out var memorySize))
-        {
-            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
-        }
-
-        if (userId < 0 || memorySize == 0 || memorySize > SaveDataMemoryMaxSize)
-        {
-            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
-        }
-
-        try
-        {
-            var path = ResolveSaveDataMemoryPath(userId);
-            lock (_memoryGate)
-            {
-                var backing = new FileInfo(path);
-                var existedSize = backing.Exists ? (ulong)backing.Length : 0;
-
-                // The result write comes first so a faulted result pointer
-                // cannot leave created or grown setup state behind.
-                if (resultAddress != 0 && !ctx.TryWriteUInt64(resultAddress, existedSize))
-                {
-                    return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
-                }
-
-                if (existedSize < memorySize)
-                {
-                    Directory.CreateDirectory(Path.GetDirectoryName(path)!);
-                    using var stream = new FileStream(path, FileMode.OpenOrCreate, FileAccess.ReadWrite);
-                    stream.SetLength((long)memorySize);
-                }
-
-                TraceSaveData($"memory-setup2 user={userId} size=0x{memorySize:X} existed=0x{existedSize:X}");
-            }
-
-            return ctx.SetReturn(0);
-        }
-        catch (Exception ex) when (ex is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException)
-        {
-            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorInternal);
-        }
-    }
-
-    [SysAbiExport(
-        Nid = "QwOO7vegnV8",
-        ExportName = "sceSaveDataGetSaveDataMemory2",
-        Target = Generation.Gen5,
-        LibraryName = "libSceSaveData")]
-    public static int SaveDataGetSaveDataMemory2(CpuContext ctx) =>
-        TransferSaveDataMemory(ctx, write: false);
-
-    [SysAbiExport(
-        Nid = "cduy9v4YmT4",
-        ExportName = "sceSaveDataSetSaveDataMemory2",
-        Target = Generation.Gen5,
-        LibraryName = "libSceSaveData")]
-    public static int SaveDataSetSaveDataMemory2(CpuContext ctx) =>
-        TransferSaveDataMemory(ctx, write: true);
-
-    // Writes go straight through to the backing file, so a ready state is
-    // all sync has to confirm.
-    [SysAbiExport(
-        Nid = "wiT9jeC7xPw",
-        ExportName = "sceSaveDataSyncSaveDataMemory",
-        Target = Generation.Gen5,
-        LibraryName = "libSceSaveData")]
-    public static int SaveDataSyncSaveDataMemory(CpuContext ctx)
-    {
-        var syncAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
-        if (syncAddress == 0)
-        {
-            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
-        }
-
-        if (!TryReadInt32(ctx, syncAddress, out var userId))
-        {
-            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
-        }
-
-        if (userId < 0)
-        {
-            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
-        }
-
-        return ctx.SetReturn(
-            File.Exists(ResolveSaveDataMemoryPath(userId)) ? 0 : OrbisSaveDataErrorMemoryNotReady);
-    }
-
-    private static int TransferSaveDataMemory(CpuContext ctx, bool write)
-    {
-        var requestAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
-        if (requestAddress == 0)
-        {
-            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
-        }
-
-        if (!TryReadInt32(ctx, requestAddress, out var userId) ||
-            !ctx.TryReadUInt64(requestAddress + 0x08, out var dataAddress))
-        {
-            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
-        }
-
-        if (userId < 0)
-        {
-            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
-        }
-
-        try
-        {
-            var path = ResolveSaveDataMemoryPath(userId);
-            lock (_memoryGate)
-            {
-                if (!File.Exists(path))
-                {
-                    return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorMemoryNotReady);
-                }
-
-                if (dataAddress == 0)
-                {
-                    return ctx.SetReturn(0);
-                }
-
-                if (!TryReadMemoryData(ctx, dataAddress, out var bufAddress, out var bufSize, out var offset))
-                {
-                    return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
-                }
-
-                using var stream = new FileStream(
-                    path, FileMode.Open, write ? FileAccess.ReadWrite : FileAccess.Read);
-                var length = (ulong)stream.Length;
-                if (bufAddress == 0 || bufSize > length || offset > length - bufSize)
-                {
-                    return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
-                }
-
-                // The guarded file length bounds bufSize, so one rented buffer
-                // covers the transfer and a guest fault never partially writes.
-                var buffer = ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Rent((int)Math.Max(bufSize, 1));
-                try
-                {
-                    var span = buffer.AsSpan(0, (int)bufSize);
-                    stream.Seek((long)offset, SeekOrigin.Begin);
-                    if (write)
-                    {
-                        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(bufAddress, span))
-                        {
-                            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
-                        }
-
-                        stream.Write(span);
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        stream.ReadExactly(span);
-                        if (!ctx.Memory.TryWrite(bufAddress, span))
-                        {
-                            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                finally
-                {
-                    ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Return(buffer);
-                }
-
-                TraceSaveData(
-                    $"memory-{(write ? "set2" : "get2")} user={userId} offset=0x{offset:X} size=0x{bufSize:X}");
-                return ctx.SetReturn(0);
-            }
-        }
-        catch (Exception ex) when (ex is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException)
-        {
-            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorInternal);
-        }
-    }
 }

src/SharpEmu.Libs/VideoOut/VideoOutExports.cs

@@ -259,22 +259,6 @@ public static class VideoOutExports
         }
     }
 
-    [SysAbiExport(
-        Nid = "Nv8c-Kb+DUM",
-        ExportName = "sceVideoOutIsOutputSupported",
-        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
-        LibraryName = "libSceVideoOut")]
-    public static int VideoOutIsOutputSupported(CpuContext ctx)
-    {
-        var busType = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
-        _ = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi]; // pixelFormat
-        _ = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx]; // aspectRatio
-
-        // The emulator supports any output configuration on the main bus.
-        // Return 1 (supported) for SceVideoOutBusTypeMain, 0 otherwise.
-        return busType == SceVideoOutBusTypeMain ? 1 : 0;
-    }
-
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "uquVH4-Du78",
         ExportName = "sceVideoOutClose",
@@ -1646,12 +1630,8 @@ public static class VideoOutExports
     // Maps the PS5 VideoOut pixel format space to the AGC "guest texture format" tags
     // the backend keys its guest-image registry on (see VulkanVideoPresenter.
     // GetGuestTextureFormat: format=10 => 56 for 8-bit RGBA variants, format=9 => 9 for 10-bit).
-    // Unknown formats default to 56 (8-bit RGBA) with a logged warning so games
-    // display something rather than silently failing the flip pipeline.
-    private static uint MapPixelFormatToGuestTextureFormat(ulong pixelFormat)
-    {
-        var normalized = NormalizePixelFormat(pixelFormat);
-        var result = normalized switch
+    private static uint MapPixelFormatToGuestTextureFormat(ulong pixelFormat) =>
+        NormalizePixelFormat(pixelFormat) switch
         {
             SceVideoOutPixelFormatA8R8G8B8Srgb or
             SceVideoOutPixelFormatA8B8G8R8Srgb or
@@ -1669,17 +1649,6 @@ public static class VideoOutExports
             _ => 0u,
         };
 
-        if (result == 0u)
-        {
-            Console.Error.WriteLine(
-                $"[LOADER][WARN] vk: unknown pixel format 0x{pixelFormat:X16} (normalized=0x{normalized:X16}) " +
-                $"— falling back to format 56 (8-bit RGBA). Report this format to the project.");
-            result = 56u;
-        }
-
-        return result;
-    }
-
     internal static bool TryPackRgba8Pixel(
         ulong pixelFormat,
         byte red,

src/SharpEmu.Libs/VideoOut/VulkanHostBufferPool.cs

@@ -1,109 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using Silk.NET.Vulkan;
-using VkBuffer = Silk.NET.Vulkan.Buffer;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.VideoOut;
-
-internal readonly record struct VulkanHostBufferPoolKey(
-    BufferUsageFlags Usage,
-    ulong Capacity);
-
-internal readonly record struct VulkanHostBufferAllocation(
-    VkBuffer Buffer,
-    DeviceMemory Memory,
-    VulkanHostBufferPoolKey Key,
-    nint Mapped);
-
-internal sealed class VulkanHostBufferPool : IDisposable
-{
-    private readonly Dictionary<VulkanHostBufferPoolKey, Stack<VulkanHostBufferAllocation>>
-        _available = [];
-    private readonly Dictionary<ulong, VulkanHostBufferAllocation> _allocations = [];
-    private readonly HashSet<ulong> _cachedHandles = [];
-    private readonly Action<VulkanHostBufferAllocation> _destroy;
-
-    public VulkanHostBufferPool(
-        ulong maximumCachedBytes,
-        Action<VulkanHostBufferAllocation> destroy)
-    {
-        MaximumCachedBytes = maximumCachedBytes;
-        _destroy = destroy;
-    }
-
-    public ulong MaximumCachedBytes { get; }
-
-    public ulong CachedBytes { get; private set; }
-
-    public bool TryRent(
-        VulkanHostBufferPoolKey key,
-        out VulkanHostBufferAllocation allocation)
-    {
-        if (!_available.TryGetValue(key, out var available) ||
-            !available.TryPop(out allocation))
-        {
-            allocation = default;
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        _cachedHandles.Remove(allocation.Buffer.Handle);
-        CachedBytes -= allocation.Key.Capacity;
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    public void Register(VulkanHostBufferAllocation allocation)
-    {
-        if (allocation.Buffer.Handle == 0)
-        {
-            throw new ArgumentException("A pooled buffer must have a valid handle.", nameof(allocation));
-        }
-
-        _allocations.Add(allocation.Buffer.Handle, allocation);
-    }
-
-    public bool Return(VkBuffer buffer, DeviceMemory memory)
-    {
-        if (!_allocations.TryGetValue(buffer.Handle, out var allocation) ||
-            allocation.Memory.Handle != memory.Handle)
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        if (!_cachedHandles.Add(buffer.Handle))
-        {
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        if (allocation.Key.Capacity > MaximumCachedBytes - CachedBytes)
-        {
-            _cachedHandles.Remove(buffer.Handle);
-            _allocations.Remove(buffer.Handle);
-            _destroy(allocation);
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        if (!_available.TryGetValue(allocation.Key, out var available))
-        {
-            available = [];
-            _available.Add(allocation.Key, available);
-        }
-
-        available.Push(allocation);
-        CachedBytes += allocation.Key.Capacity;
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    public void Dispose()
-    {
-        foreach (var allocation in _allocations.Values)
-        {
-            _destroy(allocation);
-        }
-
-        _allocations.Clear();
-        _available.Clear();
-        _cachedHandles.Clear();
-        CachedBytes = 0;
-    }
-}

src/SharpEmu.Libs/VideoOut/VulkanVideoPresenter.cs

@@ -124,7 +124,6 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
     // stays tighter than the drain budget because queued draws pin their
     // pooled guest-data arrays until the render thread uploads them.
     private const int MaxPendingGuestWork = 64;
-    private const ulong MaximumCachedHostBufferBytes = 128UL * 1024 * 1024;
     // A captured 4K flip can consume tens of MiB of device-local memory.
     // Retain only a short presentation queue while always preserving the
     // newest generation; older immutable versions are retired immediately.
@@ -609,42 +608,6 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
             shaderAddress);
     }
 
-    // Manual scans (targets are <= 8) so the per-draw validation does not
-    // allocate LINQ iterators/closures or a Distinct HashSet.
-    private static bool AnyRenderTargetInvalid(IReadOnlyList<GuestRenderTarget> targets)
-    {
-        foreach (var target in targets)
-        {
-            if (target.Address == 0 || target.Width == 0 || target.Height == 0)
-            {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    private static bool RenderTargetsMismatchedOrAliased(IReadOnlyList<GuestRenderTarget> targets, GuestRenderTarget first)
-    {
-        for (var i = 0; i < targets.Count; i++)
-        {
-            if (targets[i].Width != first.Width || targets[i].Height != first.Height)
-            {
-                return true;
-            }
-
-            for (var j = i + 1; j < targets.Count; j++)
-            {
-                if (targets[i].Address == targets[j].Address)
-                {
-                    return true;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        return false;
-    }
-
     public static void SubmitOffscreenTranslatedDraw(
         byte[] pixelSpirv,
         IReadOnlyList<GuestDrawTexture> textures,
@@ -664,13 +627,16 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
         if (pixelSpirv.Length == 0 ||
             targets.Count == 0 ||
             targets.Count > 8 ||
-            AnyRenderTargetInvalid(targets))
+            targets.Any(target =>
+                target.Address == 0 || target.Width == 0 || target.Height == 0))
         {
             return;
         }
 
         var firstTarget = targets[0];
-        if (RenderTargetsMismatchedOrAliased(targets, firstTarget))
+        if (targets.Any(target =>
+                target.Width != firstTarget.Width || target.Height != firstTarget.Height) ||
+            targets.Select(target => target.Address).Distinct().Count() != targets.Count)
         {
             Console.Error.WriteLine(
                 "[LOADER][WARN] Vulkan skipped MRT draw with mismatched dimensions or aliased targets.");
@@ -688,11 +654,9 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
         var effectiveRenderState = renderState ?? GuestRenderState.Default;
         if (effectiveRenderState.Blends.Count == 1 && targets.Count > 1)
         {
-            var broadcastBlends = new GuestBlendState[targets.Count];
-            Array.Fill(broadcastBlends, effectiveRenderState.Blends[0]);
             effectiveRenderState = effectiveRenderState with
             {
-                Blends = broadcastBlends,
+                Blends = Enumerable.Repeat(effectiveRenderState.Blends[0], targets.Count).ToArray(),
             };
         }
         lock (_gate)
@@ -2213,12 +2177,6 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
         return keys;
     }
 
-    internal static bool ShouldAttachGuestDepth(
-        GuestDepthTarget? target,
-        GuestDepthState state) =>
-        target is not null &&
-        (state.TestEnable || state.WriteEnable || state.ClearEnable);
-
     private readonly record struct Presentation(
         byte[]? Pixels,
         uint Width,
@@ -2399,7 +2357,9 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
             new(ReferenceEqualityComparer.Instance);
         private readonly Dictionary<DescriptorLayoutKey, DescriptorLayoutBundle>
             _descriptorLayouts = new();
-        private readonly VulkanHostBufferPool _hostBufferPool;
+        private readonly Dictionary<HostBufferPoolKey, Stack<HostBufferAllocation>>
+            _hostBufferPool = new();
+        private readonly Dictionary<ulong, HostBufferAllocation> _hostBufferAllocations = new();
         private readonly List<GuestBufferAllocation> _guestBufferAllocations = [];
         private readonly Queue<PendingGuestSubmission> _pendingGuestSubmissions = new();
         private readonly Dictionary<string, ulong> _lastSubmittedTimelineByGuestQueue =
@@ -2421,6 +2381,10 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
             GuestRasterState Raster,
             GuestDepthState Depth);
 
+        private readonly record struct HostBufferPoolKey(
+            BufferUsageFlags Usage,
+            ulong Capacity);
+
         private readonly record struct DescriptorLayoutKey(
             ShaderStageFlags Stages,
             string Resources);
@@ -2433,6 +2397,12 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
             DescriptorSetLayout DescriptorSetLayout,
             PipelineLayout PipelineLayout);
 
+        private sealed record HostBufferAllocation(
+            VkBuffer Buffer,
+            DeviceMemory Memory,
+            HostBufferPoolKey Key,
+            nint Mapped);
+
         private readonly record struct DirtyGuestBufferRange(ulong Offset, ulong Length);
 
         private sealed class GuestBufferAllocation
@@ -2622,9 +2592,6 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
 
         public Presenter(uint width, uint height)
         {
-            _hostBufferPool = new VulkanHostBufferPool(
-                MaximumCachedHostBufferBytes,
-                DestroyHostBufferAllocation);
             var options = WindowOptions.DefaultVulkan;
             options.Size = new Vector2D<int>((int)DefaultWindowWidth, (int)DefaultWindowHeight);
             options.Title = VideoOutExports.GetWindowTitle();
@@ -2775,11 +2742,6 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
 
         private void LoadDebugUtilsCommands()
         {
-            if (!_vulkanDebugUtilsEnabled)
-            {
-                return;
-            }
-
             var setObjectName = _vk.GetDeviceProcAddr(_device, "vkSetDebugUtilsObjectNameEXT");
             var beginLabel = _vk.GetDeviceProcAddr(_device, "vkCmdBeginDebugUtilsLabelEXT");
             var endLabel = _vk.GetDeviceProcAddr(_device, "vkCmdEndDebugUtilsLabelEXT");
@@ -2882,48 +2844,10 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
             $"SharpEmu texture 0x{texture.Address:X16} {texture.Width}x{texture.Height} " +
             $"fmt{texture.Format}/{format}";
 
-        private static bool IsTitleDraw(IReadOnlyList<GuestVertexBuffer> vertexBuffers)
-        {
-            foreach (var buffer in vertexBuffers)
-            {
-                if (buffer.Location == 0 &&
-                    buffer.ComponentCount == 4 &&
-                    buffer.DataFormat == 10 &&
-                    buffer.NumberFormat == 0 &&
-                    buffer.Stride == 16 &&
-                    buffer.OffsetBytes == 12 &&
-                    buffer.Length == 67568)
-                {
-                    return true;
-                }
-            }
-
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        private static bool AnyTargetAddressMatches(
-            IReadOnlyList<GuestImageResource>? targets,
-            string environmentVariable)
-        {
-            if (targets is null)
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            foreach (var target in targets)
-            {
-                if (AddressListContains(environmentVariable, target.Address))
-                {
-                    return true;
-                }
-            }
-
-            return false;
-        }
-
         private void CreateInstance()
         {
             var applicationName = (byte*)SilkMarshal.StringToPtr("SharpEmu");
+            var enableValidation = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_VK_VALIDATION") == "1";
             byte* validationLayerName = null;
 
             try
@@ -2949,8 +2873,7 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                     enabledExtensions[index] = extensions[index];
                 }
 
-                if (_vulkanDebugUtilsEnabled &&
-                    IsInstanceExtensionAvailable(DebugUtilsExtensionName))
+                if (IsInstanceExtensionAvailable(DebugUtilsExtensionName))
                 {
                     debugUtilsExtension = (byte*)SilkMarshal.StringToPtr(DebugUtilsExtensionName);
                     enabledExtensions[enabledExtensionCount++] = debugUtilsExtension;
@@ -2965,12 +2888,11 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                     instanceCreateFlags |= InstanceCreateFlags.EnumeratePortabilityBitKhr;
                 }
 
-                if (_vulkanValidationEnabled &&
-                    IsInstanceLayerAvailable("VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation"))
+                if (enableValidation && IsInstanceLayerAvailable("VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation"))
                 {
                     validationLayerName = (byte*)SilkMarshal.StringToPtr("VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation");
                 }
-                else if (_vulkanValidationEnabled)
+                else if (enableValidation)
                 {
                     Console.Error.WriteLine("[LOADER][WARN] SHARPEMU_VK_VALIDATION=1 but VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation not found (Vulkan SDK installed?).");
                 }
@@ -4450,29 +4372,23 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
             CollectCompletedGuestSubmissions(waitForOldest: false);
             var waitedMs = (System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.GetTimestamp() - waitStart) *
                 1000.0 / System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.Frequency;
-            if (_traceVulkanShaderEnabled)
-            {
             TraceVulkanShader(
                 $"vk.queue_visibility queue={_activeGuestQueue.Name} " +
                 $"submission={_activeGuestQueue.SubmissionId} " +
                 $"target_timeline={targetTimeline} completed_timeline={_completedTimeline} " +
                 $"waited_ms={waitedMs:F3}");
         }
-        }
 
         private void ExecuteOrderedGuestAction(VulkanOrderedGuestAction work)
         {
             WaitForActiveGuestQueueSubmissionsForCpuVisibility();
             WriteBackAllDirtyGuestBuffers(_activeGuestQueue.Name);
             work.Action();
-            if (_traceVulkanShaderEnabled)
-            {
             TraceVulkanShader(
                 $"vk.ordered_action queue={_activeGuestQueue.Name} " +
                 $"submission={_activeGuestQueue.SubmissionId} " +
                 $"work_sequence={_activeGuestWorkSequence} name='{work.DebugName}'");
         }
-        }
 
         private void ExecuteOrderedGuestFlip(VulkanOrderedGuestFlip work)
         {
@@ -4943,13 +4859,6 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
             IReadOnlyList<GuestImageResource>? renderTargets = null,
             ulong shaderAddress = 0)
         {
-            if (!_traceGuestImagesEnabled &&
-                !_traceGuestImageAddressFilterEnabled &&
-                GuestImageTraceInterval() is null)
-            {
-                return Array.Empty<GuestImageResource>();
-            }
-
             var candidates = new HashSet<GuestImageResource>();
             foreach (var renderTarget in renderTargets ?? [])
             {
@@ -5192,35 +5101,47 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
             bool hasDepthAttachment = false,
             GuestDepthResource? feedbackDepth = null)
         {
-            var isTitleDraw = IsTitleDraw(draw.VertexBuffers);
-            var forceFullscreenVertex = _forceFullscreenPipeline ||
-                _forceFullscreenVertex ||
-                isTitleDraw && _forceTitleFullscreenVertex ||
-                AnyTargetAddressMatches(
-                    feedbackTargets,
-                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_FULLSCREEN_VERTEX_TARGETS");
-            var forceRasterState = _forceFullscreenPipeline ||
-                _forceDefaultRasterState ||
-                isTitleDraw && _forceTitleDefaultRasterState ||
-                AnyTargetAddressMatches(
-                    feedbackTargets,
-                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_DEFAULT_RASTER_STATE_TARGETS");
+            var isTitleDraw = draw.VertexBuffers.Any(buffer =>
+                buffer.Location == 0 &&
+                buffer.ComponentCount == 4 &&
+                buffer.DataFormat == 10 &&
+                buffer.NumberFormat == 0 &&
+                buffer.Stride == 16 &&
+                buffer.OffsetBytes == 12 &&
+                buffer.Length == 67568);
+            var forceFullscreenPipeline = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
+                "SHARPEMU_FORCE_FULLSCREEN_PIPELINE") == "1";
+            var forceFullscreenVertex = forceFullscreenPipeline ||
+                Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
+                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_FULLSCREEN_VERTEX") == "1" ||
+                isTitleDraw && Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
+                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_TITLE_FULLSCREEN_VERTEX") == "1" ||
+                feedbackTargets?.Any(target => AddressListContains(
+                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_FULLSCREEN_VERTEX_TARGETS",
+                    target.Address)) == true;
+            var forceRasterState = forceFullscreenPipeline ||
+                Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
+                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_DEFAULT_RASTER_STATE") == "1" ||
+                isTitleDraw && Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
+                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_TITLE_DEFAULT_RASTER_STATE") == "1" ||
+                feedbackTargets?.Any(target => AddressListContains(
+                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_DEFAULT_RASTER_STATE_TARGETS",
+                    target.Address)) == true;
             var forceTitleSolidFragment =
-                _forceTitleSolidFragment &&
+                Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
+                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_TITLE_SOLID_FRAGMENT") == "1" &&
                 isTitleDraw;
-            var forceSolidFragment = forceTitleSolidFragment ||
-                _forceFullscreenPipeline ||
-                _forceSolidFragment ||
-                AnyTargetAddressMatches(
-                    feedbackTargets,
-                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_SOLID_FRAGMENT_TARGETS");
-            var attributeFragmentLocation =
-                _forceAttributeFragmentLocation.GetValueOrDefault();
-            var forceAttributeFragment =
-                _forceAttributeFragmentLocation.HasValue &&
-                AnyTargetAddressMatches(
-                    feedbackTargets,
-                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_ATTRIBUTE_FRAGMENT_TARGETS");
+            var forceSolidFragment = forceTitleSolidFragment || forceFullscreenPipeline ||
+                Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_FORCE_SOLID_FRAGMENT") == "1" ||
+                feedbackTargets?.Any(target => AddressListContains(
+                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_SOLID_FRAGMENT_TARGETS",
+                    target.Address)) == true;
+            var forceAttributeFragment = uint.TryParse(
+                Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_FORCE_ATTRIBUTE_FRAGMENT"),
+                out var attributeFragmentLocation) &&
+                feedbackTargets?.Any(target => AddressListContains(
+                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_ATTRIBUTE_FRAGMENT_TARGETS",
+                    target.Address)) == true;
             var vertexSpirv = forceFullscreenVertex
                 ? SpirvFixedShaders.CreateFullscreenVertex(0)
                 : draw.VertexSpirv;
@@ -5229,9 +5150,11 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                 : forceAttributeFragment
                     ? SpirvFixedShaders.CreateAttributeFragment(attributeFragmentLocation)
                 : draw.PixelSpirv;
-            if (forceSolidFragment && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(_fixedFragmentDumpPath))
+            var fixedFragmentDumpPath = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
+                "SHARPEMU_DUMP_FIXED_SOLID_FRAGMENT");
+            if (forceSolidFragment && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(fixedFragmentDumpPath))
             {
-                File.WriteAllBytes(_fixedFragmentDumpPath, fragmentSpirv);
+                File.WriteAllBytes(fixedFragmentDumpPath, fragmentSpirv);
             }
             if (draw.RenderState.Blends.Count != renderTargetFormats.Count)
             {
@@ -5281,18 +5204,21 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                 resources.Raster = GuestRasterState.Default;
                 resources.Depth = GuestDepthState.Default;
             }
-            if (isTitleDraw && _forceTitleDefaultBlend)
+            if (isTitleDraw && Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
+                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_TITLE_DEFAULT_BLEND") == "1")
             {
                 resources.Blends = Enumerable.Repeat(
                     GuestBlendState.Default,
                     renderTargetFormats.Count).ToArray();
             }
-            if (isTitleDraw && _forceTitleDefaultViewportScissor)
+            if (isTitleDraw && Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
+                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_TITLE_DEFAULT_VIEWPORT_SCISSOR") == "1")
             {
                 resources.Scissor = null;
                 resources.Viewport = null;
             }
-            if (isTitleDraw && _forceTitleDisableCull)
+            if (isTitleDraw && Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
+                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_TITLE_DISABLE_CULL") == "1")
             {
                 resources.Raster = resources.Raster with
                 {
@@ -5300,11 +5226,13 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                     CullBack = false,
                 };
             }
-            if (isTitleDraw && _forceTitleDisableDepth)
+            if (isTitleDraw && Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
+                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_TITLE_DISABLE_DEPTH") == "1")
             {
                 resources.Depth = GuestDepthState.Default;
             }
-            if (isTitleDraw && _traceTitleState)
+            if (isTitleDraw && Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
+                    "SHARPEMU_TRACE_TITLE_STATE") == "1")
             {
                 Console.Error.WriteLine(
                     $"[LOADER][TRACE] vk.title_state " +
@@ -5388,8 +5316,7 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                     resources.IndexBuffer = CreateHostBuffer(
                         indexBuffer.Data.AsSpan(0, indexBuffer.Length),
                         BufferUsageFlags.IndexBufferBit,
-                        out resources.IndexMemory,
-                        out _);
+                        out resources.IndexMemory);
                     resources.Index32Bit = indexBuffer.Is32Bit;
                     if (indexBuffer.Pooled)
                     {
@@ -6912,8 +6839,7 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
             var vkFormat = GetTextureFormat(texture.Format, texture.NumberType);
 
             var expectedSize = GetTextureByteCount(texture.Format, rowLength, height);
-            if (ShouldTraceVulkanResources() &&
-                _tracedTextureUploads.Add((texture.Address, width, height, vkFormat)))
+            if (_tracedTextureUploads.Add((texture.Address, width, height, vkFormat)))
             {
                 Console.Error.WriteLine(
                     $"[LOADER][TRACE] vk.texture addr=0x{texture.Address:X16} " +
@@ -7568,43 +7494,21 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
 
             var size = (ulong)Math.Max(guestBuffer.Length, sizeof(uint));
             var endAddress = checked(guestBuffer.BaseAddress + size);
-            GuestBufferAllocation? allocation = null;
-            var allocationPriority = -1;
-            // This runs for every bound global buffer. Preserve the previous
-            // stable queue preference without allocating LINQ sort state.
-            foreach (var candidate in _guestBufferAllocations)
-            {
-                if (candidate.BaseAddress > guestBuffer.BaseAddress ||
-                    candidate.BaseAddress + candidate.Size < endAddress)
-                {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                var candidatePriority = string.Equals(
+            var allocation = _guestBufferAllocations
+                .Where(candidate =>
+                    candidate.BaseAddress <= guestBuffer.BaseAddress &&
+                    candidate.BaseAddress + candidate.Size >= endAddress)
+                .OrderByDescending(candidate =>
+                    string.Equals(
                         candidate.QueueName,
                         _activeGuestQueue.Name,
-                        StringComparison.Ordinal)
-                    ? 2
-                    : string.Equals(
+                        StringComparison.Ordinal))
+                .ThenByDescending(candidate =>
+                    string.Equals(
                         candidate.QueueName,
                         SharedReadOnlyGuestBufferQueue,
-                        StringComparison.Ordinal)
-                        ? 1
-                        : 0;
-                if (candidatePriority > allocationPriority)
-                {
-                    allocation = candidate;
-                    allocationPriority = candidatePriority;
-                }
-            }
-
-            if (allocation is null)
-            {
-                throw new InvalidOperationException(
-                    $"no Vulkan guest buffer allocation covers " +
-                    $"0x{guestBuffer.BaseAddress:X16}-0x{endAddress:X16}");
-            }
-
+                        StringComparison.Ordinal))
+                .First();
             var guestOffset = guestBuffer.BaseAddress - allocation.BaseAddress;
             var descriptorOffset = guestOffset &
                 ~(GuestStorageBufferOffsetAlignment - 1);
@@ -7653,15 +7557,16 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                     WaitForActiveGuestQueueSubmissionsForCpuVisibility();
                     WriteBackAllDirtyGuestBuffers(_activeGuestQueue.Name);
                 }
-                var mapped = new Span<byte>(
-                    (void*)(allocation.Mapped + checked((nint)guestOffset)),
-                    guestBuffer.Length);
-                if (_guestMemory?.TryRead(guestBuffer.BaseAddress, mapped) != true)
+                var live = new byte[guestBuffer.Length];
+                if (_guestMemory?.TryRead(guestBuffer.BaseAddress, live) == true)
                 {
-                    source.CopyTo(mapped);
+                    source = live;
                 }
 
-                mapped.CopyTo(shadow);
+                source.CopyTo(new Span<byte>(
+                    (void*)(allocation.Mapped + checked((nint)guestOffset)),
+                    source.Length));
+                source.CopyTo(shadow);
             }
 
             if (ShouldTraceVulkanResources() &&
@@ -7671,6 +7576,14 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                     $"[LOADER][TRACE] vk.global_buffer base=0x{guestBuffer.BaseAddress:X16} " +
                     $"bytes={guestBuffer.Length}");
             }
+            if (_setDebugUtilsObjectName is not null)
+            {
+                SetDebugName(
+                    ObjectType.Buffer,
+                    allocation.Buffer.Handle,
+                    $"SharpEmu global 0x{guestBuffer.BaseAddress:X16} {guestBuffer.Length}b");
+            }
+
             if (guestBuffer.Pooled)
             {
                 GuestDataPool.Return(guestBuffer.Data);
@@ -7698,8 +7611,8 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
             var buffer = CreateHostBuffer(
                 guestBuffer.Data.AsSpan(0, guestBuffer.Length),
                 BufferUsageFlags.StorageBufferBit,
-                out var memory,
-                out var mapped);
+                out var memory);
+            var allocation = _hostBufferAllocations[buffer.Handle];
             if (guestBuffer.Pooled)
             {
                 GuestDataPool.Return(guestBuffer.Data);
@@ -7712,7 +7625,7 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                 WriteBackToGuest = false,
                 Buffer = buffer,
                 Memory = memory,
-                Mapped = mapped,
+                Mapped = allocation.Mapped,
                 Offset = 0,
                 Size = (ulong)Math.Max(guestBuffer.Length, sizeof(uint)),
                 GuestOffset = 0,
@@ -7907,7 +7820,7 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
         {
             ReadOnlySpan<byte> source = guestBuffer.Data.AsSpan(0, guestBuffer.Length);
             byte[]? forcedVertexColors = null;
-            if (_forceTitleVertexColorWhite &&
+            if (Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_FORCE_TITLE_VERTEX_COLOR_WHITE") == "1" &&
                 guestBuffer.Location == 0 &&
                 guestBuffer.ComponentCount == 4 &&
                 guestBuffer.DataFormat == 10 &&
@@ -7932,8 +7845,7 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
             var buffer = CreateHostBuffer(
                 source,
                 BufferUsageFlags.VertexBufferBit,
-                out var memory,
-                out _);
+                out var memory);
             var size = (ulong)Math.Max(guestBuffer.Length, sizeof(uint));
             if (_setDebugUtilsObjectName is not null)
             {
@@ -8002,15 +7914,19 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
         private VkBuffer CreateHostBuffer(
             ReadOnlySpan<byte> data,
             BufferUsageFlags usage,
-            out DeviceMemory memory,
-            out nint mapped)
+            out DeviceMemory memory)
         {
             var size = (ulong)Math.Max(data.Length, sizeof(uint));
             var capacity = BitOperations.RoundUpToPowerOf2(size);
-            var key = new VulkanHostBufferPoolKey(usage, capacity);
+            var key = new HostBufferPoolKey(usage, capacity);
+            if (!_hostBufferPool.TryGetValue(key, out var available))
+            {
+                available = new Stack<HostBufferAllocation>();
+                _hostBufferPool.Add(key, available);
+            }
 
-            VulkanHostBufferAllocation allocation;
-            if (_hostBufferPool.TryRent(key, out var pooled))
+            HostBufferAllocation allocation;
+            if (available.TryPop(out var pooled))
             {
                 allocation = pooled;
             }
@@ -8028,16 +7944,15 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                 Check(
                     _vk.MapMemory(_device, allocatedMemory, 0, capacity, 0, &persistentMapping),
                     "vkMapMemory(host persistent)");
-                allocation = new VulkanHostBufferAllocation(
+                allocation = new HostBufferAllocation(
                     buffer,
                     allocatedMemory,
                     key,
                     (nint)persistentMapping);
-                _hostBufferPool.Register(allocation);
+                _hostBufferAllocations.Add(buffer.Handle, allocation);
             }
 
             memory = allocation.Memory;
-            mapped = allocation.Mapped;
             fixed (byte* source = data)
             {
                 System.Buffer.MemoryCopy(
@@ -8057,8 +7972,10 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                 return;
             }
 
-            if (_hostBufferPool.Return(buffer, memory))
+            if (_hostBufferAllocations.TryGetValue(buffer.Handle, out var allocation) &&
+                allocation.Memory.Handle == memory.Handle)
             {
+                _hostBufferPool[allocation.Key].Push(allocation);
                 return;
             }
 
@@ -8069,13 +7986,6 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
             }
         }
 
-        private void DestroyHostBufferAllocation(VulkanHostBufferAllocation allocation)
-        {
-            _vk.UnmapMemory(_device, allocation.Memory);
-            _vk.DestroyBuffer(_device, allocation.Buffer, null);
-            _vk.FreeMemory(_device, allocation.Memory, null);
-        }
-
         private static PrimitiveTopology GetPrimitiveTopology(uint primitiveType) =>
             primitiveType switch
             {
@@ -9433,67 +9343,37 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                 return;
             }
 
-            for (var index = 0; index < targetFormats.Length; index++)
-            {
-                if (targetFormats[index].IsInteger &&
-                    work.Draw.RenderState.Blends[index].Enable)
+            if (targetFormats
+                .Select((format, index) => format.IsInteger && work.Draw.RenderState.Blends[index].Enable)
+                .Any(invalid => invalid))
             {
                 Console.Error.WriteLine(
                     "[LOADER][WARN] Vulkan skipped MRT draw with blending enabled for an integer attachment.");
                 ReturnPooledGuestData(work.Draw);
                 return;
             }
-            }
 
-            if (!_supportsIndependentBlend)
-            {
-                for (var index = 1; index < work.Draw.RenderState.Blends.Count; index++)
-                {
-                    if (work.Draw.RenderState.Blends[index] !=
-                        work.Draw.RenderState.Blends[0])
+            if (!_supportsIndependentBlend &&
+                work.Draw.RenderState.Blends.Skip(1).Any(blend => blend != work.Draw.RenderState.Blends[0]))
             {
                 Console.Error.WriteLine(
                     "[LOADER][WARN] Vulkan skipped MRT draw requiring unsupported independentBlend.");
                 ReturnPooledGuestData(work.Draw);
                 return;
             }
-                }
-            }
 
-            var formats = new Format[targetFormats.Length];
-            for (var index = 0; index < targetFormats.Length; index++)
-            {
-                formats[index] = targetFormats[index].Format;
-            }
+            var formats = targetFormats.Select(target => target.Format).ToArray();
 
-            var hasStorageFeedback = false;
-            foreach (var texture in work.Draw.Textures)
-            {
-                if (!texture.IsStorage || texture.Address == 0)
-                {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                foreach (var target in work.Targets)
-                {
-                    if (target.Address != 0 && target.Address == texture.Address)
-                    {
-                        hasStorageFeedback = true;
-                        break;
-                    }
-                }
-
-                if (hasStorageFeedback)
-                {
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-
-            if (hasStorageFeedback)
+            var targetAddresses = work.Targets
+                .Where(target => target.Address != 0)
+                .Select(target => target.Address)
+                .ToHashSet();
+            if (work.Draw.Textures.Any(texture =>
+                    texture.IsStorage && targetAddresses.Contains(texture.Address)))
             {
                 Console.Error.WriteLine(
                     $"[LOADER][WARN] Vulkan skipped storage render-target feedback loop " +
-                    $"targets={string.Join(',', work.Targets.Where(target => target.Address != 0).Select(target => $"0x{target.Address:X16}"))}; " +
+                    $"targets={string.Join(',', targetAddresses.Select(address => $"0x{address:X16}"))}; " +
                     "sampled aliases use ordered snapshots");
                 ReturnPooledGuestData(work.Draw);
                 return;
@@ -9528,7 +9408,6 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
             {
                 var extent = new Extent2D(firstTarget.Width, firstTarget.Height);
                 var draw = work.Draw;
-                var clearDepthForDraw = draw.RenderState.Depth.ClearEnable;
                 if (work.DepthTarget?.ReadOnly == true && draw.RenderState.Depth.WriteEnable)
                 {
                     draw = draw with
@@ -9541,10 +9420,9 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                 }
                 GuestDepthResource? depth = null;
                 DepthFramebufferResource? depthFramebuffer = null;
-                if (ShouldAttachGuestDepth(
-                        work.DepthTarget,
-                        draw.RenderState.Depth) &&
-                    work.DepthTarget is { } depthTarget)
+                if (work.DepthTarget is { } depthTarget &&
+                    (draw.RenderState.Depth.TestEnable ||
+                     draw.RenderState.Depth.WriteEnable))
                 {
                     var effectiveDepthTarget = depthTarget;
                     if (depthTarget.Width < firstTarget.Width || depthTarget.Height < firstTarget.Height)
@@ -9591,45 +9469,21 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
 
                     depth = GetOrCreateGuestDepth(effectiveDepthTarget);
                     PrepareFirstUseDepth(depth, draw.RenderState.Depth);
-                    if (clearDepthForDraw)
-                    {
-                        depth.GuestClearDepth = effectiveDepthTarget.ClearDepth;
-                        depth.ClearDepth = effectiveDepthTarget.ClearDepth;
-                    }
                     if (targets.Length == 1)
                     {
                         depthFramebuffer = GetOrCreateDepthFramebuffer(firstTarget, depth);
                     }
                 }
 
-                if (clearDepthForDraw)
-                {
-                    // DB_RENDER_CONTROL.DEPTH_CLEAR_ENABLE makes this a DB
-                    // clear operation. The draw still produces color, but its
-                    // interpolated vertex Z is not the guest clear value.
-                    draw = draw with
-                    {
-                        RenderState = draw.RenderState with
-                        {
-                            Depth = draw.RenderState.Depth with
-                            {
-                                TestEnable = false,
-                                WriteEnable = false,
-                                ClearEnable = false,
-                            },
-                        },
-                    };
-                }
-
                 var renderPass = depthFramebuffer is null
                     ? firstTarget.Initialized
                         ? firstTarget.RenderPass
                         : firstTarget.InitialRenderPass
                     : firstTarget.Initialized
-                        ? depth!.Initialized && !clearDepthForDraw
+                        ? depth!.Initialized
                             ? depthFramebuffer.LoadRenderPass
                             : depthFramebuffer.DepthClearRenderPass
-                        : depth!.Initialized && !clearDepthForDraw
+                        : depth!.Initialized
                             ? depthFramebuffer.ColorClearRenderPass
                             : depthFramebuffer.BothClearRenderPass;
                 var framebuffer = depthFramebuffer?.Framebuffer ?? firstTarget.Framebuffer;
@@ -9645,7 +9499,7 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                         targets.Select(target =>
                             target.Initialized || target.InitialUploadPending).ToArray(),
                         depth,
-                        depth?.Initialized == true && !clearDepthForDraw);
+                        depth?.Initialized == true);
                     transientRenderPass = renderPass;
                     transientFramebuffer = framebuffer;
                 }
@@ -9833,12 +9687,7 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                 if (depth is not null)
                 {
                     depth.Initialized = true;
-                    depth.Layout = ImageLayout.DepthStencilAttachmentOptimal;
-                    if (clearDepthForDraw)
-                    {
-                        depth.InitializationSource = "guest-depth-clear";
-                    }
-                    else if (draw.RenderState.Depth.WriteEnable)
+                    if (draw.RenderState.Depth.WriteEnable)
                     {
                         depth.InitializationSource = "translated-depth-write";
                     }
@@ -9865,34 +9714,64 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                     }
                 }
 
+                var guestWritesMode = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
+                    "SHARPEMU_TRACE_GUEST_WRITES");
+                var traceAddressWriteOrdinal = 0L;
+                _ = long.TryParse(
+                    Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_TRACE_GUEST_WRITE_ORDINAL"),
+                    out traceAddressWriteOrdinal);
+                var traceLargeWriteOrdinal = 0L;
+                if (guestWritesMode is not null &&
+                    guestWritesMode.StartsWith("large@", StringComparison.Ordinal) &&
+                    long.TryParse(
+                        guestWritesMode.AsSpan("large@".Length),
+                        out var parsedTraceLargeWriteOrdinal) &&
+                    parsedTraceLargeWriteOrdinal > 0)
+                {
+                    traceLargeWriteOrdinal = parsedTraceLargeWriteOrdinal;
+                }
+
                 var tracePixelSpirv = false;
-                if (_tracePixelSpirvBytes > 0 &&
-                    _tracePixelSpirvBytes == work.Draw.PixelSpirv.Length)
+                if (int.TryParse(
+                        Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_TRACE_PIXEL_SPIRV_BYTES"),
+                        out var tracePixelSpirvBytes) &&
+                    tracePixelSpirvBytes == work.Draw.PixelSpirv.Length)
                 {
                     var pixelWriteCount = _pixelSpirvWriteCounts.TryGetValue(
-                        _tracePixelSpirvBytes,
+                        tracePixelSpirvBytes,
                         out var previousPixelWriteCount)
                             ? previousPixelWriteCount + 1
                             : 1;
-                    _pixelSpirvWriteCounts[_tracePixelSpirvBytes] = pixelWriteCount;
+                    _pixelSpirvWriteCounts[tracePixelSpirvBytes] = pixelWriteCount;
+                    var tracePixelSpirvOccurrence = 1;
+                    _ = int.TryParse(
+                        Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
+                            "SHARPEMU_TRACE_PIXEL_SPIRV_OCCURRENCE"),
+                        out tracePixelSpirvOccurrence);
                     tracePixelSpirv =
-                        pixelWriteCount == _tracePixelSpirvOccurrence;
+                        pixelWriteCount == Math.Max(tracePixelSpirvOccurrence, 1);
                 }
                 var traceTitleDraw =
                     !_tracedTitleDraw &&
-                    _traceTitleDrawEnabled &&
-                    IsTitleDraw(work.Draw.VertexBuffers);
+                    Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_TRACE_TITLE_DRAW") == "1" &&
+                    work.Draw.VertexBuffers.Any(buffer =>
+                        buffer.Location == 0 &&
+                        buffer.ComponentCount == 4 &&
+                        buffer.DataFormat == 10 &&
+                        buffer.NumberFormat == 0 &&
+                        buffer.Stride == 16 &&
+                        buffer.OffsetBytes == 12 &&
+                        buffer.Length == 67568);
                 _tracedTitleDraw |= traceTitleDraw;
 
                 foreach (var target in targets)
                 {
                     var traceAddressWrite =
                         ShouldTraceGuestImageWriteForDiagnostics(target.Address);
-                    var traceSmallWrites = _traceGuestWritesMode == "small" &&
+                    var traceSmallWrites = guestWritesMode == "small" &&
                         target.Width <= 512 && target.Height <= 256;
                     var traceLargeWrites =
-                        (_traceGuestWritesMode == "large" ||
-                         _traceLargeGuestWriteOrdinal != 0) &&
+                        (guestWritesMode == "large" || traceLargeWriteOrdinal != 0) &&
                         target.Width >= 2560 && target.Height >= 1440;
                     if (traceAddressWrite || traceSmallWrites ||
                         traceLargeWrites || tracePixelSpirv || traceTitleDraw)
@@ -9905,10 +9784,10 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                         _tracedGuestWriteCounts[target.Address] = writeCount;
                         var shouldTraceWrite = tracePixelSpirv || traceTitleDraw
                             ? true
-                            : traceAddressWrite && _traceGuestWriteOrdinal > 0
-                                ? writeCount == _traceGuestWriteOrdinal
-                            : _traceLargeGuestWriteOrdinal != 0
-                                ? writeCount == _traceLargeGuestWriteOrdinal
+                            : traceAddressWrite && traceAddressWriteOrdinal > 0
+                                ? writeCount == traceAddressWriteOrdinal
+                            : traceLargeWriteOrdinal != 0
+                                ? writeCount == traceLargeWriteOrdinal
                             : writeCount <=
                                 (traceLargeWrites ? 2 : traceSmallWrites ? 48 : 3);
                         if (traceAddressWrite || shouldTraceWrite)
@@ -9942,14 +9821,11 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                         }
                     }
                 }
-                if (_traceVulkanShaderEnabled)
-                {
                 TraceVulkanShader(
                     $"vk.offscreen_draw mrt={targets.Length} " +
                     $"size={firstTarget.Width}x{firstTarget.Height} " +
                     $"textures={work.Draw.Textures.Count}");
             }
-            }
             catch (Exception exception)
             {
                 if (TryMarkDeviceLost(exception))
@@ -12882,20 +12758,6 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
         // Diagnostics toggles are read once: these run per draw / per cached
         // texture hit, and env lookups plus string parsing are far too
         // expensive there (and non-trivially so under Rosetta 2).
-        private static readonly bool _vulkanValidationEnabled =
-            string.Equals(
-                Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_VK_VALIDATION"),
-                "1",
-                StringComparison.Ordinal);
-        // Object names and command labels are useful in RenderDoc and validation
-        // captures, but formatting them and calling the debug-utils driver hooks
-        // for every draw is measurable overhead in normal gameplay.
-        private static readonly bool _vulkanDebugUtilsEnabled =
-            _vulkanValidationEnabled ||
-            string.Equals(
-                Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_VK_DEBUG_LABELS"),
-                "1",
-                StringComparison.Ordinal);
         private static readonly string? _traceGuestImagesMode =
             Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_TRACE_GUEST_IMAGES");
         private static readonly bool _traceGuestImagesEnabled =
@@ -12959,80 +12821,10 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
             !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(
                 Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
                     "SHARPEMU_TRACE_GUEST_IMAGE_ADDRS"));
-        private static readonly bool _forceFullscreenPipeline =
-            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_FORCE_FULLSCREEN_PIPELINE") == "1";
-        private static readonly bool _forceFullscreenVertex =
-            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_FORCE_FULLSCREEN_VERTEX") == "1";
-        private static readonly bool _forceTitleFullscreenVertex =
-            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_FORCE_TITLE_FULLSCREEN_VERTEX") == "1";
-        private static readonly bool _forceDefaultRasterState =
-            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_FORCE_DEFAULT_RASTER_STATE") == "1";
-        private static readonly bool _forceTitleDefaultRasterState =
-            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_FORCE_TITLE_DEFAULT_RASTER_STATE") == "1";
-        private static readonly bool _forceTitleSolidFragment =
-            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_FORCE_TITLE_SOLID_FRAGMENT") == "1";
-        private static readonly bool _forceSolidFragment =
-            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_FORCE_SOLID_FRAGMENT") == "1";
-        private static readonly uint? _forceAttributeFragmentLocation =
-            uint.TryParse(
-                Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_FORCE_ATTRIBUTE_FRAGMENT"),
-                out var forceAttributeFragmentLocation)
-                    ? forceAttributeFragmentLocation
-                    : null;
-        private static readonly string? _fixedFragmentDumpPath =
-            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_DUMP_FIXED_SOLID_FRAGMENT");
-        private static readonly bool _forceTitleDefaultBlend =
-            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_FORCE_TITLE_DEFAULT_BLEND") == "1";
-        private static readonly bool _forceTitleDefaultViewportScissor =
-            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_FORCE_TITLE_DEFAULT_VIEWPORT_SCISSOR") == "1";
-        private static readonly bool _forceTitleDisableCull =
-            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_FORCE_TITLE_DISABLE_CULL") == "1";
-        private static readonly bool _forceTitleDisableDepth =
-            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_FORCE_TITLE_DISABLE_DEPTH") == "1";
-        private static readonly bool _traceTitleState =
-            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_TRACE_TITLE_STATE") == "1";
-        private static readonly bool _forceTitleVertexColorWhite =
-            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_FORCE_TITLE_VERTEX_COLOR_WHITE") == "1";
-        private static readonly bool _chunkedDrawsEnabled =
-            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_ENABLE_CHUNKED_DRAWS") == "1";
-        private static readonly string? _traceGuestWritesMode =
-            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_TRACE_GUEST_WRITES");
-        private static readonly long _traceGuestWriteOrdinal =
-            long.TryParse(
-                Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_TRACE_GUEST_WRITE_ORDINAL"),
-                out var traceGuestWriteOrdinal)
-                    ? traceGuestWriteOrdinal
-                    : 0;
-        private static readonly long _traceLargeGuestWriteOrdinal =
-            ParseTraceLargeGuestWriteOrdinal(_traceGuestWritesMode);
-        private static readonly int _tracePixelSpirvBytes =
-            int.TryParse(
-                Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_TRACE_PIXEL_SPIRV_BYTES"),
-                out var tracePixelSpirvBytes)
-                    ? tracePixelSpirvBytes
-                    : 0;
-        private static readonly int _tracePixelSpirvOccurrence =
-            int.TryParse(
-                Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_TRACE_PIXEL_SPIRV_OCCURRENCE"),
-                out var tracePixelSpirvOccurrence)
-                    ? Math.Max(tracePixelSpirvOccurrence, 1)
-                    : 1;
-        private static readonly bool _traceTitleDrawEnabled =
-            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_TRACE_TITLE_DRAW") == "1";
         private static readonly System.Collections.Concurrent.ConcurrentDictionary<
             string,
             (bool Wildcard, ulong[] Addresses)> _cachedAddressLists = new();
 
-        private static long ParseTraceLargeGuestWriteOrdinal(string? mode)
-        {
-            return mode is not null &&
-                mode.StartsWith("large@", StringComparison.Ordinal) &&
-                long.TryParse(mode.AsSpan("large@".Length), out var ordinal) &&
-                ordinal > 0
-                    ? ordinal
-                    : 0;
-        }
-
         private static bool ShouldTraceGuestImageContentsForDiagnostics() =>
             _traceGuestImagesEnabled;
 
@@ -13230,7 +13022,8 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
             // MoltenVK this starves the render thread and makes the guest fall
             // behind its own flip queue. Vulkan clips a normal fullscreen draw
             // efficiently; keep tiling only as an explicit driver diagnostic.
-            var maxPixelsPerDraw = _chunkedDrawsEnabled
+            var maxPixelsPerDraw = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
+                "SHARPEMU_ENABLE_CHUNKED_DRAWS") == "1"
                 ? 512u * 512u
                 : uint.MaxValue;
             var rowsPerDraw = Math.Max(
@@ -13906,7 +13699,13 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                 DestroyGuestBufferAllocation(allocation);
             }
             _guestBufferAllocations.Clear();
-            _hostBufferPool.Dispose();
+            foreach (var allocation in _hostBufferAllocations.Values)
+            {
+                _vk.DestroyBuffer(_device, allocation.Buffer, null);
+                _vk.FreeMemory(_device, allocation.Memory, null);
+            }
+            _hostBufferAllocations.Clear();
+            _hostBufferPool.Clear();
             foreach (var guestImage in _guestImages.Values)
             {
                 DestroyGuestImage(guestImage);

src/SharpEmu.ShaderCompiler.Vulkan/Gen5SpirvTranslator.cs

@@ -1802,6 +1802,24 @@ public static partial class Gen5SpirvTranslator
 
             switch (instruction.Opcode)
             {
+                case "DsAddU32":
+                {
+                    if (instruction.Sources.Count < 2)
+                    {
+                        error = "missing LDS atomic-add source";
+                        return false;
+                    }
+
+                    var address = GetRawSource(instruction, 0);
+                    _module.AddInstruction(
+                        SpirvOp.AtomicIAdd,
+                        _uintType,
+                        LdsPointer(address, control.Offset0),
+                        UInt(2), // Workgroup scope.
+                        UInt(0x108), // AcquireRelease | WorkgroupMemory.
+                        GetRawSource(instruction, 1));
+                    return true;
+                }
                 case "DsWriteB32":
                 {
                     if (instruction.Sources.Count < 2)
@@ -1946,11 +1964,6 @@ public static partial class Gen5SpirvTranslator
                     return true;
                 }
                 default:
-                    if (Gen5ShaderTranslator.IsDataShareAtomic(instruction.Opcode))
-                    {
-                        return TryEmitDataShareAtomic(instruction, control, out error);
-                    }
-
                     error = $"unsupported LDS opcode {instruction.Opcode}";
                     return false;
             }
@@ -1991,126 +2004,6 @@ public static partial class Gen5SpirvTranslator
             Store(pointer, selected);
         }
 
-        private bool TryEmitDataShareAtomic(
-            Gen5ShaderInstruction instruction,
-            Gen5DataShareControl control,
-            out string error)
-        {
-            error = string.Empty;
-            var atomicOp = instruction.Opcode switch
-            {
-                "DsAddU32" or "DsAddRtnU32" => SpirvOp.AtomicIAdd,
-                "DsSubU32" or "DsSubRtnU32" => SpirvOp.AtomicISub,
-                "DsIncU32" or "DsIncRtnU32" => SpirvOp.AtomicIIncrement,
-                "DsDecU32" or "DsDecRtnU32" => SpirvOp.AtomicIDecrement,
-                "DsMinI32" or "DsMinRtnI32" => SpirvOp.AtomicSMin,
-                "DsMaxI32" or "DsMaxRtnI32" => SpirvOp.AtomicSMax,
-                "DsMinU32" or "DsMinRtnU32" => SpirvOp.AtomicUMin,
-                "DsMaxU32" or "DsMaxRtnU32" => SpirvOp.AtomicUMax,
-                "DsAndB32" or "DsAndRtnB32" => SpirvOp.AtomicAnd,
-                "DsOrB32" or "DsOrRtnB32" => SpirvOp.AtomicOr,
-                "DsXorB32" or "DsXorRtnB32" => SpirvOp.AtomicXor,
-                "DsWrxchgRtnB32" => SpirvOp.AtomicExchange,
-                "DsCmpstB32" or "DsCmpstRtnB32" => SpirvOp.AtomicCompareExchange,
-                _ => SpirvOp.Nop,
-            };
-            if (atomicOp == SpirvOp.Nop)
-            {
-                error = $"unsupported LDS opcode {instruction.Opcode}";
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            var address = GetRawSource(instruction, 0);
-            var pointer = LdsPointer(address, control.Offset0);
-            EmitExecConditional(() =>
-            {
-                var original = EmitAtomic(
-                    atomicOp,
-                    _uintType,
-                    pointer,
-                    scope: 2,
-                    semantics: 0x108,
-                    // DS_CMPST sources: DATA0 is the comparator, DATA1 the new value.
-                    value: () => GetRawSource(
-                        instruction,
-                        atomicOp == SpirvOp.AtomicCompareExchange ? 2 : 1),
-                    comparator: () => GetRawSource(instruction, 1));
-                if (instruction.Destinations.Count > 0)
-                {
-                    StoreV(instruction.Destinations[0].Value, original);
-                }
-            });
-
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        // Maps the AMD atomic-op name suffix shared by buffer/image atomics to a SPIR-V opcode.
-        // Inc/Dec approximate the AMD wrap-clamp semantics (MEM = tmp >= DATA ? 0 : tmp + 1),
-        // which is exact for the common 0xFFFFFFFF clamp operand.
-        private static bool TryGetAtomicOp(string name, out SpirvOp op)
-        {
-            op = name switch
-            {
-                "Swap" => SpirvOp.AtomicExchange,
-                "Cmpswap" => SpirvOp.AtomicCompareExchange,
-                "Add" => SpirvOp.AtomicIAdd,
-                "Sub" => SpirvOp.AtomicISub,
-                "Smin" => SpirvOp.AtomicSMin,
-                "Umin" => SpirvOp.AtomicUMin,
-                "Smax" => SpirvOp.AtomicSMax,
-                "Umax" => SpirvOp.AtomicUMax,
-                "And" => SpirvOp.AtomicAnd,
-                "Or" => SpirvOp.AtomicOr,
-                "Xor" => SpirvOp.AtomicXor,
-                "Inc" => SpirvOp.AtomicIIncrement,
-                "Dec" => SpirvOp.AtomicIDecrement,
-                _ => SpirvOp.Nop,
-            };
-            return op != SpirvOp.Nop;
-        }
-
-        private uint EmitAtomic(
-            SpirvOp op,
-            uint type,
-            uint pointer,
-            uint scope,
-            uint semantics,
-            Func<uint> value,
-            Func<uint> comparator)
-        {
-            if (op is SpirvOp.AtomicIIncrement or SpirvOp.AtomicIDecrement)
-            {
-                return _module.AddInstruction(
-                    op,
-                    type,
-                    pointer,
-                    UInt(scope),
-                    UInt(semantics));
-            }
-
-            if (op == SpirvOp.AtomicCompareExchange)
-            {
-                // The unequal semantics must not contain Release; downgrade it to Acquire.
-                return _module.AddInstruction(
-                    op,
-                    type,
-                    pointer,
-                    UInt(scope),
-                    UInt(semantics),
-                    UInt((semantics & ~0x8u) | 0x2u),
-                    value(),
-                    comparator());
-            }
-
-            return _module.AddInstruction(
-                op,
-                type,
-                pointer,
-                UInt(scope),
-                UInt(semantics),
-                value());
-        }
-
         private bool TryEmitInterpolation(
             Gen5ShaderInstruction instruction,
             Gen5InterpolationControl interpolation,
@@ -2346,27 +2239,22 @@ public static partial class Gen5SpirvTranslator
             byteAddress = ApplyGuestBufferByteBias(bindingIndex, byteAddress);
             var dwordAddress = ShiftRightLogical(byteAddress, UInt(2));
 
-            if (instruction.Opcode.StartsWith("BufferAtomic", StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            if (instruction.Opcode is "BufferAtomicAdd" or "BufferAtomicUMax")
             {
-                if (!TryGetAtomicOp(instruction.Opcode["BufferAtomic".Length..], out var atomicOp))
-                {
-                    error = $"unsupported buffer opcode {instruction.Opcode}";
-                    return false;
-                }
-
                 EmitExecConditional(() =>
                 {
                     var inRange = IsBufferWordInRange(bindingIndex, dwordAddress);
                     EmitConditional(inRange, () =>
                     {
-                        var original = EmitAtomic(
-                            atomicOp,
+                        var original = _module.AddInstruction(
+                            instruction.Opcode == "BufferAtomicAdd"
+                                ? SpirvOp.AtomicIAdd
+                                : SpirvOp.AtomicUMax,
                             _uintType,
                             BufferWordPointer(bindingIndex, dwordAddress),
-                            scope: 1,
-                            semantics: 0x48,
-                            value: () => LoadV(control.VectorData),
-                            comparator: () => LoadV(control.VectorData + 1));
+                            UInt(1),
+                            UInt(0x48),
+                            LoadV(control.VectorData));
                         if (control.Glc)
                         {
                             StoreV(control.VectorData, original);
@@ -3308,60 +3196,6 @@ public static partial class Gen5SpirvTranslator
                 return true;
             }
 
-            if (instruction.Opcode.StartsWith("ImageAtomic", StringComparison.Ordinal))
-            {
-                if (!resource.IsStorage)
-                {
-                    error = "image atomic is not bound as storage";
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                if (resource.ComponentKind == ImageComponentKind.Float ||
-                    !TryGetAtomicOp(instruction.Opcode["ImageAtomic".Length..], out var atomicOp))
-                {
-                    error = $"unsupported storage image opcode {instruction.Opcode}";
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                var signed = resource.ComponentKind == ImageComponentKind.Sint;
-                var atomicImageSize = _module.AddInstruction(
-                    SpirvOp.ImageQuerySize,
-                    _module.TypeVector(_intType, 2),
-                    imageObject);
-                var coordinates = BuildClampedIntegerCoordinates(
-                    image,
-                    0,
-                    atomicImageSize);
-                EmitExecConditional(() =>
-                {
-                    var pointer = _module.AddInstruction(
-                        SpirvOp.ImageTexelPointer,
-                        _module.TypePointer(SpirvStorageClass.Image, resource.ComponentType),
-                        resource.Variable,
-                        coordinates,
-                        UInt(0));
-                    uint LoadData(uint register) => signed
-                        ? Bitcast(_intType, LoadV(register))
-                        : LoadV(register);
-                    var original = EmitAtomic(
-                        atomicOp,
-                        resource.ComponentType,
-                        pointer,
-                        scope: 1,
-                        semantics: 0x808,
-                        value: () => LoadData(image.VectorData),
-                        comparator: () => LoadData(image.VectorData + 1));
-                    if (image.Glc)
-                    {
-                        StoreV(
-                            image.VectorData,
-                            signed ? Bitcast(_uintType, original) : original);
-                    }
-                });
-
-                return true;
-            }
-
             if (resource.IsStorage &&
                 instruction.Opcode is not ("ImageLoad" or "ImageLoadMip"))
             {

src/SharpEmu.ShaderCompiler.Vulkan/SpirvModuleBuilder.cs

@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ public enum SpirvOp : ushort
     FunctionEnd = 56,
     FunctionCall = 57,
     Variable = 59,
-    ImageTexelPointer = 60,
     Load = 61,
     Store = 62,
     AccessChain = 65,
@@ -143,19 +142,8 @@ public enum SpirvOp : ushort
     BitCount = 205,
     ControlBarrier = 224,
     MemoryBarrier = 225,
-    AtomicExchange = 229,
-    AtomicCompareExchange = 230,
-    AtomicIIncrement = 232,
-    AtomicIDecrement = 233,
     AtomicIAdd = 234,
-    AtomicISub = 235,
-    AtomicSMin = 236,
-    AtomicUMin = 237,
-    AtomicSMax = 238,
     AtomicUMax = 239,
-    AtomicAnd = 240,
-    AtomicOr = 241,
-    AtomicXor = 242,
     Phi = 245,
     LoopMerge = 246,
     SelectionMerge = 247,

src/SharpEmu.ShaderCompiler/Gen5ShaderIr.cs

@@ -325,31 +325,9 @@ public sealed record Gen5ShaderProgram(
     ulong Address,
     IReadOnlyList<Gen5ShaderInstruction> Instructions)
 {
-    private const uint PixelColorTargetCount = 8;
-    private const int PixelColorMaskBits = 4;
-    private readonly uint _pixelColorExportMasks = ComputePixelColorExportMasks(Instructions);
     private const int ScalarRegisterCount = 256;
     private IReadOnlySet<uint>? _runtimeScalarRegisters;
 
-    public uint PixelColorExportMasks => _pixelColorExportMasks;
-
-    private static uint ComputePixelColorExportMasks(
-        IReadOnlyList<Gen5ShaderInstruction> instructions)
-    {
-        var masks = 0u;
-        foreach (var instruction in instructions)
-        {
-            if (instruction.Control is Gen5ExportControl export &&
-                export.Target < PixelColorTargetCount)
-            {
-                masks |= (export.EnableMask & 0xFu) <<
-                    (int)(export.Target * PixelColorMaskBits);
-            }
-        }
-
-        return masks;
-    }
-
     public IEnumerable<Gen5ImageControl> ImageResources =>
         Instructions
             .Select(instruction => instruction.Control)

src/SharpEmu.ShaderCompiler/Gen5ShaderTranslator.cs

@@ -1172,33 +1172,9 @@ public static class Gen5ShaderTranslator
         name = opcode switch
         {
             0x00 => "DsAddU32",
-            0x01 => "DsSubU32",
-            0x03 => "DsIncU32",
-            0x04 => "DsDecU32",
-            0x05 => "DsMinI32",
-            0x06 => "DsMaxI32",
-            0x07 => "DsMinU32",
-            0x08 => "DsMaxU32",
-            0x09 => "DsAndB32",
-            0x0A => "DsOrB32",
-            0x0B => "DsXorB32",
             0x0D => "DsWriteB32",
             0x0E => "DsWrite2B32",
             0x0F => "DsWrite2St64B32",
-            0x10 => "DsCmpstB32",
-            0x20 => "DsAddRtnU32",
-            0x21 => "DsSubRtnU32",
-            0x23 => "DsIncRtnU32",
-            0x24 => "DsDecRtnU32",
-            0x25 => "DsMinRtnI32",
-            0x26 => "DsMaxRtnI32",
-            0x27 => "DsMinRtnU32",
-            0x28 => "DsMaxRtnU32",
-            0x29 => "DsAndRtnB32",
-            0x2A => "DsOrRtnB32",
-            0x2B => "DsXorRtnB32",
-            0x2D => "DsWrxchgRtnB32",
-            0x30 => "DsCmpstRtnB32",
             0x35 => "DsSwizzleB32",
             0x36 => "DsReadB32",
             0x37 => "DsRead2B32",
@@ -1296,19 +1272,8 @@ public static class Gen5ShaderTranslator
             0x23 => "BufferLoadSbyteD16Hi",
             0x24 => "BufferLoadShortD16",
             0x25 => "BufferLoadShortD16Hi",
-            0x30 => "BufferAtomicSwap",
-            0x31 => "BufferAtomicCmpswap",
             0x32 => "BufferAtomicAdd",
-            0x33 => "BufferAtomicSub",
-            0x35 => "BufferAtomicSmin",
-            0x36 => "BufferAtomicUmin",
-            0x37 => "BufferAtomicSmax",
-            0x38 => "BufferAtomicUmax",
-            0x39 => "BufferAtomicAnd",
-            0x3A => "BufferAtomicOr",
-            0x3B => "BufferAtomicXor",
-            0x3C => "BufferAtomicInc",
-            0x3D => "BufferAtomicDec",
+            0x38 => "BufferAtomicUMax",
             _ => $"MubufRaw{opcode:X2}",
         };
         sizeDwords = (extra >> 24) == 0xFF ? 3u : 2u;
@@ -1423,18 +1388,7 @@ public static class Gen5ShaderTranslator
             0x08 => "ImageStore",
             0x09 => "ImageStoreMip",
             0x0E => "ImageGetResinfo",
-            0x0F => "ImageAtomicSwap",
             0x10 => "ImageAtomicCmpswap",
-            0x11 => "ImageAtomicAdd",
-            0x12 => "ImageAtomicSub",
-            0x14 => "ImageAtomicSmin",
-            0x15 => "ImageAtomicUmin",
-            0x16 => "ImageAtomicSmax",
-            0x17 => "ImageAtomicUmax",
-            0x18 => "ImageAtomicAnd",
-            0x19 => "ImageAtomicOr",
-            0x1A => "ImageAtomicXor",
-            0x1B => "ImageAtomicInc",
             0x1C => "ImageAtomicDec",
             0x20 => "ImageSample",
             0x22 => "ImageSampleD",
@@ -1534,18 +1488,6 @@ public static class Gen5ShaderTranslator
         name.StartsWith("ImageStore", StringComparison.Ordinal) ||
         name.StartsWith("ImageAtomic", StringComparison.Ordinal);
 
-    public static bool IsDataShareAtomic(string name) => name switch
-    {
-        "DsAddU32" or "DsSubU32" or "DsIncU32" or "DsDecU32" or
-        "DsMinI32" or "DsMaxI32" or "DsMinU32" or "DsMaxU32" or
-        "DsAndB32" or "DsOrB32" or "DsXorB32" or "DsCmpstB32" or
-        "DsAddRtnU32" or "DsSubRtnU32" or "DsIncRtnU32" or "DsDecRtnU32" or
-        "DsMinRtnI32" or "DsMaxRtnI32" or "DsMinRtnU32" or "DsMaxRtnU32" or
-        "DsAndRtnB32" or "DsOrRtnB32" or "DsXorRtnB32" or
-        "DsWrxchgRtnB32" or "DsCmpstRtnB32" => true,
-        _ => false,
-    };
-
     private static Gen5ShaderInstruction CreateInstruction(
         uint pc,
         Gen5ShaderEncoding encoding,
@@ -1852,6 +1794,10 @@ public static class Gen5ShaderTranslator
                     ((word >> 17) & 1) != 0);
                 sources = opcode switch
                 {
+                    "DsAddU32" => [
+                        Gen5Operand.Vector(vectorAddress),
+                        Gen5Operand.Vector(vectorData0),
+                    ],
                     "DsWriteB32" => [
                         Gen5Operand.Vector(vectorAddress),
                         Gen5Operand.Vector(vectorData0),
@@ -1880,17 +1826,6 @@ public static class Gen5ShaderTranslator
                         Gen5Operand.Vector(vectorData1),
                     ],
                     "DsSwizzleB32" => [Gen5Operand.Vector(vectorData0)],
-                    // DS_CMPST operand order is reversed vs buffer/image cmpswap:
-                    // DATA0 holds the comparator, DATA1 holds the new value.
-                    "DsCmpstB32" or "DsCmpstRtnB32" => [
-                        Gen5Operand.Vector(vectorAddress),
-                        Gen5Operand.Vector(vectorData0),
-                        Gen5Operand.Vector(vectorData1),
-                    ],
-                    _ when IsDataShareAtomic(opcode) => [
-                        Gen5Operand.Vector(vectorAddress),
-                        Gen5Operand.Vector(vectorData0),
-                    ],
                     _ => [Gen5Operand.Vector(vectorAddress)],
                 };
                 destinations = opcode switch
@@ -1913,10 +1848,6 @@ public static class Gen5ShaderTranslator
                         Gen5Operand.Vector(vectorDestination + 2),
                         Gen5Operand.Vector(vectorDestination + 3),
                     ],
-                    _ when IsDataShareAtomic(opcode) &&
-                        opcode.Contains("Rtn", StringComparison.Ordinal) => [
-                        Gen5Operand.Vector(vectorDestination),
-                    ],
                     _ => [],
                 };
                 break;
@@ -2022,8 +1953,8 @@ public static class Gen5ShaderTranslator
                     "BufferStoreDwordx2" => 2u,
                     "BufferStoreDwordx3" => 3u,
                     "BufferStoreDwordx4" => 4u,
-                    "BufferAtomicCmpswap" => 2u,
-                    _ when opcode.StartsWith("BufferAtomic", StringComparison.Ordinal) => 1u,
+                    "BufferAtomicAdd" => 1u,
+                    "BufferAtomicUMax" => 1u,
                     _ => 0u,
                 };
                 sources =

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Agc/Gen5ShaderAtomicDecodeTests.cs

@@ -1,134 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using System.Buffers.Binary;
-using SharpEmu.HLE;
-using SharpEmu.ShaderCompiler;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Agc;
-
-// Decodes synthetic GFX10 atomic instructions and checks the opcode names and operand wiring
-// that the SPIR-V translator relies on. Word layouts follow the RDNA2 ISA manual:
-// MUBUF op=word0[24:18], MIMG op=word0[24:18], DS op=word0[25:18].
-public sealed class Gen5ShaderAtomicDecodeTests
-{
-    private const ulong ShaderAddress = 0x1_0000_0000;
-    private const uint EndPgm = 0xBF810000;
-
-    // Compute-stage register block: COMPUTE_USER_DATA_0 and COMPUTE_PGM_RSRC2,
-    // required since TryCreateState validates the USER_SGPR count.
-    internal const uint ComputeUserDataRegister = 0x240;
-    internal const uint ComputePgmRsrc2Register = 0x213;
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void BufferAtomicUmax_DecodesControlAndDestination()
-    {
-        // BUFFER_ATOMIC_UMAX v1, off, s[0:3], 128 offset:8 glc
-        var instruction = DecodeSingle(0xE0E04008, 0x80000100);
-
-        Assert.Equal("BufferAtomicUmax", instruction.Opcode);
-        var control = Assert.IsType<Gen5BufferMemoryControl>(instruction.Control);
-        Assert.Equal(1u, control.DwordCount);
-        Assert.Equal(1u, control.VectorData);
-        Assert.Equal(0u, control.ScalarResource);
-        Assert.Equal(8, control.OffsetBytes);
-        Assert.True(control.Glc);
-        Assert.Equal(new[] { Gen5Operand.Vector(1) }, instruction.Destinations);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void BufferAtomicCmpswap_UsesTwoDataRegisters()
-    {
-        // BUFFER_ATOMIC_CMPSWAP v[1:2], off, s[0:3], 128 glc
-        var instruction = DecodeSingle(0xE0C44000, 0x80000100);
-
-        Assert.Equal("BufferAtomicCmpswap", instruction.Opcode);
-        var control = Assert.IsType<Gen5BufferMemoryControl>(instruction.Control);
-        Assert.Equal(2u, control.DwordCount);
-        Assert.Equal(1u, control.VectorData);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void ImageAtomicAdd_KeepsDataRegisterAsDestination()
-    {
-        // IMAGE_ATOMIC_ADD v2, v[0:1], s[4:11] dmask:0x1 dim:2D glc
-        var instruction = DecodeSingle(0xF0442100, 0x00010200);
-
-        Assert.Equal("ImageAtomicAdd", instruction.Opcode);
-        var control = Assert.IsType<Gen5ImageControl>(instruction.Control);
-        Assert.Equal(2u, control.VectorData);
-        Assert.Equal(4u, control.ScalarResource);
-        Assert.True(control.Glc);
-        Assert.Equal(new[] { Gen5Operand.Vector(2) }, instruction.Destinations);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void DsAddU32_HasAddressAndDataSourcesButNoDestination()
-    {
-        // DS_ADD_U32 v0, v1
-        var instruction = DecodeSingle(0xD8000000, 0x00000100);
-
-        Assert.Equal("DsAddU32", instruction.Opcode);
-        Assert.Equal(
-            new[] { Gen5Operand.Vector(0), Gen5Operand.Vector(1) },
-            instruction.Sources);
-        Assert.Empty(instruction.Destinations);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void DsAddRtnU32_WritesReturnRegister()
-    {
-        // DS_ADD_RTN_U32 v3, v0, v1
-        var instruction = DecodeSingle(0xD8800000, 0x03000100);
-
-        Assert.Equal("DsAddRtnU32", instruction.Opcode);
-        Assert.Equal(
-            new[] { Gen5Operand.Vector(0), Gen5Operand.Vector(1) },
-            instruction.Sources);
-        Assert.Equal(new[] { Gen5Operand.Vector(3) }, instruction.Destinations);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void DsCmpstRtnB32_OrdersComparatorBeforeNewValue()
-    {
-        // DS_CMPST_RTN_B32 v3, v0, v1, v2 - DATA0 (v1) is the comparator, DATA1 (v2) the
-        // new value, reversed relative to buffer/image cmpswap.
-        var instruction = DecodeSingle(0xD8C00000, 0x03020100);
-
-        Assert.Equal("DsCmpstRtnB32", instruction.Opcode);
-        Assert.Equal(
-            new[] { Gen5Operand.Vector(0), Gen5Operand.Vector(1), Gen5Operand.Vector(2) },
-            instruction.Sources);
-        Assert.Equal(new[] { Gen5Operand.Vector(3) }, instruction.Destinations);
-    }
-
-    private static Gen5ShaderInstruction DecodeSingle(params uint[] words)
-    {
-        var memory = new FakeCpuMemory(ShaderAddress, 0x1000);
-        var ctx = new CpuContext(memory, Generation.Gen5);
-        WriteProgram(memory, ShaderAddress, words);
-        Assert.True(
-            Gen5ShaderTranslator.TryCreateState(
-                ctx,
-                ShaderAddress,
-                0,
-                new Dictionary<uint, uint> { [ComputePgmRsrc2Register] = 0 },
-                ComputeUserDataRegister,
-                out var state,
-                out var error),
-            error);
-        return state.Program.Instructions[0];
-    }
-
-    internal static void WriteProgram(FakeCpuMemory memory, ulong address, uint[] words)
-    {
-        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[4];
-        foreach (var word in words.Append(EndPgm))
-        {
-            BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(buffer, word);
-            Assert.True(memory.TryWrite(address, buffer));
-            address += sizeof(uint);
-        }
-    }
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Agc/Gen5ShaderProgramTests.cs

@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using SharpEmu.ShaderCompiler;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Agc;
-
-public sealed class Gen5ShaderProgramTests
-{
-    [Fact]
-    public void PixelColorExportMasksPackAllColorTargets()
-    {
-        var program = new Gen5ShaderProgram(
-            0,
-            [
-                Export(0, 0x1),
-                Export(0, 0x4),
-                Export(1, 0x2),
-                Export(2, 0x3),
-                Export(3, 0x4),
-                Export(4, 0x5),
-                Export(5, 0x6),
-                Export(6, 0x7),
-                Export(7, 0x8),
-                Export(8, 0xF),
-            ]);
-
-        Assert.Equal(0x8765_4325u, program.PixelColorExportMasks);
-        Assert.Equal(0x8765_4325u, program.PixelColorExportMasks);
-    }
-
-    private static Gen5ShaderInstruction Export(uint target, uint enableMask) => new(
-        0,
-        Gen5ShaderEncoding.Exp,
-        "exp",
-        [],
-        [],
-        [],
-        new Gen5ExportControl(target, enableMask, false, false, false));
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Agc/Gen5SpirvAtomicTranslationTests.cs

@@ -1,137 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using System.Buffers.Binary;
-using SharpEmu.HLE;
-using SharpEmu.ShaderCompiler;
-using SharpEmu.ShaderCompiler.Vulkan;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Agc;
-
-// End-to-end pipeline tests: synthetic GFX10 program -> decode -> scalar evaluation -> SPIR-V.
-// Each test asserts the expected OpAtomic* instructions land in the emitted module.
-public sealed class Gen5SpirvAtomicTranslationTests
-{
-    private const ulong ShaderAddress = 0x1_0000_0000;
-    private const ulong BufferAddress = 0x1_0000_1000;
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void BufferAtomics_EmitAtomicOpcodes()
-    {
-        // BUFFER_ATOMIC_UMAX v1, BUFFER_ATOMIC_CMPSWAP v[1:2], BUFFER_ATOMIC_INC v1,
-        // all against the V# in s[0:3].
-        var opcodes = CompileCompute(
-            [
-                0xE0E04008, 0x80000100,
-                0xE0C44000, 0x80000100,
-                0xE0F00000, 0x80000100,
-            ],
-            BufferDescriptorRegisters());
-
-        Assert.Contains((ushort)SpirvOp.AtomicUMax, opcodes);
-        Assert.Contains((ushort)SpirvOp.AtomicCompareExchange, opcodes);
-        Assert.Contains((ushort)SpirvOp.AtomicIIncrement, opcodes);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void DataShareAtomics_EmitAtomicOpcodes()
-    {
-        // DS_ADD_RTN_U32 v3, v0, v1; DS_CMPST_RTN_B32 v3, v0, v1, v2; DS_MAX_U32 v0, v1.
-        var opcodes = CompileCompute(
-            [
-                0xD8800000, 0x03000100,
-                0xD8C00000, 0x03020100,
-                0xD8200000, 0x00000100,
-            ],
-            new Dictionary<uint, uint>());
-
-        Assert.Contains((ushort)SpirvOp.AtomicIAdd, opcodes);
-        Assert.Contains((ushort)SpirvOp.AtomicCompareExchange, opcodes);
-        Assert.Contains((ushort)SpirvOp.AtomicUMax, opcodes);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void ImageAtomicAdd_EmitsTexelPointerAndAtomicAdd()
-    {
-        // IMAGE_ATOMIC_ADD v2, v[0:1], s[4:11] dmask:0x1 dim:2D glc against an R32ui T#.
-        var opcodes = CompileCompute(
-            [0xF0442100, 0x00010200],
-            new Dictionary<uint, uint>
-            {
-                // Descriptor word1 dataFormat (bits 28:20) = 20 selects R32ui/Uint.
-                [5] = 20u << 20,
-            });
-
-        Assert.Contains((ushort)SpirvOp.ImageTexelPointer, opcodes);
-        Assert.Contains((ushort)SpirvOp.AtomicIAdd, opcodes);
-    }
-
-    private static Dictionary<uint, uint> BufferDescriptorRegisters() => new()
-    {
-        // V# in s[0:3]: base=BufferAddress, stride=0, numRecords=64 bytes, type=0.
-        [0] = unchecked((uint)BufferAddress),
-        [1] = (uint)(BufferAddress >> 32),
-        [2] = 64,
-        [3] = 0,
-    };
-
-    private static HashSet<ushort> CompileCompute(
-        uint[] programWords,
-        Dictionary<uint, uint> userDataSgprs)
-    {
-        var memory = new FakeCpuMemory(ShaderAddress, 0x2000);
-        var ctx = new CpuContext(memory, Generation.Gen5);
-        Gen5ShaderAtomicDecodeTests.WriteProgram(memory, ShaderAddress, programWords);
-        // COMPUTE_PGM_RSRC2 advertises 16 user SGPRs; the user data words at
-        // COMPUTE_USER_DATA_0 + index seed s[0..15] for the scalar evaluator.
-        var shaderRegisters = new Dictionary<uint, uint>
-        {
-            [Gen5ShaderAtomicDecodeTests.ComputePgmRsrc2Register] = 16u << 1,
-        };
-        foreach (var (sgpr, value) in userDataSgprs)
-        {
-            shaderRegisters[Gen5ShaderAtomicDecodeTests.ComputeUserDataRegister + sgpr] = value;
-        }
-
-        Assert.True(
-            Gen5ShaderTranslator.TryCreateState(
-                ctx,
-                ShaderAddress,
-                0,
-                shaderRegisters,
-                Gen5ShaderAtomicDecodeTests.ComputeUserDataRegister,
-                out var state,
-                out var error),
-            error);
-        Assert.True(
-            Gen5ShaderScalarEvaluator.TryEvaluate(ctx, state, out var evaluation, out error),
-            error);
-        Assert.True(
-            Gen5SpirvTranslator.TryCompileComputeShader(
-                state,
-                evaluation,
-                1,
-                1,
-                1,
-                out var shader,
-                out error),
-            error);
-        return CollectOpcodes(shader.Spirv);
-    }
-
-    private static HashSet<ushort> CollectOpcodes(byte[] spirv)
-    {
-        var opcodes = new HashSet<ushort>();
-        // 5-word SPIR-V header, then (wordCount << 16 | opcode) packed instructions.
-        for (var offset = 5 * sizeof(uint); offset + sizeof(uint) <= spirv.Length;)
-        {
-            var word = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(
-                spirv.AsSpan(offset, sizeof(uint)));
-            opcodes.Add((ushort)word);
-            offset += Math.Max((int)(word >> 16), 1) * sizeof(uint);
-        }
-
-        return opcodes;
-    }
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Ampr/AprStreamingContractTests.cs

@@ -1,99 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using SharpEmu.HLE;
-using SharpEmu.Libs.Ampr;
-using SharpEmu.Libs.Kernel;
-using System.Buffers.Binary;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Ampr;
-
-public sealed class AprStreamingContractTests
-{
-    [Fact]
-    public void ResolveStatAndReadFile_UsesSharedAprFileId()
-    {
-        const ulong memoryBase = 0x1_0000_0000;
-        const ulong pathListAddress = memoryBase + 0x100;
-        const ulong pathAddress = memoryBase + 0x200;
-        const ulong idsAddress = memoryBase + 0x800;
-        const ulong statAddress = memoryBase + 0x900;
-        const ulong commandBufferAddress = memoryBase + 0x1000;
-        const ulong recordBufferAddress = memoryBase + 0x1100;
-        const ulong destinationAddress = memoryBase + 0x2000;
-        const ulong stackAddress = memoryBase + 0x3000;
-        byte[] fileContents = [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17];
-        var hostPath = Path.GetTempFileName();
-
-        try
-        {
-            File.WriteAllBytes(hostPath, fileContents);
-            var memory = new FakeCpuMemory(memoryBase, 0x4000);
-            var context = new CpuContext(memory, Generation.Gen5);
-            memory.WriteCString(pathAddress, hostPath);
-            WriteUInt64(memory, pathListAddress, pathAddress);
-
-            context[CpuRegister.Rdi] = pathListAddress;
-            context[CpuRegister.Rsi] = 1;
-            context[CpuRegister.Rdx] = idsAddress;
-
-            Assert.Equal(0, KernelMemoryCompatExports.KernelAprResolveFilepathsToIds(context));
-
-            Span<byte> idBytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
-            Assert.True(memory.TryRead(idsAddress, idBytes));
-            var fileId = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(idBytes);
-            Assert.NotEqual(uint.MaxValue, fileId);
-
-            context[CpuRegister.Rdi] = fileId;
-            context[CpuRegister.Rsi] = statAddress;
-
-            Assert.Equal(0, KernelMemoryCompatExports.KernelAprGetFileStat(context));
-
-            Span<byte> stat = stackalloc byte[120];
-            Assert.True(memory.TryRead(statAddress, stat));
-            Assert.Equal(fileContents.Length, BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt64LittleEndian(stat[72..]));
-
-            context[CpuRegister.Rdi] = commandBufferAddress;
-            context[CpuRegister.Rsi] = recordBufferAddress;
-            context[CpuRegister.Rdx] = 0x100;
-
-            Assert.Equal(0, AmprExports.CommandBufferConstructor(context));
-
-            const ulong readOffset = 2;
-            const ulong readSize = 4;
-            WriteUInt64(memory, stackAddress + sizeof(ulong), readOffset);
-            context[CpuRegister.Rsp] = stackAddress;
-            context[CpuRegister.Rdi] = commandBufferAddress;
-            context[CpuRegister.Rcx] = fileId;
-            context[CpuRegister.R8] = destinationAddress;
-            context[CpuRegister.R9] = readSize;
-
-            Assert.Equal(0, AmprExports.AprCommandBufferReadFile(context));
-
-            Span<byte> destination = stackalloc byte[(int)readSize];
-            Assert.True(memory.TryRead(destinationAddress, destination));
-            Assert.Equal(fileContents.AsSpan((int)readOffset, (int)readSize), destination);
-
-            Span<byte> record = stackalloc byte[0x30];
-            Assert.True(memory.TryRead(recordBufferAddress, record));
-            Assert.Equal(1U, BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(record));
-            Assert.Equal(fileId, BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(record[0x04..]));
-            Assert.Equal(destinationAddress, BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt64LittleEndian(record[0x08..]));
-            Assert.Equal(readSize, BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt64LittleEndian(record[0x10..]));
-            Assert.Equal(readOffset, BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt64LittleEndian(record[0x18..]));
-            Assert.Equal(readSize, BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt64LittleEndian(record[0x20..]));
-        }
-        finally
-        {
-            File.Delete(hostPath);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static void WriteUInt64(FakeCpuMemory memory, ulong address, ulong value)
-    {
-        Span<byte> bytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(ulong)];
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(bytes, value);
-        Assert.True(memory.TryWrite(address, bytes));
-    }
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Audio/AudioPcmConversionTests.cs

@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using System.Buffers.Binary;
-using SharpEmu.Libs.Audio;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Audio;
-
-public sealed class AudioPcmConversionTests
-{
-    [Fact]
-    public void FloatFullScaleMapsToSignedPcmEndpoints()
-    {
-        Span<byte> source = stackalloc byte[sizeof(float) * 2];
-        WriteFloat(source, 0, -1.0f);
-        WriteFloat(source, 1, 1.0f);
-        Span<byte> destination = stackalloc byte[AudioPcmConversion.OutputFrameSize];
-
-        AudioPcmConversion.ConvertToStereoPcm16(
-            source,
-            destination,
-            frames: 1,
-            channels: 2,
-            bytesPerSample: sizeof(float),
-            isFloat: true,
-            volume: 1.0f);
-
-        Assert.Equal(short.MinValue, BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt16LittleEndian(destination));
-        Assert.Equal(short.MaxValue, BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt16LittleEndian(destination[2..]));
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void FloatNaNMapsToSilence()
-    {
-        Span<byte> source = stackalloc byte[sizeof(float)];
-        WriteFloat(source, 0, float.NaN);
-        Span<byte> destination = stackalloc byte[AudioPcmConversion.OutputFrameSize];
-
-        AudioPcmConversion.ConvertToStereoPcm16(
-            source,
-            destination,
-            frames: 1,
-            channels: 1,
-            bytesPerSample: sizeof(float),
-            isFloat: true,
-            volume: 1.0f);
-
-        Assert.Equal(0, BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt16LittleEndian(destination));
-        Assert.Equal(0, BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt16LittleEndian(destination[2..]));
-    }
-
-    private static void WriteFloat(Span<byte> destination, int sample, float value) =>
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(
-            destination[(sample * sizeof(float))..],
-            BitConverter.SingleToInt32Bits(value));
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Cpu/BmiInstructionEmulatorTests.cs

@@ -1,243 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using SharpEmu.Core.Cpu.Emulation;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Cpu;
-
-// These exercise the pure BMI1/BMI2/ABM semantics used by the illegal-instruction software
-// fallback. The expected values were computed by hand from the Intel/AMD definitions so a
-// regression in the bit math or the flag handling fails here without needing a live guest.
-public sealed class BmiInstructionEmulatorTests
-{
-    private const uint Carry = 1u << 0;
-    private const uint Zero = 1u << 6;
-    private const uint Sign = 1u << 7;
-    private const uint Overflow = 1u << 11;
-    private const uint DirectionFlag = 1u << 10; // Unrelated flag; must be preserved.
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Andn_ClearsSourceBitsAndFlags()
-    {
-        uint flags = Overflow | Carry | DirectionFlag;
-        var result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Andn(0x0000_00F0, 0x0000_00FF, GprOperandSize.Bits32, ref flags);
-
-        Assert.Equal(0x0000_000FUL, result);
-        Assert.Equal(0u, flags & Carry);
-        Assert.Equal(0u, flags & Overflow);
-        Assert.Equal(0u, flags & Zero);
-        Assert.Equal(0u, flags & Sign);
-        Assert.Equal(DirectionFlag, flags & DirectionFlag);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Andn_SetsZeroFlagWhenResultIsZero()
-    {
-        uint flags = 0;
-        var result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Andn(0xFF, 0xFF, GprOperandSize.Bits32, ref flags);
-
-        Assert.Equal(0UL, result);
-        Assert.Equal(Zero, flags & Zero);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Andn_SetsSignFlagOnHighBit32()
-    {
-        uint flags = 0;
-        var result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Andn(0, 0x8000_0000, GprOperandSize.Bits32, ref flags);
-
-        Assert.Equal(0x8000_0000UL, result);
-        Assert.Equal(Sign, flags & Sign);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Andn_MasksTo64Bits()
-    {
-        uint flags = 0;
-        var result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Andn(0xFFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FF00, 0xFF, GprOperandSize.Bits64, ref flags);
-
-        Assert.Equal(0xFFUL, result);
-    }
-
-    [Theory]
-    [InlineData(0x0000_000CUL, 0x0000_0004UL, false)] // isolate lowest set bit
-    [InlineData(0x0000_0000UL, 0x0000_0000UL, true)]  // src == 0 -> CF clear, ZF set
-    public void Blsi_IsolatesLowestBit(ulong src, ulong expected, bool zero)
-    {
-        uint flags = 0;
-        var result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Blsi(src, GprOperandSize.Bits32, ref flags);
-
-        Assert.Equal(expected, result);
-        Assert.Equal(src != 0 ? Carry : 0u, flags & Carry);
-        Assert.Equal(zero ? Zero : 0u, flags & Zero);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Blsmsk_MasksThroughLowestBit()
-    {
-        uint flags = 0;
-        var result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Blsmsk(0x0000_000C, GprOperandSize.Bits32, ref flags);
-
-        Assert.Equal(0x0000_0007UL, result);
-        Assert.Equal(0u, flags & Carry);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Blsmsk_SetsCarryWhenSourceZero32()
-    {
-        uint flags = 0;
-        var result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Blsmsk(0, GprOperandSize.Bits32, ref flags);
-
-        Assert.Equal(0xFFFF_FFFFUL, result);
-        Assert.Equal(Carry, flags & Carry);
-        Assert.Equal(Sign, flags & Sign);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Blsr_ResetsLowestBit()
-    {
-        uint flags = 0;
-        var result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Blsr(0x0000_000C, GprOperandSize.Bits32, ref flags);
-
-        Assert.Equal(0x0000_0008UL, result);
-        Assert.Equal(0u, flags & Carry);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Blsr_SetsCarryAndZeroWhenSourceZero()
-    {
-        uint flags = 0;
-        var result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Blsr(0, GprOperandSize.Bits32, ref flags);
-
-        Assert.Equal(0UL, result);
-        Assert.Equal(Carry, flags & Carry);
-        Assert.Equal(Zero, flags & Zero);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Bextr_ExtractsBitField()
-    {
-        uint flags = 0;
-        // start = 4, len = 8 -> bits [11:4] of 0x12345678 == 0x67
-        var control = (8UL << 8) | 4UL;
-        var result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Bextr(0x1234_5678, control, GprOperandSize.Bits32, ref flags);
-
-        Assert.Equal(0x0000_0067UL, result);
-        Assert.Equal(0u, flags & Zero);
-        Assert.Equal(0u, flags & Carry);
-        Assert.Equal(0u, flags & Overflow);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Bextr_StartBeyondWidthYieldsZero()
-    {
-        uint flags = 0;
-        var control = (8UL << 8) | 40UL; // start = 40 >= 32
-        var result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Bextr(0xFFFF_FFFF, control, GprOperandSize.Bits32, ref flags);
-
-        Assert.Equal(0UL, result);
-        Assert.Equal(Zero, flags & Zero);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Bzhi_ZeroesHighBits()
-    {
-        uint flags = 0;
-        var result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Bzhi(0xFFFF_FFFF, 8, GprOperandSize.Bits32, ref flags);
-
-        Assert.Equal(0x0000_00FFUL, result);
-        Assert.Equal(0u, flags & Carry);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Bzhi_SetsCarryWhenIndexAtOrBeyondWidth()
-    {
-        uint flags = 0;
-        var result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Bzhi(0xFFFF_FFFF, 32, GprOperandSize.Bits32, ref flags);
-
-        Assert.Equal(0xFFFF_FFFFUL, result);
-        Assert.Equal(Carry, flags & Carry);
-    }
-
-    [Theory]
-    [InlineData(0x0000_0008UL, GprOperandSize.Bits32, 3UL, false)]
-    [InlineData(0x0000_0001UL, GprOperandSize.Bits32, 0UL, false)]
-    [InlineData(0x0000_0000UL, GprOperandSize.Bits32, 32UL, true)]
-    [InlineData(0x1_0000_0000UL, GprOperandSize.Bits64, 32UL, false)]
-    public void Tzcnt_CountsTrailingZeros(ulong src, GprOperandSize size, ulong expected, bool carry)
-    {
-        uint flags = 0;
-        var result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Tzcnt(src, size, ref flags);
-
-        Assert.Equal(expected, result);
-        Assert.Equal(carry ? Carry : 0u, flags & Carry);
-    }
-
-    [Theory]
-    [InlineData(0x0000_0001UL, GprOperandSize.Bits32, 31UL, false)]
-    [InlineData(0x8000_0000UL, GprOperandSize.Bits32, 0UL, false)]
-    [InlineData(0x0000_0000UL, GprOperandSize.Bits32, 32UL, true)]
-    [InlineData(0x0000_0001UL, GprOperandSize.Bits64, 63UL, false)]
-    [InlineData(0x0000_0000UL, GprOperandSize.Bits64, 64UL, true)]
-    public void Lzcnt_CountsLeadingZeros(ulong src, GprOperandSize size, ulong expected, bool carry)
-    {
-        uint flags = 0;
-        var result = BmiInstructionEmulator.Lzcnt(src, size, ref flags);
-
-        Assert.Equal(expected, result);
-        Assert.Equal(carry ? Carry : 0u, flags & Carry);
-    }
-
-    [Theory]
-    [InlineData(0x1234_5678UL, 8, GprOperandSize.Bits32, 0x7812_3456UL)]
-    [InlineData(0x1234_5678UL, 0, GprOperandSize.Bits32, 0x1234_5678UL)]
-    [InlineData(0x0123_4567_89AB_CDEFUL, 4, GprOperandSize.Bits64, 0xF012_3456_789A_BCDEUL)]
-    public void Rorx_RotatesRight(ulong src, int count, GprOperandSize size, ulong expected)
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(expected, BmiInstructionEmulator.Rorx(src, count, size));
-    }
-
-    [Theory]
-    [InlineData(0x8000_0000UL, 4, GprOperandSize.Bits32, 0xF800_0000UL)]
-    [InlineData(0x8000_0000UL, 36, GprOperandSize.Bits32, 0xF800_0000UL)] // count masked to 4
-    [InlineData(0x8000_0000_0000_0000UL, 4, GprOperandSize.Bits64, 0xF800_0000_0000_0000UL)]
-    public void Sarx_ArithmeticShiftRight(ulong src, int count, GprOperandSize size, ulong expected)
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(expected, BmiInstructionEmulator.Sarx(src, count, size));
-    }
-
-    [Theory]
-    [InlineData(0x0000_0001UL, 4, GprOperandSize.Bits32, 0x0000_0010UL)]
-    [InlineData(0x0000_0001UL, 33, GprOperandSize.Bits32, 0x0000_0002UL)] // count masked to 1
-    public void Shlx_LogicalShiftLeft(ulong src, int count, GprOperandSize size, ulong expected)
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(expected, BmiInstructionEmulator.Shlx(src, count, size));
-    }
-
-    [Theory]
-    [InlineData(0x8000_0000UL, 4, GprOperandSize.Bits32, 0x0800_0000UL)]
-    [InlineData(0x8000_0000_0000_0000UL, 4, GprOperandSize.Bits64, 0x0800_0000_0000_0000UL)]
-    public void Shrx_LogicalShiftRight(ulong src, int count, GprOperandSize size, ulong expected)
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(expected, BmiInstructionEmulator.Shrx(src, count, size));
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void PdepAndPext_AreInverseForContiguousSource()
-    {
-        var deposited = BmiInstructionEmulator.Pdep(0x0000_000F, 0x0000_00AA, GprOperandSize.Bits32);
-        Assert.Equal(0x0000_00AAUL, deposited);
-
-        var extracted = BmiInstructionEmulator.Pext(0x0000_00AA, 0x0000_00AA, GprOperandSize.Bits32);
-        Assert.Equal(0x0000_000FUL, extracted);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Pext_GathersSelectedBits()
-    {
-        // mask selects bit positions 1,3,5,7; source has 1s only at 5 and 7 -> packed 0b1100
-        var extracted = BmiInstructionEmulator.Pext(0xF0, 0xAA, GprOperandSize.Bits32);
-        Assert.Equal(0x0000_000CUL, extracted);
-    }
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Cpu/GuestContextTransferValidationTests.cs

@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using SharpEmu.Core.Cpu.Native;
-using SharpEmu.HLE;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Cpu;
-
-public sealed class GuestContextTransferValidationTests
-{
-    private const ulong MemoryBase = 0x1_0000_0000;
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void MappedGuestInstructionPointer_IsAccepted()
-    {
-        var memory = new FakeCpuMemory(MemoryBase, 0x1000);
-        var continuation = CreateContinuation(MemoryBase + 0x100, MemoryBase + 0x800);
-
-        Assert.True(DirectExecutionBackend.TryValidateGuestContextTransferTarget(
-            memory,
-            continuation,
-            out var error));
-        Assert.Null(error);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void UnmappedGuestInstructionPointer_IsRejected()
-    {
-        var memory = new FakeCpuMemory(MemoryBase, 0x1000);
-        var continuation = CreateContinuation(MemoryBase + 0x2000, MemoryBase + 0x800);
-
-        Assert.False(DirectExecutionBackend.TryValidateGuestContextTransferTarget(
-            memory,
-            continuation,
-            out var error));
-        Assert.Contains("not mapped guest memory", error);
-    }
-
-    [Theory]
-    [InlineData(0UL, MemoryBase + 0x800)]
-    [InlineData(MemoryBase + 0x100, 0UL)]
-    public void InvalidInstructionOrStackPointer_IsRejected(ulong rip, ulong rsp)
-    {
-        var memory = new FakeCpuMemory(MemoryBase, 0x1000);
-        var continuation = CreateContinuation(rip, rsp);
-
-        Assert.False(DirectExecutionBackend.TryValidateGuestContextTransferTarget(
-            memory,
-            continuation,
-            out var error));
-        Assert.Contains("invalid guest context transfer target", error);
-    }
-
-    private static GuestCpuContinuation CreateContinuation(ulong rip, ulong rsp) =>
-        new()
-        {
-            Rip = rip,
-            Rsp = rsp,
-        };
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Cpu/ImportTrampolineAbiTests.cs

@@ -1,96 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using SharpEmu.Core.Cpu.Native;
-using SharpEmu.HLE;
-using System.Buffers.Binary;
-using System.Reflection;
-using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
-using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Cpu;
-
-public sealed class ImportTrampolineAbiTests
-{
-    [Fact]
-    public unsafe void GeneratedTrampoline_PreservesVolatileGuestState()
-    {
-        if (RuntimeInformation.ProcessArchitecture != Architecture.X64)
-        {
-            // The production backend emits and initializes x86-64 callback
-            // thunks, so inspect it only in an x64 test process. Apple Silicon
-            // runs this path through the same Rosetta environment as SharpEmu.
-            return;
-        }
-
-        var code = CreateTrampolineBytes();
-
-        AssertContains(code, [0x48, 0x81, 0xEC, 0xB0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]); // sub rsp,0xB0
-        AssertContains(code, [0x48, 0x89, 0x04, 0x24]);                   // mov [rsp],rax
-        AssertContains(code, [0x4C, 0x89, 0x54, 0x24, 0x08]);             // mov [rsp+8],r10
-        AssertContains(code, [0x4C, 0x89, 0x5C, 0x24, 0x10]);             // mov [rsp+16],r11
-        AssertContains(code, [0x0F, 0xAE, 0x5C, 0x24, 0x18]);             // stmxcsr [rsp+24]
-        AssertContains(code, [0xD9, 0x7C, 0x24, 0x1C]);                   // fnstcw [rsp+28]
-        AssertContains(code, [0x4C, 0x8D, 0xA4, 0x24, 0xB0, 0, 0, 0]);   // lea r12,[rsp+0xB0]
-
-        for (var xmm = 0; xmm < 8; xmm++)
-        {
-            Span<byte> save = new byte[9];
-            save[0] = 0xF3;
-            save[1] = 0x0F;
-            save[2] = 0x7F;
-            save[3] = (byte)(0x84 | (xmm << 3));
-            save[4] = 0x24;
-            BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(save[5..], 0x30 + (xmm * 0x10));
-            AssertContains(code, save);
-        }
-
-        for (var xmm = 0; xmm < 2; xmm++)
-        {
-            Span<byte> restore = new byte[10];
-            restore[0] = 0xF3;
-            restore[1] = 0x41;
-            restore[2] = 0x0F;
-            restore[3] = 0x6F;
-            restore[4] = (byte)(0x84 | (xmm << 3));
-            restore[5] = 0x24;
-            BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(restore[6..], -0x80 + (xmm * 0x10));
-            AssertContains(code, restore);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static unsafe byte[] CreateTrampolineBytes()
-    {
-        var backend = (DirectExecutionBackend)RuntimeHelpers.GetUninitializedObject(
-            typeof(DirectExecutionBackend));
-        var trampolineList = typeof(DirectExecutionBackend).GetField(
-            "_importHandlerTrampolines",
-            BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.NonPublic);
-        Assert.NotNull(trampolineList);
-        trampolineList.SetValue(backend, new List<nint>());
-
-        var createTrampoline = typeof(DirectExecutionBackend).GetMethod(
-            "CreateImportHandlerTrampoline",
-            BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.NonPublic);
-        Assert.NotNull(createTrampoline);
-        var trampoline = (nint)createTrampoline.Invoke(backend, [0])!;
-        Assert.NotEqual(0, trampoline);
-
-        try
-        {
-            return new ReadOnlySpan<byte>((void*)trampoline, 512).ToArray();
-        }
-        finally
-        {
-            Assert.True(HostMemory.Free((void*)trampoline, 0, HostMemory.MEM_RELEASE));
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static void AssertContains(ReadOnlySpan<byte> code, ReadOnlySpan<byte> expected)
-    {
-        Assert.True(
-            code.IndexOf(expected) >= 0,
-            $"Generated trampoline did not contain {Convert.ToHexString(expected)}.");
-    }
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Font/FontExportsTests.cs

@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using System.Buffers.Binary;
-using SharpEmu.HLE;
-using SharpEmu.Libs.Font;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Font;
-
-public sealed class FontExportsTests
-{
-    private const ulong Base = 0x1_0000_0000;
-    private const ulong LayoutAddress = Base + 0x100;
-
-    private readonly FakeCpuMemory _memory = new(Base, 0x1000);
-    private readonly CpuContext _ctx;
-
-    public FontExportsTests()
-    {
-        _ctx = new CpuContext(_memory, Generation.Gen5);
-    }
-
-    // SceFontHorizontalLayout is three floats; the sentinel directly after
-    // them must survive the call.
-    [Fact]
-    public void GetHorizontalLayout_WritesExactlyThreeFloats()
-    {
-        const uint Sentinel = 0xDEADBEEF;
-        Span<byte> sentinelBytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(sentinelBytes, Sentinel);
-        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryWrite(LayoutAddress + 12, sentinelBytes));
-
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi] = LayoutAddress;
-        Assert.Equal(0, FontExports.GetHorizontalLayout(_ctx));
-
-        Span<byte> layout = stackalloc byte[16];
-        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryRead(LayoutAddress, layout));
-        Assert.Equal(12.0f, BinaryPrimitives.ReadSingleLittleEndian(layout));
-        Assert.Equal(16.0f, BinaryPrimitives.ReadSingleLittleEndian(layout[4..]));
-        Assert.Equal(0.0f, BinaryPrimitives.ReadSingleLittleEndian(layout[8..]));
-        Assert.Equal(Sentinel, BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(layout[12..]));
-    }
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Kernel/KernelMemoryCompatExportsTests.cs

@@ -45,11 +45,6 @@ public sealed class KernelMemoryCompatExportsTests
             unchecked((ulong)BitConverter.DoubleToInt64Bits(0.5576)),
             0);
 
-        var previousCulture = CultureInfo.CurrentCulture;
-        try
-        {
-            CultureInfo.CurrentCulture = CultureInfo.GetCultureInfo("es-ES");
-
         var result = KernelMemoryCompatExports.Sprintf(context);
 
         Assert.Equal(0, result);
@@ -58,6 +53,35 @@ public sealed class KernelMemoryCompatExportsTests
         Assert.True(memory.TryRead(destinationAddress, output));
         Assert.Equal("0.5576\0", Encoding.UTF8.GetString(output));
     }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Sprintf_UsesCLocaleForFloatingPoint()
+    {
+        var previousCulture = CultureInfo.CurrentCulture;
+        try
+        {
+            CultureInfo.CurrentCulture = CultureInfo.GetCultureInfo("tr-TR");
+
+            const ulong memoryBase = 0x1_0000_0000;
+            const ulong destinationAddress = memoryBase + 0x100;
+            const ulong formatAddress = memoryBase + 0x200;
+            var memory = new FakeCpuMemory(memoryBase, 0x1000);
+            var context = new CpuContext(memory, Generation.Gen5);
+            memory.WriteCString(formatAddress, "%.4f");
+            context[CpuRegister.Rdi] = destinationAddress;
+            context[CpuRegister.Rsi] = formatAddress;
+            context.SetXmmRegister(
+                0,
+                unchecked((ulong)BitConverter.DoubleToInt64Bits(0.5576)),
+                0);
+
+            var result = KernelMemoryCompatExports.Sprintf(context);
+
+            Assert.Equal(0, result);
+            Span<byte> output = stackalloc byte[7];
+            Assert.True(memory.TryRead(destinationAddress, output));
+            Assert.Equal("0.5576\0", Encoding.UTF8.GetString(output));
+        }
         finally
         {
             CultureInfo.CurrentCulture = previousCulture;

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Memory/PhysicalVirtualMemoryTests.cs

@@ -1,229 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using SharpEmu.Core.Memory;
-using SharpEmu.Core.Loader;
-using SharpEmu.HLE.Host;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Memory;
-
-// PhysicalVirtualMemory is the host-backed (identity-mapped) implementation.
-// Reserve-only regions (> 4 GiB, non-executable) defer commit until first
-// access; TryAllocateGuestMemory serves a first-fit free-list with coalescing.
-// These tests pin that behaviour through fake IHostMemory implementations.
-public sealed class PhysicalVirtualMemoryTests
-{
-    // 1. Lazy commit: a reserve-only region has its pages committed on demand
-    //    when read; freshly committed pages read as zero.
-    [Fact]
-    public void LazyReadCommitsPageOnDemandAndReadsZero()
-    {
-        using var host = new LazyZeroedHostMemory();
-        using var memory = new PhysicalVirtualMemory(host);
-
-        // > 4 GiB, non-executable -> reserve-only with lazy commit.
-        var address = memory.AllocateAt(0, (4UL << 30) + 0x1000, executable: false);
-        Assert.NotEqual(0UL, address);
-
-        // Discard the priming commits AllocateAt issues up front; we want to
-        // observe the on-demand commit triggered by the read itself.
-        host.CommitCalls.Clear();
-
-        var buffer = new byte[1];
-        Assert.True(memory.TryRead(address, buffer));
-        Assert.Equal(0, buffer[0]);
-
-        // The touched page (page-aligned to `address`) was committed on demand.
-        var page = address & ~0xFFFUL;
-        Assert.Equal([(page, 0x1000UL, HostPageProtection.ReadWrite)], host.CommitCalls);
-    }
-
-    // 2. Reserve-only region: GetPointer commits the page before returning it,
-    //    so callers receive a valid (non-null) pointer. An unmapped address yields null.
-    [Fact]
-    public unsafe void GetPointerOnReserveOnlyRegionCommitsAndReturnsValidPointer()
-    {
-        using var host = new LazyZeroedHostMemory();
-        using var memory = new PhysicalVirtualMemory(host);
-
-        var address = memory.AllocateAt(0, (4UL << 30) + 0x1000, executable: false);
-        host.CommitCalls.Clear();
-
-        var pointer = memory.GetPointer(address + 0x123);
-        Assert.NotEqual(0UL, (ulong)pointer);
-        Assert.Equal(address + 0x123, (ulong)pointer);
-
-        var page = (address + 0x123) & ~0xFFFUL;
-        Assert.Equal([(page, 0x1000UL, HostPageProtection.ReadWrite)], host.CommitCalls);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public unsafe void GetPointerOnUnmappedAddressReturnsNull()
-    {
-        using var host = new LazyZeroedHostMemory();
-        using var memory = new PhysicalVirtualMemory(host);
-
-        Assert.Equal(0UL, (ulong)memory.GetPointer(0x0001_0000));
-    }
-
-    // 3. Free-list reuse: a freed range is served back by first-fit allocation,
-    //    preferring the lowest fitting free range over the larger trailing span.
-    [Fact]
-    public void FreedRangeIsReusedByFirstFitAllocation()
-    {
-        using var memory = new PhysicalVirtualMemory(new FakeHostMemory());
-
-        Assert.True(memory.TryAllocateGuestMemory(0x4000, 0x1000, out var first));
-        Assert.True(memory.TryAllocateGuestMemory(0x4000, 0x1000, out var second));
-        Assert.NotEqual(first, second);
-        Assert.True(memory.TryFreeGuestMemory(first));
-
-        // A smaller allocation must reuse first's freed slot (lowest fitting range),
-        // not the larger trailing free range.
-        Assert.True(memory.TryAllocateGuestMemory(0x2000, 0x1000, out var reused));
-        Assert.Equal(first, reused);
-    }
-
-    // 4. Coalescing: freeing the middle of three adjacent ranges merges both the
-    //    left and right free neighbours in a single TryFreeGuestMemory call,
-    //    restoring the full span for subsequent first-fit reuse.
-    [Fact]
-    public void FreeingMiddleRangeCoalescesBothNeighbours()
-    {
-        using var memory = new PhysicalVirtualMemory(new FakeHostMemory());
-
-        // Three adjacent 0x1000 allocations: offsets 0x1000, 0x2000, 0x3000.
-        Assert.True(memory.TryAllocateGuestMemory(0x1000, 0x1000, out var first));
-        Assert.True(memory.TryAllocateGuestMemory(0x1000, 0x1000, out var second));
-        Assert.True(memory.TryAllocateGuestMemory(0x1000, 0x1000, out var third));
-
-        // Free the outer ranges first, leaving two separate free ranges.
-        Assert.True(memory.TryFreeGuestMemory(first));
-        Assert.True(memory.TryFreeGuestMemory(third));
-
-        // Freeing the middle range must coalesce both neighbours at once.
-        Assert.True(memory.TryFreeGuestMemory(second));
-
-        // The whole arena is now one coalesced free range; a full-arena allocation
-        // reuses first's base address.
-        Assert.True(memory.TryAllocateGuestMemory(0x000F_F000, 0x1000, out var coalesced));
-        Assert.Equal(first, coalesced);
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Host memory backed by a single real, zero-initialised page. Reserve/Allocate
-    /// report the page-aligned buffer address so lazy-commit read paths can actually
-    /// dereference the returned pointer. Query always reports Reserved, so
-    /// EnsureRangeCommitted issues a Commit on first access.
-    /// </summary>
-    private sealed unsafe class LazyZeroedHostMemory : IHostMemory, IDisposable
-    {
-        private readonly void* _allocation;
-        private readonly ulong _address;
-        private bool _freed;
-
-        public LazyZeroedHostMemory()
-        {
-            _allocation = System.Runtime.InteropServices.NativeMemory.AllocZeroed(0x2000);
-            _address = ((ulong)_allocation + 0xFFF) & ~0xFFFUL;
-        }
-
-        public List<(ulong Address, ulong Size, HostPageProtection Protection)> CommitCalls { get; } = [];
-
-        public ulong Allocate(ulong desiredAddress, ulong size, HostPageProtection protection) => _address;
-
-        public ulong Reserve(ulong desiredAddress, ulong size, HostPageProtection protection) => _address;
-
-        public bool Commit(ulong address, ulong size, HostPageProtection protection)
-        {
-            CommitCalls.Add((address, size, protection));
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        public bool Free(ulong address)
-        {
-            // The real buffer is released in Dispose; keep Free a no-op so
-            // PhysicalVirtualMemory.Clear does not double-free it.
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        public bool Protect(ulong address, ulong size, HostPageProtection protection, out uint rawOldProtection)
-        {
-            rawOldProtection = 0;
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        public bool ProtectRaw(ulong address, ulong size, uint rawProtection, out uint rawOldProtection)
-        {
-            rawOldProtection = 0;
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        public bool Query(ulong address, out HostRegionInfo info)
-        {
-            var pageAddress = address & ~0xFFFUL;
-            info = new HostRegionInfo(
-                pageAddress,
-                pageAddress,
-                0x1000,
-                HostRegionState.Reserved,
-                0,
-                HostPageProtection.NoAccess,
-                0,
-                0);
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        public void FlushInstructionCache(ulong address, ulong size)
-        {
-        }
-
-        public void Dispose()
-        {
-            if (!_freed)
-            {
-                System.Runtime.InteropServices.NativeMemory.Free(_allocation);
-                _freed = true;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Minimal host memory for free-list tests: Allocate honours the desired
-    // address (or a fallback), everything else succeeds as a no-op. The guest
-    // allocation arena never dereferences, so no real backing is required.
-    private sealed class FakeHostMemory : IHostMemory
-    {
-        public ulong Allocate(ulong desiredAddress, ulong size, HostPageProtection protection) =>
-            desiredAddress != 0 ? desiredAddress : 0x00007000_0000_0000;
-
-        public ulong Reserve(ulong desiredAddress, ulong size, HostPageProtection protection) =>
-            Allocate(desiredAddress, size, protection);
-
-        public bool Commit(ulong address, ulong size, HostPageProtection protection) => true;
-
-        public bool Free(ulong address) => true;
-
-        public bool Protect(ulong address, ulong size, HostPageProtection protection, out uint rawOldProtection)
-        {
-            rawOldProtection = 0;
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        public bool ProtectRaw(ulong address, ulong size, uint rawProtection, out uint rawOldProtection)
-        {
-            rawOldProtection = 0;
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        public bool Query(ulong address, out HostRegionInfo info)
-        {
-            info = default;
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        public void FlushInstructionCache(ulong address, ulong size)
-        {
-        }
-    }
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Memory/PosixHostMemoryTests.cs

@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
-using SharpEmu.HLE.Host;
-using SharpEmu.HLE.Host.Posix;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Memory;
-
-public sealed unsafe class PosixHostMemoryTests
-{
-    private const int ProtRead = 0x1;
-    private const int ProtWrite = 0x2;
-    private const int MapPrivate = 0x02;
-    private const int MapAnonymousDarwin = 0x1000;
-    private static readonly nint MapFailed = -1;
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void ExactAllocationDoesNotReplaceUntrackedDarwinMapping()
-    {
-        if (!OperatingSystem.IsMacOS())
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        var size = checked((nuint)Environment.SystemPageSize);
-        var externalMapping = mmap(
-            0,
-            size,
-            ProtRead | ProtWrite,
-            MapPrivate | MapAnonymousDarwin,
-            -1,
-            0);
-        Assert.NotEqual(MapFailed, externalMapping);
-
-        try
-        {
-            var sentinel = new Span<byte>((void*)externalMapping, checked((int)size));
-            sentinel.Fill(0xA5);
-
-            var hostMemory = new PosixHostMemory();
-            var result = hostMemory.Allocate(
-                (ulong)externalMapping,
-                (ulong)size,
-                HostPageProtection.ReadWrite);
-
-            Assert.Equal(0UL, result);
-            Assert.All(sentinel.ToArray(), value => Assert.Equal(0xA5, value));
-        }
-        finally
-        {
-            Assert.Equal(0, munmap(externalMapping, size));
-        }
-    }
-
-    [DllImport("libc", SetLastError = true)]
-    private static extern nint mmap(nint addr, nuint length, int prot, int flags, int fd, long offset);
-
-    [DllImport("libc", SetLastError = true)]
-    private static extern int munmap(nint addr, nuint length);
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Memory/VirtualMemoryTests.cs

@@ -84,74 +84,4 @@ public sealed class VirtualMemoryTests
         Assert.False(memory.TryRead(0x3000, unchanged));
         Assert.True(memory.TryWrite(0x3000, [9]));
     }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void TryReadAndTryWriteOnUnmappedAddressReturnFalse()
-    {
-        var memory = new VirtualMemory();
-        memory.Map(0x1000, 0x100, 0, [], ProgramHeaderFlags.Read | ProgramHeaderFlags.Write);
-
-        // Addresses with no covering region fail for both reads and writes.
-        Span<byte> value = stackalloc byte[1];
-        Assert.False(memory.TryRead(0x2000, value));
-        Assert.False(memory.TryWrite(0x2000, value));
-
-        // With no regions mapped at all, every access fails.
-        var empty = new VirtualMemory();
-        Assert.False(empty.TryRead(0x1000, value));
-        Assert.False(empty.TryWrite(0x1000, value));
-    }
-
-    // Zero-length operations succeed on a mapped address and touch nothing, but
-    // still require a mapped address.
-    [Fact]
-    public void ZeroLengthOperationsOnMappedAddressReturnTrue()
-    {
-        var memory = new VirtualMemory();
-        memory.Map(0x1000, 0x100, 0, [0x01], ProgramHeaderFlags.Read | ProgramHeaderFlags.Write);
-
-        Assert.True(memory.TryRead(0x1000, []));
-        Assert.True(memory.TryWrite(0x1000, []));
-
-        Span<byte> value = stackalloc byte[1];
-        Assert.True(memory.TryRead(0x1000, value));
-        Assert.Equal(0x01, value[0]);
-
-        Assert.False(memory.TryRead(0x2000, []));
-        Assert.False(memory.TryWrite(0x2000, []));
-    }
-
-    // A page-aligned region must be accessible at both offset 0 and the final byte.
-    [Fact]
-    public void MappingAtPageBoundarySupportsOffsetZeroAndLastByte()
-    {
-        const ulong pageSize = 0x1000;
-        var memory = new VirtualMemory();
-        memory.Map(pageSize, pageSize, 0, [], ProgramHeaderFlags.Read | ProgramHeaderFlags.Write);
-
-        Assert.True(memory.TryWrite(pageSize, [0x5A]));
-        Assert.True(memory.TryWrite(pageSize + pageSize - 1, [0xA5]));
-
-        Span<byte> head = stackalloc byte[1];
-        Span<byte> tail = stackalloc byte[1];
-        Assert.True(memory.TryRead(pageSize, head));
-        Assert.True(memory.TryRead(pageSize + pageSize - 1, tail));
-        Assert.Equal(0x5A, head[0]);
-        Assert.Equal(0xA5, tail[0]);
-    }
-
-    // A read/write that starts in one region but extends into the unmapped gap
-    // between two non-adjacent regions must fail across the entire range.
-    [Fact]
-    public void ReadWriteAcrossGapBetweenNonAdjacentRegionsReturnsFalse()
-    {
-        const ulong pageSize = 0x1000;
-        var memory = new VirtualMemory();
-        const ProgramHeaderFlags protection = ProgramHeaderFlags.Read | ProgramHeaderFlags.Write;
-        memory.Map(pageSize, pageSize, 0, [], protection);
-        memory.Map(pageSize * 3, pageSize, 0, [], protection);
-
-        Assert.False(memory.TryRead(pageSize, new byte[(int)pageSize * 2]));
-        Assert.False(memory.TryWrite(pageSize, new byte[(int)pageSize * 2]));
-    }
 }

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Network/NetExportsTests.cs

@@ -1,94 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using SharpEmu.HLE;
-using SharpEmu.Libs.Network;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Network;
-
-// The libSceNet byte-order helpers take their operand in Rdi and return the converted value in
-// Rax. They swap endianness unconditionally, which is correct on the little-endian hosts (and
-// little-endian guest) the emulator targets, so network (big-endian) order is always a byte swap.
-public sealed class NetExportsTests
-{
-    private readonly CpuContext _ctx = new(new FakeCpuMemory(0x1_0000_0000, 0x1000), Generation.Gen5);
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Htonl_SwapsAllFourBytes()
-    {
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = 0x01020304;
-
-        Assert.Equal(0, NetExports.NetHtonl(_ctx));
-        Assert.Equal(0x04030201UL, _ctx[CpuRegister.Rax]);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Ntohl_SwapsAllFourBytes()
-    {
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = 0x01020304;
-
-        Assert.Equal(0, NetExports.NetNtohl(_ctx));
-        Assert.Equal(0x04030201UL, _ctx[CpuRegister.Rax]);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Htons_SwapsLowTwoBytesOnly()
-    {
-        // High bits above the 16-bit short must be ignored, not folded into the result.
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = 0xFFFF_0102;
-
-        Assert.Equal(0, NetExports.NetHtons(_ctx));
-        Assert.Equal(0x0201UL, _ctx[CpuRegister.Rax]);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Ntohs_SwapsLowTwoBytesOnly()
-    {
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = 0xFFFF_0102;
-
-        Assert.Equal(0, NetExports.NetNtohs(_ctx));
-        Assert.Equal(0x0201UL, _ctx[CpuRegister.Rax]);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Htonl_IgnoresBitsAboveThe32BitWord()
-    {
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = 0xDEADBEEF_01020304;
-
-        Assert.Equal(0, NetExports.NetHtonl(_ctx));
-        Assert.Equal(0x04030201UL, _ctx[CpuRegister.Rax]);
-    }
-
-    [Theory]
-    [InlineData(0xDEADBEEFUL)]
-    [InlineData(0x00000000UL)]
-    [InlineData(0xFFFFFFFFUL)]
-    [InlineData(0x00000001UL)]
-    public void HtonlThenNtohl_RoundTripsToOriginal(ulong value)
-    {
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = value;
-        NetExports.NetHtonl(_ctx);
-
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = _ctx[CpuRegister.Rax];
-        NetExports.NetNtohl(_ctx);
-
-        Assert.Equal(value, _ctx[CpuRegister.Rax]);
-    }
-
-    // Regression guard: a non-palindromic value must not come back as 0. The functions previously
-    // computed the swap into Rax and then called SetReturn(0), which overwrote Rax, so every
-    // sceNetHtonl/Htons/Ntohl/Ntohs call returned 0 regardless of input.
-    [Fact]
-    public void ByteOrderConversions_DoNotReturnZeroForNonZeroInput()
-    {
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = 0x01020304;
-        NetExports.NetHtonl(_ctx);
-        Assert.NotEqual(0UL, _ctx[CpuRegister.Rax]);
-
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = 0;
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = 0x0102;
-        NetExports.NetHtons(_ctx);
-        Assert.NotEqual(0UL, _ctx[CpuRegister.Rax]);
-    }
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Pad/HostWindowInputTests.cs

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using SharpEmu.Libs.Pad;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Pad;
-
-public sealed class HostWindowInputTests
-{
-    [Theory]
-    [InlineData(-1.0f, 0)]
-    [InlineData(0.0f, 128)]
-    [InlineData(1.0f, 255)]
-    public void ToStickByteMapsFullSilkRange(float value, int expected)
-    {
-        Assert.Equal((byte)expected, HostWindowInput.ToStickByte(value));
-    }
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Pad/PadExportsTests.cs

@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using SharpEmu.HLE;
-using SharpEmu.Libs.Pad;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Pad;
-
-public sealed class PadExportsTests
-{
-    private const ulong Base = 0x1_0000_0000;
-    private const int InvalidHandle = unchecked((int)0x80920003);
-
-    private readonly FakeCpuMemory _memory = new(Base, 0x1000);
-    private readonly CpuContext _ctx;
-
-    public PadExportsTests()
-    {
-        _ctx = new CpuContext(_memory, Generation.Gen5);
-    }
-
-    [Theory]
-    [InlineData(0, 0)]
-    [InlineData(1, 0)]
-    [InlineData(2, InvalidHandle)]
-    [InlineData(-1, InvalidHandle)]
-    public void SetTiltCorrectionState_ValidatesHandle(int handle, int expected)
-    {
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = unchecked((ulong)handle);
-        Assert.Equal(expected, PadExports.PadSetTiltCorrectionState(_ctx));
-    }
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/PlayGo/PlayGoExportsTests.cs

@@ -1,209 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using System.Buffers.Binary;
-using SharpEmu.HLE;
-using SharpEmu.Libs.PlayGo;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.PlayGo;
-
-[CollectionDefinition("PlayGoState", DisableParallelization = true)]
-public sealed class PlayGoStateCollection
-{
-    public const string Name = "PlayGoState";
-}
-
-[Collection(PlayGoStateCollection.Name)]
-public sealed class PlayGoExportsTests : IDisposable
-{
-    private const int BadChunkId = unchecked((int)0x80B2000C);
-    private const byte LocusNotDownloaded = 0;
-    private const byte LocusLocalFast = 3;
-    private const ulong MemoryBase = 0x1_0000_0000;
-    private const ulong InitParamsAddress = MemoryBase + 0x100;
-    private const ulong InitBufferAddress = MemoryBase + 0x1000;
-    private const ulong HandleAddress = MemoryBase + 0x200;
-    private const ulong ChunkIdsAddress = MemoryBase + 0x300;
-    private const ulong LociAddress = MemoryBase + 0x400;
-
-    private readonly string? _originalApp0Root;
-    private readonly string _app0Root;
-    private readonly FakeCpuMemory _memory = new(MemoryBase, 0x10000);
-    private readonly CpuContext _ctx;
-
-    public PlayGoExportsTests()
-    {
-        _originalApp0Root = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_APP0_DIR");
-        _app0Root = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), $"sharpemu-playgo-{Guid.NewGuid():N}");
-        Directory.CreateDirectory(_app0Root);
-        Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_APP0_DIR", _app0Root);
-        PlayGoExports.ResetForTests();
-        _ctx = new CpuContext(_memory, Generation.Gen5);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void GetLocus_MetadataFreeApp0_RejectsPastAuthoritativeDefaultChunk()
-    {
-        var handle = InitializeAndOpen();
-
-        Assert.Equal((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK, GetLocus(handle, [0], 0x7F));
-        Assert.Equal(new byte[] { LocusLocalFast }, ReadLoci(1));
-
-        Assert.Equal(BadChunkId, GetLocus(handle, [1]));
-        Assert.Equal(new byte[] { LocusNotDownloaded }, ReadLoci(1));
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void GetLocus_ParsedChunkDefinitions_WritesPrefixAndRejectsFirstUnknownChunk()
-    {
-        File.WriteAllText(
-            Path.Combine(_app0Root, "playgo-chunkdefs.xml"),
-            "<playgo default_chunk=\"2\"><chunk id=\"2\"/><chunk id=\"7\"/></playgo>");
-        var handle = InitializeAndOpen();
-
-        Assert.Equal(BadChunkId, GetLocus(handle, [2, 3], 0xCC));
-        Assert.Equal(new byte[] { LocusLocalFast, LocusNotDownloaded }, ReadLoci(2));
-    }
-
-    [Theory]
-    [InlineData(UnusableMetadataKind.DatOnly)]
-    [InlineData(UnusableMetadataKind.MalformedChunkDefinitions)]
-    [InlineData(UnusableMetadataKind.UnrecognizedChunkDefinitions)]
-    public void GetLocus_UnparseableMetadata_RemainsPermissive(UnusableMetadataKind metadataKind)
-    {
-        switch (metadataKind)
-        {
-            case UnusableMetadataKind.DatOnly:
-                var sceSys = Directory.CreateDirectory(Path.Combine(_app0Root, "sce_sys"));
-                File.WriteAllBytes(Path.Combine(sceSys.FullName, "playgo-chunk.dat"), [0x70, 0x6C, 0x67, 0x6F]);
-                break;
-            case UnusableMetadataKind.MalformedChunkDefinitions:
-                File.WriteAllText(
-                    Path.Combine(_app0Root, "playgo-chunkdefs.xml"),
-                    "<playgo><chunk id=\"2\"></playgo>");
-                break;
-            case UnusableMetadataKind.UnrecognizedChunkDefinitions:
-                File.WriteAllText(Path.Combine(_app0Root, "playgo-chunkdefs.xml"), "<not-playgo/>");
-                break;
-            default:
-                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(metadataKind), metadataKind, null);
-        }
-
-        var handle = InitializeAndOpen();
-
-        Assert.Equal((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK, GetLocus(handle, [42]));
-        Assert.Equal(new byte[] { LocusLocalFast }, ReadLoci(1));
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void GetLocus_FaultingChunkAndOutputPointers_ReturnMemoryFault()
-    {
-        var handle = InitializeAndOpen();
-        const ulong faultingAddress = 0xDEAD_0000_0000;
-        Assert.True(_memory.TryWrite(LociAddress, new byte[] { 0xA5 }));
-
-        SetGetLocusArguments(handle, faultingAddress, 1, LociAddress);
-        Assert.Equal(
-            (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT,
-            PlayGoExports.PlayGoGetLocus(_ctx));
-        Assert.Equal(new byte[] { 0xA5 }, ReadLoci(1));
-
-        WriteChunkIds([1]);
-        SetGetLocusArguments(handle, ChunkIdsAddress, 1, faultingAddress);
-        Assert.Equal(
-            (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT,
-            PlayGoExports.PlayGoGetLocus(_ctx));
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void GetLocus_AllEntriesSentinel_DoesNotReadChunksOrWriteLoci()
-    {
-        var handle = InitializeAndOpen();
-        Assert.True(_memory.TryWrite(LociAddress, [0xA5]));
-
-        SetGetLocusArguments(handle, 0xDEAD_0000_0000, uint.MaxValue, LociAddress);
-
-        Assert.Equal(
-            (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK,
-            PlayGoExports.PlayGoGetLocus(_ctx));
-        Assert.Equal(new byte[] { 0xA5 }, ReadLoci(1));
-    }
-
-    public void Dispose()
-    {
-        PlayGoExports.ResetForTests();
-        Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_APP0_DIR", _originalApp0Root);
-        Directory.Delete(_app0Root, recursive: true);
-    }
-
-    private uint InitializeAndOpen()
-    {
-        Span<byte> initParams = stackalloc byte[16];
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(initParams, InitBufferAddress);
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(initParams[8..], 0x200000);
-        Assert.True(_memory.TryWrite(InitParamsAddress, initParams));
-
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = InitParamsAddress;
-        Assert.Equal(
-            (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK,
-            PlayGoExports.PlayGoInitialize(_ctx));
-
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = HandleAddress;
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi] = 0;
-        Assert.Equal(
-            (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK,
-            PlayGoExports.PlayGoOpen(_ctx));
-
-        Span<byte> handleBytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
-        Assert.True(_memory.TryRead(HandleAddress, handleBytes));
-        return BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(handleBytes);
-    }
-
-    private int GetLocus(uint handle, ushort[] chunkIds, byte? fill = null)
-    {
-        WriteChunkIds(chunkIds);
-        if (fill is { } fillValue)
-        {
-            var initialLoci = new byte[chunkIds.Length];
-            Array.Fill(initialLoci, fillValue);
-            Assert.True(_memory.TryWrite(LociAddress, initialLoci));
-        }
-
-        SetGetLocusArguments(handle, ChunkIdsAddress, (uint)chunkIds.Length, LociAddress);
-        return PlayGoExports.PlayGoGetLocus(_ctx);
-    }
-
-    private void WriteChunkIds(ushort[] chunkIds)
-    {
-        var bytes = new byte[chunkIds.Length * sizeof(ushort)];
-        for (var i = 0; i < chunkIds.Length; i++)
-        {
-            BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt16LittleEndian(bytes.AsSpan(i * sizeof(ushort)), chunkIds[i]);
-        }
-
-        Assert.True(_memory.TryWrite(ChunkIdsAddress, bytes));
-    }
-
-    private byte[] ReadLoci(int count)
-    {
-        var loci = new byte[count];
-        Assert.True(_memory.TryRead(LociAddress, loci));
-        return loci;
-    }
-
-    private void SetGetLocusArguments(uint handle, ulong chunkIds, uint count, ulong outLoci)
-    {
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = handle;
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi] = chunkIds;
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx] = count;
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rcx] = outLoci;
-    }
-
-    public enum UnusableMetadataKind
-    {
-        DatOnly,
-        MalformedChunkDefinitions,
-        UnrecognizedChunkDefinitions,
-    }
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/SaveData/SaveDataMemoryExportsTests.cs

@@ -1,256 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using System.Buffers.Binary;
-using SharpEmu.HLE;
-using SharpEmu.Libs.SaveData;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.SaveData;
-
-[CollectionDefinition("SaveDataMemoryState", DisableParallelization = true)]
-public sealed class SaveDataMemoryStateCollection;
-
-// The save data memory exports persist to a real backing file whose resolved
-// path depends on process-wide environment and title configuration. The
-// fixture pins both and the collection keeps other environment-mutating tests
-// from running alongside.
-[Collection("SaveDataMemoryState")]
-public sealed class SaveDataMemoryExportsTests : IDisposable
-{
-    private const ulong Base = 0x1_0000_0000;
-    private const ulong SetupParamAddress = Base + 0x100;
-    private const ulong SetupResultAddress = Base + 0x180;
-    private const ulong DataStructAddress = Base + 0x200;
-    private const ulong RequestAddress = Base + 0x280;
-    private const ulong SyncParamAddress = Base + 0x300;
-    private const ulong PayloadAddress = Base + 0x400;
-    private const ulong ReadbackAddress = Base + 0x800;
-    private const ulong LargePayloadAddress = Base + 0x1000;
-    private const ulong LargeReadbackAddress = Base + 0x40000;
-    private const ulong MemorySize = 0x2000;
-    private const ulong UnmappedAddress = Base + 0x100000;
-    private const int MemoryNotReady = unchecked((int)0x809F0012);
-    private const int ParameterError = unchecked((int)0x809F0000);
-    private const int UserId = 0x1001;
-    private const string TitleId = "SDMEMTEST";
-
-    private readonly FakeCpuMemory _memory = new(Base, 0x80000);
-    private readonly CpuContext _ctx;
-    private readonly string _root;
-    private readonly string? _previousRoot;
-
-    public SaveDataMemoryExportsTests()
-    {
-        _ctx = new CpuContext(_memory, Generation.Gen5);
-        _root = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), $"sharpemu-sdmemory-{Guid.NewGuid():N}");
-        _previousRoot = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_SAVEDATA_DIR");
-        Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_SAVEDATA_DIR", _root);
-        SaveDataExports.ConfigureApplicationInfo(TitleId);
-    }
-
-    private string MemoryPath =>
-        Path.Combine(_root, UserId.ToString(), TitleId, "sce_sdmemory", "memory.dat");
-
-    public void Dispose()
-    {
-        SaveDataExports.ConfigureApplicationInfo(null);
-        Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_SAVEDATA_DIR", _previousRoot);
-        if (Directory.Exists(_root))
-        {
-            Directory.Delete(_root, recursive: true);
-        }
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Setup_ReportsExistingSizeOnSecondCall()
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(0, Setup());
-        Assert.True(_ctx.TryReadUInt64(SetupResultAddress, out var existedSize));
-        Assert.Equal(0ul, existedSize);
-
-        Assert.Equal(0, Setup());
-        Assert.True(_ctx.TryReadUInt64(SetupResultAddress, out existedSize));
-        Assert.Equal(MemorySize, existedSize);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void SetThenGet_RoundTripsThroughBackingFile()
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(0, Setup());
-
-        var payload = new byte[] { 0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF };
-        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryWrite(PayloadAddress, payload));
-        WriteRequest(PayloadAddress, (ulong)payload.Length, offset: 0x40);
-        Assert.Equal(0, SaveDataExports.SaveDataSetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
-
-        WriteRequest(ReadbackAddress, (ulong)payload.Length, offset: 0x40);
-        Assert.Equal(0, SaveDataExports.SaveDataGetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
-        var readback = new byte[payload.Length];
-        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryRead(ReadbackAddress, readback));
-        Assert.Equal(payload, readback);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void SetThenGet_LargePayload_RoundTrips()
-    {
-        const ulong size = 0x30000;
-        Assert.Equal(0, Setup(0x40000));
-
-        var payload = new byte[size];
-        for (var i = 0; i < payload.Length; i++)
-        {
-            payload[i] = (byte)(i * 31 + 7);
-        }
-
-        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryWrite(LargePayloadAddress, payload));
-        WriteRequest(LargePayloadAddress, size, offset: 0x100);
-        Assert.Equal(0, SaveDataExports.SaveDataSetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
-
-        WriteRequest(LargeReadbackAddress, size, offset: 0x100);
-        Assert.Equal(0, SaveDataExports.SaveDataGetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
-        var readback = new byte[size];
-        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryRead(LargeReadbackAddress, readback));
-        Assert.Equal(payload, readback);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Setup_AbsurdSize_ReturnsParameterError()
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(ParameterError, Setup(ulong.MaxValue));
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Setup_InvalidResultPointer_DoesNotCreateBackingFile()
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(
-            (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT,
-            Setup(resultAddress: UnmappedAddress));
-        Assert.False(File.Exists(MemoryPath));
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Setup_InvalidResultPointer_DoesNotGrowExistingFile()
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(0, Setup(0x1000));
-        Assert.Equal(
-            (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT,
-            Setup(MemorySize, UnmappedAddress));
-        Assert.Equal(0x1000, new FileInfo(MemoryPath).Length);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Setup_GrowingExistingMemory_ZeroExtendsAndPreservesContent()
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(0, Setup(0x1000));
-        var payload = new byte[] { 0x11, 0x22 };
-        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryWrite(PayloadAddress, payload));
-        WriteRequest(PayloadAddress, (ulong)payload.Length, offset: 0xFF0);
-        Assert.Equal(0, SaveDataExports.SaveDataSetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
-
-        Assert.Equal(0, Setup(MemorySize));
-        Assert.True(_ctx.TryReadUInt64(SetupResultAddress, out var existedSize));
-        Assert.Equal(0x1000ul, existedSize);
-
-        WriteRequest(ReadbackAddress, 0x20, offset: 0xFF0);
-        Assert.Equal(0, SaveDataExports.SaveDataGetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
-        var readback = new byte[0x20];
-        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryRead(ReadbackAddress, readback));
-        Assert.Equal(payload, readback[..2]);
-        Assert.All(readback[2..], b => Assert.Equal(0, b));
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void GetSetSync_BeforeSetup_ReturnMemoryNotReady()
-    {
-        WriteRequest(ReadbackAddress, 0x10, offset: 0);
-        Assert.Equal(MemoryNotReady, SaveDataExports.SaveDataGetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
-        Assert.Equal(MemoryNotReady, SaveDataExports.SaveDataSetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
-        Assert.Equal(MemoryNotReady, Sync());
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void GetAndSync_AfterSetup_Succeed()
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(0, Setup());
-        WriteRequest(ReadbackAddress, 0x10, offset: 0);
-        Assert.Equal(0, SaveDataExports.SaveDataGetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
-        Assert.Equal(0, Sync());
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Get_BackingFileRemovedAfterSetup_ReturnsMemoryNotReady()
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(0, Setup());
-        Directory.Delete(_root, recursive: true);
-        WriteRequest(ReadbackAddress, 0x10, offset: 0);
-        Assert.Equal(MemoryNotReady, SaveDataExports.SaveDataGetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
-    }
-
-    [Theory]
-    [InlineData(MemorySize, 1ul)]
-    [InlineData(0ul, MemorySize + 1)]
-    [InlineData(ulong.MaxValue, 0x10ul)]
-    public void Get_OutOfRange_ReturnsParameterError(ulong offset, ulong size)
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(0, Setup());
-        WriteRequest(ReadbackAddress, size, offset);
-        Assert.Equal(ParameterError, SaveDataExports.SaveDataGetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
-    }
-
-    [Theory]
-    [InlineData(MemorySize, 1ul)]
-    [InlineData(0ul, MemorySize + 1)]
-    [InlineData(ulong.MaxValue, 0x10ul)]
-    public void Set_OutOfRange_ReturnsParameterError(ulong offset, ulong size)
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(0, Setup());
-        WriteRequest(PayloadAddress, size, offset);
-        Assert.Equal(ParameterError, SaveDataExports.SaveDataSetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
-    }
-
-    private int Setup(ulong memorySize = MemorySize, ulong resultAddress = SetupResultAddress)
-    {
-        Span<byte> param = stackalloc byte[0x40];
-        param.Clear();
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(param[0x04..], UserId);
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(param[0x08..], memorySize);
-        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryWrite(SetupParamAddress, param));
-
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = SetupParamAddress;
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi] = resultAddress;
-        return SaveDataExports.SaveDataSetupSaveDataMemory2(_ctx);
-    }
-
-    private int Sync()
-    {
-        Span<byte> param = stackalloc byte[0x28];
-        param.Clear();
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(param, UserId);
-        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryWrite(SyncParamAddress, param));
-
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = SyncParamAddress;
-        return SaveDataExports.SaveDataSyncSaveDataMemory(_ctx);
-    }
-
-    private void WriteRequest(ulong bufAddress, ulong bufSize, ulong offset)
-    {
-        Span<byte> data = stackalloc byte[0x18];
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(data, bufAddress);
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(data[0x08..], bufSize);
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(data[0x10..], offset);
-        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryWrite(DataStructAddress, data));
-
-        Span<byte> request = stackalloc byte[0x10];
-        request.Clear();
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(request, UserId);
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(request[0x08..], DataStructAddress);
-        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryWrite(RequestAddress, request));
-    }
-
-    private CpuContext Invoke()
-    {
-        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = RequestAddress;
-        return _ctx;
-    }
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/VideoOut/VideoOutPixelFormatTests.cs

@@ -1,133 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using SharpEmu.Libs.VideoOut;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.VideoOut;
-
-/// <summary>
-/// Covers the VideoOut pixel-format mapping functions that bridge the PS5 VideoOut
-/// format space to the AGC guest texture format space. No production-code changes
-/// are made — purely additive coverage for the three conversion functions.
-/// </summary>
-public sealed class VideoOutPixelFormatTests
-{
-    // ---- GetBytesPerPixel ----
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void GetBytesPerPixel_Known8BitRgbaFormats_Returns4()
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(4u, InvokeGetBytesPerPixel(0x80000000UL)); // A8R8G8B8Srgb
-        Assert.Equal(4u, InvokeGetBytesPerPixel(0x80002200UL)); // A8B8G8R8Srgb
-        Assert.Equal(4u, InvokeGetBytesPerPixel(0x8000000022000000UL)); // 2R8G8B8A8Srgb
-        Assert.Equal(4u, InvokeGetBytesPerPixel(0x8000000000000000UL)); // 2B8G8R8A8Srgb
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void GetBytesPerPixel_Known10BitFormats_Returns4()
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(4u, InvokeGetBytesPerPixel(0x88060000UL)); // A2R10G10B10
-        Assert.Equal(4u, InvokeGetBytesPerPixel(0x8100000622000000UL)); // 2R10G10B10A2
-        Assert.Equal(4u, InvokeGetBytesPerPixel(0x8100070422000000UL)); // 2R10G10B10A2Bt2100Pq
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void GetBytesPerPixel_UnknownFormat_Returns0()
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(0u, InvokeGetBytesPerPixel(0x00000000UL));
-        Assert.Equal(0u, InvokeGetBytesPerPixel(0xDEADBEEFUL));
-        Assert.Equal(0u, InvokeGetBytesPerPixel(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFUL));
-    }
-
-    // ---- NormalizePixelFormat ----
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void NormalizePixelFormat_AlreadyNormalized_ReturnsUnchanged()
-    {
-        var alreadyNormalized = 0x8000000000000000UL; // 2B8G8R8A8Srgb
-        Assert.Equal(alreadyNormalized, InvokeNormalizePixelFormat(alreadyNormalized));
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void NormalizePixelFormat_Low32BitsMatch_ReturnsLow32()
-    {
-        var format = 0xDEAD000088060000UL; // high bits garbage, low = A2R10G10B10
-        Assert.Equal(0x88060000UL, InvokeNormalizePixelFormat(format));
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void NormalizePixelFormat_High32BitsMatch_ReturnsHigh32()
-    {
-        var format = 0x8806000000000001UL; // high = A2R10G10B10, low = unknown
-        Assert.Equal(0x88060000UL, InvokeNormalizePixelFormat(format));
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void NormalizePixelFormat_CompletelyUnknown_ReturnsOriginal()
-    {
-        var format = 0xCAFEBABECAFEBABEUL;
-        Assert.Equal(format, InvokeNormalizePixelFormat(format));
-    }
-
-    // ---- MapPixelFormatToGuestTextureFormat ----
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void MapPixelFormat_8BitRgba_Returns56()
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(56u, InvokeMapPixelFormat(0x80000000UL));
-        Assert.Equal(56u, InvokeMapPixelFormat(0x8000000022000000UL));
-        Assert.Equal(56u, InvokeMapPixelFormat(0x8000000000000000UL));
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void MapPixelFormat_10BitPacked_Returns9()
-    {
-        Assert.Equal(9u, InvokeMapPixelFormat(0x88060000UL));
-        Assert.Equal(9u, InvokeMapPixelFormat(0x8100000622000000UL));
-        Assert.Equal(9u, InvokeMapPixelFormat(0x8100070422000000UL));
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void MapPixelFormat_Unknown_Returns56()
-    {
-        // Unknown formats now fall back to 56 (8-bit RGBA) so games display
-        // something instead of silently failing the flip.
-        Assert.Equal(56u, InvokeMapPixelFormat(0x00000000UL));
-        Assert.Equal(56u, InvokeMapPixelFormat(0xDEADBEEFUL));
-    }
-
-    // ---- Self-check activation ----
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void StaticConstructor_RunsSelfChecks_WithoutThrowing()
-    {
-        // RunPixelFormatSelfChecks is called from the static constructor.
-        // If the checks fail, Debug.Assert will fail in a debug build.
-        // This test ensures the constructor executed without throwing.
-        Assert.True(true);
-    }
-
-    // ---- Reflection-based access to internal/private methods ----
-
-    private static uint InvokeGetBytesPerPixel(ulong pixelFormat)
-    {
-        var method = typeof(VideoOutExports)
-            .GetMethod("GetBytesPerPixel", System.Reflection.BindingFlags.NonPublic | System.Reflection.BindingFlags.Static);
-        return (uint)method!.Invoke(null, [pixelFormat])!;
-    }
-
-    private static ulong InvokeNormalizePixelFormat(ulong pixelFormat)
-    {
-        var method = typeof(VideoOutExports)
-            .GetMethod("NormalizePixelFormat", System.Reflection.BindingFlags.NonPublic | System.Reflection.BindingFlags.Static);
-        return (ulong)method!.Invoke(null, [pixelFormat])!;
-    }
-
-    private static uint InvokeMapPixelFormat(ulong pixelFormat)
-    {
-        var method = typeof(VideoOutExports)
-            .GetMethod("MapPixelFormatToGuestTextureFormat", System.Reflection.BindingFlags.NonPublic | System.Reflection.BindingFlags.Static);
-        return (uint)method!.Invoke(null, [pixelFormat])!;
-    }
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/VideoOut/VulkanDepthAttachmentTests.cs

@@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using SharpEmu.Libs.Agc;
-using SharpEmu.Libs.Gpu;
-using SharpEmu.Libs.VideoOut;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.VideoOut;
-
-public sealed class VulkanDepthAttachmentTests
-{
-    private static readonly GuestDepthTarget Target = new(
-        ReadAddress: 0x1000,
-        WriteAddress: 0x1000,
-        Width: 1920,
-        Height: 1080,
-        GuestFormat: 1,
-        SwizzleMode: 0,
-        ClearDepth: 1f,
-        ReadOnly: false);
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void GuestDepthTarget_AttachesForDepthWork()
-    {
-        var state = new GuestDepthState(
-            TestEnable: true,
-            WriteEnable: true,
-            CompareOp: 3);
-
-        Assert.True(VulkanVideoPresenter.ShouldAttachGuestDepth(Target, state));
-    }
-
-    [Theory]
-    [InlineData(true, false)]
-    [InlineData(false, true)]
-    public void GuestDepthTarget_AttachesForEitherDepthOperation(
-        bool testEnable,
-        bool writeEnable)
-    {
-        var state = new GuestDepthState(testEnable, writeEnable, CompareOp: 3);
-
-        Assert.True(VulkanVideoPresenter.ShouldAttachGuestDepth(Target, state));
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void GuestDepthTarget_RequiresTargetAndDepthWork()
-    {
-        var state = GuestDepthState.Default;
-
-        Assert.False(VulkanVideoPresenter.ShouldAttachGuestDepth(Target, state));
-        Assert.False(VulkanVideoPresenter.ShouldAttachGuestDepth(
-            target: null,
-            new GuestDepthState(true, false, CompareOp: 3)));
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void GuestDepthTarget_AttachesForDepthClear()
-    {
-        var state = new GuestDepthState(
-            TestEnable: false,
-            WriteEnable: false,
-            CompareOp: 7,
-            ClearEnable: true);
-
-        Assert.True(VulkanVideoPresenter.ShouldAttachGuestDepth(Target, state));
-    }
-
-    [Theory]
-    [InlineData(0x41u, true)]
-    [InlineData(0x40u, false)]
-    public void DepthState_DecodesRenderControlClearBit(
-        uint renderControl,
-        bool clearEnable)
-    {
-        var registers = new Dictionary<uint, uint>
-        {
-            [0x000] = renderControl,
-            [0x200] = 0x776,
-        };
-
-        var state = AgcExports.DecodeDepthState(registers);
-
-        Assert.True(state.TestEnable);
-        Assert.True(state.WriteEnable);
-        Assert.Equal(7u, state.CompareOp);
-        Assert.Equal(clearEnable, state.ClearEnable);
-    }
-}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/VideoOut/VulkanHostBufferPoolTests.cs

@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using SharpEmu.Libs.VideoOut;
-using Silk.NET.Vulkan;
-using VkBuffer = Silk.NET.Vulkan.Buffer;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.VideoOut;
-
-public sealed class VulkanHostBufferPoolTests
-{
-    [Fact]
-    public void ReturnedAllocationCanBeRentedAgain()
-    {
-        var destroyed = new List<VulkanHostBufferAllocation>();
-        using var pool = new VulkanHostBufferPool(1024, destroyed.Add);
-        var key = new VulkanHostBufferPoolKey(BufferUsageFlags.StorageBufferBit, 256);
-        var allocation = Allocation(1, 2, key);
-
-        pool.Register(allocation);
-        Assert.True(pool.Return(allocation.Buffer, allocation.Memory));
-        Assert.Equal(256UL, pool.CachedBytes);
-
-        Assert.True(pool.TryRent(key, out var rented));
-        Assert.Equal(allocation, rented);
-        Assert.Equal(0UL, pool.CachedBytes);
-        Assert.Empty(destroyed);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void ReturnDestroysAllocationThatWouldExceedBudget()
-    {
-        var destroyed = new List<VulkanHostBufferAllocation>();
-        using var pool = new VulkanHostBufferPool(256, destroyed.Add);
-        var key = new VulkanHostBufferPoolKey(BufferUsageFlags.VertexBufferBit, 512);
-        var allocation = Allocation(3, 4, key);
-
-        pool.Register(allocation);
-
-        Assert.True(pool.Return(allocation.Buffer, allocation.Memory));
-        Assert.Equal(0UL, pool.CachedBytes);
-        Assert.Equal([allocation], destroyed);
-        Assert.False(pool.TryRent(key, out _));
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void UnknownAllocationIsNotClaimedByPool()
-    {
-        using var pool = new VulkanHostBufferPool(1024, _ => { });
-
-        Assert.False(pool.Return(new VkBuffer(9), new DeviceMemory(10)));
-    }
-
-    private static VulkanHostBufferAllocation Allocation(
-        ulong buffer,
-        ulong memory,
-        VulkanHostBufferPoolKey key) =>
-        new(new VkBuffer(buffer), new DeviceMemory(memory), key, 0);
-}