ci: add REUSE license header to notify-site workflow

Added a pull request template to guide contributors in the SharpEmu Emulator Project.

.github/pull_request_template.md

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<!--
+Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+-->
+
+## Before submitting
+
+Please read our contribution guidelines before opening a pull request:
+
+➡️ [**CONTRIBUTING.md**](CONTRIBUTING.md)
+
+By opening this pull request, you confirm that you have read and agree to follow the contribution guidelines.
+
+## Checklist
+By submitting this PR, you confirm that:
+
+- [ ] I have read `CONTRIBUTING.md`.
+- [ ] I tested my changes.
+- [ ] I wrote this description myself and did not copy AI-generated explanations.
+- [ ] I listed the game(s) I tested, if applicable.

.github/workflows/notify-site.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+# Tells the website repo to rebuild when a release is published, so
+# sharpemu.app/downloads lists the new build within a minute.
+name: Notify website
+
+on:
+  release:
+    types: [published, released, edited, deleted]
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+jobs:
+  dispatch:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Trigger sharpemu-site rebuild
+        env:
+          TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SITE_DISPATCH_TOKEN }}
+        run: |
+          if [ -z "$TOKEN" ]; then
+            echo "SITE_DISPATCH_TOKEN is not set — skipping website rebuild."
+            exit 0
+          fi
+          curl -fsS -X POST \
+            -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
+            -H "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
+            -H "X-GitHub-Api-Version: 2022-11-28" \
+            https://api.github.com/repos/sharpemu/sharpemu-site/dispatches \
+            -d '{"event_type":"release-published"}'
+          echo "Website rebuild requested."

.github/workflows/workflow.yml

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ on:
   push:
     branches:
       - "**"
+    tags:
+      - "v*"
     paths-ignore:
       - "**/*.md"
       - "**/*.png"
@@ -53,6 +55,11 @@ jobs:
           release_tag="v${version}"
           release_name="SharpEmu v${version}"
 
+          if [ "${GITHUB_REF_TYPE}" = "tag" ] && [ "${GITHUB_REF_NAME}" != "${release_tag}" ]; then
+            echo "Release tag ${GITHUB_REF_NAME} does not match project version ${release_tag}." >&2
+            exit 1
+          fi
+
           {
             echo "short-sha=${short_sha}"
             echo "safe-ref=${safe_ref}"
@@ -203,7 +210,9 @@ jobs:
       - init
       - build
       - build-posix
-    if: github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/main')
+    # Versioned releases are immutable and tag-driven. Branch and manual runs
+    # still produce Actions artifacts without modifying a published release.
+    if: github.event_name == 'push' && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v')
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     permissions:
       contents: write
@@ -213,7 +222,7 @@ jobs:
         with:
           path: release
 
-      - name: Create or update release
+      - name: Create release
         shell: bash
         env:
           GH_REPO: ${{ github.repository }}
@@ -231,26 +240,11 @@ jobs:
           notes="Automated SharpEmu v${VERSION} build for commit ${GITHUB_SHA}."
 
           if gh release view "${RELEASE_TAG}" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-            gh release upload "${RELEASE_TAG}" "${assets[@]}" --clobber
+            echo "Release ${RELEASE_TAG} already exists and will not be modified." >&2
-            gh release edit "${RELEASE_TAG}" --title "${RELEASE_NAME}" --notes "${notes}"
+            exit 1
-          else
-            gh release create "${RELEASE_TAG}" "${assets[@]}" \
-              --title "${RELEASE_NAME}" \
-              --notes "${notes}" \
-              --target "${GITHUB_SHA}"
           fi
 
-          keep=()
+          gh release create "${RELEASE_TAG}" "${assets[@]}" \
-          for asset_path in "${assets[@]}"; do
+            --verify-tag \
-            keep+=("$(basename "${asset_path}")")
+            --title "${RELEASE_NAME}" \
-          done
+            --notes "${notes}"
-          mapfile -t release_assets < <(gh release view "${RELEASE_TAG}" --json assets --jq '.assets[].name' | sort)
-          for asset in "${release_assets[@]}"; do
-            case "${asset}" in
-              sharpemu-${VERSION}-*.zip|sharpemu-${VERSION}-*.tar.gz)
-                if ! printf '%s\n' "${keep[@]}" | grep -Fxq "${asset}"; then
-                  gh release delete-asset "${RELEASE_TAG}" "${asset}" --yes
-                fi
-                ;;
-            esac
-          done

Directory.Build.props

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
     <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
     <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
     <GenerateDocumentationFile>true</GenerateDocumentationFile>
-    <SharpEmuVersion>0.0.2</SharpEmuVersion>
+    <SharpEmuVersion>0.0.2-beta.2</SharpEmuVersion>
     <Version>$(SharpEmuVersion)</Version>
 
     <RepoRoot>$([MSBuild]::NormalizeDirectory('$(MSBuildThisFileDirectory)'))</RepoRoot>

scripts/RELEASE-USE.md

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+<!--
+Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+-->
+
+## Release Script
+
+SharpEmu releases are prepared and published using `scripts/release.py`.
+
+The release process consists of two steps:
+
+1. Prepare the version bump through a pull request.
+2. Create and push the release tag after the pull request has been merged.
+
+### Preparing a Release
+
+Run:
+
+```bash
+python scripts/release.py prepare 0.0.2-beta.2
+```
+
+This command will:
+
+- Verify that the working tree is clean.
+- Update the local `main` branch.
+- Create a new branch named `release/0.0.2-beta.2`.
+- Update `SharpEmuVersion` in `Directory.Build.props`.
+- Create a version bump commit.
+- Push the release branch to the remote repository.
+
+Afterwards, open a pull request from:
+
+```text
+release/0.0.2-beta.2
+```
+
+into:
+
+```text
+main
+```
+
+### Publishing a Release
+
+Once the pull request has been merged, update your local repository:
+
+```bash
+git switch main
+git pull --ff-only
+```
+
+Then create and push the release tag:
+
+```bash
+python scripts/release.py tag 0.0.2-beta.2
+```
+
+This command will:
+
+- Verify that the working tree is clean.
+- Confirm that `Directory.Build.props` contains the requested version.
+- Create an annotated Git tag (`v0.0.2-beta.2`).
+- Push the tag to the remote repository.
+
+Pushing the tag automatically triggers the GitHub Release workflow.
+
+### Version Format
+
+Specify the version **without** the `v` prefix.
+
+Examples:
+
+```text
+0.0.2
+0.0.2-alpha.1
+0.0.2-beta.1
+0.0.2-beta.2
+0.0.2-rc.1
+```
+
+The script automatically prefixes the Git tag with `v`.
+
+### Notes
+
+- Run `prepare` only from the `main` branch.
+- Run `tag` only after the version bump pull request has been merged.
+- Do not create release tags manually before merging the version bump.
+- Both commands require a clean working tree.
+- The version in `Directory.Build.props` must exactly match the version passed to the `tag` command.

scripts/release.py

@@ -0,0 +1,408 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+# Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
+import re
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
+
+VERSION_PATTERN = re.compile(r"^\d+\.\d+\.\d+(?:-[0-9A-Za-z.-]+)?$")
+VERSION_ELEMENT_PATTERN = re.compile(
+    r"(<SharpEmuVersion>)([^<]+)(</SharpEmuVersion>)"
+)
+
+
+class ReleaseError(RuntimeError):
+    pass
+
+
+def run_git(
+    *args: str,
+    cwd: Path,
+    capture_output: bool = False,
+) -> str:
+    command = ["git", *args]
+
+    try:
+        result = subprocess.run(
+            command,
+            cwd=cwd,
+            check=True,
+            text=True,
+            capture_output=capture_output,
+        )
+    except FileNotFoundError:
+        raise ReleaseError("Git was not found in PATH.") from None
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
+        stderr = error.stderr.strip() if error.stderr else ""
+        detail = f"\n{stderr}" if stderr else ""
+
+        raise ReleaseError(
+            f"Git command failed: {' '.join(command)}{detail}"
+        ) from error
+
+    return result.stdout.strip() if capture_output else ""
+
+
+def find_repository_root(script_path: Path) -> Path:
+    root = run_git(
+        "rev-parse",
+        "--show-toplevel",
+        cwd=script_path.resolve().parent,
+        capture_output=True,
+    )
+
+    return Path(root)
+
+
+def get_status(repository_root: Path) -> str:
+    return run_git(
+        "status",
+        "--porcelain",
+        cwd=repository_root,
+        capture_output=True,
+    )
+
+
+def ensure_clean_worktree(repository_root: Path) -> None:
+    status = get_status(repository_root)
+
+    if status:
+        raise ReleaseError(
+            "The working tree is not clean.\n\n"
+            f"{status}\n\n"
+            "Commit, stash, or remove these changes first."
+        )
+
+
+def get_current_branch(repository_root: Path) -> str:
+    branch = run_git(
+        "branch",
+        "--show-current",
+        cwd=repository_root,
+        capture_output=True,
+    )
+
+    if not branch:
+        raise ReleaseError(
+            "HEAD is detached. Switch to a branch before continuing."
+        )
+
+    return branch
+
+
+def ensure_branch_does_not_exist(
+    repository_root: Path,
+    branch: str,
+    remote: str,
+) -> None:
+    local_branch = run_git(
+        "branch",
+        "--list",
+        branch,
+        cwd=repository_root,
+        capture_output=True,
+    )
+
+    if local_branch:
+        raise ReleaseError(f"Branch {branch} already exists locally.")
+
+    remote_branch = run_git(
+        "ls-remote",
+        "--heads",
+        remote,
+        branch,
+        cwd=repository_root,
+        capture_output=True,
+    )
+
+    if remote_branch:
+        raise ReleaseError(
+            f"Branch {branch} already exists on {remote}."
+        )
+
+
+def ensure_tag_does_not_exist(
+    repository_root: Path,
+    tag: str,
+    remote: str,
+) -> None:
+    local_tag = run_git(
+        "tag",
+        "--list",
+        tag,
+        cwd=repository_root,
+        capture_output=True,
+    )
+
+    if local_tag:
+        raise ReleaseError(f"Tag {tag} already exists locally.")
+
+    remote_tag = run_git(
+        "ls-remote",
+        "--tags",
+        remote,
+        f"refs/tags/{tag}",
+        cwd=repository_root,
+        capture_output=True,
+    )
+
+    if remote_tag:
+        raise ReleaseError(f"Tag {tag} already exists on {remote}.")
+
+
+def read_version(props_path: Path) -> str:
+    if not props_path.exists():
+        raise ReleaseError(f"Version file not found: {props_path}")
+
+    content = props_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+    match = VERSION_ELEMENT_PATTERN.search(content)
+
+    if match is None:
+        raise ReleaseError(
+            f"SharpEmuVersion was not found in {props_path.name}."
+        )
+
+    return match.group(2).strip()
+
+
+def update_version(props_path: Path, version: str) -> str:
+    content = props_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+    current_version = read_version(props_path)
+
+    if current_version == version:
+        raise ReleaseError(
+            f"SharpEmuVersion is already set to {version}."
+        )
+
+    updated_content, replacement_count = VERSION_ELEMENT_PATTERN.subn(
+        rf"\g<1>{version}\g<3>",
+        content,
+        count=1,
+    )
+
+    if replacement_count != 1:
+        raise ReleaseError(
+            "Expected exactly one SharpEmuVersion element."
+        )
+
+    props_path.write_text(
+        updated_content,
+        encoding="utf-8",
+        newline="\n",
+    )
+
+    return current_version
+
+
+def prepare_release(
+    repository_root: Path,
+    props_path: Path,
+    version: str,
+    remote: str,
+) -> None:
+    ensure_clean_worktree(repository_root)
+
+    current_branch = get_current_branch(repository_root)
+
+    if current_branch != "main":
+        raise ReleaseError(
+            f"Prepare must be run from main, not {current_branch}."
+        )
+
+    run_git(
+        "pull",
+        "--ff-only",
+        remote,
+        "main",
+        cwd=repository_root,
+    )
+
+    branch = f"release/{version}"
+    ensure_branch_does_not_exist(
+        repository_root,
+        branch,
+        remote,
+    )
+
+    previous_version = read_version(props_path)
+
+    run_git(
+        "switch",
+        "-c",
+        branch,
+        cwd=repository_root,
+    )
+
+    try:
+        update_version(props_path, version)
+
+        relative_props_path = props_path.relative_to(repository_root)
+
+        run_git(
+            "add",
+            relative_props_path.as_posix(),
+            cwd=repository_root,
+        )
+        run_git(
+            "commit",
+            "-m",
+            f"chore: bump version to {version}",
+            cwd=repository_root,
+        )
+        run_git(
+            "push",
+            "-u",
+            remote,
+            branch,
+            cwd=repository_root,
+        )
+    except Exception:
+        print(
+            "\nPrepare failed. The release branch may still exist locally.",
+            file=sys.stderr,
+        )
+        raise
+
+    print()
+    print(f"Prepared release {previous_version} -> {version}")
+    print(f"Branch pushed: {branch}")
+    print()
+    print("Open a pull request from:")
+    print(f"  {branch}")
+    print("into:")
+    print("  main")
+    print()
+    print("After merging the PR, run:")
+    print(f"  python scripts/release.py tag {version}")
+
+
+def create_release_tag(
+    repository_root: Path,
+    props_path: Path,
+    version: str,
+    remote: str,
+) -> None:
+    ensure_clean_worktree(repository_root)
+
+    current_branch = get_current_branch(repository_root)
+
+    if current_branch != "main":
+        raise ReleaseError(
+            f"Tagging must be run from main, not {current_branch}."
+        )
+
+    run_git(
+        "pull",
+        "--ff-only",
+        remote,
+        "main",
+        cwd=repository_root,
+    )
+
+    current_version = read_version(props_path)
+
+    if current_version != version:
+        raise ReleaseError(
+            "Version mismatch:\n"
+            f"  Directory.Build.props: {current_version}\n"
+            f"  Requested tag:         {version}"
+        )
+
+    tag = f"v{version}"
+
+    ensure_tag_does_not_exist(
+        repository_root,
+        tag,
+        remote,
+    )
+
+    run_git(
+        "tag",
+        "-a",
+        tag,
+        "-m",
+        f"SharpEmu {version}",
+        cwd=repository_root,
+    )
+    run_git(
+        "push",
+        remote,
+        tag,
+        cwd=repository_root,
+    )
+
+    print()
+    print(f"Successfully pushed tag {tag}.")
+    print("The release workflow should start automatically.")
+
+
+def parse_arguments() -> argparse.Namespace:
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description="Prepare or tag a SharpEmu release."
+    )
+
+    subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(
+        dest="command",
+        required=True,
+    )
+
+    for command in ("prepare", "tag"):
+        subparser = subparsers.add_parser(command)
+        subparser.add_argument(
+            "version",
+            help="Version without the v prefix, e.g. 0.0.2-beta.2.",
+        )
+        subparser.add_argument(
+            "--remote",
+            default="origin",
+            help="Git remote. Default: origin.",
+        )
+
+    arguments = parser.parse_args()
+
+    if not VERSION_PATTERN.fullmatch(arguments.version):
+        parser.error(
+            "Version must look like 0.0.2, "
+            "0.0.2-beta.2, or 0.0.2-rc.1."
+        )
+
+    return arguments
+
+
+def main() -> int:
+    arguments = parse_arguments()
+
+    try:
+        repository_root = find_repository_root(Path(__file__))
+        props_path = repository_root / "Directory.Build.props"
+
+        if arguments.command == "prepare":
+            prepare_release(
+                repository_root,
+                props_path,
+                arguments.version,
+                arguments.remote,
+            )
+        else:
+            create_release_tag(
+                repository_root,
+                props_path,
+                arguments.version,
+                arguments.remote,
+            )
+    except ReleaseError as error:
+        print(f"Error: {error}", file=sys.stderr)
+        return 1
+
+    return 0
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    raise SystemExit(main())

src/SharpEmu.Core/Cpu/Native/DirectExecutionBackend.cs

@@ -5127,64 +5127,51 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 			BindTlsBase(context);
 			byte* ptr2 = (byte*)ptr;
 			ulong hostRspSlot = (ulong)hostRspStorage;
-			int offset = 0;
+			var emitter = new NativeCodeEmitter(ptr2);
 
-			void Emit(byte value) => ptr2[offset++] = value;
+			emitter.Emit(0x53); // push rbx
-			void EmitU64(ulong value)
+			emitter.Emit(0x55); // push rbp
-			{
+			emitter.Emit(0x57); // push rdi
-				*(ulong*)(ptr2 + offset) = value;
+			emitter.Emit(0x56); // push rsi
-				offset += sizeof(ulong);
+			emitter.Emit(0x41); emitter.Emit(0x54); // push r12
-			}
+			emitter.Emit(0x41); emitter.Emit(0x55); // push r13
-			void EmitMovR64Imm(byte rex, byte opcode, ulong value)
+			emitter.Emit(0x41); emitter.Emit(0x56); // push r14
-			{
+			emitter.Emit(0x41); emitter.Emit(0x57); // push r15
-				Emit(rex);
+			EmitHostNonvolatileXmmSave(ptr2, ref emitter.Offset);
-				Emit(opcode);
-				EmitU64(value);
-			}
-
-			Emit(0x53); // push rbx
-			Emit(0x55); // push rbp
-			Emit(0x57); // push rdi
-			Emit(0x56); // push rsi
-			Emit(0x41); Emit(0x54); // push r12
-			Emit(0x41); Emit(0x55); // push r13
-			Emit(0x41); Emit(0x56); // push r14
-			Emit(0x41); Emit(0x57); // push r15
-			EmitHostNonvolatileXmmSave(ptr2, ref offset);
 			// Restore the fiber's floating-point control environment before
 			// abandoning the host stack. This path is used when a blocked guest
 			// continuation migrates to another managed worker.
-			Emit(0x48); Emit(0x83); Emit(0xEC); Emit(0x08); // sub rsp,8
+			emitter.Emit(0x48); emitter.Emit(0x83); emitter.Emit(0xEC); emitter.Emit(0x08); // sub rsp,8
-			Emit(0xC7); Emit(0x04); Emit(0x24);             // mov dword [rsp],imm32
+			emitter.Emit(0xC7); emitter.Emit(0x04); emitter.Emit(0x24); // mov dword [rsp],imm32
-			*(uint*)(ptr2 + offset) = context.Mxcsr; offset += sizeof(uint);
+			emitter.Emit(context.Mxcsr);
-			Emit(0x0F); Emit(0xAE); Emit(0x14); Emit(0x24); // ldmxcsr [rsp]
+			emitter.Emit(0x0F); emitter.Emit(0xAE); emitter.Emit(0x14); emitter.Emit(0x24); // ldmxcsr [rsp]
-			Emit(0x66); Emit(0xC7); Emit(0x04); Emit(0x24); // mov word [rsp],imm16
+			emitter.Emit(0x66); emitter.Emit(0xC7); emitter.Emit(0x04); emitter.Emit(0x24); // mov word [rsp],imm16
-			*(ushort*)(ptr2 + offset) = context.FpuControlWord; offset += sizeof(ushort);
+			emitter.Emit(context.FpuControlWord);
-			Emit(0xD9); Emit(0x2C); Emit(0x24);             // fldcw [rsp]
+			emitter.Emit(0xD9); emitter.Emit(0x2C); emitter.Emit(0x24); // fldcw [rsp]
-			Emit(0x48); Emit(0x83); Emit(0xC4); Emit(0x08); // add rsp,8
+			emitter.Emit(0x48); emitter.Emit(0x83); emitter.Emit(0xC4); emitter.Emit(0x08); // add rsp,8
-			EmitMovR64Imm(0x49, 0xBA, hostRspSlot); // mov r10, hostRspSlot
+			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x49, 0xBA, hostRspSlot); // mov r10, hostRspSlot
-			Emit(0x49); Emit(0x89); Emit(0x22); // mov [r10], rsp
+			emitter.Emit(0x49); emitter.Emit(0x89); emitter.Emit(0x22); // mov [r10], rsp
-			EmitMovR64Imm(0x48, 0xB8, context[CpuRegister.Rsp]); // mov rax, guest rsp
+			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x48, 0xB8, context[CpuRegister.Rsp]); // mov rax, guest rsp
-			Emit(0x48); Emit(0x89); Emit(0xC4); // mov rsp, rax
+			emitter.Emit(0x48); emitter.Emit(0x89); emitter.Emit(0xC4); // mov rsp, rax
-			Emit(0x48); Emit(0x83); Emit(0xEC); Emit(0x08); // reserve transfer slot
+			emitter.Emit(0x48); emitter.Emit(0x83); emitter.Emit(0xEC); emitter.Emit(0x08); // reserve transfer slot
-			EmitMovR64Imm(0x48, 0xB8, entryPoint); // mov rax, entryPoint
+			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x48, 0xB8, entryPoint); // mov rax, entryPoint
-			Emit(0x48); Emit(0x89); Emit(0x04); Emit(0x24); // mov [rsp],rax
+			emitter.Emit(0x48); emitter.Emit(0x89); emitter.Emit(0x04); emitter.Emit(0x24); // mov [rsp],rax
-			EmitMovR64Imm(0x48, 0xBB, context[CpuRegister.Rbx]); // mov rbx, imm64
+			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x48, 0xBB, context[CpuRegister.Rbx]); // mov rbx, imm64
-			EmitMovR64Imm(0x48, 0xBD, context[CpuRegister.Rbp]); // mov rbp, imm64
+			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x48, 0xBD, context[CpuRegister.Rbp]); // mov rbp, imm64
-			EmitMovR64Imm(0x48, 0xBF, context[CpuRegister.Rdi]); // mov rdi, imm64
+			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x48, 0xBF, context[CpuRegister.Rdi]); // mov rdi, imm64
-			EmitMovR64Imm(0x48, 0xBE, context[CpuRegister.Rsi]); // mov rsi, imm64
+			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x48, 0xBE, context[CpuRegister.Rsi]); // mov rsi, imm64
-			EmitMovR64Imm(0x48, 0xBA, context[CpuRegister.Rdx]); // mov rdx, imm64
+			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x48, 0xBA, context[CpuRegister.Rdx]); // mov rdx, imm64
-			EmitMovR64Imm(0x48, 0xB9, context[CpuRegister.Rcx]); // mov rcx, imm64
+			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x48, 0xB9, context[CpuRegister.Rcx]); // mov rcx, imm64
-			EmitMovR64Imm(0x49, 0xB8, context[CpuRegister.R8]); // mov r8, imm64
+			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x49, 0xB8, context[CpuRegister.R8]); // mov r8, imm64
-			EmitMovR64Imm(0x49, 0xB9, context[CpuRegister.R9]); // mov r9, imm64
+			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x49, 0xB9, context[CpuRegister.R9]); // mov r9, imm64
-			EmitMovR64Imm(0x49, 0xBA, context[CpuRegister.R10]); // mov r10, imm64
+			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x49, 0xBA, context[CpuRegister.R10]); // mov r10, imm64
-			EmitMovR64Imm(0x49, 0xBC, context[CpuRegister.R12]); // mov r12, imm64
+			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x49, 0xBC, context[CpuRegister.R12]); // mov r12, imm64
-			EmitMovR64Imm(0x49, 0xBD, context[CpuRegister.R13]); // mov r13, imm64
+			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x49, 0xBD, context[CpuRegister.R13]); // mov r13, imm64
-			EmitMovR64Imm(0x49, 0xBE, context[CpuRegister.R14]); // mov r14, imm64
+			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x49, 0xBE, context[CpuRegister.R14]); // mov r14, imm64
-			EmitMovR64Imm(0x49, 0xBF, context[CpuRegister.R15]); // mov r15, imm64
+			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x49, 0xBF, context[CpuRegister.R15]); // mov r15, imm64
-			EmitMovR64Imm(0x49, 0xBB, context[CpuRegister.R11]); // mov r11, imm64
+			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x49, 0xBB, context[CpuRegister.R11]); // mov r11, imm64
-			EmitMovR64Imm(0x48, 0xB8, context[CpuRegister.Rax]); // mov rax, imm64
+			emitter.EmitMovR64Immediate(0x48, 0xB8, context[CpuRegister.Rax]); // mov rax, imm64
-			Emit(0xC3); // ret through the synthetic transfer slot
+			emitter.Emit(0xC3); // ret through the synthetic transfer slot
 			ActiveEntryReturnSentinelRip = (ulong)_guestReturnStub;
 			if (returnSlotAddress == 0 || !context.TryWriteUInt64(returnSlotAddress, (ulong)_guestReturnStub))
 			{
@@ -5248,6 +5235,45 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 		}
 	}
 
+	// The continuation trampoline is rebuilt on every blocked-thread resume.
+	// Keep its tiny writer on the stack: capturing local emit functions create a
+	// managed display-class allocation on this extremely hot path.
+	private unsafe ref struct NativeCodeEmitter(byte* code)
+	{
+		private readonly byte* _code = code;
+		public int Offset;
+
+		public void Emit(byte value)
+		{
+			_code[Offset++] = value;
+		}
+
+		public void Emit(ushort value)
+		{
+			*(ushort*)(_code + Offset) = value;
+			Offset += sizeof(ushort);
+		}
+
+		public void Emit(uint value)
+		{
+			*(uint*)(_code + Offset) = value;
+			Offset += sizeof(uint);
+		}
+
+		private void Emit(ulong value)
+		{
+			*(ulong*)(_code + Offset) = value;
+			Offset += sizeof(ulong);
+		}
+
+		public void EmitMovR64Immediate(byte rex, byte opcode, ulong value)
+		{
+			Emit(rex);
+			Emit(opcode);
+			Emit(value);
+		}
+	}
+
 	private static ulong AlignDown(ulong value, ulong alignment)
 	{
 		if (alignment == 0)

src/SharpEmu.Core/Loader/SelfLoader.cs

@@ -197,8 +197,9 @@ public sealed class SelfLoader : ISelfLoader
             {
                 if (!physicalVm.TryAllocateAtExact(imageBase, totalImageSize, executable: true, out var allocatedBase))
                 {
+                    var reason = physicalVm.DescribeAddressForDiagnostics(imageBase);
                     throw new InvalidOperationException(
-                        $"Could not allocate main image at required base 0x{imageBase:X16} (size=0x{totalImageSize:X}).");
+                        $"Could not allocate main image at required base 0x{imageBase:X16} (size=0x{totalImageSize:X}): {reason}.");
                 }
 
                 imageBase = allocatedBase;

src/SharpEmu.Core/Memory/PhysicalVirtualMemory.cs

@@ -198,6 +198,24 @@ public sealed unsafe class PhysicalVirtualMemory : IVirtualMemory, IGuestMemoryA
         return true;
     }
 
+    public string DescribeAddressForDiagnostics(ulong address)
+    {
+        if (!_hostMemory.Query(address, out var info))
+        {
+            return "unable to query host memory at this address";
+        }
+
+        return info.State switch
+        {
+            HostRegionState.Free => "address reports free, but the exact-address reservation still failed",
+            HostRegionState.Reserved =>
+                $"already reserved by another host allocation (base=0x{info.AllocationBase:X16}, size=0x{info.RegionSize:X})",
+            HostRegionState.Committed =>
+                $"already committed by another host allocation (base=0x{info.AllocationBase:X16}, size=0x{info.RegionSize:X}, protect=0x{info.RawProtection:X})",
+            _ => $"in an unexpected host state (raw=0x{info.RawState:X})",
+        };
+    }
+
     public ulong AllocateAt(ulong desiredAddress, ulong size, bool executable = true, bool allowAlternative = true)
     {
         if (size == 0)

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Agc/AgcExports.cs

@@ -3729,6 +3729,8 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
             _labelProducers.Add(producer);
         }
 
+        if (_traceAgc)
+        {
             foreach (var waiting in GpuWaitRegistry.SnapshotInRange(memory, address, length))
             {
                 TraceAgc(
@@ -3737,6 +3739,7 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
                     $"queue={producer.QueueName} submission={producer.SubmissionId} " +
                     $"packet=0x{packetAddress:X16} action='{debugName}'");
             }
+        }
 
         return producer;
     }
@@ -3753,6 +3756,8 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
             producer.Completed = true;
         }
 
+        if (_traceAgc)
+        {
             foreach (var waiting in GpuWaitRegistry.SnapshotInRange(
                          producer.Memory,
                          producer.Address,
@@ -3765,6 +3770,7 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
                     $"action='{producer.DebugName}'");
             }
         }
+    }
 
     private static void TraceWaitProducerState(
         object memory,
@@ -3807,6 +3813,14 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
             }
         }
 
+        // Producer-backed waits are trace-only. Keep the producer lookup above
+        // because producerless waits are always warned, but do not build the
+        // detailed condition strings when AGC tracing is disabled.
+        if (producer is not null && !_traceAgc)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
         var prefix = stale ? "agc.wait_stale" : "agc.wait_suspended";
         var current = currentValue.HasValue
             ? $"0x{currentValue.Value:X16}"
@@ -5937,13 +5951,14 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
         // Every bound color target the shader exports to. Deferred renderers
         // draw a multi-render-target G-buffer (up to eight slots) in one pass.
         // Fall back to slot 0 if we cannot match any export to a bound target.
+        var pixelColorExportMasks = pixelState.Program.PixelColorExportMasks;
         var allBoundTargets = GetRenderTargets(state.CxRegisters);
         // At most 8 slots; a manual filter avoids the per-draw LINQ iterator/
         // closure allocations. Slots are distinct, so sorting by slot is stable.
         var selectedTargets = new List<RenderTargetDescriptor>(allBoundTargets.Count);
         foreach (var target in allBoundTargets)
         {
-            if (HasPixelColorExport(pixelState, target.Slot))
+            if (GetPixelColorExportMask(pixelColorExportMasks, target.Slot) != 0)
             {
                 selectedTargets.Add(target);
             }
@@ -5966,7 +5981,7 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
         {
             TraceAgcShader(
                 $"agc.mrt_filter ps=0x{pixelShaderAddress:X16} " +
-                $"bound=[{string.Join(",", allBoundTargets.Select(t => $"s{t.Slot}:0x{t.Address:X}:exp{(HasPixelColorExport(pixelState, t.Slot) ? 1 : 0)}"))}] " +
+                $"bound=[{string.Join(",", allBoundTargets.Select(t => $"s{t.Slot}:0x{t.Address:X}:exp{(GetPixelColorExportMask(pixelColorExportMasks, t.Slot) != 0 ? 1 : 0)}"))}] " +
                  $"kept={renderTargets.Length}");
         }
 
@@ -6087,54 +6102,39 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
             _graphicsShaderCache.TryAdd(shaderKey, compiled);
         }
 
-        var imageBindings = pixelEvaluation.ImageBindings
-            .Concat(exportEvaluation.ImageBindings);
         var textures = new List<TranslatedImageBinding>(
             pixelEvaluation.ImageBindings.Count +
             exportEvaluation.ImageBindings.Count);
-        foreach (var binding in imageBindings)
+        if (!TryAppendTranslatedImageBindings(
+                pixelEvaluation.ImageBindings,
+                textures,
+                pixelShaderAddress,
+                exportShaderAddress,
+                out error) ||
+            !TryAppendTranslatedImageBindings(
+                exportEvaluation.ImageBindings,
+                textures,
+                pixelShaderAddress,
+                exportShaderAddress,
+                out error))
         {
-            if (!TryDecodeTextureDescriptor(binding.ResourceDescriptor, out var texture))
-            {
-                // A garbage/zeroed texture descriptor (from a per-draw descriptor
-                // setup race — the same root as scalar-load-failed) would drop
-                // the whole draw, so Demon's Souls' deferred-lighting/composite
-                // passes that produce the composite's feeder targets never run
-                // and the frame stays black. Substitute a 1x1 fallback binding so
-                // the pass still renders (that one sampled texture reads black)
-                // rather than dropping it entirely. STRICT reverts.
-                if (_strictShaderDescriptors)
-                {
-                    error = $"invalid texture descriptor at pc=0x{binding.Pc:X}";
             ReturnPooledEvaluationArrays(exportEvaluation);
             ReturnPooledEvaluationArrays(pixelEvaluation);
             return false;
         }
 
-                texture = new TextureDescriptor(
+        var globalMemoryBindings = new Gen5GlobalMemoryBinding[
-                    0, 1, 1, Gen5TextureFormatR8G8B8A8Unorm, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0xFAC);
+            pixelEvaluation.GlobalMemoryBindings.Count +
-            }
+            exportEvaluation.GlobalMemoryBindings.Count];
-
+        for (var index = 0; index < pixelEvaluation.GlobalMemoryBindings.Count; index++)
-            if (_traceAgcShader || _tracePixelShaderAddress == pixelShaderAddress)
         {
-                Console.Error.WriteLine(
+            globalMemoryBindings[index] = pixelEvaluation.GlobalMemoryBindings[index];
-                    "[LOADER][TRACE] " +
-                    $"agc.texture_binding ps=0x{pixelShaderAddress:X16} es=0x{exportShaderAddress:X16} " +
-                    $"pc=0x{binding.Pc:X} op={binding.Opcode} storage={(Gen5ShaderTranslator.IsStorageImageOperation(binding.Opcode) ? 1 : 0)} " +
-                    $"decoded={FormatTextureDescriptor(texture)} " +
-                    $"raw={FormatShaderDwords(binding.ResourceDescriptor)} sampler={FormatShaderDwords(binding.SamplerDescriptor)}");
         }
-            textures.Add(
+        for (var index = 0; index < exportEvaluation.GlobalMemoryBindings.Count; index++)
-                new TranslatedImageBinding(
+        {
-                    texture,
+            globalMemoryBindings[pixelEvaluation.GlobalMemoryBindings.Count + index] =
-                    Gen5ShaderTranslator.IsStorageImageOperation(binding.Opcode),
+                exportEvaluation.GlobalMemoryBindings[index];
-                    binding.MipLevel ?? 0,
-                    binding.SamplerDescriptor));
         }
-
-        var globalMemoryBindings = pixelEvaluation.GlobalMemoryBindings
-            .Concat(exportEvaluation.GlobalMemoryBindings)
-            .ToArray();
         IReadOnlyList<Gen5VertexInputBinding> vertexInputs =
             exportEvaluation.VertexInputs ?? [];
         state.UcRegisters.TryGetValue(VgtPrimitiveType, out var primitiveType);
@@ -6149,6 +6149,13 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
                 renderTargets[index].NumberType);
         }
 
+        var pixelUserDataCount = Math.Min(pixelEvaluation.InitialScalarRegisters.Count, 8);
+        var pixelUserData = new uint[pixelUserDataCount];
+        for (var index = 0; index < pixelUserDataCount; index++)
+        {
+            pixelUserData[index] = pixelEvaluation.InitialScalarRegisters[index];
+        }
+
         draw = new TranslatedGuestDraw(
             exportShaderAddress,
             pixelShaderAddress,
@@ -6166,11 +6173,11 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
             DecodeDepthTarget(state.CxRegisters),
             guestTargets,
             ApplyTransparentPremultipliedFillClear(
-                CreateRenderState(state.CxRegisters, renderTargets, pixelState),
+                CreateRenderState(state.CxRegisters, renderTargets, pixelColorExportMasks),
                 textures,
                 vertexInputs,
                 pixelEvaluation.InitialScalarRegisters),
-            pixelEvaluation.InitialScalarRegisters.Take(8).ToArray(),
+            pixelUserData,
             state.CxRegisters.TryGetValue(CbBlend0Control, out var rawBlend) ? rawBlend : 0,
             state.CxRegisters.TryGetValue(
                 CbColor0Info + renderTargets.FirstOrDefault().Slot * CbColorRegisterStride,
@@ -6182,6 +6189,55 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
         return true;
     }
 
+    private static bool TryAppendTranslatedImageBindings(
+        IReadOnlyList<Gen5ImageBinding> bindings,
+        List<TranslatedImageBinding> textures,
+        ulong pixelShaderAddress,
+        ulong exportShaderAddress,
+        out string error)
+    {
+        foreach (var binding in bindings)
+        {
+            if (!TryDecodeTextureDescriptor(binding.ResourceDescriptor, out var texture))
+            {
+                // A garbage/zeroed texture descriptor (from a per-draw descriptor
+                // setup race — the same root as scalar-load-failed) would drop
+                // the whole draw, so deferred-lighting/composite passes that
+                // produce the composite's feeder targets never run. Keep the
+                // existing 1x1 fallback unless strict diagnostics are requested.
+                if (_strictShaderDescriptors)
+                {
+                    error = $"invalid texture descriptor at pc=0x{binding.Pc:X}";
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                texture = new TextureDescriptor(
+                    0, 1, 1, Gen5TextureFormatR8G8B8A8Unorm, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0xFAC);
+            }
+
+            var isStorage =
+                Gen5ShaderTranslator.IsStorageImageOperation(binding.Opcode);
+            if (_traceAgcShader || _tracePixelShaderAddress == pixelShaderAddress)
+            {
+                Console.Error.WriteLine(
+                    "[LOADER][TRACE] " +
+                    $"agc.texture_binding ps=0x{pixelShaderAddress:X16} es=0x{exportShaderAddress:X16} " +
+                    $"pc=0x{binding.Pc:X} op={binding.Opcode} storage={(isStorage ? 1 : 0)} " +
+                    $"decoded={FormatTextureDescriptor(texture)} " +
+                    $"raw={FormatShaderDwords(binding.ResourceDescriptor)} sampler={FormatShaderDwords(binding.SamplerDescriptor)}");
+            }
+            textures.Add(
+                new TranslatedImageBinding(
+                    texture,
+                    isStorage,
+                    binding.MipLevel ?? 0,
+                    binding.SamplerDescriptor));
+        }
+
+        error = string.Empty;
+        return true;
+    }
+
     private static int _tracedAstroTitlePixelGlobals;
     private static int _tracedAstroTitlePixelGlobalProbe;
 
@@ -6410,26 +6466,10 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
         return true;
     }
 
-    private static bool HasPixelColorExport(Gen5ShaderState state, uint target) =>
+    private static uint GetPixelColorExportMask(uint packedMasks, uint target) =>
-        GetPixelColorExportMask(state, target) != 0;
+        target < ColorTargetCount
-
+            ? (packedMasks >> (int)(target * 4)) & 0xFu
-    private static uint GetPixelColorExportMask(Gen5ShaderState state, uint target)
+            : 0;
-    {
-        // Called per render target (twice per draw via CreateRenderState +
-        // HasPixelColorExport); a manual scan avoids the per-call LINQ iterator
-        // and closure allocations. Same result as the previous
-        // Select/OfType/Where/Aggregate chain.
-        var mask = 0u;
-        foreach (var instruction in state.Program.Instructions)
-        {
-            if (instruction.Control is Gen5ExportControl export && export.Target == target)
-            {
-                mask |= export.EnableMask & 0xFu;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return mask;
-    }
 
     private static uint GetInterpolatedAttributeCount(Gen5ShaderState state)
     {
@@ -6627,7 +6667,7 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
     private static GuestRenderState CreateRenderState(
         IReadOnlyDictionary<uint, uint> registers,
         IReadOnlyList<RenderTargetDescriptor> targets,
-        Gen5ShaderState pixelState)
+        uint pixelColorExportMasks)
     {
         if (targets.Count == 0)
         {
@@ -6636,15 +6676,21 @@ public static partial class AgcExports
 
         var target = targets[0];
         var scissor = DecodeScissor(registers, target.Width, target.Height);
-        return new GuestRenderState(
+        var blends = new GuestBlendState[targets.Count];
-            targets.Select(target =>
+        for (var index = 0; index < targets.Count; index++)
         {
-                var blend = DecodeBlendState(registers, target.Slot);
+            var blend = DecodeBlendState(registers, targets[index].Slot);
-                return blend with
+            blends[index] = blend with
             {
-                    WriteMask = blend.WriteMask & GetPixelColorExportMask(pixelState, target.Slot),
+                WriteMask = blend.WriteMask &
+                    GetPixelColorExportMask(
+                        pixelColorExportMasks,
+                        targets[index].Slot),
             };
-            }).ToArray(),
+        }
+
+        return new GuestRenderState(
+            blends,
             scissor,
             DecodeViewport(registers, target.Width, target.Height, scissor),
             DecodeRasterState(registers),

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Audio/AudioPcmConversion.cs

@@ -52,8 +52,19 @@ internal static class AudioPcmConversion
         }
 
         var bits = BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt32LittleEndian(sample);
-        var value = Math.Clamp(BitConverter.Int32BitsToSingle(bits), -1.0f, 1.0f);
+        return ConvertFloatSample(BitConverter.Int32BitsToSingle(bits));
-        return checked((short)MathF.Round(value * short.MaxValue));
+    }
+
+    private static short ConvertFloatSample(float value)
+    {
+        if (float.IsNaN(value))
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        value = Math.Clamp(value, -1.0f, 1.0f);
+        var scale = value < 0.0f ? 32768.0f : short.MaxValue;
+        return checked((short)MathF.Round(value * scale));
     }
 
     private static short ApplyVolume(short sample, float volume)

src/SharpEmu.Libs/ContentExport/ContentExportExports.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using SharpEmu.HLE;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Libs.ContentExport;
+
+// No host media library exists to export captures into, so initialization
+// reports success.
+public static class ContentExportExports
+{
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "0GnN4QCgIfs",
+        ExportName = "sceContentExportInit2",
+        Target = Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceContentExport")]
+    public static int ContentExportInit2(CpuContext ctx) => ctx.SetReturn(0);
+}

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Font/FontExports.cs

@@ -74,6 +74,85 @@ public static class FontExports
     public static int CreateRendererWithEdition(CpuContext ctx) =>
         CreateOpaqueHandle(ctx, ctx[CpuRegister.Rcx], 0x100, magic: 0x0F07);
 
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "3OdRkSjOcog",
+        ExportName = "sceFontBindRenderer",
+        Target = Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceFont")]
+    public static int BindRenderer(CpuContext ctx) => SetSuccess(ctx);
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "N1EBMeGhf7E",
+        ExportName = "sceFontSetScalePixel",
+        Target = Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceFont")]
+    public static int SetScalePixel(CpuContext ctx) => SetSuccess(ctx);
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "TMtqoFQjjbA",
+        ExportName = "sceFontSetEffectSlant",
+        Target = Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceFont")]
+    public static int SetEffectSlant(CpuContext ctx) => SetSuccess(ctx);
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "v0phZwa4R5o",
+        ExportName = "sceFontSetEffectWeight",
+        Target = Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceFont")]
+    public static int SetEffectWeight(CpuContext ctx) => SetSuccess(ctx);
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "6vGCkkQJOcI",
+        ExportName = "sceFontSetupRenderScalePixel",
+        Target = Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceFont")]
+    public static int SetupRenderScalePixel(CpuContext ctx) => SetSuccess(ctx);
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "lz9y9UFO2UU",
+        ExportName = "sceFontSetupRenderEffectSlant",
+        Target = Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceFont")]
+    public static int SetupRenderEffectSlant(CpuContext ctx) => SetSuccess(ctx);
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "XIGorvLusDQ",
+        ExportName = "sceFontSetupRenderEffectWeight",
+        Target = Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceFont")]
+    public static int SetupRenderEffectWeight(CpuContext ctx) => SetSuccess(ctx);
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "imxVx8lm+KM",
+        ExportName = "sceFontGetHorizontalLayout",
+        Target = Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceFont")]
+    public static int GetHorizontalLayout(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var layoutAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
+        if (layoutAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+        }
+
+        // Baseline, line advance, decoration extent: the same invented geometry
+        // as GetRenderCharGlyphMetrics.
+        var values = new[] { 12.0f, 16.0f, 0.0f };
+        for (var index = 0; index < values.Length; index++)
+        {
+            if (!TryWriteUInt32(
+                    ctx,
+                    layoutAddress + (ulong)(index * sizeof(float)),
+                    BitConverter.SingleToUInt32Bits(values[index])))
+            {
+                return SetReturn(ctx, OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return SetSuccess(ctx);
+    }
+
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "cKYtVmeSTcw",
         ExportName = "sceFontOpenFontSet",

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Pad/PadExports.cs

@@ -127,6 +127,19 @@ public static class PadExports
             : ctx.SetReturn(OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle);
     }
 
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "vDLMoJLde8I",
+        ExportName = "scePadSetTiltCorrectionState",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libScePad")]
+    public static int PadSetTiltCorrectionState(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var handle = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        return IsPrimaryPadHandle(handle)
+            ? ctx.SetReturn(0)
+            : ctx.SetReturn(OrbisPadErrorInvalidHandle);
+    }
+
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "gjP9-KQzoUk",
         ExportName = "scePadGetControllerInformation",

src/SharpEmu.Libs/SaveData/SaveDataExports.cs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
 using SharpEmu.Libs.Kernel;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Buffers.Binary;
 using System.Text;
 
@@ -14,6 +15,7 @@ public static class SaveDataExports
     private const int OrbisSaveDataErrorExists = unchecked((int)0x809F0007);
     private const int OrbisSaveDataErrorNotFound = unchecked((int)0x809F0008);
     private const int OrbisSaveDataErrorInternal = unchecked((int)0x809F000B);
+    private const int OrbisSaveDataErrorMemoryNotReady = unchecked((int)0x809F0012);
     private const int SaveDataTitleIdSize = 10;
     private const int SaveDataDirNameSize = 32;
     private const int SaveDataParamSize = 0x530;
@@ -29,7 +31,10 @@ public static class SaveDataExports
     private const uint MountModeCreate = 1u << 2;
     private const uint MountModeCreate2 = 1u << 5;
     private const int MountResultSize = 0x40;
+    // Emulator guard against corrupt or misread sizes, not a platform limit.
+    private const ulong SaveDataMemoryMaxSize = 64UL * 1024 * 1024;
     private static readonly object _stateGate = new();
+    private static readonly object _memoryGate = new();
     private static readonly HashSet<int> _preparedTransactionResources = [];
     private static string? _titleId;
 
@@ -472,6 +477,19 @@ public static class SaveDataExports
     private static string ResolveTitleSaveRoot(int userId, string titleId) =>
         Path.Combine(ResolveSaveDataRoot(), userId.ToString(), SanitizePathSegment(titleId));
 
+    private static string ResolveSaveDataMemoryPath(int userId) =>
+        Path.Combine(ResolveTitleSaveRoot(userId, ResolveConfiguredTitleId()), "sce_sdmemory", "memory.dat");
+
+    private static bool TryReadMemoryData(
+        CpuContext ctx, ulong address, out ulong buffer, out ulong size, out ulong offset)
+    {
+        size = 0;
+        offset = 0;
+        return ctx.TryReadUInt64(address, out buffer) &&
+            ctx.TryReadUInt64(address + 0x08, out size) &&
+            ctx.TryReadUInt64(address + 0x10, out offset);
+    }
+
     private static string ResolveSaveDataRoot()
     {
         var configured = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_SAVEDATA_DIR");
@@ -670,4 +688,197 @@ public static class SaveDataExports
         TraceSaveData($"commit commit=0x{commitAddress:X16}");
         return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
+
+    // Save data memory: a small per-user blob titles read and write without
+    // mounting anything, backed by one zero-filled file per user and title.
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "oQySEUfgXRA",
+        ExportName = "sceSaveDataSetupSaveDataMemory2",
+        Target = Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceSaveData")]
+    public static int SaveDataSetupSaveDataMemory2(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var paramAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
+        var resultAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
+        if (paramAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
+        }
+
+        if (!TryReadInt32(ctx, paramAddress + 0x04, out var userId) ||
+            !ctx.TryReadUInt64(paramAddress + 0x08, out var memorySize))
+        {
+            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+        }
+
+        if (userId < 0 || memorySize == 0 || memorySize > SaveDataMemoryMaxSize)
+        {
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            var path = ResolveSaveDataMemoryPath(userId);
+            lock (_memoryGate)
+            {
+                var backing = new FileInfo(path);
+                var existedSize = backing.Exists ? (ulong)backing.Length : 0;
+
+                // The result write comes first so a faulted result pointer
+                // cannot leave created or grown setup state behind.
+                if (resultAddress != 0 && !ctx.TryWriteUInt64(resultAddress, existedSize))
+                {
+                    return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+                }
+
+                if (existedSize < memorySize)
+                {
+                    Directory.CreateDirectory(Path.GetDirectoryName(path)!);
+                    using var stream = new FileStream(path, FileMode.OpenOrCreate, FileAccess.ReadWrite);
+                    stream.SetLength((long)memorySize);
+                }
+
+                TraceSaveData($"memory-setup2 user={userId} size=0x{memorySize:X} existed=0x{existedSize:X}");
+            }
+
+            return ctx.SetReturn(0);
+        }
+        catch (Exception ex) when (ex is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException)
+        {
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorInternal);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "QwOO7vegnV8",
+        ExportName = "sceSaveDataGetSaveDataMemory2",
+        Target = Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceSaveData")]
+    public static int SaveDataGetSaveDataMemory2(CpuContext ctx) =>
+        TransferSaveDataMemory(ctx, write: false);
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "cduy9v4YmT4",
+        ExportName = "sceSaveDataSetSaveDataMemory2",
+        Target = Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceSaveData")]
+    public static int SaveDataSetSaveDataMemory2(CpuContext ctx) =>
+        TransferSaveDataMemory(ctx, write: true);
+
+    // Writes go straight through to the backing file, so a ready state is
+    // all sync has to confirm.
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "wiT9jeC7xPw",
+        ExportName = "sceSaveDataSyncSaveDataMemory",
+        Target = Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceSaveData")]
+    public static int SaveDataSyncSaveDataMemory(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var syncAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
+        if (syncAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
+        }
+
+        if (!TryReadInt32(ctx, syncAddress, out var userId))
+        {
+            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+        }
+
+        if (userId < 0)
+        {
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
+        }
+
+        return ctx.SetReturn(
+            File.Exists(ResolveSaveDataMemoryPath(userId)) ? 0 : OrbisSaveDataErrorMemoryNotReady);
+    }
+
+    private static int TransferSaveDataMemory(CpuContext ctx, bool write)
+    {
+        var requestAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
+        if (requestAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
+        }
+
+        if (!TryReadInt32(ctx, requestAddress, out var userId) ||
+            !ctx.TryReadUInt64(requestAddress + 0x08, out var dataAddress))
+        {
+            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+        }
+
+        if (userId < 0)
+        {
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            var path = ResolveSaveDataMemoryPath(userId);
+            lock (_memoryGate)
+            {
+                if (!File.Exists(path))
+                {
+                    return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorMemoryNotReady);
+                }
+
+                if (dataAddress == 0)
+                {
+                    return ctx.SetReturn(0);
+                }
+
+                if (!TryReadMemoryData(ctx, dataAddress, out var bufAddress, out var bufSize, out var offset))
+                {
+                    return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+                }
+
+                using var stream = new FileStream(
+                    path, FileMode.Open, write ? FileAccess.ReadWrite : FileAccess.Read);
+                var length = (ulong)stream.Length;
+                if (bufAddress == 0 || bufSize > length || offset > length - bufSize)
+                {
+                    return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorParameter);
+                }
+
+                // The guarded file length bounds bufSize, so one rented buffer
+                // covers the transfer and a guest fault never partially writes.
+                var buffer = ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Rent((int)Math.Max(bufSize, 1));
+                try
+                {
+                    var span = buffer.AsSpan(0, (int)bufSize);
+                    stream.Seek((long)offset, SeekOrigin.Begin);
+                    if (write)
+                    {
+                        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(bufAddress, span))
+                        {
+                            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+                        }
+
+                        stream.Write(span);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        stream.ReadExactly(span);
+                        if (!ctx.Memory.TryWrite(bufAddress, span))
+                        {
+                            return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                finally
+                {
+                    ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Return(buffer);
+                }
+
+                TraceSaveData(
+                    $"memory-{(write ? "set2" : "get2")} user={userId} offset=0x{offset:X} size=0x{bufSize:X}");
+                return ctx.SetReturn(0);
+            }
+        }
+        catch (Exception ex) when (ex is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException)
+        {
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisSaveDataErrorInternal);
+        }
+    }
 }

src/SharpEmu.Libs/VideoOut/VideoOutExports.cs

@@ -1646,8 +1646,12 @@ public static class VideoOutExports
     // Maps the PS5 VideoOut pixel format space to the AGC "guest texture format" tags
     // the backend keys its guest-image registry on (see VulkanVideoPresenter.
     // GetGuestTextureFormat: format=10 => 56 for 8-bit RGBA variants, format=9 => 9 for 10-bit).
-    private static uint MapPixelFormatToGuestTextureFormat(ulong pixelFormat) =>
+    // Unknown formats default to 56 (8-bit RGBA) with a logged warning so games
-        NormalizePixelFormat(pixelFormat) switch
+    // display something rather than silently failing the flip pipeline.
+    private static uint MapPixelFormatToGuestTextureFormat(ulong pixelFormat)
+    {
+        var normalized = NormalizePixelFormat(pixelFormat);
+        var result = normalized switch
         {
             SceVideoOutPixelFormatA8R8G8B8Srgb or
             SceVideoOutPixelFormatA8B8G8R8Srgb or
@@ -1665,6 +1669,17 @@ public static class VideoOutExports
             _ => 0u,
         };
 
+        if (result == 0u)
+        {
+            Console.Error.WriteLine(
+                $"[LOADER][WARN] vk: unknown pixel format 0x{pixelFormat:X16} (normalized=0x{normalized:X16}) " +
+                $"— falling back to format 56 (8-bit RGBA). Report this format to the project.");
+            result = 56u;
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
     internal static bool TryPackRgba8Pixel(
         ulong pixelFormat,
         byte red,

src/SharpEmu.Libs/VideoOut/VulkanVideoPresenter.cs

@@ -2775,6 +2775,11 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
 
         private void LoadDebugUtilsCommands()
         {
+            if (!_vulkanDebugUtilsEnabled)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
             var setObjectName = _vk.GetDeviceProcAddr(_device, "vkSetDebugUtilsObjectNameEXT");
             var beginLabel = _vk.GetDeviceProcAddr(_device, "vkCmdBeginDebugUtilsLabelEXT");
             var endLabel = _vk.GetDeviceProcAddr(_device, "vkCmdEndDebugUtilsLabelEXT");
@@ -2877,10 +2882,48 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
             $"SharpEmu texture 0x{texture.Address:X16} {texture.Width}x{texture.Height} " +
             $"fmt{texture.Format}/{format}";
 
+        private static bool IsTitleDraw(IReadOnlyList<GuestVertexBuffer> vertexBuffers)
+        {
+            foreach (var buffer in vertexBuffers)
+            {
+                if (buffer.Location == 0 &&
+                    buffer.ComponentCount == 4 &&
+                    buffer.DataFormat == 10 &&
+                    buffer.NumberFormat == 0 &&
+                    buffer.Stride == 16 &&
+                    buffer.OffsetBytes == 12 &&
+                    buffer.Length == 67568)
+                {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        private static bool AnyTargetAddressMatches(
+            IReadOnlyList<GuestImageResource>? targets,
+            string environmentVariable)
+        {
+            if (targets is null)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            foreach (var target in targets)
+            {
+                if (AddressListContains(environmentVariable, target.Address))
+                {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
         private void CreateInstance()
         {
             var applicationName = (byte*)SilkMarshal.StringToPtr("SharpEmu");
-            var enableValidation = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_VK_VALIDATION") == "1";
             byte* validationLayerName = null;
 
             try
@@ -2906,7 +2949,8 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                     enabledExtensions[index] = extensions[index];
                 }
 
-                if (IsInstanceExtensionAvailable(DebugUtilsExtensionName))
+                if (_vulkanDebugUtilsEnabled &&
+                    IsInstanceExtensionAvailable(DebugUtilsExtensionName))
                 {
                     debugUtilsExtension = (byte*)SilkMarshal.StringToPtr(DebugUtilsExtensionName);
                     enabledExtensions[enabledExtensionCount++] = debugUtilsExtension;
@@ -2921,11 +2965,12 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                     instanceCreateFlags |= InstanceCreateFlags.EnumeratePortabilityBitKhr;
                 }
 
-                if (enableValidation && IsInstanceLayerAvailable("VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation"))
+                if (_vulkanValidationEnabled &&
+                    IsInstanceLayerAvailable("VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation"))
                 {
                     validationLayerName = (byte*)SilkMarshal.StringToPtr("VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation");
                 }
-                else if (enableValidation)
+                else if (_vulkanValidationEnabled)
                 {
                     Console.Error.WriteLine("[LOADER][WARN] SHARPEMU_VK_VALIDATION=1 but VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation not found (Vulkan SDK installed?).");
                 }
@@ -4898,6 +4943,13 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
             IReadOnlyList<GuestImageResource>? renderTargets = null,
             ulong shaderAddress = 0)
         {
+            if (!_traceGuestImagesEnabled &&
+                !_traceGuestImageAddressFilterEnabled &&
+                GuestImageTraceInterval() is null)
+            {
+                return Array.Empty<GuestImageResource>();
+            }
+
             var candidates = new HashSet<GuestImageResource>();
             foreach (var renderTarget in renderTargets ?? [])
             {
@@ -5140,47 +5192,35 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
             bool hasDepthAttachment = false,
             GuestDepthResource? feedbackDepth = null)
         {
-            var isTitleDraw = draw.VertexBuffers.Any(buffer =>
+            var isTitleDraw = IsTitleDraw(draw.VertexBuffers);
-                buffer.Location == 0 &&
+            var forceFullscreenVertex = _forceFullscreenPipeline ||
-                buffer.ComponentCount == 4 &&
+                _forceFullscreenVertex ||
-                buffer.DataFormat == 10 &&
+                isTitleDraw && _forceTitleFullscreenVertex ||
-                buffer.NumberFormat == 0 &&
+                AnyTargetAddressMatches(
-                buffer.Stride == 16 &&
+                    feedbackTargets,
-                buffer.OffsetBytes == 12 &&
+                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_FULLSCREEN_VERTEX_TARGETS");
-                buffer.Length == 67568);
+            var forceRasterState = _forceFullscreenPipeline ||
-            var forceFullscreenPipeline = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
+                _forceDefaultRasterState ||
-                "SHARPEMU_FORCE_FULLSCREEN_PIPELINE") == "1";
+                isTitleDraw && _forceTitleDefaultRasterState ||
-            var forceFullscreenVertex = forceFullscreenPipeline ||
+                AnyTargetAddressMatches(
-                Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
+                    feedbackTargets,
-                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_FULLSCREEN_VERTEX") == "1" ||
+                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_DEFAULT_RASTER_STATE_TARGETS");
-                isTitleDraw && Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
-                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_TITLE_FULLSCREEN_VERTEX") == "1" ||
-                feedbackTargets?.Any(target => AddressListContains(
-                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_FULLSCREEN_VERTEX_TARGETS",
-                    target.Address)) == true;
-            var forceRasterState = forceFullscreenPipeline ||
-                Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
-                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_DEFAULT_RASTER_STATE") == "1" ||
-                isTitleDraw && Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
-                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_TITLE_DEFAULT_RASTER_STATE") == "1" ||
-                feedbackTargets?.Any(target => AddressListContains(
-                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_DEFAULT_RASTER_STATE_TARGETS",
-                    target.Address)) == true;
             var forceTitleSolidFragment =
-                Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
+                _forceTitleSolidFragment &&
-                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_TITLE_SOLID_FRAGMENT") == "1" &&
                 isTitleDraw;
-            var forceSolidFragment = forceTitleSolidFragment || forceFullscreenPipeline ||
+            var forceSolidFragment = forceTitleSolidFragment ||
-                Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_FORCE_SOLID_FRAGMENT") == "1" ||
+                _forceFullscreenPipeline ||
-                feedbackTargets?.Any(target => AddressListContains(
+                _forceSolidFragment ||
-                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_SOLID_FRAGMENT_TARGETS",
+                AnyTargetAddressMatches(
-                    target.Address)) == true;
+                    feedbackTargets,
-            var forceAttributeFragment = uint.TryParse(
+                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_SOLID_FRAGMENT_TARGETS");
-                Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_FORCE_ATTRIBUTE_FRAGMENT"),
+            var attributeFragmentLocation =
-                out var attributeFragmentLocation) &&
+                _forceAttributeFragmentLocation.GetValueOrDefault();
-                feedbackTargets?.Any(target => AddressListContains(
+            var forceAttributeFragment =
-                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_ATTRIBUTE_FRAGMENT_TARGETS",
+                _forceAttributeFragmentLocation.HasValue &&
-                    target.Address)) == true;
+                AnyTargetAddressMatches(
+                    feedbackTargets,
+                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_ATTRIBUTE_FRAGMENT_TARGETS");
             var vertexSpirv = forceFullscreenVertex
                 ? SpirvFixedShaders.CreateFullscreenVertex(0)
                 : draw.VertexSpirv;
@@ -5189,11 +5229,9 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                 : forceAttributeFragment
                     ? SpirvFixedShaders.CreateAttributeFragment(attributeFragmentLocation)
                 : draw.PixelSpirv;
-            var fixedFragmentDumpPath = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
+            if (forceSolidFragment && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(_fixedFragmentDumpPath))
-                "SHARPEMU_DUMP_FIXED_SOLID_FRAGMENT");
-            if (forceSolidFragment && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(fixedFragmentDumpPath))
             {
-                File.WriteAllBytes(fixedFragmentDumpPath, fragmentSpirv);
+                File.WriteAllBytes(_fixedFragmentDumpPath, fragmentSpirv);
             }
             if (draw.RenderState.Blends.Count != renderTargetFormats.Count)
             {
@@ -5243,21 +5281,18 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                 resources.Raster = GuestRasterState.Default;
                 resources.Depth = GuestDepthState.Default;
             }
-            if (isTitleDraw && Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
+            if (isTitleDraw && _forceTitleDefaultBlend)
-                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_TITLE_DEFAULT_BLEND") == "1")
             {
                 resources.Blends = Enumerable.Repeat(
                     GuestBlendState.Default,
                     renderTargetFormats.Count).ToArray();
             }
-            if (isTitleDraw && Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
+            if (isTitleDraw && _forceTitleDefaultViewportScissor)
-                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_TITLE_DEFAULT_VIEWPORT_SCISSOR") == "1")
             {
                 resources.Scissor = null;
                 resources.Viewport = null;
             }
-            if (isTitleDraw && Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
+            if (isTitleDraw && _forceTitleDisableCull)
-                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_TITLE_DISABLE_CULL") == "1")
             {
                 resources.Raster = resources.Raster with
                 {
@@ -5265,13 +5300,11 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                     CullBack = false,
                 };
             }
-            if (isTitleDraw && Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
+            if (isTitleDraw && _forceTitleDisableDepth)
-                    "SHARPEMU_FORCE_TITLE_DISABLE_DEPTH") == "1")
             {
                 resources.Depth = GuestDepthState.Default;
             }
-            if (isTitleDraw && Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
+            if (isTitleDraw && _traceTitleState)
-                    "SHARPEMU_TRACE_TITLE_STATE") == "1")
             {
                 Console.Error.WriteLine(
                     $"[LOADER][TRACE] vk.title_state " +
@@ -7874,7 +7907,7 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
         {
             ReadOnlySpan<byte> source = guestBuffer.Data.AsSpan(0, guestBuffer.Length);
             byte[]? forcedVertexColors = null;
-            if (Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_FORCE_TITLE_VERTEX_COLOR_WHITE") == "1" &&
+            if (_forceTitleVertexColorWhite &&
                 guestBuffer.Location == 0 &&
                 guestBuffer.ComponentCount == 4 &&
                 guestBuffer.DataFormat == 10 &&
@@ -9400,37 +9433,67 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                 return;
             }
 
-            if (targetFormats
+            for (var index = 0; index < targetFormats.Length; index++)
-                .Select((format, index) => format.IsInteger && work.Draw.RenderState.Blends[index].Enable)
+            {
-                .Any(invalid => invalid))
+                if (targetFormats[index].IsInteger &&
+                    work.Draw.RenderState.Blends[index].Enable)
                 {
                     Console.Error.WriteLine(
                         "[LOADER][WARN] Vulkan skipped MRT draw with blending enabled for an integer attachment.");
                     ReturnPooledGuestData(work.Draw);
                     return;
                 }
+            }
 
-            if (!_supportsIndependentBlend &&
+            if (!_supportsIndependentBlend)
-                work.Draw.RenderState.Blends.Skip(1).Any(blend => blend != work.Draw.RenderState.Blends[0]))
+            {
+                for (var index = 1; index < work.Draw.RenderState.Blends.Count; index++)
+                {
+                    if (work.Draw.RenderState.Blends[index] !=
+                        work.Draw.RenderState.Blends[0])
                     {
                         Console.Error.WriteLine(
                             "[LOADER][WARN] Vulkan skipped MRT draw requiring unsupported independentBlend.");
                         ReturnPooledGuestData(work.Draw);
                         return;
                     }
+                }
+            }
 
-            var formats = targetFormats.Select(target => target.Format).ToArray();
+            var formats = new Format[targetFormats.Length];
+            for (var index = 0; index < targetFormats.Length; index++)
+            {
+                formats[index] = targetFormats[index].Format;
+            }
 
-            var targetAddresses = work.Targets
+            var hasStorageFeedback = false;
-                .Where(target => target.Address != 0)
+            foreach (var texture in work.Draw.Textures)
-                .Select(target => target.Address)
+            {
-                .ToHashSet();
+                if (!texture.IsStorage || texture.Address == 0)
-            if (work.Draw.Textures.Any(texture =>
+                {
-                    texture.IsStorage && targetAddresses.Contains(texture.Address)))
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                foreach (var target in work.Targets)
+                {
+                    if (target.Address != 0 && target.Address == texture.Address)
+                    {
+                        hasStorageFeedback = true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (hasStorageFeedback)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (hasStorageFeedback)
             {
                 Console.Error.WriteLine(
                     $"[LOADER][WARN] Vulkan skipped storage render-target feedback loop " +
-                    $"targets={string.Join(',', targetAddresses.Select(address => $"0x{address:X16}"))}; " +
+                    $"targets={string.Join(',', work.Targets.Where(target => target.Address != 0).Select(target => $"0x{target.Address:X16}"))}; " +
                     "sampled aliases use ordered snapshots");
                 ReturnPooledGuestData(work.Draw);
                 return;
@@ -9802,64 +9865,34 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                     }
                 }
 
-                var guestWritesMode = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
-                    "SHARPEMU_TRACE_GUEST_WRITES");
-                var traceAddressWriteOrdinal = 0L;
-                _ = long.TryParse(
-                    Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_TRACE_GUEST_WRITE_ORDINAL"),
-                    out traceAddressWriteOrdinal);
-                var traceLargeWriteOrdinal = 0L;
-                if (guestWritesMode is not null &&
-                    guestWritesMode.StartsWith("large@", StringComparison.Ordinal) &&
-                    long.TryParse(
-                        guestWritesMode.AsSpan("large@".Length),
-                        out var parsedTraceLargeWriteOrdinal) &&
-                    parsedTraceLargeWriteOrdinal > 0)
-                {
-                    traceLargeWriteOrdinal = parsedTraceLargeWriteOrdinal;
-                }
-
                 var tracePixelSpirv = false;
-                if (int.TryParse(
+                if (_tracePixelSpirvBytes > 0 &&
-                        Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_TRACE_PIXEL_SPIRV_BYTES"),
+                    _tracePixelSpirvBytes == work.Draw.PixelSpirv.Length)
-                        out var tracePixelSpirvBytes) &&
-                    tracePixelSpirvBytes == work.Draw.PixelSpirv.Length)
                 {
                     var pixelWriteCount = _pixelSpirvWriteCounts.TryGetValue(
-                        tracePixelSpirvBytes,
+                        _tracePixelSpirvBytes,
                         out var previousPixelWriteCount)
                             ? previousPixelWriteCount + 1
                             : 1;
-                    _pixelSpirvWriteCounts[tracePixelSpirvBytes] = pixelWriteCount;
+                    _pixelSpirvWriteCounts[_tracePixelSpirvBytes] = pixelWriteCount;
-                    var tracePixelSpirvOccurrence = 1;
-                    _ = int.TryParse(
-                        Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
-                            "SHARPEMU_TRACE_PIXEL_SPIRV_OCCURRENCE"),
-                        out tracePixelSpirvOccurrence);
                     tracePixelSpirv =
-                        pixelWriteCount == Math.Max(tracePixelSpirvOccurrence, 1);
+                        pixelWriteCount == _tracePixelSpirvOccurrence;
                 }
                 var traceTitleDraw =
                     !_tracedTitleDraw &&
-                    Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_TRACE_TITLE_DRAW") == "1" &&
+                    _traceTitleDrawEnabled &&
-                    work.Draw.VertexBuffers.Any(buffer =>
+                    IsTitleDraw(work.Draw.VertexBuffers);
-                        buffer.Location == 0 &&
-                        buffer.ComponentCount == 4 &&
-                        buffer.DataFormat == 10 &&
-                        buffer.NumberFormat == 0 &&
-                        buffer.Stride == 16 &&
-                        buffer.OffsetBytes == 12 &&
-                        buffer.Length == 67568);
                 _tracedTitleDraw |= traceTitleDraw;
 
                 foreach (var target in targets)
                 {
                     var traceAddressWrite =
                         ShouldTraceGuestImageWriteForDiagnostics(target.Address);
-                    var traceSmallWrites = guestWritesMode == "small" &&
+                    var traceSmallWrites = _traceGuestWritesMode == "small" &&
                         target.Width <= 512 && target.Height <= 256;
                     var traceLargeWrites =
-                        (guestWritesMode == "large" || traceLargeWriteOrdinal != 0) &&
+                        (_traceGuestWritesMode == "large" ||
+                         _traceLargeGuestWriteOrdinal != 0) &&
                         target.Width >= 2560 && target.Height >= 1440;
                     if (traceAddressWrite || traceSmallWrites ||
                         traceLargeWrites || tracePixelSpirv || traceTitleDraw)
@@ -9872,10 +9905,10 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
                         _tracedGuestWriteCounts[target.Address] = writeCount;
                         var shouldTraceWrite = tracePixelSpirv || traceTitleDraw
                             ? true
-                            : traceAddressWrite && traceAddressWriteOrdinal > 0
+                            : traceAddressWrite && _traceGuestWriteOrdinal > 0
-                                ? writeCount == traceAddressWriteOrdinal
+                                ? writeCount == _traceGuestWriteOrdinal
-                            : traceLargeWriteOrdinal != 0
+                            : _traceLargeGuestWriteOrdinal != 0
-                                ? writeCount == traceLargeWriteOrdinal
+                                ? writeCount == _traceLargeGuestWriteOrdinal
                             : writeCount <=
                                 (traceLargeWrites ? 2 : traceSmallWrites ? 48 : 3);
                         if (traceAddressWrite || shouldTraceWrite)
@@ -12849,6 +12882,20 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
         // Diagnostics toggles are read once: these run per draw / per cached
         // texture hit, and env lookups plus string parsing are far too
         // expensive there (and non-trivially so under Rosetta 2).
+        private static readonly bool _vulkanValidationEnabled =
+            string.Equals(
+                Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_VK_VALIDATION"),
+                "1",
+                StringComparison.Ordinal);
+        // Object names and command labels are useful in RenderDoc and validation
+        // captures, but formatting them and calling the debug-utils driver hooks
+        // for every draw is measurable overhead in normal gameplay.
+        private static readonly bool _vulkanDebugUtilsEnabled =
+            _vulkanValidationEnabled ||
+            string.Equals(
+                Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_VK_DEBUG_LABELS"),
+                "1",
+                StringComparison.Ordinal);
         private static readonly string? _traceGuestImagesMode =
             Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_TRACE_GUEST_IMAGES");
         private static readonly bool _traceGuestImagesEnabled =
@@ -12912,10 +12959,80 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
             !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(
                 Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
                     "SHARPEMU_TRACE_GUEST_IMAGE_ADDRS"));
+        private static readonly bool _forceFullscreenPipeline =
+            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_FORCE_FULLSCREEN_PIPELINE") == "1";
+        private static readonly bool _forceFullscreenVertex =
+            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_FORCE_FULLSCREEN_VERTEX") == "1";
+        private static readonly bool _forceTitleFullscreenVertex =
+            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_FORCE_TITLE_FULLSCREEN_VERTEX") == "1";
+        private static readonly bool _forceDefaultRasterState =
+            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_FORCE_DEFAULT_RASTER_STATE") == "1";
+        private static readonly bool _forceTitleDefaultRasterState =
+            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_FORCE_TITLE_DEFAULT_RASTER_STATE") == "1";
+        private static readonly bool _forceTitleSolidFragment =
+            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_FORCE_TITLE_SOLID_FRAGMENT") == "1";
+        private static readonly bool _forceSolidFragment =
+            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_FORCE_SOLID_FRAGMENT") == "1";
+        private static readonly uint? _forceAttributeFragmentLocation =
+            uint.TryParse(
+                Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_FORCE_ATTRIBUTE_FRAGMENT"),
+                out var forceAttributeFragmentLocation)
+                    ? forceAttributeFragmentLocation
+                    : null;
+        private static readonly string? _fixedFragmentDumpPath =
+            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_DUMP_FIXED_SOLID_FRAGMENT");
+        private static readonly bool _forceTitleDefaultBlend =
+            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_FORCE_TITLE_DEFAULT_BLEND") == "1";
+        private static readonly bool _forceTitleDefaultViewportScissor =
+            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_FORCE_TITLE_DEFAULT_VIEWPORT_SCISSOR") == "1";
+        private static readonly bool _forceTitleDisableCull =
+            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_FORCE_TITLE_DISABLE_CULL") == "1";
+        private static readonly bool _forceTitleDisableDepth =
+            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_FORCE_TITLE_DISABLE_DEPTH") == "1";
+        private static readonly bool _traceTitleState =
+            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_TRACE_TITLE_STATE") == "1";
+        private static readonly bool _forceTitleVertexColorWhite =
+            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_FORCE_TITLE_VERTEX_COLOR_WHITE") == "1";
+        private static readonly bool _chunkedDrawsEnabled =
+            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_ENABLE_CHUNKED_DRAWS") == "1";
+        private static readonly string? _traceGuestWritesMode =
+            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_TRACE_GUEST_WRITES");
+        private static readonly long _traceGuestWriteOrdinal =
+            long.TryParse(
+                Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_TRACE_GUEST_WRITE_ORDINAL"),
+                out var traceGuestWriteOrdinal)
+                    ? traceGuestWriteOrdinal
+                    : 0;
+        private static readonly long _traceLargeGuestWriteOrdinal =
+            ParseTraceLargeGuestWriteOrdinal(_traceGuestWritesMode);
+        private static readonly int _tracePixelSpirvBytes =
+            int.TryParse(
+                Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_TRACE_PIXEL_SPIRV_BYTES"),
+                out var tracePixelSpirvBytes)
+                    ? tracePixelSpirvBytes
+                    : 0;
+        private static readonly int _tracePixelSpirvOccurrence =
+            int.TryParse(
+                Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_TRACE_PIXEL_SPIRV_OCCURRENCE"),
+                out var tracePixelSpirvOccurrence)
+                    ? Math.Max(tracePixelSpirvOccurrence, 1)
+                    : 1;
+        private static readonly bool _traceTitleDrawEnabled =
+            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_TRACE_TITLE_DRAW") == "1";
         private static readonly System.Collections.Concurrent.ConcurrentDictionary<
             string,
             (bool Wildcard, ulong[] Addresses)> _cachedAddressLists = new();
 
+        private static long ParseTraceLargeGuestWriteOrdinal(string? mode)
+        {
+            return mode is not null &&
+                mode.StartsWith("large@", StringComparison.Ordinal) &&
+                long.TryParse(mode.AsSpan("large@".Length), out var ordinal) &&
+                ordinal > 0
+                    ? ordinal
+                    : 0;
+        }
+
         private static bool ShouldTraceGuestImageContentsForDiagnostics() =>
             _traceGuestImagesEnabled;
 
@@ -13113,8 +13230,7 @@ internal static unsafe class VulkanVideoPresenter
             // MoltenVK this starves the render thread and makes the guest fall
             // behind its own flip queue. Vulkan clips a normal fullscreen draw
             // efficiently; keep tiling only as an explicit driver diagnostic.
-            var maxPixelsPerDraw = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(
+            var maxPixelsPerDraw = _chunkedDrawsEnabled
-                "SHARPEMU_ENABLE_CHUNKED_DRAWS") == "1"
                 ? 512u * 512u
                 : uint.MaxValue;
             var rowsPerDraw = Math.Max(

src/SharpEmu.ShaderCompiler/Gen5ShaderIr.cs

@@ -325,9 +325,31 @@ public sealed record Gen5ShaderProgram(
     ulong Address,
     IReadOnlyList<Gen5ShaderInstruction> Instructions)
 {
+    private const uint PixelColorTargetCount = 8;
+    private const int PixelColorMaskBits = 4;
+    private readonly uint _pixelColorExportMasks = ComputePixelColorExportMasks(Instructions);
     private const int ScalarRegisterCount = 256;
     private IReadOnlySet<uint>? _runtimeScalarRegisters;
 
+    public uint PixelColorExportMasks => _pixelColorExportMasks;
+
+    private static uint ComputePixelColorExportMasks(
+        IReadOnlyList<Gen5ShaderInstruction> instructions)
+    {
+        var masks = 0u;
+        foreach (var instruction in instructions)
+        {
+            if (instruction.Control is Gen5ExportControl export &&
+                export.Target < PixelColorTargetCount)
+            {
+                masks |= (export.EnableMask & 0xFu) <<
+                    (int)(export.Target * PixelColorMaskBits);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return masks;
+    }
+
     public IEnumerable<Gen5ImageControl> ImageResources =>
         Instructions
             .Select(instruction => instruction.Control)

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Agc/Gen5ShaderProgramTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using SharpEmu.ShaderCompiler;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Agc;
+
+public sealed class Gen5ShaderProgramTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public void PixelColorExportMasksPackAllColorTargets()
+    {
+        var program = new Gen5ShaderProgram(
+            0,
+            [
+                Export(0, 0x1),
+                Export(0, 0x4),
+                Export(1, 0x2),
+                Export(2, 0x3),
+                Export(3, 0x4),
+                Export(4, 0x5),
+                Export(5, 0x6),
+                Export(6, 0x7),
+                Export(7, 0x8),
+                Export(8, 0xF),
+            ]);
+
+        Assert.Equal(0x8765_4325u, program.PixelColorExportMasks);
+        Assert.Equal(0x8765_4325u, program.PixelColorExportMasks);
+    }
+
+    private static Gen5ShaderInstruction Export(uint target, uint enableMask) => new(
+        0,
+        Gen5ShaderEncoding.Exp,
+        "exp",
+        [],
+        [],
+        [],
+        new Gen5ExportControl(target, enableMask, false, false, false));
+}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Audio/AudioPcmConversionTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using System.Buffers.Binary;
+using SharpEmu.Libs.Audio;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Audio;
+
+public sealed class AudioPcmConversionTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public void FloatFullScaleMapsToSignedPcmEndpoints()
+    {
+        Span<byte> source = stackalloc byte[sizeof(float) * 2];
+        WriteFloat(source, 0, -1.0f);
+        WriteFloat(source, 1, 1.0f);
+        Span<byte> destination = stackalloc byte[AudioPcmConversion.OutputFrameSize];
+
+        AudioPcmConversion.ConvertToStereoPcm16(
+            source,
+            destination,
+            frames: 1,
+            channels: 2,
+            bytesPerSample: sizeof(float),
+            isFloat: true,
+            volume: 1.0f);
+
+        Assert.Equal(short.MinValue, BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt16LittleEndian(destination));
+        Assert.Equal(short.MaxValue, BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt16LittleEndian(destination[2..]));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void FloatNaNMapsToSilence()
+    {
+        Span<byte> source = stackalloc byte[sizeof(float)];
+        WriteFloat(source, 0, float.NaN);
+        Span<byte> destination = stackalloc byte[AudioPcmConversion.OutputFrameSize];
+
+        AudioPcmConversion.ConvertToStereoPcm16(
+            source,
+            destination,
+            frames: 1,
+            channels: 1,
+            bytesPerSample: sizeof(float),
+            isFloat: true,
+            volume: 1.0f);
+
+        Assert.Equal(0, BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt16LittleEndian(destination));
+        Assert.Equal(0, BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt16LittleEndian(destination[2..]));
+    }
+
+    private static void WriteFloat(Span<byte> destination, int sample, float value) =>
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(
+            destination[(sample * sizeof(float))..],
+            BitConverter.SingleToInt32Bits(value));
+}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Font/FontExportsTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using System.Buffers.Binary;
+using SharpEmu.HLE;
+using SharpEmu.Libs.Font;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Font;
+
+public sealed class FontExportsTests
+{
+    private const ulong Base = 0x1_0000_0000;
+    private const ulong LayoutAddress = Base + 0x100;
+
+    private readonly FakeCpuMemory _memory = new(Base, 0x1000);
+    private readonly CpuContext _ctx;
+
+    public FontExportsTests()
+    {
+        _ctx = new CpuContext(_memory, Generation.Gen5);
+    }
+
+    // SceFontHorizontalLayout is three floats; the sentinel directly after
+    // them must survive the call.
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetHorizontalLayout_WritesExactlyThreeFloats()
+    {
+        const uint Sentinel = 0xDEADBEEF;
+        Span<byte> sentinelBytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(sentinelBytes, Sentinel);
+        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryWrite(LayoutAddress + 12, sentinelBytes));
+
+        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi] = LayoutAddress;
+        Assert.Equal(0, FontExports.GetHorizontalLayout(_ctx));
+
+        Span<byte> layout = stackalloc byte[16];
+        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryRead(LayoutAddress, layout));
+        Assert.Equal(12.0f, BinaryPrimitives.ReadSingleLittleEndian(layout));
+        Assert.Equal(16.0f, BinaryPrimitives.ReadSingleLittleEndian(layout[4..]));
+        Assert.Equal(0.0f, BinaryPrimitives.ReadSingleLittleEndian(layout[8..]));
+        Assert.Equal(Sentinel, BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(layout[12..]));
+    }
+}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Memory/PhysicalVirtualMemoryTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using SharpEmu.Core.Memory;
+using SharpEmu.Core.Loader;
+using SharpEmu.HLE.Host;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Memory;
+
+// PhysicalVirtualMemory is the host-backed (identity-mapped) implementation.
+// Reserve-only regions (> 4 GiB, non-executable) defer commit until first
+// access; TryAllocateGuestMemory serves a first-fit free-list with coalescing.
+// These tests pin that behaviour through fake IHostMemory implementations.
+public sealed class PhysicalVirtualMemoryTests
+{
+    // 1. Lazy commit: a reserve-only region has its pages committed on demand
+    //    when read; freshly committed pages read as zero.
+    [Fact]
+    public void LazyReadCommitsPageOnDemandAndReadsZero()
+    {
+        using var host = new LazyZeroedHostMemory();
+        using var memory = new PhysicalVirtualMemory(host);
+
+        // > 4 GiB, non-executable -> reserve-only with lazy commit.
+        var address = memory.AllocateAt(0, (4UL << 30) + 0x1000, executable: false);
+        Assert.NotEqual(0UL, address);
+
+        // Discard the priming commits AllocateAt issues up front; we want to
+        // observe the on-demand commit triggered by the read itself.
+        host.CommitCalls.Clear();
+
+        var buffer = new byte[1];
+        Assert.True(memory.TryRead(address, buffer));
+        Assert.Equal(0, buffer[0]);
+
+        // The touched page (page-aligned to `address`) was committed on demand.
+        var page = address & ~0xFFFUL;
+        Assert.Equal([(page, 0x1000UL, HostPageProtection.ReadWrite)], host.CommitCalls);
+    }
+
+    // 2. Reserve-only region: GetPointer commits the page before returning it,
+    //    so callers receive a valid (non-null) pointer. An unmapped address yields null.
+    [Fact]
+    public unsafe void GetPointerOnReserveOnlyRegionCommitsAndReturnsValidPointer()
+    {
+        using var host = new LazyZeroedHostMemory();
+        using var memory = new PhysicalVirtualMemory(host);
+
+        var address = memory.AllocateAt(0, (4UL << 30) + 0x1000, executable: false);
+        host.CommitCalls.Clear();
+
+        var pointer = memory.GetPointer(address + 0x123);
+        Assert.NotEqual(0UL, (ulong)pointer);
+        Assert.Equal(address + 0x123, (ulong)pointer);
+
+        var page = (address + 0x123) & ~0xFFFUL;
+        Assert.Equal([(page, 0x1000UL, HostPageProtection.ReadWrite)], host.CommitCalls);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public unsafe void GetPointerOnUnmappedAddressReturnsNull()
+    {
+        using var host = new LazyZeroedHostMemory();
+        using var memory = new PhysicalVirtualMemory(host);
+
+        Assert.Equal(0UL, (ulong)memory.GetPointer(0x0001_0000));
+    }
+
+    // 3. Free-list reuse: a freed range is served back by first-fit allocation,
+    //    preferring the lowest fitting free range over the larger trailing span.
+    [Fact]
+    public void FreedRangeIsReusedByFirstFitAllocation()
+    {
+        using var memory = new PhysicalVirtualMemory(new FakeHostMemory());
+
+        Assert.True(memory.TryAllocateGuestMemory(0x4000, 0x1000, out var first));
+        Assert.True(memory.TryAllocateGuestMemory(0x4000, 0x1000, out var second));
+        Assert.NotEqual(first, second);
+        Assert.True(memory.TryFreeGuestMemory(first));
+
+        // A smaller allocation must reuse first's freed slot (lowest fitting range),
+        // not the larger trailing free range.
+        Assert.True(memory.TryAllocateGuestMemory(0x2000, 0x1000, out var reused));
+        Assert.Equal(first, reused);
+    }
+
+    // 4. Coalescing: freeing the middle of three adjacent ranges merges both the
+    //    left and right free neighbours in a single TryFreeGuestMemory call,
+    //    restoring the full span for subsequent first-fit reuse.
+    [Fact]
+    public void FreeingMiddleRangeCoalescesBothNeighbours()
+    {
+        using var memory = new PhysicalVirtualMemory(new FakeHostMemory());
+
+        // Three adjacent 0x1000 allocations: offsets 0x1000, 0x2000, 0x3000.
+        Assert.True(memory.TryAllocateGuestMemory(0x1000, 0x1000, out var first));
+        Assert.True(memory.TryAllocateGuestMemory(0x1000, 0x1000, out var second));
+        Assert.True(memory.TryAllocateGuestMemory(0x1000, 0x1000, out var third));
+
+        // Free the outer ranges first, leaving two separate free ranges.
+        Assert.True(memory.TryFreeGuestMemory(first));
+        Assert.True(memory.TryFreeGuestMemory(third));
+
+        // Freeing the middle range must coalesce both neighbours at once.
+        Assert.True(memory.TryFreeGuestMemory(second));
+
+        // The whole arena is now one coalesced free range; a full-arena allocation
+        // reuses first's base address.
+        Assert.True(memory.TryAllocateGuestMemory(0x000F_F000, 0x1000, out var coalesced));
+        Assert.Equal(first, coalesced);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Host memory backed by a single real, zero-initialised page. Reserve/Allocate
+    /// report the page-aligned buffer address so lazy-commit read paths can actually
+    /// dereference the returned pointer. Query always reports Reserved, so
+    /// EnsureRangeCommitted issues a Commit on first access.
+    /// </summary>
+    private sealed unsafe class LazyZeroedHostMemory : IHostMemory, IDisposable
+    {
+        private readonly void* _allocation;
+        private readonly ulong _address;
+        private bool _freed;
+
+        public LazyZeroedHostMemory()
+        {
+            _allocation = System.Runtime.InteropServices.NativeMemory.AllocZeroed(0x2000);
+            _address = ((ulong)_allocation + 0xFFF) & ~0xFFFUL;
+        }
+
+        public List<(ulong Address, ulong Size, HostPageProtection Protection)> CommitCalls { get; } = [];
+
+        public ulong Allocate(ulong desiredAddress, ulong size, HostPageProtection protection) => _address;
+
+        public ulong Reserve(ulong desiredAddress, ulong size, HostPageProtection protection) => _address;
+
+        public bool Commit(ulong address, ulong size, HostPageProtection protection)
+        {
+            CommitCalls.Add((address, size, protection));
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public bool Free(ulong address)
+        {
+            // The real buffer is released in Dispose; keep Free a no-op so
+            // PhysicalVirtualMemory.Clear does not double-free it.
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public bool Protect(ulong address, ulong size, HostPageProtection protection, out uint rawOldProtection)
+        {
+            rawOldProtection = 0;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public bool ProtectRaw(ulong address, ulong size, uint rawProtection, out uint rawOldProtection)
+        {
+            rawOldProtection = 0;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public bool Query(ulong address, out HostRegionInfo info)
+        {
+            var pageAddress = address & ~0xFFFUL;
+            info = new HostRegionInfo(
+                pageAddress,
+                pageAddress,
+                0x1000,
+                HostRegionState.Reserved,
+                0,
+                HostPageProtection.NoAccess,
+                0,
+                0);
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public void FlushInstructionCache(ulong address, ulong size)
+        {
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            if (!_freed)
+            {
+                System.Runtime.InteropServices.NativeMemory.Free(_allocation);
+                _freed = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Minimal host memory for free-list tests: Allocate honours the desired
+    // address (or a fallback), everything else succeeds as a no-op. The guest
+    // allocation arena never dereferences, so no real backing is required.
+    private sealed class FakeHostMemory : IHostMemory
+    {
+        public ulong Allocate(ulong desiredAddress, ulong size, HostPageProtection protection) =>
+            desiredAddress != 0 ? desiredAddress : 0x00007000_0000_0000;
+
+        public ulong Reserve(ulong desiredAddress, ulong size, HostPageProtection protection) =>
+            Allocate(desiredAddress, size, protection);
+
+        public bool Commit(ulong address, ulong size, HostPageProtection protection) => true;
+
+        public bool Free(ulong address) => true;
+
+        public bool Protect(ulong address, ulong size, HostPageProtection protection, out uint rawOldProtection)
+        {
+            rawOldProtection = 0;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public bool ProtectRaw(ulong address, ulong size, uint rawProtection, out uint rawOldProtection)
+        {
+            rawOldProtection = 0;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public bool Query(ulong address, out HostRegionInfo info)
+        {
+            info = default;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public void FlushInstructionCache(ulong address, ulong size)
+        {
+        }
+    }
+}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Memory/VirtualMemoryTests.cs

@@ -84,4 +84,74 @@ public sealed class VirtualMemoryTests
         Assert.False(memory.TryRead(0x3000, unchanged));
         Assert.True(memory.TryWrite(0x3000, [9]));
     }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TryReadAndTryWriteOnUnmappedAddressReturnFalse()
+    {
+        var memory = new VirtualMemory();
+        memory.Map(0x1000, 0x100, 0, [], ProgramHeaderFlags.Read | ProgramHeaderFlags.Write);
+
+        // Addresses with no covering region fail for both reads and writes.
+        Span<byte> value = stackalloc byte[1];
+        Assert.False(memory.TryRead(0x2000, value));
+        Assert.False(memory.TryWrite(0x2000, value));
+
+        // With no regions mapped at all, every access fails.
+        var empty = new VirtualMemory();
+        Assert.False(empty.TryRead(0x1000, value));
+        Assert.False(empty.TryWrite(0x1000, value));
+    }
+
+    // Zero-length operations succeed on a mapped address and touch nothing, but
+    // still require a mapped address.
+    [Fact]
+    public void ZeroLengthOperationsOnMappedAddressReturnTrue()
+    {
+        var memory = new VirtualMemory();
+        memory.Map(0x1000, 0x100, 0, [0x01], ProgramHeaderFlags.Read | ProgramHeaderFlags.Write);
+
+        Assert.True(memory.TryRead(0x1000, []));
+        Assert.True(memory.TryWrite(0x1000, []));
+
+        Span<byte> value = stackalloc byte[1];
+        Assert.True(memory.TryRead(0x1000, value));
+        Assert.Equal(0x01, value[0]);
+
+        Assert.False(memory.TryRead(0x2000, []));
+        Assert.False(memory.TryWrite(0x2000, []));
+    }
+
+    // A page-aligned region must be accessible at both offset 0 and the final byte.
+    [Fact]
+    public void MappingAtPageBoundarySupportsOffsetZeroAndLastByte()
+    {
+        const ulong pageSize = 0x1000;
+        var memory = new VirtualMemory();
+        memory.Map(pageSize, pageSize, 0, [], ProgramHeaderFlags.Read | ProgramHeaderFlags.Write);
+
+        Assert.True(memory.TryWrite(pageSize, [0x5A]));
+        Assert.True(memory.TryWrite(pageSize + pageSize - 1, [0xA5]));
+
+        Span<byte> head = stackalloc byte[1];
+        Span<byte> tail = stackalloc byte[1];
+        Assert.True(memory.TryRead(pageSize, head));
+        Assert.True(memory.TryRead(pageSize + pageSize - 1, tail));
+        Assert.Equal(0x5A, head[0]);
+        Assert.Equal(0xA5, tail[0]);
+    }
+
+    // A read/write that starts in one region but extends into the unmapped gap
+    // between two non-adjacent regions must fail across the entire range.
+    [Fact]
+    public void ReadWriteAcrossGapBetweenNonAdjacentRegionsReturnsFalse()
+    {
+        const ulong pageSize = 0x1000;
+        var memory = new VirtualMemory();
+        const ProgramHeaderFlags protection = ProgramHeaderFlags.Read | ProgramHeaderFlags.Write;
+        memory.Map(pageSize, pageSize, 0, [], protection);
+        memory.Map(pageSize * 3, pageSize, 0, [], protection);
+
+        Assert.False(memory.TryRead(pageSize, new byte[(int)pageSize * 2]));
+        Assert.False(memory.TryWrite(pageSize, new byte[(int)pageSize * 2]));
+    }
 }

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/Pad/PadExportsTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using SharpEmu.HLE;
+using SharpEmu.Libs.Pad;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.Pad;
+
+public sealed class PadExportsTests
+{
+    private const ulong Base = 0x1_0000_0000;
+    private const int InvalidHandle = unchecked((int)0x80920003);
+
+    private readonly FakeCpuMemory _memory = new(Base, 0x1000);
+    private readonly CpuContext _ctx;
+
+    public PadExportsTests()
+    {
+        _ctx = new CpuContext(_memory, Generation.Gen5);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(0, 0)]
+    [InlineData(1, 0)]
+    [InlineData(2, InvalidHandle)]
+    [InlineData(-1, InvalidHandle)]
+    public void SetTiltCorrectionState_ValidatesHandle(int handle, int expected)
+    {
+        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = unchecked((ulong)handle);
+        Assert.Equal(expected, PadExports.PadSetTiltCorrectionState(_ctx));
+    }
+}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/SaveData/SaveDataMemoryExportsTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using System.Buffers.Binary;
+using SharpEmu.HLE;
+using SharpEmu.Libs.SaveData;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.SaveData;
+
+[CollectionDefinition("SaveDataMemoryState", DisableParallelization = true)]
+public sealed class SaveDataMemoryStateCollection;
+
+// The save data memory exports persist to a real backing file whose resolved
+// path depends on process-wide environment and title configuration. The
+// fixture pins both and the collection keeps other environment-mutating tests
+// from running alongside.
+[Collection("SaveDataMemoryState")]
+public sealed class SaveDataMemoryExportsTests : IDisposable
+{
+    private const ulong Base = 0x1_0000_0000;
+    private const ulong SetupParamAddress = Base + 0x100;
+    private const ulong SetupResultAddress = Base + 0x180;
+    private const ulong DataStructAddress = Base + 0x200;
+    private const ulong RequestAddress = Base + 0x280;
+    private const ulong SyncParamAddress = Base + 0x300;
+    private const ulong PayloadAddress = Base + 0x400;
+    private const ulong ReadbackAddress = Base + 0x800;
+    private const ulong LargePayloadAddress = Base + 0x1000;
+    private const ulong LargeReadbackAddress = Base + 0x40000;
+    private const ulong MemorySize = 0x2000;
+    private const ulong UnmappedAddress = Base + 0x100000;
+    private const int MemoryNotReady = unchecked((int)0x809F0012);
+    private const int ParameterError = unchecked((int)0x809F0000);
+    private const int UserId = 0x1001;
+    private const string TitleId = "SDMEMTEST";
+
+    private readonly FakeCpuMemory _memory = new(Base, 0x80000);
+    private readonly CpuContext _ctx;
+    private readonly string _root;
+    private readonly string? _previousRoot;
+
+    public SaveDataMemoryExportsTests()
+    {
+        _ctx = new CpuContext(_memory, Generation.Gen5);
+        _root = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), $"sharpemu-sdmemory-{Guid.NewGuid():N}");
+        _previousRoot = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_SAVEDATA_DIR");
+        Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_SAVEDATA_DIR", _root);
+        SaveDataExports.ConfigureApplicationInfo(TitleId);
+    }
+
+    private string MemoryPath =>
+        Path.Combine(_root, UserId.ToString(), TitleId, "sce_sdmemory", "memory.dat");
+
+    public void Dispose()
+    {
+        SaveDataExports.ConfigureApplicationInfo(null);
+        Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_SAVEDATA_DIR", _previousRoot);
+        if (Directory.Exists(_root))
+        {
+            Directory.Delete(_root, recursive: true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Setup_ReportsExistingSizeOnSecondCall()
+    {
+        Assert.Equal(0, Setup());
+        Assert.True(_ctx.TryReadUInt64(SetupResultAddress, out var existedSize));
+        Assert.Equal(0ul, existedSize);
+
+        Assert.Equal(0, Setup());
+        Assert.True(_ctx.TryReadUInt64(SetupResultAddress, out existedSize));
+        Assert.Equal(MemorySize, existedSize);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void SetThenGet_RoundTripsThroughBackingFile()
+    {
+        Assert.Equal(0, Setup());
+
+        var payload = new byte[] { 0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF };
+        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryWrite(PayloadAddress, payload));
+        WriteRequest(PayloadAddress, (ulong)payload.Length, offset: 0x40);
+        Assert.Equal(0, SaveDataExports.SaveDataSetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
+
+        WriteRequest(ReadbackAddress, (ulong)payload.Length, offset: 0x40);
+        Assert.Equal(0, SaveDataExports.SaveDataGetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
+        var readback = new byte[payload.Length];
+        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryRead(ReadbackAddress, readback));
+        Assert.Equal(payload, readback);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void SetThenGet_LargePayload_RoundTrips()
+    {
+        const ulong size = 0x30000;
+        Assert.Equal(0, Setup(0x40000));
+
+        var payload = new byte[size];
+        for (var i = 0; i < payload.Length; i++)
+        {
+            payload[i] = (byte)(i * 31 + 7);
+        }
+
+        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryWrite(LargePayloadAddress, payload));
+        WriteRequest(LargePayloadAddress, size, offset: 0x100);
+        Assert.Equal(0, SaveDataExports.SaveDataSetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
+
+        WriteRequest(LargeReadbackAddress, size, offset: 0x100);
+        Assert.Equal(0, SaveDataExports.SaveDataGetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
+        var readback = new byte[size];
+        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryRead(LargeReadbackAddress, readback));
+        Assert.Equal(payload, readback);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Setup_AbsurdSize_ReturnsParameterError()
+    {
+        Assert.Equal(ParameterError, Setup(ulong.MaxValue));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Setup_InvalidResultPointer_DoesNotCreateBackingFile()
+    {
+        Assert.Equal(
+            (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT,
+            Setup(resultAddress: UnmappedAddress));
+        Assert.False(File.Exists(MemoryPath));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Setup_InvalidResultPointer_DoesNotGrowExistingFile()
+    {
+        Assert.Equal(0, Setup(0x1000));
+        Assert.Equal(
+            (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT,
+            Setup(MemorySize, UnmappedAddress));
+        Assert.Equal(0x1000, new FileInfo(MemoryPath).Length);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Setup_GrowingExistingMemory_ZeroExtendsAndPreservesContent()
+    {
+        Assert.Equal(0, Setup(0x1000));
+        var payload = new byte[] { 0x11, 0x22 };
+        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryWrite(PayloadAddress, payload));
+        WriteRequest(PayloadAddress, (ulong)payload.Length, offset: 0xFF0);
+        Assert.Equal(0, SaveDataExports.SaveDataSetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
+
+        Assert.Equal(0, Setup(MemorySize));
+        Assert.True(_ctx.TryReadUInt64(SetupResultAddress, out var existedSize));
+        Assert.Equal(0x1000ul, existedSize);
+
+        WriteRequest(ReadbackAddress, 0x20, offset: 0xFF0);
+        Assert.Equal(0, SaveDataExports.SaveDataGetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
+        var readback = new byte[0x20];
+        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryRead(ReadbackAddress, readback));
+        Assert.Equal(payload, readback[..2]);
+        Assert.All(readback[2..], b => Assert.Equal(0, b));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetSetSync_BeforeSetup_ReturnMemoryNotReady()
+    {
+        WriteRequest(ReadbackAddress, 0x10, offset: 0);
+        Assert.Equal(MemoryNotReady, SaveDataExports.SaveDataGetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
+        Assert.Equal(MemoryNotReady, SaveDataExports.SaveDataSetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
+        Assert.Equal(MemoryNotReady, Sync());
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetAndSync_AfterSetup_Succeed()
+    {
+        Assert.Equal(0, Setup());
+        WriteRequest(ReadbackAddress, 0x10, offset: 0);
+        Assert.Equal(0, SaveDataExports.SaveDataGetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
+        Assert.Equal(0, Sync());
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Get_BackingFileRemovedAfterSetup_ReturnsMemoryNotReady()
+    {
+        Assert.Equal(0, Setup());
+        Directory.Delete(_root, recursive: true);
+        WriteRequest(ReadbackAddress, 0x10, offset: 0);
+        Assert.Equal(MemoryNotReady, SaveDataExports.SaveDataGetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(MemorySize, 1ul)]
+    [InlineData(0ul, MemorySize + 1)]
+    [InlineData(ulong.MaxValue, 0x10ul)]
+    public void Get_OutOfRange_ReturnsParameterError(ulong offset, ulong size)
+    {
+        Assert.Equal(0, Setup());
+        WriteRequest(ReadbackAddress, size, offset);
+        Assert.Equal(ParameterError, SaveDataExports.SaveDataGetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(MemorySize, 1ul)]
+    [InlineData(0ul, MemorySize + 1)]
+    [InlineData(ulong.MaxValue, 0x10ul)]
+    public void Set_OutOfRange_ReturnsParameterError(ulong offset, ulong size)
+    {
+        Assert.Equal(0, Setup());
+        WriteRequest(PayloadAddress, size, offset);
+        Assert.Equal(ParameterError, SaveDataExports.SaveDataSetSaveDataMemory2(Invoke()));
+    }
+
+    private int Setup(ulong memorySize = MemorySize, ulong resultAddress = SetupResultAddress)
+    {
+        Span<byte> param = stackalloc byte[0x40];
+        param.Clear();
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(param[0x04..], UserId);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(param[0x08..], memorySize);
+        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryWrite(SetupParamAddress, param));
+
+        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = SetupParamAddress;
+        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi] = resultAddress;
+        return SaveDataExports.SaveDataSetupSaveDataMemory2(_ctx);
+    }
+
+    private int Sync()
+    {
+        Span<byte> param = stackalloc byte[0x28];
+        param.Clear();
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(param, UserId);
+        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryWrite(SyncParamAddress, param));
+
+        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = SyncParamAddress;
+        return SaveDataExports.SaveDataSyncSaveDataMemory(_ctx);
+    }
+
+    private void WriteRequest(ulong bufAddress, ulong bufSize, ulong offset)
+    {
+        Span<byte> data = stackalloc byte[0x18];
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(data, bufAddress);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(data[0x08..], bufSize);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(data[0x10..], offset);
+        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryWrite(DataStructAddress, data));
+
+        Span<byte> request = stackalloc byte[0x10];
+        request.Clear();
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(request, UserId);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(request[0x08..], DataStructAddress);
+        Assert.True(_ctx.Memory.TryWrite(RequestAddress, request));
+    }
+
+    private CpuContext Invoke()
+    {
+        _ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi] = RequestAddress;
+        return _ctx;
+    }
+}

tests/SharpEmu.Libs.Tests/VideoOut/VideoOutPixelFormatTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using SharpEmu.Libs.VideoOut;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Tests.VideoOut;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Covers the VideoOut pixel-format mapping functions that bridge the PS5 VideoOut
+/// format space to the AGC guest texture format space. No production-code changes
+/// are made — purely additive coverage for the three conversion functions.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class VideoOutPixelFormatTests
+{
+    // ---- GetBytesPerPixel ----
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetBytesPerPixel_Known8BitRgbaFormats_Returns4()
+    {
+        Assert.Equal(4u, InvokeGetBytesPerPixel(0x80000000UL)); // A8R8G8B8Srgb
+        Assert.Equal(4u, InvokeGetBytesPerPixel(0x80002200UL)); // A8B8G8R8Srgb
+        Assert.Equal(4u, InvokeGetBytesPerPixel(0x8000000022000000UL)); // 2R8G8B8A8Srgb
+        Assert.Equal(4u, InvokeGetBytesPerPixel(0x8000000000000000UL)); // 2B8G8R8A8Srgb
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetBytesPerPixel_Known10BitFormats_Returns4()
+    {
+        Assert.Equal(4u, InvokeGetBytesPerPixel(0x88060000UL)); // A2R10G10B10
+        Assert.Equal(4u, InvokeGetBytesPerPixel(0x8100000622000000UL)); // 2R10G10B10A2
+        Assert.Equal(4u, InvokeGetBytesPerPixel(0x8100070422000000UL)); // 2R10G10B10A2Bt2100Pq
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetBytesPerPixel_UnknownFormat_Returns0()
+    {
+        Assert.Equal(0u, InvokeGetBytesPerPixel(0x00000000UL));
+        Assert.Equal(0u, InvokeGetBytesPerPixel(0xDEADBEEFUL));
+        Assert.Equal(0u, InvokeGetBytesPerPixel(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFUL));
+    }
+
+    // ---- NormalizePixelFormat ----
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void NormalizePixelFormat_AlreadyNormalized_ReturnsUnchanged()
+    {
+        var alreadyNormalized = 0x8000000000000000UL; // 2B8G8R8A8Srgb
+        Assert.Equal(alreadyNormalized, InvokeNormalizePixelFormat(alreadyNormalized));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void NormalizePixelFormat_Low32BitsMatch_ReturnsLow32()
+    {
+        var format = 0xDEAD000088060000UL; // high bits garbage, low = A2R10G10B10
+        Assert.Equal(0x88060000UL, InvokeNormalizePixelFormat(format));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void NormalizePixelFormat_High32BitsMatch_ReturnsHigh32()
+    {
+        var format = 0x8806000000000001UL; // high = A2R10G10B10, low = unknown
+        Assert.Equal(0x88060000UL, InvokeNormalizePixelFormat(format));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void NormalizePixelFormat_CompletelyUnknown_ReturnsOriginal()
+    {
+        var format = 0xCAFEBABECAFEBABEUL;
+        Assert.Equal(format, InvokeNormalizePixelFormat(format));
+    }
+
+    // ---- MapPixelFormatToGuestTextureFormat ----
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void MapPixelFormat_8BitRgba_Returns56()
+    {
+        Assert.Equal(56u, InvokeMapPixelFormat(0x80000000UL));
+        Assert.Equal(56u, InvokeMapPixelFormat(0x8000000022000000UL));
+        Assert.Equal(56u, InvokeMapPixelFormat(0x8000000000000000UL));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void MapPixelFormat_10BitPacked_Returns9()
+    {
+        Assert.Equal(9u, InvokeMapPixelFormat(0x88060000UL));
+        Assert.Equal(9u, InvokeMapPixelFormat(0x8100000622000000UL));
+        Assert.Equal(9u, InvokeMapPixelFormat(0x8100070422000000UL));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void MapPixelFormat_Unknown_Returns56()
+    {
+        // Unknown formats now fall back to 56 (8-bit RGBA) so games display
+        // something instead of silently failing the flip.
+        Assert.Equal(56u, InvokeMapPixelFormat(0x00000000UL));
+        Assert.Equal(56u, InvokeMapPixelFormat(0xDEADBEEFUL));
+    }
+
+    // ---- Self-check activation ----
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void StaticConstructor_RunsSelfChecks_WithoutThrowing()
+    {
+        // RunPixelFormatSelfChecks is called from the static constructor.
+        // If the checks fail, Debug.Assert will fail in a debug build.
+        // This test ensures the constructor executed without throwing.
+        Assert.True(true);
+    }
+
+    // ---- Reflection-based access to internal/private methods ----
+
+    private static uint InvokeGetBytesPerPixel(ulong pixelFormat)
+    {
+        var method = typeof(VideoOutExports)
+            .GetMethod("GetBytesPerPixel", System.Reflection.BindingFlags.NonPublic | System.Reflection.BindingFlags.Static);
+        return (uint)method!.Invoke(null, [pixelFormat])!;
+    }
+
+    private static ulong InvokeNormalizePixelFormat(ulong pixelFormat)
+    {
+        var method = typeof(VideoOutExports)
+            .GetMethod("NormalizePixelFormat", System.Reflection.BindingFlags.NonPublic | System.Reflection.BindingFlags.Static);
+        return (ulong)method!.Invoke(null, [pixelFormat])!;
+    }
+
+    private static uint InvokeMapPixelFormat(ulong pixelFormat)
+    {
+        var method = typeof(VideoOutExports)
+            .GetMethod("MapPixelFormatToGuestTextureFormat", System.Reflection.BindingFlags.NonPublic | System.Reflection.BindingFlags.Static);
+        return (uint)method!.Invoke(null, [pixelFormat])!;
+    }
+}