fix(editor): ensure code and quote blocks render correctly in print (#14613 )

Fixes #14608 ## Summary Fix printing issues when exporting documents while using the dark theme. Previously, when printing or saving a document as PDF in dark mode, text color was forced to black while some block containers (such as code blocks and quotes) retained their dark backgrounds. This resulted in **black text on dark backgrounds**, making the content unreadable in the exported PDF. ## Changes * Reset relevant CSS variables in the `@media print` section of `print-to-pdf.ts`. * Ensure block containers such as **code blocks and quotes** render with light backgrounds during printing. * Maintain readable text colors by forcing text color to black for print output. This approach updates the **CSS variables used by BlockSuite components**, ensuring that elements relying on variables like `--affine-background-code-block` and `--affine-quote-color` correctly switch to light backgrounds in print mode. ## Result Documents printed or exported as PDF from dark mode now render correctly with: * readable text * proper light backgrounds for code blocks and quotes * consistent formatting in print output  ## Summary by CodeRabbit * **Style** * Enhanced print-to-PDF styling for improved visual presentation of code blocks, quotes, and borders when exporting or printing documents to maintain better readability and consistency.  Co-authored-by: sahilkhan09k <sahilkhan392005@gmail.com>
chore: bump up file-type version to v21.3.1 [SECURITY] (#14625 )
2026-03-23 07:40:46 +08:00 · 2026-03-11 15:07:09 +08:00 · 2026-03-11 13:58:31 +08:00 · 2026-03-11 13:55:35 +08:00 · 2026-03-09 12:31:54 +00:00 · 2026-03-09 18:16:47 +08:00
219 changed files with 9222 additions and 3851 deletions
--- a/.cargo/config.toml
+++ b/.cargo/config.toml
@@ -19,3 +19,8 @@ rustflags = [
 # pthread_key_create() destructors and segfault after a DSO unloading
 [target.'cfg(all(target_env = "gnu", not(target_os = "windows")))']
 rustflags = ["-C", "link-args=-Wl,-z,nodelete"]
+
+# Temporary local llm_adapter override.
+# Uncomment when verifying AFFiNE against the sibling llm_adapter workspace.
+# [patch.crates-io]
+# llm_adapter = { path = "../llm_adapter" }
--- a/.docker/selfhost/schema.json
+++ b/.docker/selfhost/schema.json
@@ -197,8 +197,8 @@
      "properties": {
        "SMTP.name": {
          "type": "string",
-          "description": "Name of the email server (e.g. your domain name)\n@default \"AFFiNE Server\"\n@environment `MAILER_SERVERNAME`",
-          "default": "AFFiNE Server"
+          "description": "Hostname used for SMTP HELO/EHLO (e.g. mail.example.com). Leave empty to use the system hostname.\n@default \"\"\n@environment `MAILER_SERVERNAME`",
+          "default": ""
        },
        "SMTP.host": {
          "type": "string",
@@ -237,8 +237,8 @@
        },
        "fallbackSMTP.name": {
          "type": "string",
-          "description": "Name of the fallback email server (e.g. your domain name)\n@default \"AFFiNE Server\"",
-          "default": "AFFiNE Server"
+          "description": "Hostname used for fallback SMTP HELO/EHLO (e.g. mail.example.com). Leave empty to use the system hostname.\n@default \"\"",
+          "default": ""
        },
        "fallbackSMTP.host": {
          "type": "string",
@@ -971,7 +971,7 @@
        },
        "scenarios": {
          "type": "object",
-          "description": "Use custom models in scenarios and override default settings.\n@default {\"override_enabled\":false,\"scenarios\":{\"audio_transcribing\":\"gemini-2.5-flash\",\"chat\":\"gemini-2.5-flash\",\"embedding\":\"gemini-embedding-001\",\"image\":\"gpt-image-1\",\"rerank\":\"gpt-4.1\",\"coding\":\"claude-sonnet-4-5@20250929\",\"complex_text_generation\":\"gpt-4o-2024-08-06\",\"quick_decision_making\":\"gpt-5-mini\",\"quick_text_generation\":\"gemini-2.5-flash\",\"polish_and_summarize\":\"gemini-2.5-flash\"}}",
+          "description": "Use custom models in scenarios and override default settings.\n@default {\"override_enabled\":false,\"scenarios\":{\"audio_transcribing\":\"gemini-2.5-flash\",\"chat\":\"gemini-2.5-flash\",\"embedding\":\"gemini-embedding-001\",\"image\":\"gpt-image-1\",\"coding\":\"claude-sonnet-4-5@20250929\",\"complex_text_generation\":\"gpt-5-mini\",\"quick_decision_making\":\"gpt-5-mini\",\"quick_text_generation\":\"gemini-2.5-flash\",\"polish_and_summarize\":\"gemini-2.5-flash\"}}",
          "default": {
            "override_enabled": false,
            "scenarios": {
@@ -979,9 +979,8 @@
              "chat": "gemini-2.5-flash",
              "embedding": "gemini-embedding-001",
              "image": "gpt-image-1",
-              "rerank": "gpt-4.1",
              "coding": "claude-sonnet-4-5@20250929",
-              "complex_text_generation": "gpt-4o-2024-08-06",
+              "complex_text_generation": "gpt-5-mini",
              "quick_decision_making": "gpt-5-mini",
              "quick_text_generation": "gemini-2.5-flash",
              "polish_and_summarize": "gemini-2.5-flash"
--- a/.github/actions/build-rust/action.yml
+++ b/.github/actions/build-rust/action.yml
@@ -50,8 +50,14 @@ runs:
      # https://github.com/tree-sitter/tree-sitter/issues/4186
      # pass -D_BSD_SOURCE to clang to fix the tree-sitter build issue
      run: |
-        echo "CC=clang -D_BSD_SOURCE" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
-        echo "TARGET_CC=clang -D_BSD_SOURCE" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+        if [[ "${{ inputs.target }}" == "aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu" ]]; then
+          # napi cross-toolchain 1.0.3 headers miss AT_HWCAP2 in elf.h
+          echo "CC=clang -D_BSD_SOURCE -DAT_HWCAP2=26" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+          echo "TARGET_CC=clang -D_BSD_SOURCE -DAT_HWCAP2=26" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+        else
+          echo "CC=clang -D_BSD_SOURCE" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+          echo "TARGET_CC=clang -D_BSD_SOURCE" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+        fi

    - name: Cache cargo
      uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
--- a/.github/actions/setup-node/action.yml
+++ b/.github/actions/setup-node/action.yml
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ runs:
        fi

    - name: Setup Node.js
-      uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+      uses: actions/setup-node@v6
      with:
        node-version-file: '.nvmrc'
        registry-url: https://npm.pkg.github.com
--- a/.github/helm/affine/charts/front/values.yaml
+++ b/.github/helm/affine/charts/front/values.yaml
@@ -31,10 +31,10 @@ podSecurityContext:
 resources:
  limits:
    cpu: '1'
-    memory: 4Gi
+    memory: 6Gi
  requests:
    cpu: '1'
-    memory: 2Gi
+    memory: 4Gi

 probe:
  initialDelaySeconds: 20
--- a/.github/workflows/build-images.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build-images.yml
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ jobs:

  build-server-native:
    name: Build Server native - ${{ matrix.targets.name }}
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
    environment: ${{ inputs.build-type }}
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ jobs:
      # setup node without cache configuration
      # Prisma cache is not compatible with docker build cache
      - name: Setup Node.js
-        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v6
        with:
          node-version-file: '.nvmrc'
          registry-url: https://npm.pkg.github.com
--- a/.github/workflows/build-test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build-test.yml
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ jobs:
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
-        shard: [1, 2]
+        shard: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
      - name: Setup Node.js
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ jobs:
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
-        shard: [1, 2, 3]
+        shard: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
      - name: Setup Node.js
--- a/.github/workflows/pr-title-lint.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/pr-title-lint.yml
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
      - name: Setup Node.js
-        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v6
        with:
          cache: 'yarn'
          node-version-file: '.nvmrc'
--- a/.github/workflows/release-desktop-platform.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release-desktop-platform.yml
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ jobs:

      - name: Signing By Apple Developer ID
        if: ${{ inputs.platform == 'darwin' && inputs.apple_codesign }}
-        uses: apple-actions/import-codesign-certs@v5
+        uses: apple-actions/import-codesign-certs@v6
        with:
          p12-file-base64: ${{ secrets.CERTIFICATES_P12 }}
          p12-password: ${{ secrets.CERTIFICATES_P12_PASSWORD }}
--- a/.github/workflows/release-desktop.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release-desktop.yml
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ jobs:
        with:
          name: affine-linux-x64-builds
          path: ./release
-      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v6
        with:
          node-version: 20
      - name: Copy Selfhost Release Files
--- a/.github/workflows/release-mobile.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release-mobile.yml
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ jobs:
      - name: Cap sync
        run: yarn workspace @affine/ios sync
      - name: Signing By Apple Developer ID
-        uses: apple-actions/import-codesign-certs@v5
+        uses: apple-actions/import-codesign-certs@v6
        id: import-codesign-certs
        with:
          p12-file-base64: ${{ secrets.CERTIFICATES_P12_MOBILE }}
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ jobs:
          no-build: 'true'
      - name: Cap sync
        run: yarn workspace @affine/android cap sync
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
        with:
          python-version: '3.13'
      - name: Auth gcloud
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ jobs:
          token_format: 'access_token'
          project_id: '${{ secrets.GCP_PROJECT_ID }}'
          access_token_scopes: 'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/androidpublisher'
-      - uses: actions/setup-java@v4
+      - uses: actions/setup-java@v5
        with:
          distribution: 'temurin'
          java-version: '21'
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ testem.log
 /typings
 tsconfig.tsbuildinfo
 .context
+/*.md

 # System Files
 .DS_Store
--- a/.nvmrc
+++ b/.nvmrc
@@ -1 +1 @@
-22.22.0
+22.22.1
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -178,10 +178,15 @@ name = "affine_server_native"
 version = "1.0.0"
 dependencies = [
 "affine_common",
+ "anyhow",
 "chrono",
 "file-format",
+ "image",
 "infer",
+ "libwebp-sys",
+ "little_exif",
 "llm_adapter",
+ "matroska",
 "mimalloc",
 "mp4parse",
 "napi",
@@ -235,6 +240,21 @@ dependencies = [
 "memchr",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "alloc-no-stdlib"
+version = "2.0.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cc7bb162ec39d46ab1ca8c77bf72e890535becd1751bb45f64c597edb4c8c6b3"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "alloc-stdlib"
+version = "0.2.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "94fb8275041c72129eb51b7d0322c29b8387a0386127718b096429201a5d6ece"
+dependencies = [
+ "alloc-no-stdlib",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "allocator-api2"
 version = "0.2.21"
@@ -461,12 +481,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "num-traits",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "atomic-waker"
-version = "1.1.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1505bd5d3d116872e7271a6d4e16d81d0c8570876c8de68093a09ac269d8aac0"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "auto_enums"
 version = "0.8.7"
@@ -485,28 +499,6 @@ version = "1.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c08606f8c3cbf4ce6ec8e28fb0014a2c086708fe954eaa885384a6165172e7e8"

-[[package]]
-name = "aws-lc-rs"
-version = "1.16.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d9a7b350e3bb1767102698302bc37256cbd48422809984b98d292c40e2579aa9"
-dependencies = [
- "aws-lc-sys",
- "zeroize",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "aws-lc-sys"
-version = "0.37.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b092fe214090261288111db7a2b2c2118e5a7f30dc2569f1732c4069a6840549"
-dependencies = [
- "cc",
- "cmake",
- "dunce",
- "fs_extra",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "base64"
 version = "0.22.1"
@@ -630,6 +622,15 @@ dependencies = [
 "cfg-if",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "bitstream-io"
+version = "3.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "680575de65ce8b916b82a447458b94a48776707d9c2681a9d8da351c06886a1f"
+dependencies = [
+ "core2",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "block-buffer"
 version = "0.10.4"
@@ -672,6 +673,27 @@ version = "0.9.20"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "473976d7a8620bb1e06dcdd184407c2363fe4fec8e983ee03ed9197222634a31"

+[[package]]
+name = "brotli"
+version = "8.0.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4bd8b9603c7aa97359dbd97ecf258968c95f3adddd6db2f7e7a5bef101c84560"
+dependencies = [
+ "alloc-no-stdlib",
+ "alloc-stdlib",
+ "brotli-decompressor",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "brotli-decompressor"
+version = "5.0.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "874bb8112abecc98cbd6d81ea4fa7e94fb9449648c93cc89aa40c81c24d7de03"
+dependencies = [
+ "alloc-no-stdlib",
+ "alloc-stdlib",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "bstr"
 version = "1.12.1"
@@ -707,6 +729,12 @@ version = "1.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1fd0f2584146f6f2ef48085050886acf353beff7305ebd1ae69500e27c67f64b"

+[[package]]
+name = "byteorder-lite"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8f1fe948ff07f4bd06c30984e69f5b4899c516a3ef74f34df92a2df2ab535495"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "bytes"
 version = "1.11.1"
@@ -936,13 +964,10 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a1d728cc89cf3aee9ff92b05e62b19ee65a02b5702cff7d5a377e32c6ae29d8d"

 [[package]]
-name = "cmake"
-version = "0.1.57"
+name = "color_quant"
+version = "1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "75443c44cd6b379beb8c5b45d85d0773baf31cce901fe7bb252f4eff3008ef7d"
-dependencies = [
- "cc",
-]
+checksum = "3d7b894f5411737b7867f4827955924d7c254fc9f4d91a6aad6b097804b1018b"

 [[package]]
 name = "colorchoice"
@@ -1482,12 +1507,6 @@ version = "0.0.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f678cf4a922c215c63e0de95eb1ff08a958a81d47e485cf9da1e27bf6305cfa5"

-[[package]]
-name = "dunce"
-version = "1.0.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "92773504d58c093f6de2459af4af33faa518c13451eb8f2b5698ed3d36e7c813"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "ecb"
 version = "0.1.2"
@@ -1608,6 +1627,15 @@ dependencies = [
 "getrandom 0.2.16",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "fdeflate"
+version = "0.3.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1e6853b52649d4ac5c0bd02320cddc5ba956bdb407c4b75a2c6b75bf51500f8c"
+dependencies = [
+ "simd-adler32",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "file-format"
 version = "0.28.0"
@@ -1710,12 +1738,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "autocfg",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "fs_extra"
-version = "1.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "42703706b716c37f96a77aea830392ad231f44c9e9a67872fa5548707e11b11c"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "futf"
 version = "0.1.5"
@@ -1880,11 +1902,19 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "899def5c37c4fd7b2664648c28120ecec138e4d395b459e5ca34f9cce2dd77fd"
 dependencies = [
 "cfg-if",
- "js-sys",
 "libc",
 "r-efi",
 "wasip2",
- "wasm-bindgen",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "gif"
+version = "0.14.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f5df2ba84018d80c213569363bdcd0c64e6933c67fe4c1d60ecf822971a3c35e"
+dependencies = [
+ "color_quant",
+ "weezl",
 ]

 [[package]]
@@ -2067,95 +2097,12 @@ dependencies = [
 "itoa",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "http-body"
-version = "1.0.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1efedce1fb8e6913f23e0c92de8e62cd5b772a67e7b3946df930a62566c93184"
-dependencies = [
- "bytes",
- "http",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "http-body-util"
-version = "0.1.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b021d93e26becf5dc7e1b75b1bed1fd93124b374ceb73f43d4d4eafec896a64a"
-dependencies = [
- "bytes",
- "futures-core",
- "http",
- "http-body",
- "pin-project-lite",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "httparse"
 version = "1.10.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "6dbf3de79e51f3d586ab4cb9d5c3e2c14aa28ed23d180cf89b4df0454a69cc87"

-[[package]]
-name = "hyper"
-version = "1.8.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2ab2d4f250c3d7b1c9fcdff1cece94ea4e2dfbec68614f7b87cb205f24ca9d11"
-dependencies = [
- "atomic-waker",
- "bytes",
- "futures-channel",
- "futures-core",
- "http",
- "http-body",
- "httparse",
- "itoa",
- "pin-project-lite",
- "pin-utils",
- "smallvec",
- "tokio",
- "want",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "hyper-rustls"
-version = "0.27.7"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e3c93eb611681b207e1fe55d5a71ecf91572ec8a6705cdb6857f7d8d5242cf58"
-dependencies = [
- "http",
- "hyper",
- "hyper-util",
- "rustls",
- "rustls-pki-types",
- "tokio",
- "tokio-rustls",
- "tower-service",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "hyper-util"
-version = "0.1.20"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "96547c2556ec9d12fb1578c4eaf448b04993e7fb79cbaad930a656880a6bdfa0"
-dependencies = [
- "base64",
- "bytes",
- "futures-channel",
- "futures-util",
- "http",
- "http-body",
- "hyper",
- "ipnet",
- "libc",
- "percent-encoding",
- "pin-project-lite",
- "socket2",
- "tokio",
- "tower-service",
- "tracing",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "iana-time-zone"
 version = "0.1.64"
@@ -2328,6 +2275,34 @@ dependencies = [
 "icu_properties",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "image"
+version = "0.25.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e6506c6c10786659413faa717ceebcb8f70731c0a60cbae39795fdf114519c1a"
+dependencies = [
+ "bytemuck",
+ "byteorder-lite",
+ "color_quant",
+ "gif",
+ "image-webp",
+ "moxcms",
+ "num-traits",
+ "png",
+ "zune-core",
+ "zune-jpeg",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "image-webp"
+version = "0.2.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "525e9ff3e1a4be2fbea1fdf0e98686a6d98b4d8f937e1bf7402245af1909e8c3"
+dependencies = [
+ "byteorder-lite",
+ "quick-error 2.0.1",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "include-flate"
 version = "0.3.1"
@@ -2406,22 +2381,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "leaky-cow",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "ipnet"
-version = "2.11.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "469fb0b9cefa57e3ef31275ee7cacb78f2fdca44e4765491884a2b119d4eb130"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "iri-string"
-version = "0.7.10"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c91338f0783edbd6195decb37bae672fd3b165faffb89bf7b9e6942f8b1a731a"
-dependencies = [
- "memchr",
- "serde",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "is-terminal"
 version = "0.4.17"
@@ -2675,6 +2634,17 @@ dependencies = [
 "vcpkg",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "libwebp-sys"
+version = "0.14.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "375ca3fbd6d89769361c5d505c9da676eb4128ee471b9fd763144d377a2d30e6"
+dependencies = [
+ "cc",
+ "glob",
+ "pkg-config",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "linux-raw-sys"
 version = "0.11.0"
@@ -2688,16 +2658,30 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "6373607a59f0be73a39b6fe456b8192fcc3585f602af20751600e974dd455e77"

 [[package]]
-name = "llm_adapter"
-version = "0.1.1"
+name = "little_exif"
+version = "0.6.23"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8dd9a548766bccf8b636695e8d514edee672d180e96a16ab932c971783b4e353"
+checksum = "21eeb58b22d31be8dc5c625004fcd4b9b385cd3c05df575f523bcca382c51122"
+dependencies = [
+ "brotli",
+ "crc",
+ "log",
+ "miniz_oxide",
+ "paste",
+ "quick-xml",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "llm_adapter"
+version = "0.1.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e98485dda5180cc89b993a001688bed93307be6bd8fedcde445b69bbca4f554d"
 dependencies = [
 "base64",
- "reqwest",
 "serde",
 "serde_json",
 "thiserror 2.0.17",
+ "ureq",
 ]

 [[package]]
@@ -2765,12 +2749,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "hashbrown 0.16.1",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "lru-slab"
-version = "0.1.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "112b39cec0b298b6c1999fee3e31427f74f676e4cb9879ed1a121b43661a4154"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "mac"
 version = "0.1.1"
@@ -2830,6 +2808,16 @@ dependencies = [
 "regex-automata",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "matroska"
+version = "0.30.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "fde85cd7fb5cf875c4a46fac0cbd6567d413bea2538cef6788e3a0e52a902b45"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitstream-io",
+ "phf 0.11.3",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "md-5"
 version = "0.10.6"
@@ -2899,6 +2887,16 @@ dependencies = [
 "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "moxcms"
+version = "0.7.11"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ac9557c559cd6fc9867e122e20d2cbefc9ca29d80d027a8e39310920ed2f0a97"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-traits",
+ "pxfm",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "mp4parse"
 version = "0.17.0"
@@ -3262,12 +3260,6 @@ version = "11.1.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d6790f58c7ff633d8771f42965289203411a5e5c68388703c06e14f24770b41e"

-[[package]]
-name = "openssl-probe"
-version = "0.2.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7c87def4c32ab89d880effc9e097653c8da5d6ef28e6b539d313baaacfbafcbe"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "ordered-float"
 version = "5.1.0"
@@ -3317,6 +3309,12 @@ dependencies = [
 "windows-link 0.2.1",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "paste"
+version = "1.0.15"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "57c0d7b74b563b49d38dae00a0c37d4d6de9b432382b2892f0574ddcae73fd0a"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "path-ext"
 version = "0.1.2"
@@ -3563,6 +3561,19 @@ dependencies = [
 "plotters-backend",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "png"
+version = "0.18.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "60769b8b31b2a9f263dae2776c37b1b28ae246943cf719eb6946a1db05128a61"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 2.11.0",
+ "crc32fast",
+ "fdeflate",
+ "flate2",
+ "miniz_oxide",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "pom"
 version = "1.1.0"
@@ -3704,6 +3715,12 @@ version = "0.11.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "007d8adb5ddab6f8e3f491ac63566a7d5002cc7ed73901f72057943fa71ae1ae"

+[[package]]
+name = "pxfm"
+version = "0.1.28"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b5a041e753da8b807c9255f28de81879c78c876392ff2469cde94799b2896b9d"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "quick-error"
 version = "1.2.3"
@@ -3711,59 +3728,18 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a1d01941d82fa2ab50be1e79e6714289dd7cde78eba4c074bc5a4374f650dfe0"

 [[package]]
-name = "quinn"
-version = "0.11.9"
+name = "quick-error"
+version = "2.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b9e20a958963c291dc322d98411f541009df2ced7b5a4f2bd52337638cfccf20"
-dependencies = [
- "bytes",
- "cfg_aliases",
- "pin-project-lite",
- "quinn-proto",
- "quinn-udp",
- "rustc-hash 2.1.1",
- "rustls",
- "socket2",
- "thiserror 2.0.17",
- "tokio",
- "tracing",
- "web-time",
-]
+checksum = "a993555f31e5a609f617c12db6250dedcac1b0a85076912c436e6fc9b2c8e6a3"

 [[package]]
-name = "quinn-proto"
-version = "0.11.13"
+name = "quick-xml"
+version = "0.37.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f1906b49b0c3bc04b5fe5d86a77925ae6524a19b816ae38ce1e426255f1d8a31"
+checksum = "331e97a1af0bf59823e6eadffe373d7b27f485be8748f71471c662c1f269b7fb"
 dependencies = [
- "aws-lc-rs",
- "bytes",
- "getrandom 0.3.4",
- "lru-slab",
- "rand 0.9.2",
- "ring",
- "rustc-hash 2.1.1",
- "rustls",
- "rustls-pki-types",
- "slab",
- "thiserror 2.0.17",
- "tinyvec",
- "tracing",
- "web-time",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "quinn-udp"
-version = "0.5.14"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "addec6a0dcad8a8d96a771f815f0eaf55f9d1805756410b39f5fa81332574cbd"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg_aliases",
- "libc",
- "once_cell",
- "socket2",
- "tracing",
- "windows-sys 0.60.2",
+ "memchr",
 ]

 [[package]]
@@ -3954,45 +3930,6 @@ version = "0.8.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "7a2d987857b319362043e95f5353c0535c1f58eec5336fdfcf626430af7def58"

-[[package]]
-name = "reqwest"
-version = "0.13.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ab3f43e3283ab1488b624b44b0e988d0acea0b3214e694730a055cb6b2efa801"
-dependencies = [
- "base64",
- "bytes",
- "futures-channel",
- "futures-core",
- "futures-util",
- "http",
- "http-body",
- "http-body-util",
- "hyper",
- "hyper-rustls",
- "hyper-util",
- "js-sys",
- "log",
- "percent-encoding",
- "pin-project-lite",
- "quinn",
- "rustls",
- "rustls-pki-types",
- "rustls-platform-verifier",
- "serde",
- "serde_json",
- "sync_wrapper",
- "tokio",
- "tokio-rustls",
- "tower",
- "tower-http",
- "tower-service",
- "url",
- "wasm-bindgen",
- "wasm-bindgen-futures",
- "web-sys",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "ring"
 version = "0.17.14"
@@ -4133,7 +4070,7 @@ version = "0.23.36"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c665f33d38cea657d9614f766881e4d510e0eda4239891eea56b4cadcf01801b"
 dependencies = [
- "aws-lc-rs",
+ "log",
 "once_cell",
 "ring",
 "rustls-pki-types",
@@ -4142,62 +4079,21 @@ dependencies = [
 "zeroize",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "rustls-native-certs"
-version = "0.8.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "612460d5f7bea540c490b2b6395d8e34a953e52b491accd6c86c8164c5932a63"
-dependencies = [
- "openssl-probe",
- "rustls-pki-types",
- "schannel",
- "security-framework",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "rustls-pki-types"
 version = "1.13.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "21e6f2ab2928ca4291b86736a8bd920a277a399bba1589409d72154ff87c1282"
 dependencies = [
- "web-time",
 "zeroize",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "rustls-platform-verifier"
-version = "0.6.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1d99feebc72bae7ab76ba994bb5e121b8d83d910ca40b36e0921f53becc41784"
-dependencies = [
- "core-foundation",
- "core-foundation-sys",
- "jni",
- "log",
- "once_cell",
- "rustls",
- "rustls-native-certs",
- "rustls-platform-verifier-android",
- "rustls-webpki",
- "security-framework",
- "security-framework-sys",
- "webpki-root-certs",
- "windows-sys 0.61.2",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "rustls-platform-verifier-android"
-version = "0.1.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f87165f0995f63a9fbeea62b64d10b4d9d8e78ec6d7d51fb2125fda7bb36788f"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "rustls-webpki"
 version = "0.103.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2ffdfa2f5286e2247234e03f680868ac2815974dc39e00ea15adc445d0aafe52"
 dependencies = [
- "aws-lc-rs",
 "ring",
 "rustls-pki-types",
 "untrusted",
@@ -4216,7 +4112,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "cc6bf79ff24e648f6da1f8d1f011e9cac26491b619e6b9280f2b47f1774e6ee2"
 dependencies = [
 "fnv",
- "quick-error",
+ "quick-error 1.2.3",
 "tempfile",
 "wait-timeout",
 ]
@@ -4236,15 +4132,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "winapi-util",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "schannel"
-version = "0.1.28"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "891d81b926048e76efe18581bf793546b4c0eaf8448d72be8de2bbee5fd166e1"
-dependencies = [
- "windows-sys 0.61.2",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "scoped-tls"
 version = "1.0.1"
@@ -4293,29 +4180,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "syn 2.0.114",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "security-framework"
-version = "3.7.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b7f4bc775c73d9a02cde8bf7b2ec4c9d12743edf609006c7facc23998404cd1d"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.11.0",
- "core-foundation",
- "core-foundation-sys",
- "libc",
- "security-framework-sys",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "security-framework-sys"
-version = "2.17.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6ce2691df843ecc5d231c0b14ece2acc3efb62c0a398c7e1d875f3983ce020e3"
-dependencies = [
- "core-foundation-sys",
- "libc",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "semver"
 version = "1.0.27"
@@ -5041,15 +4905,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "unicode-ident",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "sync_wrapper"
-version = "1.0.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0bf256ce5efdfa370213c1dabab5935a12e49f2c58d15e9eac2870d3b4f27263"
-dependencies = [
- "futures-core",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "synstructure"
 version = "0.13.2"
@@ -5241,16 +5096,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "syn 2.0.114",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "tokio-rustls"
-version = "0.26.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1729aa945f29d91ba541258c8df89027d5792d85a8841fb65e8bf0f4ede4ef61"
-dependencies = [
- "rustls",
- "tokio",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "tokio-stream"
 version = "0.1.18"
@@ -5301,51 +5146,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "winnow",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "tower"
-version = "0.5.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ebe5ef63511595f1344e2d5cfa636d973292adc0eec1f0ad45fae9f0851ab1d4"
-dependencies = [
- "futures-core",
- "futures-util",
- "pin-project-lite",
- "sync_wrapper",
- "tokio",
- "tower-layer",
- "tower-service",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "tower-http"
-version = "0.6.8"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d4e6559d53cc268e5031cd8429d05415bc4cb4aefc4aa5d6cc35fbf5b924a1f8"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.11.0",
- "bytes",
- "futures-util",
- "http",
- "http-body",
- "iri-string",
- "pin-project-lite",
- "tower",
- "tower-layer",
- "tower-service",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "tower-layer"
-version = "0.3.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "121c2a6cda46980bb0fcd1647ffaf6cd3fc79a013de288782836f6df9c48780e"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "tower-service"
-version = "0.3.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8df9b6e13f2d32c91b9bd719c00d1958837bc7dec474d94952798cc8e69eeec3"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "tracing"
 version = "0.1.44"
@@ -5548,12 +5348,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "tree-sitter-language",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "try-lock"
-version = "0.2.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e421abadd41a4225275504ea4d6566923418b7f05506fbc9c0fe86ba7396114b"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "type1-encoding-parser"
 version = "0.1.0"
@@ -5778,6 +5572,35 @@ version = "0.0.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "6d49784317cd0d1ee7ec5c716dd598ec5b4483ea832a2dced265471cc0f690ae"

+[[package]]
+name = "ureq"
+version = "3.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "fdc97a28575b85cfedf2a7e7d3cc64b3e11bd8ac766666318003abbacc7a21fc"
+dependencies = [
+ "base64",
+ "flate2",
+ "log",
+ "percent-encoding",
+ "rustls",
+ "rustls-pki-types",
+ "ureq-proto",
+ "utf-8",
+ "webpki-roots 1.0.5",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ureq-proto"
+version = "0.5.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d81f9efa9df032be5934a46a068815a10a042b494b6a58cb0a1a97bb5467ed6f"
+dependencies = [
+ "base64",
+ "http",
+ "httparse",
+ "log",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "url"
 version = "2.5.8"
@@ -5874,15 +5697,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "winapi-util",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "want"
-version = "0.3.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bfa7760aed19e106de2c7c0b581b509f2f25d3dacaf737cb82ac61bc6d760b0e"
-dependencies = [
- "try-lock",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasi"
 version = "0.11.1+wasi-snapshot-preview1"
@@ -5972,25 +5786,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "wasm-bindgen",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "web-time"
-version = "1.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5a6580f308b1fad9207618087a65c04e7a10bc77e02c8e84e9b00dd4b12fa0bb"
-dependencies = [
- "js-sys",
- "wasm-bindgen",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "webpki-root-certs"
-version = "1.0.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "804f18a4ac2676ffb4e8b5b5fa9ae38af06df08162314f96a68d2a363e21a8ca"
-dependencies = [
- "rustls-pki-types",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "webpki-roots"
 version = "0.26.11"
@@ -6771,3 +6566,18 @@ dependencies = [
 "cc",
 "pkg-config",
 ]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zune-core"
+version = "0.5.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cb8a0807f7c01457d0379ba880ba6322660448ddebc890ce29bb64da71fb40f9"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zune-jpeg"
+version = "0.5.12"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "410e9ecef634c709e3831c2cfdb8d9c32164fae1c67496d5b68fff728eec37fe"
+dependencies = [
+ "zune-core",
+]
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -40,14 +40,24 @@ resolver = "3"
  dotenvy = "0.15"
  file-format = { version = "0.28", features = ["reader"] }
  homedir = "0.3"
+  image = { version = "0.25.9", default-features = false, features = [
+    "bmp",
+    "gif",
+    "jpeg",
+    "png",
+    "webp",
+  ] }
  infer = { version = "0.19.0" }
  lasso = { version = "0.7", features = ["multi-threaded"] }
  lib0 = { version = "0.16", features = ["lib0-serde"] }
  libc = "0.2"
-  llm_adapter = "0.1.1"
+  libwebp-sys = "0.14.2"
+  little_exif = "0.6.23"
+  llm_adapter = { version = "0.1.3", default-features = false }
  log = "0.4"
  loom = { version = "0.7", features = ["checkpoint"] }
  lru = "0.16"
+  matroska = "0.30"
  memory-indexer = "0.3.0"
  mimalloc = "0.1"
  mp4parse = "0.17"
--- a/SECURITY.md
+++ b/SECURITY.md
@@ -23,4 +23,6 @@ We welcome you to provide us with bug reports via and email at [security@toevery

 Since we are an open source project, we also welcome you to provide corresponding fix PRs, we will determine specific rewards based on the evaluation results.

+Due to limited resources, we do not accept and will not review any AI-generated security reports.
+
 If the vulnerability is caused by a library we depend on, we encourage you to submit a security report to the corresponding dependent library at the same time to benefit more users.
--- a/blocksuite/affine/all/package.json
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/all/package.json
@@ -300,6 +300,6 @@
  "devDependencies": {
    "@vanilla-extract/vite-plugin": "^5.0.0",
    "msw": "^2.12.4",
-    "vitest": "^3.2.4"
+    "vitest": "^4.0.18"
  }
 }
--- a/blocksuite/affine/all/vitest.config.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/all/vitest.config.ts
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ export default defineConfig({
    include: ['src/__tests__/**/*.unit.spec.ts'],
    testTimeout: 1000,
    coverage: {
-      provider: 'istanbul', // or 'c8'
+      provider: 'istanbul',
      reporter: ['lcov'],
      reportsDirectory: '../../../.coverage/blocksuite-affine',
    },
--- a/blocksuite/affine/blocks/bookmark/package.json
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/blocks/bookmark/package.json
@@ -31,7 +31,8 @@
    "zod": "^3.25.76"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
-    "vitest": "^3.2.4"
+    "@vitest/browser-playwright": "^4.0.18",
+    "vitest": "^4.0.18"
  },
  "exports": {
    ".": "./src/index.ts",
--- a/blocksuite/affine/blocks/bookmark/vitest.config.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/blocks/bookmark/vitest.config.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { playwright } from '@vitest/browser-playwright';
 import { defineConfig } from 'vitest/config';

 export default defineConfig({
@@ -8,10 +9,9 @@ export default defineConfig({
    browser: {
      enabled: true,
      headless: true,
-      name: 'chromium',
-      provider: 'playwright',
+      instances: [{ browser: 'chromium' }],
+      provider: playwright(),
      isolate: false,
-      providerOptions: {},
    },
    include: ['src/__tests__/**/*.unit.spec.ts'],
    testTimeout: 500,
--- a/blocksuite/affine/blocks/code/src/highlight/affine-code-unit.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/blocks/code/src/highlight/affine-code-unit.ts
@@ -45,8 +45,10 @@ export class AffineCodeUnit extends ShadowlessElement {
    if (!codeBlock || !vElement) return plainContent;
    const tokens = codeBlock.highlightTokens$.value;
    if (tokens.length === 0) return plainContent;
+    const line = tokens[vElement.lineIndex];
+    if (!line) return plainContent;
    // copy the tokens to avoid modifying the original tokens
-    const lineTokens = structuredClone(tokens[vElement.lineIndex]);
+    const lineTokens = structuredClone(line);
    if (lineTokens.length === 0) return plainContent;

    const startOffset = vElement.startOffset;
--- a/blocksuite/affine/blocks/embed-doc/package.json
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/blocks/embed-doc/package.json
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
    "zod": "^3.25.76"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
-    "vitest": "^3.2.4"
+    "vitest": "^4.0.18"
  },
  "exports": {
    ".": "./src/index.ts",
--- a/blocksuite/affine/blocks/embed/package.json
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/blocks/embed/package.json
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
    "zod": "^3.25.76"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
-    "vitest": "^3.2.4"
+    "vitest": "^4.0.18"
  },
  "exports": {
    ".": "./src/index.ts",
--- a/blocksuite/affine/blocks/list/package.json
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/blocks/list/package.json
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
    "zod": "^3.25.76"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
-    "vitest": "^3.2.4"
+    "vitest": "^4.0.18"
  },
  "exports": {
    ".": "./src/index.ts",
--- a/blocksuite/affine/blocks/note/src/note-edgeless-block.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/blocks/note/src/note-edgeless-block.ts
@@ -221,6 +221,12 @@ export class EdgelessNoteBlockComponent extends toGfxBlockComponent(
    }
  }

+  override getCSSScaleVal(): number {
+    const baseScale = super.getCSSScaleVal();
+    const extraScale = this.model.props.edgeless?.scale ?? 1;
+    return baseScale * extraScale;
+  }
+
  override getRenderingRect() {
    const { xywh, edgeless } = this.model.props;
    const { collapse, scale = 1 } = edgeless;
@@ -255,7 +261,6 @@ export class EdgelessNoteBlockComponent extends toGfxBlockComponent(

    const style = {
      borderRadius: borderRadius + 'px',
-      transform: `scale(${scale})`,
    };

    const extra = this._editing ? ACTIVE_NOTE_EXTRA_PADDING : 0;
@@ -454,6 +459,28 @@ export const EdgelessNoteInteraction =
                    return;
                  }

+                  let isClickOnTitle = false;
+                  const titleRect = view
+                    .querySelector('edgeless-page-block-title')
+                    ?.getBoundingClientRect();
+
+                  if (titleRect) {
+                    const titleBound = new Bound(
+                      titleRect.x,
+                      titleRect.y,
+                      titleRect.width,
+                      titleRect.height
+                    );
+                    if (titleBound.isPointInBound([e.clientX, e.clientY])) {
+                      isClickOnTitle = true;
+                    }
+                  }
+
+                  if (isClickOnTitle) {
+                    handleNativeRangeAtPoint(e.clientX, e.clientY);
+                    return;
+                  }
+
                  if (model.children.length === 0) {
                    const blockId = std.store.addBlock(
                      'affine:paragraph',
--- a/blocksuite/affine/blocks/root/src/edgeless/configs/toolbar/more.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/blocks/root/src/edgeless/configs/toolbar/more.ts
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import {
  FrameBlockModel,
  ImageBlockModel,
  isExternalEmbedModel,
+  MindmapElementModel,
  NoteBlockModel,
  ParagraphBlockModel,
 } from '@blocksuite/affine-model';
@@ -401,7 +402,17 @@ function reorderElements(
 ) {
  if (!models.length) return;

-  for (const model of models) {
+  const normalizedModels = Array.from(
+    new Map(
+      models.map(model => {
+        const reorderTarget =
+          model.group instanceof MindmapElementModel ? model.group : model;
+        return [reorderTarget.id, reorderTarget];
+      })
+    ).values()
+  );
+
+  for (const model of normalizedModels) {
    const index = ctx.gfx.layer.getReorderedIndex(model, type);

    // block should be updated in transaction
--- a/blocksuite/affine/blocks/surface/package.json
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/blocks/surface/package.json
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
    "zod": "^3.25.76"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
-    "vitest": "^3.2.4"
+    "vitest": "^4.0.18"
  },
  "exports": {
    ".": "./src/index.ts",
--- a/blocksuite/affine/blocks/surface/src/renderer/canvas-renderer.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/blocks/surface/src/renderer/canvas-renderer.ts
@@ -2,16 +2,24 @@ import { type Color, ColorScheme } from '@blocksuite/affine-model';
 import { FeatureFlagService } from '@blocksuite/affine-shared/services';
 import { requestConnectedFrame } from '@blocksuite/affine-shared/utils';
 import { DisposableGroup } from '@blocksuite/global/disposable';
-import type { IBound } from '@blocksuite/global/gfx';
-import { getBoundWithRotation, intersects } from '@blocksuite/global/gfx';
+import {
+  Bound,
+  getBoundWithRotation,
+  type IBound,
+  intersects,
+} from '@blocksuite/global/gfx';
 import type { BlockStdScope } from '@blocksuite/std';
 import type {
  GfxCompatibleInterface,
+  GfxController,
+  GfxLocalElementModel,
  GridManager,
  LayerManager,
  SurfaceBlockModel,
  Viewport,
 } from '@blocksuite/std/gfx';
+import { GfxControllerIdentifier } from '@blocksuite/std/gfx';
+import { effect } from '@preact/signals-core';
 import last from 'lodash-es/last';
 import { Subject } from 'rxjs';

@@ -40,11 +48,82 @@ type RendererOptions = {
  surfaceModel: SurfaceBlockModel;
 };

+export type CanvasRenderPassMetrics = {
+  overlayCount: number;
+  placeholderElementCount: number;
+  renderByBoundCallCount: number;
+  renderedElementCount: number;
+  visibleElementCount: number;
+};
+
+export type CanvasMemorySnapshot = {
+  bytes: number;
+  datasetLayerId: string | null;
+  height: number;
+  kind: 'main' | 'stacking';
+  width: number;
+  zIndex: string;
+};
+
+export type CanvasRendererDebugMetrics = {
+  canvasLayerCount: number;
+  canvasMemoryBytes: number;
+  canvasMemorySnapshots: CanvasMemorySnapshot[];
+  canvasMemoryMegabytes: number;
+  canvasPixelCount: number;
+  coalescedRefreshCount: number;
+  dirtyLayerRenderCount: number;
+  fallbackElementCount: number;
+  lastRenderDurationMs: number;
+  lastRenderMetrics: CanvasRenderPassMetrics;
+  maxRenderDurationMs: number;
+  pooledStackingCanvasCount: number;
+  refreshCount: number;
+  renderCount: number;
+  stackingCanvasCount: number;
+  totalLayerCount: number;
+  totalRenderDurationMs: number;
+  visibleStackingCanvasCount: number;
+};
+
+type MutableCanvasRendererDebugMetrics = Omit<
+  CanvasRendererDebugMetrics,
+  | 'canvasLayerCount'
+  | 'canvasMemoryBytes'
+  | 'canvasMemoryMegabytes'
+  | 'canvasPixelCount'
+  | 'canvasMemorySnapshots'
+  | 'pooledStackingCanvasCount'
+  | 'stackingCanvasCount'
+  | 'totalLayerCount'
+  | 'visibleStackingCanvasCount'
+>;
+
+type RenderPassStats = CanvasRenderPassMetrics;
+
+type StackingCanvasState = {
+  bound: Bound | null;
+  layerId: string | null;
+};
+
+type RefreshTarget =
+  | { type: 'all' }
+  | { type: 'main' }
+  | { type: 'element'; element: SurfaceElementModel | GfxLocalElementModel }
+  | {
+      type: 'elements';
+      elements: Array<SurfaceElementModel | GfxLocalElementModel>;
+    };
+
+const STACKING_CANVAS_PADDING = 32;
+
 export class CanvasRenderer {
  private _container!: HTMLElement;

  private readonly _disposables = new DisposableGroup();

+  private readonly _gfx: GfxController;
+
  private readonly _turboEnabled: () => boolean;

  private readonly _overlays = new Set<Overlay>();
@@ -53,6 +132,37 @@ export class CanvasRenderer {

  private _stackingCanvas: HTMLCanvasElement[] = [];

+  private readonly _stackingCanvasPool: HTMLCanvasElement[] = [];
+
+  private readonly _stackingCanvasState = new WeakMap<
+    HTMLCanvasElement,
+    StackingCanvasState
+  >();
+
+  private readonly _dirtyStackingCanvasIndexes = new Set<number>();
+
+  private _mainCanvasDirty = true;
+
+  private _needsFullRender = true;
+
+  private _debugMetrics: MutableCanvasRendererDebugMetrics = {
+    refreshCount: 0,
+    coalescedRefreshCount: 0,
+    renderCount: 0,
+    totalRenderDurationMs: 0,
+    lastRenderDurationMs: 0,
+    maxRenderDurationMs: 0,
+    lastRenderMetrics: {
+      renderByBoundCallCount: 0,
+      visibleElementCount: 0,
+      renderedElementCount: 0,
+      placeholderElementCount: 0,
+      overlayCount: 0,
+    },
+    dirtyLayerRenderCount: 0,
+    fallbackElementCount: 0,
+  };
+
  canvas: HTMLCanvasElement;

  ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D;
@@ -89,6 +199,7 @@ export class CanvasRenderer {
    this.layerManager = options.layerManager;
    this.grid = options.gridManager;
    this.provider = options.provider ?? {};
+    this._gfx = this.std.get(GfxControllerIdentifier);

    this._turboEnabled = () => {
      const featureFlagService = options.std.get(FeatureFlagService);
@@ -132,15 +243,199 @@ export class CanvasRenderer {
    };
  }

+  private _applyStackingCanvasLayout(
+    canvas: HTMLCanvasElement,
+    bound: Bound | null,
+    dpr = window.devicePixelRatio
+  ) {
+    const state =
+      this._stackingCanvasState.get(canvas) ??
+      ({
+        bound: null,
+        layerId: canvas.dataset.layerId ?? null,
+      } satisfies StackingCanvasState);
+
+    if (!bound || bound.w <= 0 || bound.h <= 0) {
+      canvas.style.display = 'none';
+      canvas.style.left = '0px';
+      canvas.style.top = '0px';
+      canvas.style.width = '0px';
+      canvas.style.height = '0px';
+      canvas.style.transform = '';
+      canvas.width = 0;
+      canvas.height = 0;
+      state.bound = null;
+      state.layerId = canvas.dataset.layerId ?? null;
+      this._stackingCanvasState.set(canvas, state);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const { viewportBounds, zoom, viewScale } = this.viewport;
+    const width = bound.w * zoom;
+    const height = bound.h * zoom;
+    const left = (bound.x - viewportBounds.x) * zoom;
+    const top = (bound.y - viewportBounds.y) * zoom;
+    const actualWidth = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(width * dpr));
+    const actualHeight = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(height * dpr));
+    const transform = `translate(${left}px, ${top}px) scale(${1 / viewScale})`;
+
+    if (canvas.style.display !== 'block') {
+      canvas.style.display = 'block';
+    }
+    if (canvas.style.left !== '0px') {
+      canvas.style.left = '0px';
+    }
+    if (canvas.style.top !== '0px') {
+      canvas.style.top = '0px';
+    }
+    if (canvas.style.width !== `${width}px`) {
+      canvas.style.width = `${width}px`;
+    }
+    if (canvas.style.height !== `${height}px`) {
+      canvas.style.height = `${height}px`;
+    }
+    if (canvas.style.transform !== transform) {
+      canvas.style.transform = transform;
+    }
+    if (canvas.style.transformOrigin !== 'top left') {
+      canvas.style.transformOrigin = 'top left';
+    }
+
+    if (canvas.width !== actualWidth) {
+      canvas.width = actualWidth;
+    }
+
+    if (canvas.height !== actualHeight) {
+      canvas.height = actualHeight;
+    }
+
+    state.bound = bound;
+    state.layerId = canvas.dataset.layerId ?? null;
+    this._stackingCanvasState.set(canvas, state);
+  }
+
+  private _clampBoundToViewport(bound: Bound, viewportBounds: Bound) {
+    const minX = Math.max(bound.x, viewportBounds.x);
+    const minY = Math.max(bound.y, viewportBounds.y);
+    const maxX = Math.min(bound.maxX, viewportBounds.maxX);
+    const maxY = Math.min(bound.maxY, viewportBounds.maxY);
+
+    if (maxX <= minX || maxY <= minY) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    return new Bound(minX, minY, maxX - minX, maxY - minY);
+  }
+
+  private _createCanvasForLayer(
+    onCreated?: (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) => void
+  ) {
+    const reused = this._stackingCanvasPool.pop();
+
+    if (reused) {
+      return reused;
+    }
+
+    const created = document.createElement('canvas');
+    onCreated?.(created);
+    return created;
+  }
+
+  private _findLayerIndexByElement(
+    element: SurfaceElementModel | GfxLocalElementModel
+  ) {
+    const canvasLayers = this.layerManager.getCanvasLayers();
+    const index = canvasLayers.findIndex(layer =>
+      layer.elements.some(layerElement => layerElement.id === element.id)
+    );
+
+    return index === -1 ? null : index;
+  }
+
+  private _getLayerRenderBound(
+    elements: SurfaceElementModel[],
+    viewportBounds: Bound
+  ) {
+    let layerBound: Bound | null = null;
+
+    for (const element of elements) {
+      const display = (element.display ?? true) && !element.hidden;
+
+      if (!display) {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      const elementBound = Bound.from(getBoundWithRotation(element));
+
+      if (!intersects(elementBound, viewportBounds)) {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      layerBound = layerBound ? layerBound.unite(elementBound) : elementBound;
+    }
+
+    if (!layerBound) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    return this._clampBoundToViewport(
+      layerBound.expand(STACKING_CANVAS_PADDING),
+      viewportBounds
+    );
+  }
+
+  private _getResolvedStackingCanvasBound(
+    canvas: HTMLCanvasElement,
+    bound: Bound | null
+  ) {
+    if (!bound || !this._gfx.tool.dragging$.peek()) {
+      return bound;
+    }
+
+    const previousBound = this._stackingCanvasState.get(canvas)?.bound;
+
+    return previousBound ? previousBound.unite(bound) : bound;
+  }
+
+  private _invalidate(target: RefreshTarget = { type: 'all' }) {
+    if (target.type === 'all') {
+      this._needsFullRender = true;
+      this._mainCanvasDirty = true;
+      this._dirtyStackingCanvasIndexes.clear();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (this._needsFullRender) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (target.type === 'main') {
+      this._mainCanvasDirty = true;
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const elements =
+      target.type === 'element' ? [target.element] : target.elements;
+
+    for (const element of elements) {
+      const layerIndex = this._findLayerIndexByElement(element);
+
+      if (layerIndex === null || layerIndex >= this._stackingCanvas.length) {
+        this._mainCanvasDirty = true;
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      this._dirtyStackingCanvasIndexes.add(layerIndex);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private _resetPooledCanvas(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) {
+    canvas.dataset.layerId = '';
+    this._applyStackingCanvasLayout(canvas, null);
+  }
+
  private _initStackingCanvas(onCreated?: (canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) => void) {
    const layer = this.layerManager;
-    const updateStackingCanvasSize = (canvases: HTMLCanvasElement[]) => {
-      this._stackingCanvas = canvases;
-
-      const sizeUpdater = this._canvasSizeUpdater();
-
-      canvases.filter(sizeUpdater.filter).forEach(sizeUpdater.update);
-    };
    const updateStackingCanvas = () => {
      /**
       * we already have a main canvas, so the last layer should be skipped
@@ -159,11 +454,7 @@ export class CanvasRenderer {
        const created = i < currentCanvases.length;
        const canvas = created
          ? currentCanvases[i]
-          : document.createElement('canvas');
-
-        if (!created) {
-          onCreated?.(canvas);
-        }
+          : this._createCanvasForLayer(onCreated);

        canvas.dataset.layerId = `[${layer.indexes[0]}--${layer.indexes[1]}]`;
        canvas.style.zIndex = layer.zIndex.toString();
@@ -171,7 +462,6 @@ export class CanvasRenderer {
      }

      this._stackingCanvas = canvases;
-      updateStackingCanvasSize(canvases);

      if (currentCanvases.length !== canvases.length) {
        const diff = canvases.length - currentCanvases.length;
@@ -189,12 +479,16 @@ export class CanvasRenderer {
          payload.added = canvases.slice(-diff);
        } else {
          payload.removed = currentCanvases.slice(diff);
+          payload.removed.forEach(canvas => {
+            this._resetPooledCanvas(canvas);
+            this._stackingCanvasPool.push(canvas);
+          });
        }

        this.stackingCanvasUpdated.next(payload);
      }

-      this.refresh();
+      this.refresh({ type: 'all' });
    };

    this._disposables.add(
@@ -211,7 +505,7 @@ export class CanvasRenderer {

    this._disposables.add(
      this.viewport.viewportUpdated.subscribe(() => {
-        this.refresh();
+        this.refresh({ type: 'all' });
      })
    );

@@ -222,7 +516,6 @@ export class CanvasRenderer {
          sizeUpdatedRafId = null;
          this._resetSize();
          this._render();
-          this.refresh();
        }, this._container);
      })
    );
@@ -233,69 +526,212 @@ export class CanvasRenderer {

        if (this.usePlaceholder !== shouldRenderPlaceholders) {
          this.usePlaceholder = shouldRenderPlaceholders;
-          this.refresh();
+          this.refresh({ type: 'all' });
        }
      })
    );

+    let wasDragging = false;
+    this._disposables.add(
+      effect(() => {
+        const isDragging = this._gfx.tool.dragging$.value;
+
+        if (wasDragging && !isDragging) {
+          this.refresh({ type: 'all' });
+        }
+
+        wasDragging = isDragging;
+      })
+    );
+
    this.usePlaceholder = false;
  }

+  private _createRenderPassStats(): RenderPassStats {
+    return {
+      renderByBoundCallCount: 0,
+      visibleElementCount: 0,
+      renderedElementCount: 0,
+      placeholderElementCount: 0,
+      overlayCount: 0,
+    };
+  }
+
+  private _getCanvasMemorySnapshots(): CanvasMemorySnapshot[] {
+    return [this.canvas, ...this._stackingCanvas].map((canvas, index) => {
+      return {
+        kind: index === 0 ? 'main' : 'stacking',
+        width: canvas.width,
+        height: canvas.height,
+        bytes: canvas.width * canvas.height * 4,
+        zIndex: canvas.style.zIndex,
+        datasetLayerId: canvas.dataset.layerId ?? null,
+      };
+    });
+  }
+
  private _render() {
+    const renderStart = performance.now();
    const { viewportBounds, zoom } = this.viewport;
    const { ctx } = this;
    const dpr = window.devicePixelRatio;
    const scale = zoom * dpr;
    const matrix = new DOMMatrix().scaleSelf(scale);
+    const renderStats = this._createRenderPassStats();
+    const fullRender = this._needsFullRender;
+    const stackingIndexesToRender = fullRender
+      ? this._stackingCanvas.map((_, idx) => idx)
+      : [...this._dirtyStackingCanvasIndexes];
    /**
     * if a layer does not have a corresponding canvas
     * its element will be add to this array and drawing on the
     * main canvas
     */
    let fallbackElement: SurfaceElementModel[] = [];
+    const allCanvasLayers = this.layerManager.getCanvasLayers();
+    const viewportBound = Bound.from(viewportBounds);

-    this.layerManager.getCanvasLayers().forEach((layer, idx) => {
-      if (!this._stackingCanvas[idx]) {
-        fallbackElement = fallbackElement.concat(layer.elements);
-        return;
+    for (const idx of stackingIndexesToRender) {
+      const layer = allCanvasLayers[idx];
+      const canvas = this._stackingCanvas[idx];
+
+      if (!layer || !canvas) {
+        continue;
      }

-      const canvas = this._stackingCanvas[idx];
-      const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d') as CanvasRenderingContext2D;
-      const rc = new RoughCanvas(ctx.canvas);
+      const layerRenderBound = this._getLayerRenderBound(
+        layer.elements,
+        viewportBound
+      );
+      const resolvedLayerRenderBound = this._getResolvedStackingCanvasBound(
+        canvas,
+        layerRenderBound
+      );

-      ctx.clearRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
+      this._applyStackingCanvasLayout(canvas, resolvedLayerRenderBound);
+
+      if (
+        !resolvedLayerRenderBound ||
+        canvas.width === 0 ||
+        canvas.height === 0
+      ) {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      const layerCtx = canvas.getContext('2d') as CanvasRenderingContext2D;
+      const layerRc = new RoughCanvas(layerCtx.canvas);
+
+      layerCtx.clearRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
+      layerCtx.save();
+      layerCtx.setTransform(matrix);
+
+      this._renderByBound(
+        layerCtx,
+        matrix,
+        layerRc,
+        resolvedLayerRenderBound,
+        layer.elements,
+        false,
+        renderStats
+      );
+    }
+
+    if (fullRender || this._mainCanvasDirty) {
+      allCanvasLayers.forEach((layer, idx) => {
+        if (!this._stackingCanvas[idx]) {
+          fallbackElement = fallbackElement.concat(layer.elements);
+        }
+      });
+
+      ctx.clearRect(0, 0, this.canvas.width, this.canvas.height);
      ctx.save();
      ctx.setTransform(matrix);

-      this._renderByBound(ctx, matrix, rc, viewportBounds, layer.elements);
-    });
+      this._renderByBound(
+        ctx,
+        matrix,
+        new RoughCanvas(ctx.canvas),
+        viewportBounds,
+        fallbackElement,
+        true,
+        renderStats
+      );
+    }

-    ctx.clearRect(0, 0, this.canvas.width, this.canvas.height);
-    ctx.save();
-
-    ctx.setTransform(matrix);
-
-    this._renderByBound(
-      ctx,
-      matrix,
-      new RoughCanvas(ctx.canvas),
-      viewportBounds,
-      fallbackElement,
-      true
+    const canvasMemorySnapshots = this._getCanvasMemorySnapshots();
+    const canvasMemoryBytes = canvasMemorySnapshots.reduce(
+      (sum, snapshot) => sum + snapshot.bytes,
+      0
    );
+    const layerTypes = this.layerManager.layers.map(layer => layer.type);
+    const renderDurationMs = performance.now() - renderStart;
+
+    this._debugMetrics.renderCount += 1;
+    this._debugMetrics.totalRenderDurationMs += renderDurationMs;
+    this._debugMetrics.lastRenderDurationMs = renderDurationMs;
+    this._debugMetrics.maxRenderDurationMs = Math.max(
+      this._debugMetrics.maxRenderDurationMs,
+      renderDurationMs
+    );
+    this._debugMetrics.lastRenderMetrics = renderStats;
+    this._debugMetrics.fallbackElementCount = fallbackElement.length;
+    this._debugMetrics.dirtyLayerRenderCount = stackingIndexesToRender.length;
+
+    this._lastDebugSnapshot = {
+      canvasMemorySnapshots,
+      canvasMemoryBytes,
+      canvasPixelCount: canvasMemorySnapshots.reduce(
+        (sum, snapshot) => sum + snapshot.width * snapshot.height,
+        0
+      ),
+      stackingCanvasCount: this._stackingCanvas.length,
+      canvasLayerCount: layerTypes.filter(type => type === 'canvas').length,
+      totalLayerCount: layerTypes.length,
+      pooledStackingCanvasCount: this._stackingCanvasPool.length,
+      visibleStackingCanvasCount: this._stackingCanvas.filter(
+        canvas => canvas.width > 0 && canvas.height > 0
+      ).length,
+    };
+
+    this._needsFullRender = false;
+    this._mainCanvasDirty = false;
+    this._dirtyStackingCanvasIndexes.clear();
  }

+  private _lastDebugSnapshot: Pick<
+    CanvasRendererDebugMetrics,
+    | 'canvasMemoryBytes'
+    | 'canvasMemorySnapshots'
+    | 'canvasPixelCount'
+    | 'canvasLayerCount'
+    | 'pooledStackingCanvasCount'
+    | 'stackingCanvasCount'
+    | 'totalLayerCount'
+    | 'visibleStackingCanvasCount'
+  > = {
+    canvasMemoryBytes: 0,
+    canvasMemorySnapshots: [],
+    canvasPixelCount: 0,
+    canvasLayerCount: 0,
+    pooledStackingCanvasCount: 0,
+    stackingCanvasCount: 0,
+    totalLayerCount: 0,
+    visibleStackingCanvasCount: 0,
+  };
+
  private _renderByBound(
    ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D | null,
    matrix: DOMMatrix,
    rc: RoughCanvas,
    bound: IBound,
    surfaceElements?: SurfaceElementModel[],
-    overLay: boolean = false
+    overLay: boolean = false,
+    renderStats?: RenderPassStats
  ) {
    if (!ctx) return;

+    renderStats && (renderStats.renderByBoundCallCount += 1);
+
    const elements =
      surfaceElements ??
      (this.grid.search(bound, {
@@ -305,10 +741,12 @@ export class CanvasRenderer {
    for (const element of elements) {
      const display = (element.display ?? true) && !element.hidden;
      if (display && intersects(getBoundWithRotation(element), bound)) {
+        renderStats && (renderStats.visibleElementCount += 1);
        if (
          this.usePlaceholder &&
          !(element as GfxCompatibleInterface).forceFullRender
        ) {
+          renderStats && (renderStats.placeholderElementCount += 1);
          ctx.save();
          ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(200, 200, 200, 0.5)';
          const drawX = element.x - bound.x;
@@ -316,6 +754,7 @@ export class CanvasRenderer {
          ctx.fillRect(drawX, drawY, element.w, element.h);
          ctx.restore();
        } else {
+          renderStats && (renderStats.renderedElementCount += 1);
          ctx.save();
          const renderFn = this.std.getOptional<ElementRenderer>(
            ElementRendererIdentifier(element.type)
@@ -333,6 +772,7 @@ export class CanvasRenderer {
    }

    if (overLay) {
+      renderStats && (renderStats.overlayCount += this._overlays.size);
      for (const overlay of this._overlays) {
        ctx.save();
        ctx.translate(-bound.x, -bound.y);
@@ -348,33 +788,38 @@ export class CanvasRenderer {
    const sizeUpdater = this._canvasSizeUpdater();

    sizeUpdater.update(this.canvas);
-
-    this._stackingCanvas.forEach(sizeUpdater.update);
-    this.refresh();
+    this._invalidate({ type: 'all' });
  }

  private _watchSurface(surfaceModel: SurfaceBlockModel) {
    this._disposables.add(
-      surfaceModel.elementAdded.subscribe(() => this.refresh())
+      surfaceModel.elementAdded.subscribe(() => this.refresh({ type: 'all' }))
    );
    this._disposables.add(
-      surfaceModel.elementRemoved.subscribe(() => this.refresh())
+      surfaceModel.elementRemoved.subscribe(() => this.refresh({ type: 'all' }))
    );
    this._disposables.add(
-      surfaceModel.localElementAdded.subscribe(() => this.refresh())
+      surfaceModel.localElementAdded.subscribe(() =>
+        this.refresh({ type: 'all' })
+      )
    );
    this._disposables.add(
-      surfaceModel.localElementDeleted.subscribe(() => this.refresh())
+      surfaceModel.localElementDeleted.subscribe(() =>
+        this.refresh({ type: 'all' })
+      )
    );
    this._disposables.add(
-      surfaceModel.localElementUpdated.subscribe(() => this.refresh())
+      surfaceModel.localElementUpdated.subscribe(({ model }) => {
+        this.refresh({ type: 'element', element: model });
+      })
    );

    this._disposables.add(
      surfaceModel.elementUpdated.subscribe(payload => {
        // ignore externalXYWH update cause it's updated by the renderer
        if (payload.props['externalXYWH']) return;
-        this.refresh();
+        const element = surfaceModel.getElementById(payload.id);
+        this.refresh(element ? { type: 'element', element } : { type: 'all' });
      })
    );
  }
@@ -382,7 +827,7 @@ export class CanvasRenderer {
  addOverlay(overlay: Overlay) {
    overlay.setRenderer(this);
    this._overlays.add(overlay);
-    this.refresh();
+    this.refresh({ type: 'main' });
  }

  /**
@@ -394,7 +839,7 @@ export class CanvasRenderer {
    container.append(this.canvas);

    this._resetSize();
-    this.refresh();
+    this.refresh({ type: 'all' });
  }

  dispose(): void {
@@ -453,8 +898,46 @@ export class CanvasRenderer {
    return this.provider.getPropertyValue?.(property) ?? '';
  }

-  refresh() {
-    if (this._refreshRafId !== null) return;
+  getDebugMetrics(): CanvasRendererDebugMetrics {
+    return {
+      ...this._debugMetrics,
+      ...this._lastDebugSnapshot,
+      canvasMemoryMegabytes:
+        this._lastDebugSnapshot.canvasMemoryBytes / 1024 / 1024,
+    };
+  }
+
+  resetDebugMetrics() {
+    this._debugMetrics = {
+      refreshCount: 0,
+      coalescedRefreshCount: 0,
+      renderCount: 0,
+      totalRenderDurationMs: 0,
+      lastRenderDurationMs: 0,
+      maxRenderDurationMs: 0,
+      lastRenderMetrics: this._createRenderPassStats(),
+      dirtyLayerRenderCount: 0,
+      fallbackElementCount: 0,
+    };
+    this._lastDebugSnapshot = {
+      canvasMemoryBytes: 0,
+      canvasMemorySnapshots: [],
+      canvasPixelCount: 0,
+      canvasLayerCount: 0,
+      pooledStackingCanvasCount: 0,
+      stackingCanvasCount: 0,
+      totalLayerCount: 0,
+      visibleStackingCanvasCount: 0,
+    };
+  }
+
+  refresh(target: RefreshTarget = { type: 'all' }) {
+    this._debugMetrics.refreshCount += 1;
+    this._invalidate(target);
+    if (this._refreshRafId !== null) {
+      this._debugMetrics.coalescedRefreshCount += 1;
+      return;
+    }

    this._refreshRafId = requestConnectedFrame(() => {
      this._refreshRafId = null;
@@ -469,6 +952,6 @@ export class CanvasRenderer {

    overlay.setRenderer(null);
    this._overlays.delete(overlay);
-    this.refresh();
+    this.refresh({ type: 'main' });
  }
 }
--- a/blocksuite/affine/blocks/surface/src/renderer/dom-renderer.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/blocks/surface/src/renderer/dom-renderer.ts
@@ -354,30 +354,37 @@ export class DomRenderer {
    this._disposables.add(
      surfaceModel.elementAdded.subscribe(payload => {
        this._markElementDirty(payload.id, UpdateType.ELEMENT_ADDED);
+        this._markViewportDirty();
        this.refresh();
      })
    );
    this._disposables.add(
      surfaceModel.elementRemoved.subscribe(payload => {
        this._markElementDirty(payload.id, UpdateType.ELEMENT_REMOVED);
+        this._markViewportDirty();
        this.refresh();
      })
    );
    this._disposables.add(
      surfaceModel.localElementAdded.subscribe(payload => {
        this._markElementDirty(payload.id, UpdateType.ELEMENT_ADDED);
+        this._markViewportDirty();
        this.refresh();
      })
    );
    this._disposables.add(
      surfaceModel.localElementDeleted.subscribe(payload => {
        this._markElementDirty(payload.id, UpdateType.ELEMENT_REMOVED);
+        this._markViewportDirty();
        this.refresh();
      })
    );
    this._disposables.add(
      surfaceModel.localElementUpdated.subscribe(payload => {
        this._markElementDirty(payload.model.id, UpdateType.ELEMENT_UPDATED);
+        if (payload.props['index'] || payload.props['groupId']) {
+          this._markViewportDirty();
+        }
        this.refresh();
      })
    );
@@ -387,6 +394,9 @@ export class DomRenderer {
        // ignore externalXYWH update cause it's updated by the renderer
        if (payload.props['externalXYWH']) return;
        this._markElementDirty(payload.id, UpdateType.ELEMENT_UPDATED);
+        if (payload.props['index'] || payload.props['childIds']) {
+          this._markViewportDirty();
+        }
        this.refresh();
      })
    );
--- a/blocksuite/affine/data-view/package.json
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/data-view/package.json
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
    "zod": "^3.25.76"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
-    "vitest": "^3.2.4"
+    "vitest": "^4.0.18"
  },
  "exports": {
    ".": "./src/index.ts",
--- a/blocksuite/affine/ext-loader/package.json
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/ext-loader/package.json
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
    "zod": "^3.25.76"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
-    "vitest": "^3.2.4"
+    "vitest": "^4.0.18"
  },
  "exports": {
    ".": "./src/index.ts"
--- a/blocksuite/affine/ext-loader/vitest.config.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/ext-loader/vitest.config.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ export default defineConfig({
    include: ['src/__tests__/**/*.unit.spec.ts'],
    testTimeout: 500,
    coverage: {
-      provider: 'istanbul', // or 'c8'
+      provider: 'istanbul',
      reporter: ['lcov'],
      reportsDirectory: '../../../.coverage/ext-loader',
    },
--- a/blocksuite/affine/gfx/brush/src/renderer/dom/brush.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/gfx/brush/src/renderer/dom/brush.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ import {
 import type { BrushElementModel } from '@blocksuite/affine-model';
 import { DefaultTheme } from '@blocksuite/affine-model';

+import { renderBrushLikeDom } from './shared';
+
 export const BrushDomRendererExtension = DomElementRendererExtension(
  'brush',
  (
@@ -12,58 +14,11 @@ export const BrushDomRendererExtension = DomElementRendererExtension(
    domElement: HTMLElement,
    renderer: DomRenderer
  ) => {
-    const { zoom } = renderer.viewport;
-    const [, , w, h] = model.deserializedXYWH;
-
-    // Early return if invalid dimensions
-    if (w <= 0 || h <= 0) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    // Early return if no commands
-    if (!model.commands) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    // Clear previous content
-    domElement.innerHTML = '';
-
-    // Get color value
-    const color = renderer.getColorValue(model.color, DefaultTheme.black, true);
-
-    // Create SVG element
-    const svg = document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', 'svg');
-    svg.style.position = 'absolute';
-    svg.style.left = '0';
-    svg.style.top = '0';
-    svg.style.width = `${w * zoom}px`;
-    svg.style.height = `${h * zoom}px`;
-    svg.style.overflow = 'visible';
-    svg.style.pointerEvents = 'none';
-    svg.setAttribute('viewBox', `0 0 ${w} ${h}`);
-
-    // Apply rotation transform
-    if (model.rotate !== 0) {
-      svg.style.transform = `rotate(${model.rotate}deg)`;
-      svg.style.transformOrigin = 'center';
-    }
-
-    // Create path element for the brush stroke
-    const pathElement = document.createElementNS(
-      'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg',
-      'path'
-    );
-    pathElement.setAttribute('d', model.commands);
-    pathElement.setAttribute('fill', color);
-    pathElement.setAttribute('stroke', 'none');
-
-    svg.append(pathElement);
-    domElement.replaceChildren(svg);
-
-    // Set element size and position
-    domElement.style.width = `${w * zoom}px`;
-    domElement.style.height = `${h * zoom}px`;
-    domElement.style.overflow = 'visible';
-    domElement.style.pointerEvents = 'none';
+    renderBrushLikeDom({
+      model,
+      domElement,
+      renderer,
+      color: renderer.getColorValue(model.color, DefaultTheme.black, true),
+    });
  }
 );
--- a/blocksuite/affine/gfx/brush/src/renderer/dom/highlighter.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/gfx/brush/src/renderer/dom/highlighter.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ import {
 import type { HighlighterElementModel } from '@blocksuite/affine-model';
 import { DefaultTheme } from '@blocksuite/affine-model';

+import { renderBrushLikeDom } from './shared';
+
 export const HighlighterDomRendererExtension = DomElementRendererExtension(
  'highlighter',
  (
@@ -12,62 +14,15 @@ export const HighlighterDomRendererExtension = DomElementRendererExtension(
    domElement: HTMLElement,
    renderer: DomRenderer
  ) => {
-    const { zoom } = renderer.viewport;
-    const [, , w, h] = model.deserializedXYWH;
-
-    // Early return if invalid dimensions
-    if (w <= 0 || h <= 0) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    // Early return if no commands
-    if (!model.commands) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    // Clear previous content
-    domElement.innerHTML = '';
-
-    // Get color value
-    const color = renderer.getColorValue(
-      model.color,
-      DefaultTheme.hightlighterColor,
-      true
-    );
-
-    // Create SVG element
-    const svg = document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', 'svg');
-    svg.style.position = 'absolute';
-    svg.style.left = '0';
-    svg.style.top = '0';
-    svg.style.width = `${w * zoom}px`;
-    svg.style.height = `${h * zoom}px`;
-    svg.style.overflow = 'visible';
-    svg.style.pointerEvents = 'none';
-    svg.setAttribute('viewBox', `0 0 ${w} ${h}`);
-
-    // Apply rotation transform
-    if (model.rotate !== 0) {
-      svg.style.transform = `rotate(${model.rotate}deg)`;
-      svg.style.transformOrigin = 'center';
-    }
-
-    // Create path element for the highlighter stroke
-    const pathElement = document.createElementNS(
-      'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg',
-      'path'
-    );
-    pathElement.setAttribute('d', model.commands);
-    pathElement.setAttribute('fill', color);
-    pathElement.setAttribute('stroke', 'none');
-
-    svg.append(pathElement);
-    domElement.replaceChildren(svg);
-
-    // Set element size and position
-    domElement.style.width = `${w * zoom}px`;
-    domElement.style.height = `${h * zoom}px`;
-    domElement.style.overflow = 'visible';
-    domElement.style.pointerEvents = 'none';
+    renderBrushLikeDom({
+      model,
+      domElement,
+      renderer,
+      color: renderer.getColorValue(
+        model.color,
+        DefaultTheme.hightlighterColor,
+        true
+      ),
+    });
  }
 );
--- a/blocksuite/affine/gfx/brush/src/renderer/dom/shared.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/gfx/brush/src/renderer/dom/shared.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+import type { DomRenderer } from '@blocksuite/affine-block-surface';
+import type {
+  BrushElementModel,
+  HighlighterElementModel,
+} from '@blocksuite/affine-model';
+
+const SVG_NS = 'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg';
+
+type BrushLikeModel = BrushElementModel | HighlighterElementModel;
+
+type RetainedBrushDom = {
+  path: SVGPathElement;
+  svg: SVGSVGElement;
+};
+
+const retainedBrushDom = new WeakMap<HTMLElement, RetainedBrushDom>();
+
+function clearBrushLikeDom(domElement: HTMLElement) {
+  retainedBrushDom.delete(domElement);
+  domElement.replaceChildren();
+}
+
+function getRetainedBrushDom(domElement: HTMLElement) {
+  const existing = retainedBrushDom.get(domElement);
+
+  if (existing) {
+    return existing;
+  }
+
+  const svg = document.createElementNS(SVG_NS, 'svg');
+  svg.style.position = 'absolute';
+  svg.style.left = '0';
+  svg.style.top = '0';
+  svg.style.overflow = 'visible';
+  svg.style.pointerEvents = 'none';
+
+  const path = document.createElementNS(SVG_NS, 'path');
+  path.setAttribute('stroke', 'none');
+  svg.append(path);
+
+  const retained = { svg, path };
+  retainedBrushDom.set(domElement, retained);
+  domElement.replaceChildren(svg);
+
+  return retained;
+}
+
+export function renderBrushLikeDom({
+  color,
+  domElement,
+  model,
+  renderer,
+}: {
+  color: string;
+  domElement: HTMLElement;
+  model: BrushLikeModel;
+  renderer: DomRenderer;
+}) {
+  const { zoom } = renderer.viewport;
+  const [, , w, h] = model.deserializedXYWH;
+
+  if (w <= 0 || h <= 0 || !model.commands) {
+    clearBrushLikeDom(domElement);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const { path, svg } = getRetainedBrushDom(domElement);
+
+  svg.style.width = `${w * zoom}px`;
+  svg.style.height = `${h * zoom}px`;
+  svg.style.transform = model.rotate === 0 ? '' : `rotate(${model.rotate}deg)`;
+  svg.style.transformOrigin = model.rotate === 0 ? '' : 'center';
+  svg.setAttribute('viewBox', `0 0 ${w} ${h}`);
+
+  path.setAttribute('d', model.commands);
+  path.setAttribute('fill', color);
+
+  domElement.style.width = `${w * zoom}px`;
+  domElement.style.height = `${h * zoom}px`;
+  domElement.style.overflow = 'visible';
+  domElement.style.pointerEvents = 'none';
+}
--- a/blocksuite/affine/gfx/connector/src/renderer/dom-renderer.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/gfx/connector/src/renderer/dom-renderer.ts
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ import { PointLocation, SVGPathBuilder } from '@blocksuite/global/gfx';
 import { isConnectorWithLabel } from '../connector-manager';
 import { DEFAULT_ARROW_SIZE } from './utils';

+const SVG_NS = 'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg';
+
 interface PathBounds {
  minX: number;
  minY: number;
@@ -21,6 +23,15 @@ interface PathBounds {
  maxY: number;
 }

+type RetainedConnectorDom = {
+  defs: SVGDefsElement;
+  label: HTMLDivElement | null;
+  path: SVGPathElement;
+  svg: SVGSVGElement;
+};
+
+const retainedConnectorDom = new WeakMap<HTMLElement, RetainedConnectorDom>();
+
 function calculatePathBounds(path: PointLocation[]): PathBounds {
  if (path.length === 0) {
    return { minX: 0, minY: 0, maxX: 0, maxY: 0 };
@@ -81,10 +92,7 @@ function createArrowMarker(
  strokeWidth: number,
  isStart: boolean = false
 ): SVGMarkerElement {
-  const marker = document.createElementNS(
-    'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg',
-    'marker'
-  );
+  const marker = document.createElementNS(SVG_NS, 'marker');
  const size = DEFAULT_ARROW_SIZE * (strokeWidth / 2);

  marker.id = id;
@@ -98,10 +106,7 @@ function createArrowMarker(

  switch (style) {
    case 'Arrow': {
-      const path = document.createElementNS(
-        'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg',
-        'path'
-      );
+      const path = document.createElementNS(SVG_NS, 'path');
      path.setAttribute(
        'd',
        isStart ? 'M 20 5 L 10 10 L 20 15 Z' : 'M 0 5 L 10 10 L 0 15 Z'
@@ -112,10 +117,7 @@ function createArrowMarker(
      break;
    }
    case 'Triangle': {
-      const path = document.createElementNS(
-        'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg',
-        'path'
-      );
+      const path = document.createElementNS(SVG_NS, 'path');
      path.setAttribute(
        'd',
        isStart ? 'M 20 7 L 12 10 L 20 13 Z' : 'M 0 7 L 8 10 L 0 13 Z'
@@ -126,10 +128,7 @@ function createArrowMarker(
      break;
    }
    case 'Circle': {
-      const circle = document.createElementNS(
-        'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg',
-        'circle'
-      );
+      const circle = document.createElementNS(SVG_NS, 'circle');
      circle.setAttribute('cx', '10');
      circle.setAttribute('cy', '10');
      circle.setAttribute('r', '4');
@@ -139,10 +138,7 @@ function createArrowMarker(
      break;
    }
    case 'Diamond': {
-      const path = document.createElementNS(
-        'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg',
-        'path'
-      );
+      const path = document.createElementNS(SVG_NS, 'path');
      path.setAttribute('d', 'M 10 6 L 14 10 L 10 14 L 6 10 Z');
      path.setAttribute('fill', color);
      path.setAttribute('stroke', color);
@@ -154,13 +150,64 @@ function createArrowMarker(
  return marker;
 }

+function clearRetainedConnectorDom(element: HTMLElement) {
+  retainedConnectorDom.delete(element);
+  element.replaceChildren();
+}
+
+function getRetainedConnectorDom(element: HTMLElement): RetainedConnectorDom {
+  const existing = retainedConnectorDom.get(element);
+
+  if (existing) {
+    return existing;
+  }
+
+  const svg = document.createElementNS(SVG_NS, 'svg');
+  svg.style.position = 'absolute';
+  svg.style.overflow = 'visible';
+  svg.style.pointerEvents = 'none';
+
+  const defs = document.createElementNS(SVG_NS, 'defs');
+  const path = document.createElementNS(SVG_NS, 'path');
+  path.setAttribute('fill', 'none');
+  path.setAttribute('stroke-linecap', 'round');
+  path.setAttribute('stroke-linejoin', 'round');
+
+  svg.append(defs, path);
+  element.replaceChildren(svg);
+
+  const retained = {
+    svg,
+    defs,
+    path,
+    label: null,
+  };
+  retainedConnectorDom.set(element, retained);
+
+  return retained;
+}
+
+function getOrCreateLabelElement(retained: RetainedConnectorDom) {
+  if (retained.label) {
+    return retained.label;
+  }
+
+  const label = document.createElement('div');
+  retained.svg.insertAdjacentElement('afterend', label);
+  retained.label = label;
+
+  return label;
+}
+
 function renderConnectorLabel(
  model: ConnectorElementModel,
-  container: HTMLElement,
+  retained: RetainedConnectorDom,
  renderer: DomRenderer,
  zoom: number
 ) {
  if (!isConnectorWithLabel(model) || !model.labelXYWH) {
+    retained.label?.remove();
+    retained.label = null;
    return;
  }

@@ -176,8 +223,7 @@ function renderConnectorLabel(
    },
  } = model;

-  // Create label element
-  const labelElement = document.createElement('div');
+  const labelElement = getOrCreateLabelElement(retained);
  labelElement.style.position = 'absolute';
  labelElement.style.left = `${lx * zoom}px`;
  labelElement.style.top = `${ly * zoom}px`;
@@ -210,11 +256,7 @@ function renderConnectorLabel(
  labelElement.style.wordWrap = 'break-word';

  // Add text content
-  if (model.text) {
-    labelElement.textContent = model.text.toString();
-  }
-
-  container.append(labelElement);
+  labelElement.textContent = model.text ? model.text.toString() : '';
 }

 /**
@@ -241,14 +283,13 @@ export const connectorBaseDomRenderer = (
    stroke,
  } = model;

-  // Clear previous content
-  element.innerHTML = '';
-
-  // Early return if no path points
  if (!points || points.length < 2) {
+    clearRetainedConnectorDom(element);
    return;
  }

+  const retained = getRetainedConnectorDom(element);
+
  // Calculate bounds for the SVG viewBox
  const pathBounds = calculatePathBounds(points);
  const padding = Math.max(strokeWidth * 2, 20); // Add padding for arrows
@@ -257,8 +298,7 @@ export const connectorBaseDomRenderer = (
  const offsetX = pathBounds.minX - padding;
  const offsetY = pathBounds.minY - padding;

-  // Create SVG element
-  const svg = document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', 'svg');
+  const { defs, path, svg } = retained;
  svg.style.position = 'absolute';
  svg.style.left = `${offsetX * zoom}px`;
  svg.style.top = `${offsetY * zoom}px`;
@@ -268,49 +308,43 @@ export const connectorBaseDomRenderer = (
  svg.style.pointerEvents = 'none';
  svg.setAttribute('viewBox', `0 0 ${svgWidth / zoom} ${svgHeight / zoom}`);

-  // Create defs for markers
-  const defs = document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', 'defs');
-  svg.append(defs);
-
  const strokeColor = renderer.getColorValue(
    stroke,
    DefaultTheme.connectorColor,
    true
  );

-  // Create markers for endpoints
+  const markers: SVGMarkerElement[] = [];
  let startMarkerId = '';
  let endMarkerId = '';

  if (frontEndpointStyle !== 'None') {
    startMarkerId = `start-marker-${model.id}`;
-    const startMarker = createArrowMarker(
-      startMarkerId,
-      frontEndpointStyle,
-      strokeColor,
-      strokeWidth,
-      true
+    markers.push(
+      createArrowMarker(
+        startMarkerId,
+        frontEndpointStyle,
+        strokeColor,
+        strokeWidth,
+        true
+      )
    );
-    defs.append(startMarker);
  }

  if (rearEndpointStyle !== 'None') {
    endMarkerId = `end-marker-${model.id}`;
-    const endMarker = createArrowMarker(
-      endMarkerId,
-      rearEndpointStyle,
-      strokeColor,
-      strokeWidth,
-      false
+    markers.push(
+      createArrowMarker(
+        endMarkerId,
+        rearEndpointStyle,
+        strokeColor,
+        strokeWidth,
+        false
+      )
    );
-    defs.append(endMarker);
  }

-  // Create path element
-  const pathElement = document.createElementNS(
-    'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg',
-    'path'
-  );
+  defs.replaceChildren(...markers);

  // Adjust points relative to the SVG coordinate system
  const adjustedPoints = points.map(point => {
@@ -334,29 +368,25 @@ export const connectorBaseDomRenderer = (
  });

  const pathData = createConnectorPath(adjustedPoints, mode);
-  pathElement.setAttribute('d', pathData);
-  pathElement.setAttribute('stroke', strokeColor);
-  pathElement.setAttribute('stroke-width', String(strokeWidth));
-  pathElement.setAttribute('fill', 'none');
-  pathElement.setAttribute('stroke-linecap', 'round');
-  pathElement.setAttribute('stroke-linejoin', 'round');
-
-  // Apply stroke style
+  path.setAttribute('d', pathData);
+  path.setAttribute('stroke', strokeColor);
+  path.setAttribute('stroke-width', String(strokeWidth));
  if (strokeStyle === 'dash') {
-    pathElement.setAttribute('stroke-dasharray', '12,12');
+    path.setAttribute('stroke-dasharray', '12,12');
+  } else {
+    path.removeAttribute('stroke-dasharray');
  }
-
-  // Apply markers
  if (startMarkerId) {
-    pathElement.setAttribute('marker-start', `url(#${startMarkerId})`);
+    path.setAttribute('marker-start', `url(#${startMarkerId})`);
+  } else {
+    path.removeAttribute('marker-start');
  }
  if (endMarkerId) {
-    pathElement.setAttribute('marker-end', `url(#${endMarkerId})`);
+    path.setAttribute('marker-end', `url(#${endMarkerId})`);
+  } else {
+    path.removeAttribute('marker-end');
  }

-  svg.append(pathElement);
-  element.append(svg);
-
  // Set element size and position
  element.style.width = `${model.w * zoom}px`;
  element.style.height = `${model.h * zoom}px`;
@@ -370,7 +400,11 @@ export const connectorDomRenderer = (
  renderer: DomRenderer
 ): void => {
  connectorBaseDomRenderer(model, element, renderer);
-  renderConnectorLabel(model, element, renderer, renderer.viewport.zoom);
+
+  const retained = retainedConnectorDom.get(element);
+  if (!retained) return;
+
+  renderConnectorLabel(model, retained, renderer, renderer.viewport.zoom);
 };

 /**
--- a/blocksuite/affine/gfx/group/package.json
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/gfx/group/package.json
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
    "zod": "^3.25.76"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
-    "vitest": "^3.2.4"
+    "vitest": "^4.0.18"
  },
  "exports": {
    ".": "./src/index.ts",
--- a/blocksuite/affine/gfx/pointer/package.json
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/gfx/pointer/package.json
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
    "zod": "^3.25.76"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
-    "vitest": "^3.2.4"
+    "vitest": "^4.0.18"
  },
  "exports": {
    ".": "./src/index.ts",
--- a/blocksuite/affine/gfx/shape/src/element-renderer/shape-dom/index.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/gfx/shape/src/element-renderer/shape-dom/index.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,37 @@ import { SVGShapeBuilder } from '@blocksuite/global/gfx';

 import { manageClassNames, setStyles } from './utils';

+const SVG_NS = 'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg';
+
+type RetainedShapeDom = {
+  polygon: SVGPolygonElement | null;
+  svg: SVGSVGElement | null;
+  text: HTMLDivElement | null;
+};
+
+type RetainedShapeSvg = {
+  polygon: SVGPolygonElement;
+  svg: SVGSVGElement;
+};
+
+const retainedShapeDom = new WeakMap<HTMLElement, RetainedShapeDom>();
+
+function getRetainedShapeDom(element: HTMLElement): RetainedShapeDom {
+  const existing = retainedShapeDom.get(element);
+
+  if (existing) {
+    return existing;
+  }
+
+  const retained = {
+    svg: null,
+    polygon: null,
+    text: null,
+  };
+  retainedShapeDom.set(element, retained);
+  return retained;
+}
+
 function applyShapeSpecificStyles(
  model: ShapeElementModel,
  element: HTMLElement,
@@ -14,10 +45,6 @@ function applyShapeSpecificStyles(
  // Reset properties that might be set by different shape types
  element.style.removeProperty('clip-path');
  element.style.removeProperty('border-radius');
-  // Clear DOM for shapes that don't use SVG, or if type changes from SVG-based to non-SVG-based
-  if (model.shapeType !== 'diamond' && model.shapeType !== 'triangle') {
-    while (element.firstChild) element.firstChild.remove();
-  }

  switch (model.shapeType) {
    case 'rect': {
@@ -42,6 +69,54 @@ function applyShapeSpecificStyles(
  // No 'else' needed to clear styles, as they are reset at the beginning of the function.
 }

+function getOrCreateSvg(
+  retained: RetainedShapeDom,
+  element: HTMLElement
+): RetainedShapeSvg {
+  if (retained.svg && retained.polygon) {
+    return {
+      svg: retained.svg,
+      polygon: retained.polygon,
+    };
+  }
+
+  const svg = document.createElementNS(SVG_NS, 'svg');
+  svg.setAttribute('width', '100%');
+  svg.setAttribute('height', '100%');
+  svg.setAttribute('preserveAspectRatio', 'none');
+
+  const polygon = document.createElementNS(SVG_NS, 'polygon');
+  svg.append(polygon);
+
+  retained.svg = svg;
+  retained.polygon = polygon;
+  element.prepend(svg);
+
+  return { svg, polygon };
+}
+
+function removeSvg(retained: RetainedShapeDom) {
+  retained.svg?.remove();
+  retained.svg = null;
+  retained.polygon = null;
+}
+
+function getOrCreateText(retained: RetainedShapeDom, element: HTMLElement) {
+  if (retained.text) {
+    return retained.text;
+  }
+
+  const text = document.createElement('div');
+  retained.text = text;
+  element.append(text);
+  return text;
+}
+
+function removeText(retained: RetainedShapeDom) {
+  retained.text?.remove();
+  retained.text = null;
+}
+
 function applyBorderStyles(
  model: ShapeElementModel,
  element: HTMLElement,
@@ -99,8 +174,7 @@ export const shapeDomRenderer = (
  const { zoom } = renderer.viewport;
  const unscaledWidth = model.w;
  const unscaledHeight = model.h;
-
-  const newChildren: Element[] = [];
+  const retained = getRetainedShapeDom(element);

  const fillColor = renderer.getColorValue(
    model.fillColor,
@@ -124,6 +198,7 @@ export const shapeDomRenderer = (
    // For diamond and triangle, fill and border are handled by inline SVG
    element.style.border = 'none'; // Ensure no standard CSS border interferes
    element.style.backgroundColor = 'transparent'; // Host element is transparent
+    const { polygon, svg } = getOrCreateSvg(retained, element);

    const strokeW = model.strokeWidth;

@@ -155,37 +230,30 @@ export const shapeDomRenderer = (
    // Determine fill color
    const finalFillColor = model.filled ? fillColor : 'transparent';

-    // Build SVG safely with DOM-API
-    const SVG_NS = 'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg';
-    const svg = document.createElementNS(SVG_NS, 'svg');
-    svg.setAttribute('width', '100%');
-    svg.setAttribute('height', '100%');
    svg.setAttribute('viewBox', `0 0 ${unscaledWidth} ${unscaledHeight}`);
-    svg.setAttribute('preserveAspectRatio', 'none');
-
-    const polygon = document.createElementNS(SVG_NS, 'polygon');
    polygon.setAttribute('points', svgPoints);
    polygon.setAttribute('fill', finalFillColor);
    polygon.setAttribute('stroke', finalStrokeColor);
    polygon.setAttribute('stroke-width', String(strokeW));
    if (finalStrokeDasharray !== 'none') {
      polygon.setAttribute('stroke-dasharray', finalStrokeDasharray);
+    } else {
+      polygon.removeAttribute('stroke-dasharray');
    }
-    svg.append(polygon);
-
-    newChildren.push(svg);
  } else {
    // Standard rendering for other shapes (e.g., rect, ellipse)
-    // innerHTML was already cleared by applyShapeSpecificStyles if necessary
+    removeSvg(retained);
    element.style.backgroundColor = model.filled ? fillColor : 'transparent';
    applyBorderStyles(model, element, strokeColor, zoom); // Uses standard CSS border
  }

  if (model.textDisplay && model.text) {
    const str = model.text.toString();
-    const textElement = document.createElement('div');
+    const textElement = getOrCreateText(retained, element);
    if (isRTL(str)) {
      textElement.dir = 'rtl';
+    } else {
+      textElement.removeAttribute('dir');
    }
    textElement.style.position = 'absolute';
    textElement.style.inset = '0';
@@ -210,12 +278,10 @@ export const shapeDomRenderer = (
      true
    );
    textElement.textContent = str;
-    newChildren.push(textElement);
+  } else {
+    removeText(retained);
  }

-  // Replace existing children to avoid memory leaks
-  element.replaceChildren(...newChildren);
-
  applyTransformStyles(model, element);

  manageClassNames(model, element);
--- a/blocksuite/affine/inlines/comment/package.json
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/inlines/comment/package.json
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
    "zod": "^3.25.76"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
-    "vitest": "^3.2.4"
+    "vitest": "^4.0.18"
  },
  "exports": {
    ".": "./src/index.ts",
--- a/blocksuite/affine/inlines/footnote/package.json
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/inlines/footnote/package.json
@@ -34,7 +34,8 @@
    "zod": "^3.25.76"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
-    "vitest": "^3.2.4"
+    "@vitest/browser-playwright": "^4.0.18",
+    "vitest": "^4.0.18"
  },
  "exports": {
    ".": "./src/index.ts",
--- a/blocksuite/affine/inlines/footnote/vitest.config.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/inlines/footnote/vitest.config.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { playwright } from '@vitest/browser-playwright';
 import { defineConfig } from 'vitest/config';

 export default defineConfig({
@@ -8,10 +9,9 @@ export default defineConfig({
    browser: {
      enabled: true,
      headless: true,
-      name: 'chromium',
-      provider: 'playwright',
+      instances: [{ browser: 'chromium' }],
+      provider: playwright(),
      isolate: false,
-      providerOptions: {},
    },
    include: ['src/__tests__/**/*.unit.spec.ts'],
    testTimeout: 500,
--- a/blocksuite/affine/model/src/elements/connector/connector.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/model/src/elements/connector/connector.ts
@@ -177,6 +177,11 @@ export class ConnectorElementModel extends GfxPrimitiveElementModel<ConnectorEle
  override getNearestPoint(point: IVec): IVec {
    const { mode, absolutePath: path } = this;

+    if (path.length === 0) {
+      const { x, y } = this;
+      return [x, y];
+    }
+
    if (mode === ConnectorMode.Straight) {
      const first = path[0];
      const last = path[path.length - 1];
@@ -213,6 +218,10 @@ export class ConnectorElementModel extends GfxPrimitiveElementModel<ConnectorEle
      h = bounds.h;
    }

+    if (path.length === 0) {
+      return 0.5;
+    }
+
    point[0] = Vec.clamp(point[0], x, x + w);
    point[1] = Vec.clamp(point[1], y, y + h);

@@ -258,6 +267,10 @@ export class ConnectorElementModel extends GfxPrimitiveElementModel<ConnectorEle
      h = bounds.h;
    }

+    if (path.length === 0) {
+      return [x + w / 2, y + h / 2];
+    }
+
    if (mode === ConnectorMode.Orthogonal) {
      const points = path.map<IVec>(p => [p[0], p[1]]);
      const point = Polyline.pointAt(points, offsetDistance);
@@ -300,6 +313,10 @@ export class ConnectorElementModel extends GfxPrimitiveElementModel<ConnectorEle

    const { mode, strokeWidth, absolutePath: path } = this;

+    if (path.length === 0) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
    const point =
      mode === ConnectorMode.Curve
        ? getBezierNearestPoint(getBezierParameters(path), currentPoint)
--- a/blocksuite/affine/shared/package.json
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/shared/package.json
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
  ],
  "devDependencies": {
    "@types/pdfmake": "^0.2.12",
-    "vitest": "^3.2.4"
+    "vitest": "^4.0.18"
  },
  "version": "0.26.3"
 }
--- a/blocksuite/affine/shared/src/tests/utils/range.unit.spec.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/shared/src/tests/utils/range.unit.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+import {
+  beforeEach,
+  describe,
+  expect,
+  it,
+  type MockInstance,
+  vi,
+} from 'vitest';
+
+import * as PointToRangeUtils from '../../utils/dom/point-to-range';
+import { handleNativeRangeAtPoint } from '../../utils/dom/point-to-range';
+
+describe('test handleNativeRangeAtPoint', () => {
+  let caretRangeFromPointSpy: MockInstance<
+    (clientX: number, clientY: number) => Range | null
+  >;
+  let resetNativeSelectionSpy: MockInstance<(range: Range | null) => void>;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    caretRangeFromPointSpy = vi.spyOn(
+      PointToRangeUtils.api,
+      'caretRangeFromPoint'
+    );
+    resetNativeSelectionSpy = vi.spyOn(
+      PointToRangeUtils.api,
+      'resetNativeSelection'
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('does nothing if caretRangeFromPoint returns null', () => {
+    caretRangeFromPointSpy.mockReturnValue(null);
+
+    handleNativeRangeAtPoint(10, 10);
+    expect(resetNativeSelectionSpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('keeps range untouched if startContainer is a Text node', () => {
+    const div = document.createElement('div');
+    div.textContent = 'hello';
+
+    const text = div.firstChild!;
+
+    const range = document.createRange();
+    range.setStart(text, 2);
+    range.collapse(true);
+
+    caretRangeFromPointSpy.mockReturnValue(range);
+
+    handleNativeRangeAtPoint(10, 10);
+
+    expect(range.startContainer).toBe(text);
+    expect(range.startOffset).toBe(2);
+    expect(resetNativeSelectionSpy).toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('moves caret into direct text child when clicking element', () => {
+    const div = document.createElement('div');
+    div.append('hello');
+
+    const range = document.createRange();
+    range.setStart(div, 1);
+    range.collapse(true);
+
+    caretRangeFromPointSpy.mockReturnValue(range);
+
+    handleNativeRangeAtPoint(10, 10);
+
+    expect(range.startContainer.nodeType).toBe(Node.TEXT_NODE);
+    expect(range.startContainer.textContent).toBe('hello');
+    expect(range.startOffset).toBe(5);
+    expect(resetNativeSelectionSpy).toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('moves caret to last meaningful text inside nested element', () => {
+    const div = document.createElement('div');
+    div.innerHTML = `<span>a</span><span><em>b</em>c</span>`;
+
+    const range = document.createRange();
+    range.setStart(div, 2);
+    range.collapse(true);
+
+    caretRangeFromPointSpy.mockReturnValue(range);
+
+    handleNativeRangeAtPoint(10, 10);
+
+    expect(range.startContainer.nodeType).toBe(Node.TEXT_NODE);
+    expect(range.startContainer.textContent).toBe('c');
+    expect(range.startOffset).toBe(1);
+    expect(resetNativeSelectionSpy).toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('falls back to searching startContainer when offset element has no text', () => {
+    const div = document.createElement('div');
+    div.innerHTML = `<span></span><span>ok</span>`;
+
+    const range = document.createRange();
+    range.setStart(div, 1);
+    range.collapse(true);
+
+    caretRangeFromPointSpy.mockReturnValue(range);
+
+    handleNativeRangeAtPoint(10, 10);
+
+    expect(range.startContainer.textContent).toBe('ok');
+    expect(range.startOffset).toBe(2);
+    expect(resetNativeSelectionSpy).toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+});
--- a/blocksuite/affine/shared/src/utils/dom/point-to-range.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/shared/src/utils/dom/point-to-range.ts
@@ -88,11 +88,73 @@ export function getCurrentNativeRange(selection = window.getSelection()) {
  return selection.getRangeAt(0);
 }

+// functions need to be mocked in unit-test
+export const api = {
+  caretRangeFromPoint,
+  resetNativeSelection,
+};
+
 export function handleNativeRangeAtPoint(x: number, y: number) {
-  const range = caretRangeFromPoint(x, y);
+  const range = api.caretRangeFromPoint(x, y);
+  if (range) {
+    normalizeCaretRange(range);
+  }
+
  const startContainer = range?.startContainer;
  // click on rich text
  if (startContainer instanceof Node) {
-    resetNativeSelection(range);
+    api.resetNativeSelection(range);
+  }
+}
+
+function lastMeaningfulTextNode(node: Node) {
+  const walker = document.createTreeWalker(node, NodeFilter.SHOW_TEXT, {
+    acceptNode(node) {
+      return node.textContent && node.textContent?.trim().length > 0
+        ? NodeFilter.FILTER_ACCEPT
+        : NodeFilter.FILTER_REJECT;
+    },
+  });
+
+  let last = null;
+  while (walker.nextNode()) {
+    last = walker.currentNode;
+  }
+  return last;
+}
+
+function normalizeCaretRange(range: Range) {
+  let { startContainer, startOffset } = range;
+  if (startContainer.nodeType === Node.TEXT_NODE) return;
+
+  // Try to find text in the element at `startOffset`
+  const offsetEl =
+    startOffset > 0
+      ? startContainer.childNodes[startOffset - 1]
+      : startContainer.childNodes[0];
+  if (offsetEl) {
+    if (offsetEl.nodeType === Node.TEXT_NODE) {
+      range.setStart(
+        offsetEl,
+        startOffset > 0 ? (offsetEl.textContent?.length ?? 0) : 0
+      );
+      range.collapse(true);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const text = lastMeaningfulTextNode(offsetEl);
+    if (text) {
+      range.setStart(text, text.textContent?.length ?? 0);
+      range.collapse(true);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Fallback, try to find text in startContainer
+  const text = lastMeaningfulTextNode(startContainer);
+  if (text) {
+    range.setStart(text, text.textContent?.length ?? 0);
+    range.collapse(true);
+    return;
  }
 }
--- a/blocksuite/affine/shared/src/utils/print-to-pdf.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/shared/src/utils/print-to-pdf.ts
@@ -49,6 +49,9 @@ export async function printToPdf(
                --affine-background-primary: #fff !important;
                --affine-background-secondary: #fff !important;
                --affine-background-tertiary: #fff !important;
+                --affine-background-code-block: #f5f5f5 !important;
+                --affine-quote-color: #e3e3e3 !important;
+                --affine-border-color: #e3e3e3 !important;
              }
              body, [data-theme='dark'] {
                color: #000 !important;
--- a/blocksuite/affine/shared/vitest.config.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/shared/vitest.config.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ export default defineConfig({
    include: ['src/__tests__/**/*.unit.spec.ts'],
    testTimeout: 1000,
    coverage: {
-      provider: 'istanbul', // or 'c8'
+      provider: 'istanbul', // or 'istanbul'
      reporter: ['lcov'],
      reportsDirectory: '../../../.coverage/affine-shared',
    },
--- a/blocksuite/framework/global/package.json
+++ b/blocksuite/framework/global/package.json
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
    "zod": "^3.25.76"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
-    "vitest": "^3.2.4"
+    "vitest": "^4.0.18"
  },
  "version": "0.26.3"
 }
--- a/blocksuite/framework/global/src/tests/curve.unit.spec.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/framework/global/src/tests/curve.unit.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import { describe, expect, test } from 'vitest';
+
+import { getBezierParameters } from '../gfx/curve.js';
+import { PointLocation } from '../gfx/model/index.js';
+
+describe('getBezierParameters', () => {
+  test('should handle empty path', () => {
+    expect(() => getBezierParameters([])).not.toThrow();
+    expect(getBezierParameters([])).toEqual([
+      new PointLocation(),
+      new PointLocation(),
+      new PointLocation(),
+      new PointLocation(),
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  test('should handle single-point path', () => {
+    const point = new PointLocation([10, 20]);
+
+    expect(getBezierParameters([point])).toEqual([point, point, point, point]);
+  });
+});
--- a/blocksuite/framework/global/src/gfx/curve.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/framework/global/src/gfx/curve.ts
@@ -142,6 +142,11 @@ export function getBezierNearestPoint(
 export function getBezierParameters(
  points: PointLocation[]
 ): BezierCurveParameters {
+  if (points.length === 0) {
+    const point = new PointLocation();
+    return [point, point, point, point];
+  }
+
  // Fallback for degenerate Bezier curve (all points are at the same position)
  if (points.length === 1) {
    const point = points[0];
--- a/blocksuite/framework/global/vitest.config.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/framework/global/vitest.config.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ export default defineConfig({
    include: ['src/__tests__/**/*.unit.spec.ts'],
    testTimeout: 500,
    coverage: {
-      provider: 'istanbul', // or 'c8'
+      provider: 'istanbul',
      reporter: ['lcov'],
      reportsDirectory: '../../../.coverage/global',
    },
--- a/blocksuite/framework/std/package.json
+++ b/blocksuite/framework/std/package.json
@@ -33,7 +33,8 @@
    "zod": "^3.25.76"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
-    "vitest": "^3.2.4"
+    "@vitest/browser-playwright": "^4.0.18",
+    "vitest": "^4.0.18"
  },
  "exports": {
    ".": "./src/index.ts",
--- a/blocksuite/framework/std/src/gfx/layer.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/framework/std/src/gfx/layer.ts
@@ -596,7 +596,7 @@ export class LayerManager extends GfxExtension {
  private _updateLayer(
    element: GfxModel | GfxLocalElementModel,
    props?: Record<string, unknown>,
-    oldValues?: Record<string, unknown>
+    _oldValues?: Record<string, unknown>
  ) {
    const modelType = this._getModelType(element);
    const isLocalElem = element instanceof GfxLocalElementModel;
@@ -613,16 +613,7 @@ export class LayerManager extends GfxExtension {
    };

    if (shouldUpdateGroupChildren) {
-      const group = element as GfxModel & GfxGroupCompatibleInterface;
-      const oldChildIds = childIdsChanged
-        ? Array.isArray(oldValues?.['childIds'])
-          ? (oldValues['childIds'] as string[])
-          : this._groupChildSnapshot.get(group.id)
-        : undefined;
-
-      const relatedElements = this._getRelatedGroupElements(group, oldChildIds);
-      this._refreshElementsInLayer(relatedElements);
-      this._syncGroupChildSnapshot(group);
+      this._reset();
      return true;
    }

--- a/blocksuite/framework/std/src/view/element/gfx-block-component.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/framework/std/src/view/element/gfx-block-component.ts
@@ -31,6 +31,13 @@ function updateTransform(element: GfxBlockComponent) {
  element.style.transform = element.getCSSTransform();
 }

+function updateZIndex(element: GfxBlockComponent) {
+  const zIndex = element.toZIndex();
+  if (element.style.zIndex !== zIndex) {
+    element.style.zIndex = zIndex;
+  }
+}
+
 function updateBlockVisibility(view: GfxBlockComponent) {
  if (view.transformState$.value === 'active') {
    view.style.visibility = 'visible';
@@ -58,14 +65,22 @@ function handleGfxConnection(instance: GfxBlockComponent) {
    instance.store.slots.blockUpdated.subscribe(({ type, id }) => {
      if (id === instance.model.id && type === 'update') {
        updateTransform(instance);
+        updateZIndex(instance);
      }
    })
  );

+  instance.disposables.add(
+    instance.gfx.layer.slots.layerUpdated.subscribe(() => {
+      updateZIndex(instance);
+    })
+  );
+
  instance.disposables.add(
    effect(() => {
      updateBlockVisibility(instance);
      updateTransform(instance);
+      updateZIndex(instance);
    })
  );
 }
@@ -105,17 +120,23 @@ export abstract class GfxBlockComponent<

  onBoxSelected(_: BoxSelectionContext) {}

+  getCSSScaleVal(): number {
+    const viewport = this.gfx.viewport;
+    const { zoom, viewScale } = viewport;
+    return zoom / viewScale;
+  }
+
  getCSSTransform() {
    const viewport = this.gfx.viewport;
-    const { translateX, translateY, zoom } = viewport;
+    const { translateX, translateY, zoom, viewScale } = viewport;
    const bound = Bound.deserialize(this.model.xywh);

-    const scaledX = bound.x * zoom;
-    const scaledY = bound.y * zoom;
+    const scaledX = (bound.x * zoom) / viewScale;
+    const scaledY = (bound.y * zoom) / viewScale;
    const deltaX = scaledX - bound.x;
    const deltaY = scaledY - bound.y;

-    return `translate(${translateX + deltaX}px, ${translateY + deltaY}px) scale(${zoom})`;
+    return `translate(${translateX / viewScale + deltaX}px, ${translateY / viewScale + deltaY}px) scale(${this.getCSSScaleVal()})`;
  }

  getRenderingRect() {
@@ -219,18 +240,12 @@ export function toGfxBlockComponent<
      handleGfxConnection(this);
    }

-    // eslint-disable-next-line sonarjs/no-identical-functions
+    getCSSScaleVal(): number {
+      return GfxBlockComponent.prototype.getCSSScaleVal.call(this);
+    }
+
    getCSSTransform() {
-      const viewport = this.gfx.viewport;
-      const { translateX, translateY, zoom } = viewport;
-      const bound = Bound.deserialize(this.model.xywh);
-
-      const scaledX = bound.x * zoom;
-      const scaledY = bound.y * zoom;
-      const deltaX = scaledX - bound.x;
-      const deltaY = scaledY - bound.y;
-
-      return `translate(${translateX + deltaX}px, ${translateY + deltaY}px) scale(${zoom})`;
+      return GfxBlockComponent.prototype.getCSSTransform.call(this);
    }

    // eslint-disable-next-line sonarjs/no-identical-functions
--- a/blocksuite/framework/std/vitest.config.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/framework/std/vitest.config.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { playwright } from '@vitest/browser-playwright';
 import { defineConfig } from 'vitest/config';

 export default defineConfig({
@@ -8,15 +9,14 @@ export default defineConfig({
    browser: {
      enabled: true,
      headless: true,
-      name: 'chromium',
-      provider: 'playwright',
+      instances: [{ browser: 'chromium' }],
+      provider: playwright(),
      isolate: false,
-      providerOptions: {},
    },
    include: ['src/__tests__/**/*.unit.spec.ts'],
    testTimeout: 500,
    coverage: {
-      provider: 'istanbul', // or 'c8'
+      provider: 'istanbul',
      reporter: ['lcov'],
      reportsDirectory: '../../../.coverage/std',
    },
--- a/blocksuite/framework/store/package.json
+++ b/blocksuite/framework/store/package.json
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
  "devDependencies": {
    "@types/lodash.clonedeep": "^4.5.9",
    "@types/lodash.merge": "^4.6.9",
-    "vitest": "^3.2.4"
+    "vitest": "^4.0.18"
  },
  "exports": {
    ".": "./src/index.ts",
--- a/blocksuite/framework/store/src/index.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/framework/store/src/index.ts
@@ -7,15 +7,11 @@ export * from './transformer';
 export { type IdGenerator, nanoid, uuidv4 } from './utils/id-generator';
 export * from './yjs';

-const env = (
-  typeof globalThis !== 'undefined'
-    ? globalThis
-    : typeof window !== 'undefined'
-      ? window
-      : typeof global !== 'undefined'
-        ? global
-        : {}
-) as Record<string, boolean>;
+const env = (typeof globalThis !== 'undefined'
+  ? globalThis
+  : typeof window !== 'undefined'
+    ? window
+    : {}) as unknown as Record<string, boolean>;
 const importIdentifier = '__ $BLOCKSUITE_STORE$ __';

 if (env[importIdentifier] === true) {
--- a/blocksuite/framework/store/vitest.config.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/framework/store/vitest.config.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ export default defineConfig({
    include: ['src/__tests__/**/*.unit.spec.ts'],
    testTimeout: 500,
    coverage: {
-      provider: 'istanbul', // or 'c8'
+      provider: 'istanbul',
      reporter: ['lcov'],
      reportsDirectory: '../../../.coverage/store',
    },
--- a/blocksuite/framework/sync/package.json
+++ b/blocksuite/framework/sync/package.json
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
    "y-protocols": "^1.0.6"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
-    "vitest": "^3.2.4"
+    "vitest": "^4.0.18"
  },
  "peerDependencies": {
    "yjs": "*"
--- a/blocksuite/framework/sync/vitest.config.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/framework/sync/vitest.config.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ export default defineConfig({
    include: ['src/__tests__/**/*.unit.spec.ts'],
    testTimeout: 500,
    coverage: {
-      provider: 'istanbul', // or 'c8'
+      provider: 'istanbul',
      reporter: ['lcov'],
      reportsDirectory: '../../../.coverage/sync',
    },
--- a/blocksuite/integration-test/package.json
+++ b/blocksuite/integration-test/package.json
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
    "dev": "vite",
    "build": "tsc",
    "test:unit": "vitest --browser.headless --run",
-    "test:debug": "PWDEBUG=1 npx vitest"
+    "test:debug": "PWDEBUG=1 npx vitest --browser.headless=false"
  },
  "sideEffects": false,
  "keywords": [],
@@ -41,10 +41,11 @@
  ],
  "devDependencies": {
    "@vanilla-extract/vite-plugin": "^5.0.0",
+    "@vitest/browser-playwright": "^4.0.18",
    "vite": "^7.2.7",
    "vite-plugin-istanbul": "^7.2.1",
    "vite-plugin-wasm": "^3.5.0",
-    "vitest": "^3.2.4"
+    "vitest": "^4.0.18"
  },
  "version": "0.26.3"
 }
--- a/blocksuite/integration-test/src/tests/edgeless/screenshots/connector-dom.spec.ts/Connector-rendering-with-DOM-renderer-should-remove-connector-DOM-node-when-element-is-deleted-1.png
+++ b/blocksuite/integration-test/src/tests/edgeless/screenshots/connector-dom.spec.ts/Connector-rendering-with-DOM-renderer-should-remove-connector-DOM-node-when-element-is-deleted-1.png
--- a/blocksuite/integration-test/src/tests/edgeless/screenshots/connector-dom.spec.ts/Connector-rendering-with-DOM-renderer-should-render-a-connector-element-as-a-DOM-node-1.png
+++ b/blocksuite/integration-test/src/tests/edgeless/screenshots/connector-dom.spec.ts/Connector-rendering-with-DOM-renderer-should-render-a-connector-element-as-a-DOM-node-1.png
--- a/blocksuite/integration-test/src/tests/edgeless/screenshots/connector-dom.spec.ts/Connector-rendering-with-DOM-renderer-should-render-connector-with-arrow-endpoints-1.png
+++ b/blocksuite/integration-test/src/tests/edgeless/screenshots/connector-dom.spec.ts/Connector-rendering-with-DOM-renderer-should-render-connector-with-arrow-endpoints-1.png
--- a/blocksuite/integration-test/src/tests/edgeless/screenshots/connector-dom.spec.ts/Connector-rendering-with-DOM-renderer-should-render-connector-with-different-stroke-styles-1.png
+++ b/blocksuite/integration-test/src/tests/edgeless/screenshots/connector-dom.spec.ts/Connector-rendering-with-DOM-renderer-should-render-connector-with-different-stroke-styles-1.png
--- a/blocksuite/integration-test/src/tests/edgeless/layer.spec.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/integration-test/src/tests/edgeless/layer.spec.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import type {
 import { ungroupCommand } from '@blocksuite/affine/gfx/group';
 import type {
  GroupElementModel,
+  MindmapElementModel,
  NoteBlockModel,
 } from '@blocksuite/affine/model';
 import { generateKeyBetween } from '@blocksuite/affine/std/gfx';
@@ -253,6 +254,40 @@ test('blocks should rerender when their z-index changed', async () => {
  assertBlocksContent();
 });

+test('block host z-index should update after reordering', async () => {
+  const backId = addNote(doc);
+  const frontId = addNote(doc);
+
+  await wait();
+
+  const getBlockHost = (id: string) =>
+    document.querySelector<HTMLElement>(
+      `affine-edgeless-root gfx-viewport > [data-block-id="${id}"]`
+    );
+
+  const backHost = getBlockHost(backId);
+  const frontHost = getBlockHost(frontId);
+
+  expect(backHost).not.toBeNull();
+  expect(frontHost).not.toBeNull();
+  expect(Number(backHost!.style.zIndex)).toBeLessThan(
+    Number(frontHost!.style.zIndex)
+  );
+
+  service.crud.updateElement(backId, {
+    index: service.layer.getReorderedIndex(
+      service.crud.getElementById(backId)!,
+      'front'
+    ),
+  });
+
+  await wait();
+
+  expect(Number(backHost!.style.zIndex)).toBeGreaterThan(
+    Number(frontHost!.style.zIndex)
+  );
+});
+
 describe('layer reorder functionality', () => {
  let ids: string[] = [];

@@ -428,14 +463,17 @@ describe('group related functionality', () => {
    const elements = [
      service.crud.addElement('shape', {
        shapeType: 'rect',
+        xywh: '[0,0,100,100]',
      })!,
      addNote(doc),
      service.crud.addElement('shape', {
        shapeType: 'rect',
+        xywh: '[120,0,100,100]',
      })!,
      addNote(doc),
      service.crud.addElement('shape', {
        shapeType: 'rect',
+        xywh: '[240,0,100,100]',
      })!,
    ];

@@ -528,6 +566,35 @@ describe('group related functionality', () => {
    expect(service.layer.layers[1].elements[0]).toBe(group);
  });

+  test("change mindmap index should update its nodes' layer", async () => {
+    const noteId = addNote(doc);
+    const mindmapId = service.crud.addElement('mindmap', {
+      children: {
+        text: 'root',
+        children: [{ text: 'child' }],
+      },
+    })!;
+
+    await wait();
+
+    const note = service.crud.getElementById(noteId)!;
+    const mindmap = service.crud.getElementById(
+      mindmapId
+    )! as MindmapElementModel;
+    const root = mindmap.tree.element;
+
+    expect(service.layer.getZIndex(root)).toBeGreaterThan(
+      service.layer.getZIndex(note)
+    );
+
+    mindmap.index = service.layer.getReorderedIndex(mindmap, 'back');
+    await wait();
+
+    expect(service.layer.getZIndex(root)).toBeLessThan(
+      service.layer.getZIndex(note)
+    );
+  });
+
  test('should keep relative index order of elements after group, ungroup, undo, redo', () => {
    const edgeless = getDocRootBlock(doc, editor, 'edgeless');
    const elementIds = [
@@ -769,6 +836,7 @@ test('indexed canvas should be inserted into edgeless portal when switch to edge

  service.crud.addElement('shape', {
    shapeType: 'rect',
+    xywh: '[0,0,100,100]',
  })!;

  addNote(doc);
@@ -777,6 +845,7 @@ test('indexed canvas should be inserted into edgeless portal when switch to edge

  service.crud.addElement('shape', {
    shapeType: 'rect',
+    xywh: '[120,0,100,100]',
  })!;

  editor.mode = 'page';
@@ -792,10 +861,10 @@ test('indexed canvas should be inserted into edgeless portal when switch to edge
    '.indexable-canvas'
  )[0] as HTMLCanvasElement;

-  expect(indexedCanvas.width).toBe(
+  expect(indexedCanvas.width).toBeLessThanOrEqual(
    (surface.renderer as CanvasRenderer).canvas.width
  );
-  expect(indexedCanvas.height).toBe(
+  expect(indexedCanvas.height).toBeLessThanOrEqual(
    (surface.renderer as CanvasRenderer).canvas.height
  );
  expect(indexedCanvas.width).not.toBe(0);
--- a/blocksuite/integration-test/vitest.config.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/integration-test/vitest.config.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { vanillaExtractPlugin } from '@vanilla-extract/vite-plugin';
+import { playwright } from '@vitest/browser-playwright';
 import { defineConfig } from 'vitest/config';

 export default defineConfig(_configEnv =>
@@ -18,13 +19,13 @@ export default defineConfig(_configEnv =>
      retry: process.env.CI === 'true' ? 3 : 0,
      browser: {
        enabled: true,
-        headless: process.env.CI === 'true',
+        headless: true,
        instances: [
          { browser: 'chromium' },
          { browser: 'firefox' },
          { browser: 'webkit' },
        ],
-        provider: 'playwright',
+        provider: playwright(),
        isolate: false,
        viewport: {
          width: 1024,
@@ -32,16 +33,13 @@ export default defineConfig(_configEnv =>
        },
      },
      coverage: {
-        provider: 'istanbul', // or 'c8'
+        provider: 'istanbul',
        reporter: ['lcov'],
        reportsDirectory: '../../.coverage/integration-test',
      },
      deps: {
        interopDefault: true,
      },
-      testTransformMode: {
-        web: ['src/__tests__/**/*.spec.ts'],
-      },
    },
  })
 );
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -64,9 +64,9 @@
    "@types/node": "^22.0.0",
    "@typescript-eslint/parser": "^8.55.0",
    "@vanilla-extract/vite-plugin": "^5.0.0",
-    "@vitest/browser": "^3.2.4",
-    "@vitest/coverage-istanbul": "^3.2.4",
-    "@vitest/ui": "^3.2.4",
+    "@vitest/browser": "^4.0.18",
+    "@vitest/coverage-istanbul": "^4.0.18",
+    "@vitest/ui": "^4.0.18",
    "cross-env": "^10.1.0",
    "electron": "^39.0.0",
    "eslint": "^9.39.2",
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@
    "typescript-eslint": "^8.55.0",
    "unplugin-swc": "^1.5.9",
    "vite": "^7.2.7",
-    "vitest": "^3.2.4"
+    "vitest": "^4.0.18"
  },
  "packageManager": "yarn@4.12.0",
  "resolutions": {
--- a/packages/backend/native/Cargo.toml
+++ b/packages/backend/native/Cargo.toml
@@ -14,10 +14,17 @@ affine_common = { workspace = true, features = [
  "napi",
  "ydoc-loader",
 ] }
+anyhow = { workspace = true }
 chrono = { workspace = true }
 file-format = { workspace = true }
+image = { workspace = true }
 infer = { workspace = true }
-llm_adapter = { workspace = true }
+libwebp-sys = { workspace = true }
+little_exif = { workspace = true }
+llm_adapter = { workspace = true, default-features = false, features = [
+  "ureq-client",
+] }
+matroska = { workspace = true }
 mp4parse = { workspace = true }
 napi = { workspace = true, features = ["async"] }
 napi-derive = { workspace = true }
--- a/packages/backend/native/fixtures/audio-only.mka
+++ b/packages/backend/native/fixtures/audio-only.mka
--- a/packages/backend/native/fixtures/audio-only.webm
+++ b/packages/backend/native/fixtures/audio-only.webm
--- a/packages/backend/native/fixtures/audio-video.webm
+++ b/packages/backend/native/fixtures/audio-video.webm
--- a/packages/backend/native/index.d.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/native/index.d.ts
@@ -54,6 +54,12 @@ export declare function llmDispatch(protocol: string, backendConfigJson: string,

 export declare function llmDispatchStream(protocol: string, backendConfigJson: string, requestJson: string, callback: ((err: Error | null, arg: string) => void)): LlmStreamHandle

+export declare function llmEmbeddingDispatch(protocol: string, backendConfigJson: string, requestJson: string): string
+
+export declare function llmRerankDispatch(protocol: string, backendConfigJson: string, requestJson: string): string
+
+export declare function llmStructuredDispatch(protocol: string, backendConfigJson: string, requestJson: string): string
+
 /**
 * Merge updates in form like `Y.applyUpdate(doc, update)` way and return the
 * result binary.
@@ -83,6 +89,8 @@ export interface NativeCrawlResult {
 export interface NativeMarkdownResult {
  title: string
  markdown: string
+  knownUnsupportedBlocks: Array<string>
+  unknownBlocks: Array<string>
 }

 export interface NativePageDocContent {
@@ -110,6 +118,8 @@ export declare function parsePageDoc(docBin: Buffer, maxSummaryLength?: number |

 export declare function parseWorkspaceDoc(docBin: Buffer): NativeWorkspaceDocContent | null

+export declare function processImage(input: Buffer, maxEdge: number, keepExif: boolean): Promise<Buffer>
+
 export declare function readAllDocIdsFromRootDoc(docBin: Buffer, includeTrash?: boolean | undefined | null): Array<string>

 /**
--- a/packages/backend/native/src/doc.rs
+++ b/packages/backend/native/src/doc.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ use napi_derive::napi;
 pub struct NativeMarkdownResult {
  pub title: String,
  pub markdown: String,
+  pub known_unsupported_blocks: Vec<String>,
+  pub unknown_blocks: Vec<String>,
 }

 impl From<MarkdownResult> for NativeMarkdownResult {
@@ -16,6 +18,8 @@ impl From<MarkdownResult> for NativeMarkdownResult {
    Self {
      title: result.title,
      markdown: result.markdown,
+      known_unsupported_blocks: result.known_unsupported_blocks,
+      unknown_blocks: result.unknown_blocks,
    }
  }
 }
--- a/packages/backend/native/src/file_type.rs
+++ b/packages/backend/native/src/file_type.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use matroska::Matroska;
 use mp4parse::{TrackType, read_mp4};
 use napi_derive::napi;

@@ -8,7 +9,13 @@ pub fn get_mime(input: &[u8]) -> String {
  } else {
    file_format::FileFormat::from_bytes(input).media_type().to_string()
  };
-  if mimetype == "video/mp4" {
+  if let Some(container) = matroska_container_kind(input).or(match mimetype.as_str() {
+    "video/webm" | "application/webm" => Some(ContainerKind::WebM),
+    "video/x-matroska" | "application/x-matroska" => Some(ContainerKind::Matroska),
+    _ => None,
+  }) {
+    detect_matroska_flavor(input, container, &mimetype)
+  } else if mimetype == "video/mp4" {
    detect_mp4_flavor(input)
  } else {
    mimetype
@@ -37,3 +44,68 @@ fn detect_mp4_flavor(input: &[u8]) -> String {
    Err(_) => "video/mp4".to_string(),
  }
 }
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+enum ContainerKind {
+  WebM,
+  Matroska,
+}
+
+impl ContainerKind {
+  fn audio_mime(&self) -> &'static str {
+    match self {
+      ContainerKind::WebM => "audio/webm",
+      ContainerKind::Matroska => "audio/x-matroska",
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+fn detect_matroska_flavor(input: &[u8], container: ContainerKind, fallback: &str) -> String {
+  match Matroska::open(std::io::Cursor::new(input)) {
+    Ok(file) => {
+      let has_video = file.video_tracks().next().is_some();
+      let has_audio = file.audio_tracks().next().is_some();
+      if !has_video && has_audio {
+        container.audio_mime().to_string()
+      } else {
+        fallback.to_string()
+      }
+    }
+    Err(_) => fallback.to_string(),
+  }
+}
+
+fn matroska_container_kind(input: &[u8]) -> Option<ContainerKind> {
+  let header = &input[..1024.min(input.len())];
+  if header.windows(4).any(|window| window.eq_ignore_ascii_case(b"webm")) {
+    Some(ContainerKind::WebM)
+  } else if header.windows(8).any(|window| window.eq_ignore_ascii_case(b"matroska")) {
+    Some(ContainerKind::Matroska)
+  } else {
+    None
+  }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use super::*;
+
+  const AUDIO_ONLY_WEBM: &[u8] = include_bytes!("../fixtures/audio-only.webm");
+  const AUDIO_VIDEO_WEBM: &[u8] = include_bytes!("../fixtures/audio-video.webm");
+  const AUDIO_ONLY_MATROSKA: &[u8] = include_bytes!("../fixtures/audio-only.mka");
+
+  #[test]
+  fn detects_audio_only_webm_as_audio() {
+    assert_eq!(get_mime(AUDIO_ONLY_WEBM), "audio/webm");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn preserves_video_webm() {
+    assert_eq!(get_mime(AUDIO_VIDEO_WEBM), "video/webm");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn detects_audio_only_matroska_as_audio() {
+    assert_eq!(get_mime(AUDIO_ONLY_MATROSKA), "audio/x-matroska");
+  }
+}
--- a/packages/backend/native/src/image.rs
+++ b/packages/backend/native/src/image.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,353 @@
+use std::io::Cursor;
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, bail};
+use image::{
+  AnimationDecoder, DynamicImage, ImageDecoder, ImageFormat, ImageReader,
+  codecs::{gif::GifDecoder, png::PngDecoder, webp::WebPDecoder},
+  imageops::FilterType,
+  metadata::Orientation,
+};
+use libwebp_sys::{
+  WEBP_MUX_ABI_VERSION, WebPData, WebPDataClear, WebPDataInit, WebPEncodeRGBA, WebPFree, WebPMuxAssemble,
+  WebPMuxCreateInternal, WebPMuxDelete, WebPMuxError, WebPMuxSetChunk,
+};
+use little_exif::{exif_tag::ExifTag, filetype::FileExtension, metadata::Metadata};
+use napi::{
+  Env, Error, Result, Status, Task,
+  bindgen_prelude::{AsyncTask, Buffer},
+};
+use napi_derive::napi;
+
+const WEBP_QUALITY: f32 = 80.0;
+const MAX_IMAGE_DIMENSION: u32 = 16_384;
+const MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS: u64 = 40_000_000;
+
+pub struct AsyncProcessImageTask {
+  input: Vec<u8>,
+  max_edge: u32,
+  keep_exif: bool,
+}
+
+#[napi]
+impl Task for AsyncProcessImageTask {
+  type Output = Vec<u8>;
+  type JsValue = Buffer;
+
+  fn compute(&mut self) -> Result<Self::Output> {
+    process_image_inner(&self.input, self.max_edge, self.keep_exif)
+      .map_err(|error| Error::new(Status::InvalidArg, error.to_string()))
+  }
+
+  fn resolve(&mut self, _: Env, output: Self::Output) -> Result<Self::JsValue> {
+    Ok(output.into())
+  }
+}
+
+#[napi]
+pub fn process_image(input: Buffer, max_edge: u32, keep_exif: bool) -> AsyncTask<AsyncProcessImageTask> {
+  AsyncTask::new(AsyncProcessImageTask {
+    input: input.to_vec(),
+    max_edge,
+    keep_exif,
+  })
+}
+
+fn process_image_inner(input: &[u8], max_edge: u32, keep_exif: bool) -> AnyResult<Vec<u8>> {
+  if max_edge == 0 {
+    bail!("max_edge must be greater than 0");
+  }
+
+  let format = image::guess_format(input).context("unsupported image format")?;
+  let (width, height) = read_dimensions(input, format)?;
+  validate_dimensions(width, height)?;
+  let mut image = decode_image(input, format)?;
+  let orientation = read_orientation(input, format)?;
+  image.apply_orientation(orientation);
+
+  if image.width().max(image.height()) > max_edge {
+    image = image.resize(max_edge, max_edge, FilterType::Lanczos3);
+  }
+
+  let mut output = encode_webp_lossy(&image.into_rgba8())?;
+
+  if keep_exif {
+    preserve_exif(input, format, &mut output)?;
+  }
+
+  Ok(output)
+}
+
+fn read_dimensions(input: &[u8], format: ImageFormat) -> AnyResult<(u32, u32)> {
+  ImageReader::with_format(Cursor::new(input), format)
+    .into_dimensions()
+    .context("failed to decode image")
+}
+
+fn validate_dimensions(width: u32, height: u32) -> AnyResult<()> {
+  if width == 0 || height == 0 {
+    bail!("failed to decode image");
+  }
+
+  if width > MAX_IMAGE_DIMENSION || height > MAX_IMAGE_DIMENSION {
+    bail!("image dimensions exceed limit");
+  }
+
+  if u64::from(width) * u64::from(height) > MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS {
+    bail!("image pixel count exceeds limit");
+  }
+
+  Ok(())
+}
+
+fn decode_image(input: &[u8], format: ImageFormat) -> AnyResult<DynamicImage> {
+  Ok(match format {
+    ImageFormat::Gif => {
+      let decoder = GifDecoder::new(Cursor::new(input)).context("failed to decode image")?;
+      let frame = decoder
+        .into_frames()
+        .next()
+        .transpose()
+        .context("failed to decode image")?
+        .context("image does not contain any frames")?;
+      DynamicImage::ImageRgba8(frame.into_buffer())
+    }
+    ImageFormat::Png => {
+      let decoder = PngDecoder::new(Cursor::new(input)).context("failed to decode image")?;
+      if decoder.is_apng().context("failed to decode image")? {
+        let frame = decoder
+          .apng()
+          .context("failed to decode image")?
+          .into_frames()
+          .next()
+          .transpose()
+          .context("failed to decode image")?
+          .context("image does not contain any frames")?;
+        DynamicImage::ImageRgba8(frame.into_buffer())
+      } else {
+        DynamicImage::from_decoder(decoder).context("failed to decode image")?
+      }
+    }
+    ImageFormat::WebP => {
+      let decoder = WebPDecoder::new(Cursor::new(input)).context("failed to decode image")?;
+      let frame = decoder
+        .into_frames()
+        .next()
+        .transpose()
+        .context("failed to decode image")?
+        .context("image does not contain any frames")?;
+      DynamicImage::ImageRgba8(frame.into_buffer())
+    }
+    _ => {
+      let reader = ImageReader::with_format(Cursor::new(input), format);
+      let decoder = reader.into_decoder().context("failed to decode image")?;
+      DynamicImage::from_decoder(decoder).context("failed to decode image")?
+    }
+  })
+}
+
+fn read_orientation(input: &[u8], format: ImageFormat) -> AnyResult<Orientation> {
+  Ok(match format {
+    ImageFormat::Gif => GifDecoder::new(Cursor::new(input))
+      .context("failed to decode image")?
+      .orientation()
+      .context("failed to decode image")?,
+    ImageFormat::Png => PngDecoder::new(Cursor::new(input))
+      .context("failed to decode image")?
+      .orientation()
+      .context("failed to decode image")?,
+    ImageFormat::WebP => WebPDecoder::new(Cursor::new(input))
+      .context("failed to decode image")?
+      .orientation()
+      .context("failed to decode image")?,
+    _ => ImageReader::with_format(Cursor::new(input), format)
+      .into_decoder()
+      .context("failed to decode image")?
+      .orientation()
+      .context("failed to decode image")?,
+  })
+}
+
+fn encode_webp_lossy(image: &image::RgbaImage) -> AnyResult<Vec<u8>> {
+  let width = i32::try_from(image.width()).context("image width is too large")?;
+  let height = i32::try_from(image.height()).context("image height is too large")?;
+  let stride = width.checked_mul(4).context("image width is too large")?;
+
+  let mut output = std::ptr::null_mut();
+  let encoded_len = unsafe { WebPEncodeRGBA(image.as_ptr(), width, height, stride, WEBP_QUALITY, &mut output) };
+
+  if output.is_null() || encoded_len == 0 {
+    bail!("failed to encode webp");
+  }
+
+  let encoded = unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts(output, encoded_len) }.to_vec();
+  unsafe {
+    WebPFree(output.cast());
+  }
+
+  Ok(encoded)
+}
+
+fn preserve_exif(input: &[u8], format: ImageFormat, output: &mut Vec<u8>) -> AnyResult<()> {
+  let Some(file_type) = map_exif_file_type(format) else {
+    return Ok(());
+  };
+
+  let input = input.to_vec();
+  let Ok(mut metadata) = Metadata::new_from_vec(&input, file_type) else {
+    return Ok(());
+  };
+
+  metadata.remove_tag(ExifTag::Orientation(vec![1]));
+
+  if !metadata.get_ifds().iter().any(|ifd| !ifd.get_tags().is_empty()) {
+    return Ok(());
+  }
+
+  let encoded_metadata = metadata.encode().context("failed to preserve exif metadata")?;
+  let source = WebPData {
+    bytes: output.as_ptr(),
+    size: output.len(),
+  };
+  let exif = WebPData {
+    bytes: encoded_metadata.as_ptr(),
+    size: encoded_metadata.len(),
+  };
+  let mut assembled = WebPData::default();
+  let mux = unsafe { WebPMuxCreateInternal(&source, 1, WEBP_MUX_ABI_VERSION as _) };
+  if mux.is_null() {
+    bail!("failed to preserve exif metadata");
+  }
+
+  let encoded = (|| -> AnyResult<Vec<u8>> {
+    if unsafe { WebPMuxSetChunk(mux, c"EXIF".as_ptr(), &exif, 1) } != WebPMuxError::WEBP_MUX_OK {
+      bail!("failed to preserve exif metadata");
+    }
+
+    WebPDataInit(&mut assembled);
+
+    if unsafe { WebPMuxAssemble(mux, &mut assembled) } != WebPMuxError::WEBP_MUX_OK {
+      bail!("failed to preserve exif metadata");
+    }
+
+    Ok(unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts(assembled.bytes, assembled.size) }.to_vec())
+  })();
+
+  unsafe {
+    WebPDataClear(&mut assembled);
+    WebPMuxDelete(mux);
+  }
+
+  *output = encoded?;
+
+  Ok(())
+}
+
+fn map_exif_file_type(format: ImageFormat) -> Option<FileExtension> {
+  match format {
+    ImageFormat::Jpeg => Some(FileExtension::JPEG),
+    ImageFormat::Png => Some(FileExtension::PNG { as_zTXt_chunk: true }),
+    ImageFormat::Tiff => Some(FileExtension::TIFF),
+    ImageFormat::WebP => Some(FileExtension::WEBP),
+    _ => None,
+  }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use image::{ExtendedColorType, GenericImageView, ImageEncoder, codecs::png::PngEncoder};
+
+  use super::*;
+
+  fn encode_png(width: u32, height: u32) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let image = image::RgbaImage::from_pixel(width, height, image::Rgba([255, 0, 0, 255]));
+    let mut encoded = Vec::new();
+    PngEncoder::new(&mut encoded)
+      .write_image(image.as_raw(), width, height, ExtendedColorType::Rgba8)
+      .unwrap();
+    encoded
+  }
+
+  fn encode_bmp_header(width: u32, height: u32) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut encoded = Vec::with_capacity(54);
+    encoded.extend_from_slice(b"BM");
+    encoded.extend_from_slice(&(54u32).to_le_bytes());
+    encoded.extend_from_slice(&0u16.to_le_bytes());
+    encoded.extend_from_slice(&0u16.to_le_bytes());
+    encoded.extend_from_slice(&(54u32).to_le_bytes());
+    encoded.extend_from_slice(&(40u32).to_le_bytes());
+    encoded.extend_from_slice(&(width as i32).to_le_bytes());
+    encoded.extend_from_slice(&(height as i32).to_le_bytes());
+    encoded.extend_from_slice(&1u16.to_le_bytes());
+    encoded.extend_from_slice(&24u16.to_le_bytes());
+    encoded.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes());
+    encoded.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes());
+    encoded.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes());
+    encoded.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes());
+    encoded.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes());
+    encoded.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes());
+    encoded
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn process_image_keeps_small_dimensions() {
+    let png = encode_png(8, 6);
+    let output = process_image_inner(&png, 512, false).unwrap();
+
+    let format = image::guess_format(&output).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(format, ImageFormat::WebP);
+
+    let decoded = image::load_from_memory(&output).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(decoded.dimensions(), (8, 6));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn process_image_scales_down_large_dimensions() {
+    let png = encode_png(1024, 256);
+    let output = process_image_inner(&png, 512, false).unwrap();
+    let decoded = image::load_from_memory(&output).unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(decoded.dimensions(), (512, 128));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn process_image_preserves_exif_without_orientation() {
+    let png = encode_png(8, 8);
+    let mut png_with_exif = png.clone();
+    let mut metadata = Metadata::new();
+    metadata.set_tag(ExifTag::ImageDescription("copilot".to_string()));
+    metadata.set_tag(ExifTag::Orientation(vec![6]));
+    metadata
+      .write_to_vec(&mut png_with_exif, FileExtension::PNG { as_zTXt_chunk: true })
+      .unwrap();
+
+    let output = process_image_inner(&png_with_exif, 512, true).unwrap();
+    let decoded_metadata = Metadata::new_from_vec(&output, FileExtension::WEBP).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(
+      decoded_metadata
+        .get_tag(&ExifTag::ImageDescription(String::new()))
+        .next()
+        .is_some()
+    );
+    assert!(
+      decoded_metadata
+        .get_tag(&ExifTag::Orientation(vec![1]))
+        .next()
+        .is_none()
+    );
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn process_image_rejects_invalid_input() {
+    let error = process_image_inner(b"not-an-image", 512, false).unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(error.to_string(), "unsupported image format");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn process_image_rejects_images_over_dimension_limit_before_decode() {
+    let bmp = encode_bmp_header(MAX_IMAGE_DIMENSION + 1, 1);
+    let error = process_image_inner(&bmp, 512, false).unwrap_err();
+
+    assert_eq!(error.to_string(), "image dimensions exceed limit");
+  }
+}
--- a/packages/backend/native/src/lib.rs
+++ b/packages/backend/native/src/lib.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ pub mod doc_loader;
 pub mod file_type;
 pub mod hashcash;
 pub mod html_sanitize;
+pub mod image;
 pub mod llm;
 pub mod tiktoken;

--- a/packages/backend/native/src/llm.rs
+++ b/packages/backend/native/src/llm.rs
@@ -5,9 +5,10 @@ use std::sync::{

 use llm_adapter::{
  backend::{
-    BackendConfig, BackendError, BackendProtocol, ReqwestHttpClient, dispatch_request, dispatch_stream_events_with,
+    BackendConfig, BackendError, BackendProtocol, DefaultHttpClient, dispatch_embedding_request, dispatch_request,
+    dispatch_rerank_request, dispatch_stream_events_with, dispatch_structured_request,
  },
-  core::{CoreRequest, StreamEvent},
+  core::{CoreRequest, EmbeddingRequest, RerankRequest, StreamEvent, StructuredRequest},
  middleware::{
    MiddlewareConfig, PipelineContext, RequestMiddleware, StreamMiddleware, citation_indexing, clamp_max_tokens,
    normalize_messages, run_request_middleware_chain, run_stream_middleware_chain, stream_event_normalize,
@@ -40,6 +41,20 @@ struct LlmDispatchPayload {
  middleware: LlmMiddlewarePayload,
 }

+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+struct LlmStructuredDispatchPayload {
+  #[serde(flatten)]
+  request: StructuredRequest,
+  #[serde(default)]
+  middleware: LlmMiddlewarePayload,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+struct LlmRerankDispatchPayload {
+  #[serde(flatten)]
+  request: RerankRequest,
+}
+
 #[napi]
 pub struct LlmStreamHandle {
  aborted: Arc<AtomicBool>,
@@ -61,7 +76,44 @@ pub fn llm_dispatch(protocol: String, backend_config_json: String, request_json:
  let request = apply_request_middlewares(payload.request, &payload.middleware)?;

  let response =
-    dispatch_request(&ReqwestHttpClient::default(), &config, protocol, &request).map_err(map_backend_error)?;
+    dispatch_request(&DefaultHttpClient::default(), &config, protocol, &request).map_err(map_backend_error)?;
+
+  serde_json::to_string(&response).map_err(map_json_error)
+}
+
+#[napi(catch_unwind)]
+pub fn llm_structured_dispatch(protocol: String, backend_config_json: String, request_json: String) -> Result<String> {
+  let protocol = parse_protocol(&protocol)?;
+  let config: BackendConfig = serde_json::from_str(&backend_config_json).map_err(map_json_error)?;
+  let payload: LlmStructuredDispatchPayload = serde_json::from_str(&request_json).map_err(map_json_error)?;
+  let request = apply_structured_request_middlewares(payload.request, &payload.middleware)?;
+
+  let response = dispatch_structured_request(&DefaultHttpClient::default(), &config, protocol, &request)
+    .map_err(map_backend_error)?;
+
+  serde_json::to_string(&response).map_err(map_json_error)
+}
+
+#[napi(catch_unwind)]
+pub fn llm_embedding_dispatch(protocol: String, backend_config_json: String, request_json: String) -> Result<String> {
+  let protocol = parse_protocol(&protocol)?;
+  let config: BackendConfig = serde_json::from_str(&backend_config_json).map_err(map_json_error)?;
+  let request: EmbeddingRequest = serde_json::from_str(&request_json).map_err(map_json_error)?;
+
+  let response = dispatch_embedding_request(&DefaultHttpClient::default(), &config, protocol, &request)
+    .map_err(map_backend_error)?;
+
+  serde_json::to_string(&response).map_err(map_json_error)
+}
+
+#[napi(catch_unwind)]
+pub fn llm_rerank_dispatch(protocol: String, backend_config_json: String, request_json: String) -> Result<String> {
+  let protocol = parse_protocol(&protocol)?;
+  let config: BackendConfig = serde_json::from_str(&backend_config_json).map_err(map_json_error)?;
+  let payload: LlmRerankDispatchPayload = serde_json::from_str(&request_json).map_err(map_json_error)?;
+
+  let response = dispatch_rerank_request(&DefaultHttpClient::default(), &config, protocol, &payload.request)
+    .map_err(map_backend_error)?;

  serde_json::to_string(&response).map_err(map_json_error)
 }
@@ -98,7 +150,7 @@ pub fn llm_dispatch_stream(
    let mut aborted_by_user = false;
    let mut callback_dispatch_failed = false;

-    let result = dispatch_stream_events_with(&ReqwestHttpClient::default(), &config, protocol, &request, |event| {
+    let result = dispatch_stream_events_with(&DefaultHttpClient::default(), &config, protocol, &request, |event| {
      if aborted_in_worker.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
        aborted_by_user = true;
        return Err(BackendError::Http(STREAM_ABORTED_REASON.to_string()));
@@ -155,6 +207,27 @@ fn apply_request_middlewares(request: CoreRequest, middleware: &LlmMiddlewarePay
  Ok(run_request_middleware_chain(request, &middleware.config, &chain))
 }

+fn apply_structured_request_middlewares(
+  request: StructuredRequest,
+  middleware: &LlmMiddlewarePayload,
+) -> Result<StructuredRequest> {
+  let mut core = request.as_core_request();
+  core = apply_request_middlewares(core, middleware)?;
+
+  Ok(StructuredRequest {
+    model: core.model,
+    messages: core.messages,
+    schema: core
+      .response_schema
+      .ok_or_else(|| Error::new(Status::InvalidArg, "Structured request schema is required"))?,
+    max_tokens: core.max_tokens,
+    temperature: core.temperature,
+    reasoning: core.reasoning,
+    strict: request.strict,
+    response_mime_type: request.response_mime_type,
+  })
+}
+
 #[derive(Clone)]
 struct StreamPipeline {
  chain: Vec<StreamMiddleware>,
@@ -268,6 +341,7 @@ fn parse_protocol(protocol: &str) -> Result<BackendProtocol> {
    }
    "openai_responses" | "openai-responses" | "responses" => Ok(BackendProtocol::OpenaiResponses),
    "anthropic" | "anthropic_messages" | "anthropic-messages" => Ok(BackendProtocol::AnthropicMessages),
+    "gemini" | "gemini_generate_content" | "gemini-generate-content" => Ok(BackendProtocol::GeminiGenerateContent),
    other => Err(Error::new(
      Status::InvalidArg,
      format!("Unsupported llm backend protocol: {other}"),
@@ -293,6 +367,7 @@ mod tests {
    assert!(parse_protocol("chat-completions").is_ok());
    assert!(parse_protocol("responses").is_ok());
    assert!(parse_protocol("anthropic").is_ok());
+    assert!(parse_protocol("gemini").is_ok());
  }

  #[test]
--- a/packages/backend/server/.env.example
+++ b/packages/backend/server/.env.example
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@

 # MAILER_HOST=127.0.0.1
 # MAILER_PORT=1025
+# MAILER_SERVERNAME="mail.example.com"
 # MAILER_SENDER="noreply@toeverything.info"
 # MAILER_USER="noreply@toeverything.info"
 # MAILER_PASSWORD="affine"
--- a/packages/backend/server/package.json
+++ b/packages/backend/server/package.json
@@ -4,9 +4,6 @@
  "version": "0.26.3",
  "description": "Affine Node.js server",
  "type": "module",
-  "bin": {
-    "run-test": "./scripts/run-test.ts"
-  },
  "scripts": {
    "build": "affine bundle -p @affine/server",
    "dev": "nodemon ./src/index.ts",
@@ -28,15 +25,12 @@
  "dependencies": {
    "@affine/s3-compat": "workspace:*",
    "@affine/server-native": "workspace:*",
-    "@ai-sdk/google": "^2.0.45",
-    "@ai-sdk/google-vertex": "^3.0.88",
    "@apollo/server": "^4.13.0",
    "@fal-ai/serverless-client": "^0.15.0",
    "@google-cloud/opentelemetry-cloud-trace-exporter": "^3.0.0",
    "@google-cloud/opentelemetry-resource-util": "^3.0.0",
-    "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk": "^1.26.0",
-    "@nestjs-cls/transactional": "^2.7.0",
-    "@nestjs-cls/transactional-adapter-prisma": "^1.2.24",
+    "@nestjs-cls/transactional": "^3.2.0",
+    "@nestjs-cls/transactional-adapter-prisma": "^1.3.4",
    "@nestjs/apollo": "^13.0.4",
    "@nestjs/bullmq": "^11.0.4",
    "@nestjs/common": "^11.0.21",
@@ -70,7 +64,6 @@
    "@queuedash/api": "^3.16.0",
    "@react-email/components": "^0.5.7",
    "@socket.io/redis-adapter": "^8.3.0",
-    "ai": "^5.0.118",
    "bullmq": "^5.40.2",
    "cookie-parser": "^1.4.7",
    "cross-env": "^10.1.0",
@@ -138,7 +131,7 @@
    "@types/semver": "^7.5.8",
    "@types/sinon": "^21.0.0",
    "@types/supertest": "^7.0.0",
-    "ava": "^6.4.0",
+    "ava": "^7.0.0",
    "c8": "^10.1.3",
    "nodemon": "^3.1.14",
    "react-email": "^4.3.2",
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/tests/copilot/copilot-provider.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/tests/copilot/copilot-provider.spec.ts
@@ -118,7 +118,6 @@ test.serial.before(async t => {
        enabled: true,
        scenarios: {
          image: 'flux-1/schnell',
-          rerank: 'gpt-5-mini',
          complex_text_generation: 'gpt-5-mini',
          coding: 'gpt-5-mini',
          quick_decision_making: 'gpt-5-mini',
@@ -226,6 +225,20 @@ const checkStreamObjects = (result: string) => {
  }
 };

+const parseStreamObjects = (result: string): StreamObject[] => {
+  const streamObjects = JSON.parse(result);
+  return z.array(StreamObjectSchema).parse(streamObjects);
+};
+
+const getStreamObjectText = (result: string) =>
+  parseStreamObjects(result)
+    .filter(
+      (chunk): chunk is Extract<StreamObject, { type: 'text-delta' }> =>
+        chunk.type === 'text-delta'
+    )
+    .map(chunk => chunk.textDelta)
+    .join('');
+
 const retry = async (
  action: string,
  t: ExecutionContext<Tester>,
@@ -445,6 +458,49 @@ The term **“CRDT”** was first introduced by Marc Shapiro, Nuno Preguiça, Ca
    },
    type: 'object' as const,
  },
+  {
+    name: 'Gemini native text',
+    promptName: ['Chat With AFFiNE AI'],
+    messages: [
+      {
+        role: 'user' as const,
+        content:
+          'In one short sentence, explain what AFFiNE AI is and mention AFFiNE by name.',
+      },
+    ],
+    config: { model: 'gemini-2.5-flash' },
+    verifier: (t: ExecutionContext<Tester>, result: string) => {
+      assertNotWrappedInCodeBlock(t, result);
+      t.assert(
+        result.toLowerCase().includes('affine'),
+        'should mention AFFiNE'
+      );
+    },
+    prefer: CopilotProviderType.Gemini,
+    type: 'text' as const,
+  },
+  {
+    name: 'Gemini native stream objects',
+    promptName: ['Chat With AFFiNE AI'],
+    messages: [
+      {
+        role: 'user' as const,
+        content:
+          'Respond with one short sentence about AFFiNE AI and mention AFFiNE by name.',
+      },
+    ],
+    config: { model: 'gemini-2.5-flash' },
+    verifier: (t: ExecutionContext<Tester>, result: string) => {
+      t.truthy(checkStreamObjects(result), 'should be valid stream objects');
+      const assembledText = getStreamObjectText(result);
+      t.assert(
+        assembledText.toLowerCase().includes('affine'),
+        'should mention AFFiNE'
+      );
+    },
+    prefer: CopilotProviderType.Gemini,
+    type: 'object' as const,
+  },
  {
    name: 'Should transcribe short audio',
    promptName: ['Transcript audio'],
@@ -717,14 +773,13 @@ for (const {
        const { factory, prompt: promptService } = t.context;
        const prompt = (await promptService.get(promptName))!;
        t.truthy(prompt, 'should have prompt');
-        const provider = (await factory.getProviderByModel(prompt.model, {
+        const finalConfig = Object.assign({}, prompt.config, config);
+        const modelId = finalConfig.model || prompt.model;
+        const provider = (await factory.getProviderByModel(modelId, {
          prefer,
        }))!;
        t.truthy(provider, 'should have provider');
        await retry(`action: ${promptName}`, t, async t => {
-          const finalConfig = Object.assign({}, prompt.config, config);
-          const modelId = finalConfig.model || prompt.model;
-
          switch (type) {
            case 'text': {
              const result = await provider.text(
@@ -892,7 +947,7 @@ test(
  'should be able to rerank message chunks',
  runIfCopilotConfigured,
  async t => {
-    const { factory, prompt } = t.context;
+    const { factory } = t.context;

    await retry('rerank', t, async t => {
      const query = 'Is this content relevant to programming?';
@@ -909,14 +964,18 @@ test(
        'The stock market is experiencing significant fluctuations.',
      ];

-      const p = (await prompt.get('Rerank results'))!;
-      t.assert(p, 'should have prompt for rerank');
-      const provider = (await factory.getProviderByModel(p.model))!;
+      const provider = (await factory.getProviderByModel('gpt-5.2'))!;
      t.assert(provider, 'should have provider for rerank');

      const scores = await provider.rerank(
-        { modelId: p.model },
-        embeddings.map(e => p.finish({ query, doc: e }))
+        { modelId: 'gpt-5.2' },
+        {
+          query,
+          candidates: embeddings.map((text, index) => ({
+            id: String(index),
+            text,
+          })),
+        }
      );

      t.is(scores.length, 10, 'should return scores for all chunks');
@@ -931,8 +990,8 @@ test(
      t.log('Rerank scores:', scores);
      t.is(
        scores.filter(s => s > 0.5).length,
-        4,
-        'should have 4 related chunks'
+        5,
+        'should have 5 related chunks'
      );
    });
  }
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/tests/copilot/copilot.e2e.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/tests/copilot/copilot.e2e.ts
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import {
  CopilotEmbeddingJob,
  MockEmbeddingClient,
 } from '../../plugins/copilot/embedding';
+import { ChatMessageCache } from '../../plugins/copilot/message';
 import { prompts, PromptService } from '../../plugins/copilot/prompt';
 import {
  CopilotProviderFactory,
@@ -416,6 +417,7 @@ test('should be able to use test provider', async t => {

 test('should create message correctly', async t => {
  const { app } = t.context;
+  const messageCache = app.get(ChatMessageCache);

  {
    const { id } = await createWorkspace(app);
@@ -463,6 +465,19 @@ test('should create message correctly', async t => {
        new File([new Uint8Array(pngData)], '1.png', { type: 'image/png' })
      );
      t.truthy(messageId, 'should be able to create message with blob');
+
+      const message = await messageCache.get(messageId);
+      const attachment = message?.attachments?.[0] as
+        | { attachment: string; mimeType: string }
+        | undefined;
+      const payload = Buffer.from(
+        attachment?.attachment.split(',').at(1) || '',
+        'base64'
+      );
+
+      t.is(attachment?.mimeType, 'image/webp');
+      t.is(payload.subarray(0, 4).toString('ascii'), 'RIFF');
+      t.is(payload.subarray(8, 12).toString('ascii'), 'WEBP');
    }

    // with attachments
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/tests/copilot/copilot.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/tests/copilot/copilot.spec.ts
@@ -33,10 +33,7 @@ import {
  ModelOutputType,
  OpenAIProvider,
 } from '../../plugins/copilot/providers';
-import {
-  CitationParser,
-  TextStreamParser,
-} from '../../plugins/copilot/providers/utils';
+import { TextStreamParser } from '../../plugins/copilot/providers/utils';
 import { ChatSessionService } from '../../plugins/copilot/session';
 import { CopilotStorage } from '../../plugins/copilot/storage';
 import { CopilotTranscriptionService } from '../../plugins/copilot/transcript';
@@ -660,6 +657,55 @@ test('should be able to generate with message id', async t => {
  }
 });

+test('should preserve file handle attachments when merging user content into prompt', async t => {
+  const { prompt, session } = t.context;
+
+  await prompt.set(promptName, 'model', [
+    { role: 'user', content: '{{content}}' },
+  ]);
+
+  const sessionId = await session.create({
+    docId: 'test',
+    workspaceId: 'test',
+    userId,
+    promptName,
+    pinned: false,
+  });
+  const s = (await session.get(sessionId))!;
+
+  const message = await session.createMessage({
+    sessionId,
+    content: 'Summarize this file',
+    attachments: [
+      {
+        kind: 'file_handle',
+        fileHandle: 'file_123',
+        mimeType: 'application/pdf',
+      },
+    ],
+  });
+
+  await s.pushByMessageId(message);
+  const finalMessages = s.finish({});
+
+  t.deepEqual(finalMessages, [
+    {
+      role: 'user',
+      content: 'Summarize this file',
+      attachments: [
+        {
+          kind: 'file_handle',
+          fileHandle: 'file_123',
+          mimeType: 'application/pdf',
+        },
+      ],
+      params: {
+        content: 'Summarize this file',
+      },
+    },
+  ]);
+});
+
 test('should save message correctly', async t => {
  const { prompt, session } = t.context;

@@ -1225,149 +1271,6 @@ test('should be able to run image executor', async t => {
  Sinon.restore();
 });

-test('CitationParser should replace citation placeholders with URLs', t => {
-  const content =
-    'This is [a] test sentence with [citations [1]] and [[2]] and [3].';
-  const citations = ['https://example1.com', 'https://example2.com'];
-
-  const parser = new CitationParser();
-  for (const citation of citations) {
-    parser.push(citation);
-  }
-
-  const result = parser.parse(content) + parser.end();
-
-  const expected = [
-    'This is [a] test sentence with [citations [^1]] and [^2] and [3].',
-    `[^1]: {"type":"url","url":"${encodeURIComponent(citations[0])}"}`,
-    `[^2]: {"type":"url","url":"${encodeURIComponent(citations[1])}"}`,
-  ].join('\n');
-
-  t.is(result, expected);
-});
-
-test('CitationParser should replace chunks of citation placeholders with URLs', t => {
-  const contents = [
-    '[[]]',
-    'This is [',
-    'a] test sentence ',
-    'with citations [1',
-    '] and [',
-    '[2]] and [[',
-    '3]] and [[4',
-    ']] and [[5]',
-    '] and [[6]]',
-    ' and [7',
-  ];
-  const citations = [
-    'https://example1.com',
-    'https://example2.com',
-    'https://example3.com',
-    'https://example4.com',
-    'https://example5.com',
-    'https://example6.com',
-    'https://example7.com',
-  ];
-
-  const parser = new CitationParser();
-  for (const citation of citations) {
-    parser.push(citation);
-  }
-
-  let result = contents.reduce((acc, current) => {
-    return acc + parser.parse(current);
-  }, '');
-  result += parser.end();
-
-  const expected = [
-    '[[]]This is [a] test sentence with citations [^1] and [^2] and [^3] and [^4] and [^5] and [^6] and [7',
-    `[^1]: {"type":"url","url":"${encodeURIComponent(citations[0])}"}`,
-    `[^2]: {"type":"url","url":"${encodeURIComponent(citations[1])}"}`,
-    `[^3]: {"type":"url","url":"${encodeURIComponent(citations[2])}"}`,
-    `[^4]: {"type":"url","url":"${encodeURIComponent(citations[3])}"}`,
-    `[^5]: {"type":"url","url":"${encodeURIComponent(citations[4])}"}`,
-    `[^6]: {"type":"url","url":"${encodeURIComponent(citations[5])}"}`,
-    `[^7]: {"type":"url","url":"${encodeURIComponent(citations[6])}"}`,
-  ].join('\n');
-  t.is(result, expected);
-});
-
-test('CitationParser should not replace citation already with URLs', t => {
-  const content =
-    'This is [a] test sentence with citations [1](https://example1.com) and [[2]](https://example2.com) and [[3](https://example3.com)].';
-  const citations = [
-    'https://example4.com',
-    'https://example5.com',
-    'https://example6.com',
-  ];
-
-  const parser = new CitationParser();
-  for (const citation of citations) {
-    parser.push(citation);
-  }
-
-  const result = parser.parse(content) + parser.end();
-
-  const expected = [
-    content,
-    `[^1]: {"type":"url","url":"${encodeURIComponent(citations[0])}"}`,
-    `[^2]: {"type":"url","url":"${encodeURIComponent(citations[1])}"}`,
-    `[^3]: {"type":"url","url":"${encodeURIComponent(citations[2])}"}`,
-  ].join('\n');
-  t.is(result, expected);
-});
-
-test('CitationParser should not replace chunks of citation already with URLs', t => {
-  const contents = [
-    'This is [a] test sentence with citations [1',
-    '](https://example1.com) and [[2]',
-    '](https://example2.com) and [[3](https://example3.com)].',
-  ];
-  const citations = [
-    'https://example4.com',
-    'https://example5.com',
-    'https://example6.com',
-  ];
-
-  const parser = new CitationParser();
-  for (const citation of citations) {
-    parser.push(citation);
-  }
-
-  let result = contents.reduce((acc, current) => {
-    return acc + parser.parse(current);
-  }, '');
-  result += parser.end();
-
-  const expected = [
-    contents.join(''),
-    `[^1]: {"type":"url","url":"${encodeURIComponent(citations[0])}"}`,
-    `[^2]: {"type":"url","url":"${encodeURIComponent(citations[1])}"}`,
-    `[^3]: {"type":"url","url":"${encodeURIComponent(citations[2])}"}`,
-  ].join('\n');
-  t.is(result, expected);
-});
-
-test('CitationParser should replace openai style reference chunks', t => {
-  const contents = [
-    'This is [a] test sentence with citations ',
-    '([example1.com](https://example1.com))',
-  ];
-
-  const parser = new CitationParser();
-
-  let result = contents.reduce((acc, current) => {
-    return acc + parser.parse(current);
-  }, '');
-  result += parser.end();
-
-  const expected = [
-    contents[0] + '[^1]',
-    `[^1]: {"type":"url","url":"${encodeURIComponent('https://example1.com')}"}`,
-  ].join('\n');
-  t.is(result, expected);
-});
-
 test('TextStreamParser should format different types of chunks correctly', t => {
  // Define interfaces for fixtures
  interface BaseFixture {
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/tests/copilot/native-adapter.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/tests/copilot/native-adapter.spec.ts
@@ -1,210 +0,0 @@
-import test from 'ava';
-import { z } from 'zod';
-
-import type { NativeLlmRequest, NativeLlmStreamEvent } from '../../native';
-import {
-  buildNativeRequest,
-  NativeProviderAdapter,
-} from '../../plugins/copilot/providers/native';
-
-const mockDispatch = () =>
-  (async function* (): AsyncIterableIterator<NativeLlmStreamEvent> {
-    yield { type: 'text_delta', text: 'Use [^1] now' };
-    yield { type: 'citation', index: 1, url: 'https://affine.pro' };
-    yield { type: 'done', finish_reason: 'stop' };
-  })();
-
-test('NativeProviderAdapter streamText should append citation footnotes', async t => {
-  const adapter = new NativeProviderAdapter(mockDispatch, {}, 3);
-  const chunks: string[] = [];
-  for await (const chunk of adapter.streamText({
-    model: 'gpt-4.1',
-    stream: true,
-    messages: [{ role: 'user', content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'hi' }] }],
-  })) {
-    chunks.push(chunk);
-  }
-
-  const text = chunks.join('');
-  t.true(text.includes('Use [^1] now'));
-  t.true(
-    text.includes('[^1]: {"type":"url","url":"https%3A%2F%2Faffine.pro"}')
-  );
-});
-
-test('NativeProviderAdapter streamObject should append citation footnotes', async t => {
-  const adapter = new NativeProviderAdapter(mockDispatch, {}, 3);
-  const chunks = [];
-  for await (const chunk of adapter.streamObject({
-    model: 'gpt-4.1',
-    stream: true,
-    messages: [{ role: 'user', content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'hi' }] }],
-  })) {
-    chunks.push(chunk);
-  }
-
-  t.deepEqual(
-    chunks.map(chunk => chunk.type),
-    ['text-delta', 'text-delta']
-  );
-  const text = chunks
-    .filter(chunk => chunk.type === 'text-delta')
-    .map(chunk => chunk.textDelta)
-    .join('');
-  t.true(text.includes('Use [^1] now'));
-  t.true(
-    text.includes('[^1]: {"type":"url","url":"https%3A%2F%2Faffine.pro"}')
-  );
-});
-
-test('NativeProviderAdapter streamObject should append fallback attachment footnotes', async t => {
-  const dispatch = () =>
-    (async function* (): AsyncIterableIterator<NativeLlmStreamEvent> {
-      yield {
-        type: 'tool_result',
-        call_id: 'call_1',
-        name: 'blob_read',
-        arguments: { blob_id: 'blob_1' },
-        output: {
-          blobId: 'blob_1',
-          fileName: 'a.txt',
-          fileType: 'text/plain',
-          content: 'A',
-        },
-      };
-      yield {
-        type: 'tool_result',
-        call_id: 'call_2',
-        name: 'blob_read',
-        arguments: { blob_id: 'blob_2' },
-        output: {
-          blobId: 'blob_2',
-          fileName: 'b.txt',
-          fileType: 'text/plain',
-          content: 'B',
-        },
-      };
-      yield { type: 'text_delta', text: 'Answer from files.' };
-      yield { type: 'done', finish_reason: 'stop' };
-    })();
-
-  const adapter = new NativeProviderAdapter(dispatch, {}, 3);
-  const chunks = [];
-  for await (const chunk of adapter.streamObject({
-    model: 'gpt-4.1',
-    stream: true,
-    messages: [{ role: 'user', content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'hi' }] }],
-  })) {
-    chunks.push(chunk);
-  }
-
-  const text = chunks
-    .filter(chunk => chunk.type === 'text-delta')
-    .map(chunk => chunk.textDelta)
-    .join('');
-  t.true(text.includes('Answer from files.'));
-  t.true(text.includes('[^1][^2]'));
-  t.true(
-    text.includes(
-      '[^1]: {"type":"attachment","blobId":"blob_1","fileName":"a.txt","fileType":"text/plain"}'
-    )
-  );
-  t.true(
-    text.includes(
-      '[^2]: {"type":"attachment","blobId":"blob_2","fileName":"b.txt","fileType":"text/plain"}'
-    )
-  );
-});
-
-test('NativeProviderAdapter streamObject should map tool and text events', async t => {
-  let round = 0;
-  const dispatch = (_request: NativeLlmRequest) =>
-    (async function* (): AsyncIterableIterator<NativeLlmStreamEvent> {
-      round += 1;
-      if (round === 1) {
-        yield {
-          type: 'tool_call',
-          call_id: 'call_1',
-          name: 'doc_read',
-          arguments: { doc_id: 'a1' },
-        };
-        yield { type: 'done', finish_reason: 'tool_calls' };
-        return;
-      }
-      yield { type: 'text_delta', text: 'ok' };
-      yield { type: 'done', finish_reason: 'stop' };
-    })();
-
-  const adapter = new NativeProviderAdapter(
-    dispatch,
-    {
-      doc_read: {
-        inputSchema: z.object({ doc_id: z.string() }),
-        execute: async () => ({ markdown: '# a1' }),
-      },
-    },
-    4
-  );
-
-  const events = [];
-  for await (const event of adapter.streamObject({
-    model: 'gpt-4.1',
-    stream: true,
-    messages: [{ role: 'user', content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'read' }] }],
-  })) {
-    events.push(event);
-  }
-
-  t.deepEqual(
-    events.map(event => event.type),
-    ['tool-call', 'tool-result', 'text-delta']
-  );
-  t.deepEqual(events[0], {
-    type: 'tool-call',
-    toolCallId: 'call_1',
-    toolName: 'doc_read',
-    args: { doc_id: 'a1' },
-  });
-});
-
-test('buildNativeRequest should include rust middleware from profile', async t => {
-  const { request } = await buildNativeRequest({
-    model: 'gpt-4.1',
-    messages: [{ role: 'user', content: 'hello' }],
-    tools: {},
-    middleware: {
-      rust: {
-        request: ['normalize_messages', 'clamp_max_tokens'],
-        stream: ['stream_event_normalize', 'citation_indexing'],
-      },
-      node: {
-        text: ['callout'],
-      },
-    },
-  });
-
-  t.deepEqual(request.middleware, {
-    request: ['normalize_messages', 'clamp_max_tokens'],
-    stream: ['stream_event_normalize', 'citation_indexing'],
-  });
-});
-
-test('NativeProviderAdapter streamText should skip citation footnotes when disabled', async t => {
-  const adapter = new NativeProviderAdapter(mockDispatch, {}, 3, {
-    nodeTextMiddleware: ['callout'],
-  });
-  const chunks: string[] = [];
-  for await (const chunk of adapter.streamText({
-    model: 'gpt-4.1',
-    stream: true,
-    messages: [{ role: 'user', content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'hi' }] }],
-  })) {
-    chunks.push(chunk);
-  }
-
-  const text = chunks.join('');
-  t.true(text.includes('Use [^1] now'));
-  t.false(
-    text.includes('[^1]: {"type":"url","url":"https%3A%2F%2Faffine.pro"}')
-  );
-});
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/tests/copilot/native-provider.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/tests/copilot/native-provider.spec.ts
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/tests/copilot/provider-native.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/tests/copilot/provider-native.spec.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
+import serverNativeModule from '@affine/server-native';
 import test from 'ava';

+import type { NativeLlmRerankRequest } from '../../native';
 import { ProviderMiddlewareConfig } from '../../plugins/copilot/config';
+import {
+  normalizeOpenAIOptionsForModel,
+  OpenAIProvider,
+} from '../../plugins/copilot/providers/openai';
 import { CopilotProvider } from '../../plugins/copilot/providers/provider';
 import {
  CopilotProviderType,
@@ -12,7 +18,7 @@ class TestOpenAIProvider extends CopilotProvider<{ apiKey: string }> {
  readonly type = CopilotProviderType.OpenAI;
  readonly models = [
    {
-      id: 'gpt-4.1',
+      id: 'gpt-5-mini',
      capabilities: [
        {
          input: [ModelInputType.Text],
@@ -36,7 +42,7 @@ class TestOpenAIProvider extends CopilotProvider<{ apiKey: string }> {
  }

  exposeMetricLabels() {
-    return this.metricLabels('gpt-4.1');
+    return this.metricLabels('gpt-5-mini');
  }

  exposeMiddleware() {
@@ -44,6 +50,33 @@ class TestOpenAIProvider extends CopilotProvider<{ apiKey: string }> {
  }
 }

+class NativeRerankProtocolProvider extends OpenAIProvider {
+  override readonly models = [
+    {
+      id: 'gpt-5.2',
+      capabilities: [
+        {
+          input: [ModelInputType.Text],
+          output: [ModelOutputType.Text, ModelOutputType.Rerank],
+          defaultForOutputType: true,
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+  ];
+
+  override get config() {
+    return {
+      apiKey: 'test-key',
+      baseURL: 'https://api.openai.com/v1',
+      oldApiStyle: false,
+    };
+  }
+
+  override configured() {
+    return true;
+  }
+}
+
 function createProvider(profileMiddleware?: ProviderMiddlewareConfig) {
  const provider = new TestOpenAIProvider();
  (provider as any).AFFiNEConfig = {
@@ -97,3 +130,71 @@ test('getActiveProviderMiddleware should merge defaults with profile override',
    'thinking_format',
  ]);
 });
+
+test('normalizeOpenAIOptionsForModel should drop sampling knobs for gpt-5.2', t => {
+  t.deepEqual(
+    normalizeOpenAIOptionsForModel(
+      {
+        temperature: 0.7,
+        topP: 0.8,
+        presencePenalty: 0.2,
+        frequencyPenalty: 0.1,
+        maxTokens: 128,
+      },
+      'gpt-5.4'
+    ),
+    { maxTokens: 128 }
+  );
+});
+
+test('normalizeOpenAIOptionsForModel should keep options for gpt-4.1', t => {
+  t.deepEqual(
+    normalizeOpenAIOptionsForModel(
+      { temperature: 0.7, topP: 0.8, maxTokens: 128 },
+      'gpt-4.1'
+    ),
+    { temperature: 0.7, topP: 0.8, maxTokens: 128 }
+  );
+});
+
+test('OpenAI rerank should always use chat-completions native protocol', async t => {
+  const provider = new NativeRerankProtocolProvider();
+  let capturedProtocol: string | undefined;
+  let capturedRequest: NativeLlmRerankRequest | undefined;
+
+  const original = (serverNativeModule as any).llmRerankDispatch;
+  (serverNativeModule as any).llmRerankDispatch = (
+    protocol: string,
+    _backendConfigJson: string,
+    requestJson: string
+  ) => {
+    capturedProtocol = protocol;
+    capturedRequest = JSON.parse(requestJson) as NativeLlmRerankRequest;
+    return JSON.stringify({ model: 'gpt-5.2', scores: [0.9, 0.1] });
+  };
+  t.teardown(() => {
+    (serverNativeModule as any).llmRerankDispatch = original;
+  });
+
+  const scores = await provider.rerank(
+    { modelId: 'gpt-5.2' },
+    {
+      query: 'programming',
+      candidates: [
+        { id: 'react', text: 'React is a UI library.' },
+        { id: 'weather', text: 'The weather is sunny today.' },
+      ],
+    }
+  );
+
+  t.deepEqual(scores, [0.9, 0.1]);
+  t.is(capturedProtocol, 'openai_chat');
+  t.deepEqual(capturedRequest, {
+    model: 'gpt-5.2',
+    query: 'programming',
+    candidates: [
+      { id: 'react', text: 'React is a UI library.' },
+      { id: 'weather', text: 'The weather is sunny today.' },
+    ],
+  });
+});
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/tests/copilot/provider-registry.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/tests/copilot/provider-registry.spec.ts
@@ -88,11 +88,11 @@ test('resolveModel should support explicit provider prefix and keep slash models

  const prefixed = resolveModel({
    registry,
-    modelId: 'openai-main/gpt-4.1',
+    modelId: 'openai-main/gpt-5-mini',
  });
  t.deepEqual(prefixed, {
-    rawModelId: 'openai-main/gpt-4.1',
-    modelId: 'gpt-4.1',
+    rawModelId: 'openai-main/gpt-5-mini',
+    modelId: 'gpt-5-mini',
    explicitProviderId: 'openai-main',
    candidateProviderIds: ['openai-main'],
  });
@@ -154,12 +154,15 @@ test('stripProviderPrefix should only strip matched provider prefix', t => {
  });

  t.is(
-    stripProviderPrefix(registry, 'openai-main', 'openai-main/gpt-4.1'),
-    'gpt-4.1'
+    stripProviderPrefix(registry, 'openai-main', 'openai-main/gpt-5-mini'),
+    'gpt-5-mini'
  );
  t.is(
-    stripProviderPrefix(registry, 'openai-main', 'another-main/gpt-4.1'),
-    'another-main/gpt-4.1'
+    stripProviderPrefix(registry, 'openai-main', 'another-main/gpt-5-mini'),
+    'another-main/gpt-5-mini'
+  );
+  t.is(
+    stripProviderPrefix(registry, 'openai-main', 'gpt-5-mini'),
+    'gpt-5-mini'
  );
-  t.is(stripProviderPrefix(registry, 'openai-main', 'gpt-4.1'), 'gpt-4.1');
 });
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/tests/copilot/tool-call-loop.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/tests/copilot/tool-call-loop.spec.ts
@@ -34,6 +34,56 @@ test('ToolCallAccumulator should merge deltas and complete tool call', t => {
    id: 'call_1',
    name: 'doc_read',
    args: { doc_id: 'a1' },
+    rawArgumentsText: '{"doc_id":"a1"}',
+    thought: undefined,
+  });
+});
+
+test('ToolCallAccumulator should preserve invalid JSON instead of swallowing it', t => {
+  const accumulator = new ToolCallAccumulator();
+
+  accumulator.feedDelta({
+    type: 'tool_call_delta',
+    call_id: 'call_1',
+    name: 'doc_read',
+    arguments_delta: '{"doc_id":',
+  });
+
+  const pending = accumulator.drainPending();
+
+  t.is(pending.length, 1);
+  t.deepEqual(pending[0]?.id, 'call_1');
+  t.deepEqual(pending[0]?.name, 'doc_read');
+  t.deepEqual(pending[0]?.args, {});
+  t.is(pending[0]?.rawArgumentsText, '{"doc_id":');
+  t.truthy(pending[0]?.argumentParseError);
+});
+
+test('ToolCallAccumulator should prefer native canonical tool arguments metadata', t => {
+  const accumulator = new ToolCallAccumulator();
+
+  accumulator.feedDelta({
+    type: 'tool_call_delta',
+    call_id: 'call_1',
+    name: 'doc_read',
+    arguments_delta: '{"stale":true}',
+  });
+
+  const completed = accumulator.complete({
+    type: 'tool_call',
+    call_id: 'call_1',
+    name: 'doc_read',
+    arguments: {},
+    arguments_text: '{"doc_id":"a1"}',
+    arguments_error: 'invalid json',
+  });
+
+  t.deepEqual(completed, {
+    id: 'call_1',
+    name: 'doc_read',
+    args: {},
+    rawArgumentsText: '{"doc_id":"a1"}',
+    argumentParseError: 'invalid json',
    thought: undefined,
  });
 });
@@ -71,6 +121,8 @@ test('ToolSchemaExtractor should convert zod schema to json schema', t => {

 test('ToolCallLoop should execute tool call and continue to next round', async t => {
  const dispatchRequests: NativeLlmRequest[] = [];
+  const originalMessages = [{ role: 'user', content: 'read doc' }] as const;
+  const signal = new AbortController().signal;

  const dispatch = (request: NativeLlmRequest) => {
    dispatchRequests.push(request);
@@ -100,13 +152,17 @@ test('ToolCallLoop should execute tool call and continue to next round', async t
  };

  let executedArgs: Record<string, unknown> | null = null;
+  let executedMessages: unknown;
+  let executedSignal: AbortSignal | undefined;
  const loop = new ToolCallLoop(
    dispatch,
    {
      doc_read: {
        inputSchema: z.object({ doc_id: z.string() }),
-        execute: async args => {
+        execute: async (args, options) => {
          executedArgs = args;
+          executedMessages = options.messages;
+          executedSignal = options.signal;
          return { markdown: '# doc' };
        },
      },
@@ -114,21 +170,119 @@ test('ToolCallLoop should execute tool call and continue to next round', async t
    4
  );

+  const events: NativeLlmStreamEvent[] = [];
+  for await (const event of loop.run(
+    {
+      model: 'gpt-5-mini',
+      stream: true,
+      messages: [
+        { role: 'user', content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'read doc' }] },
+      ],
+    },
+    signal,
+    [...originalMessages]
+  )) {
+    events.push(event);
+  }
+
+  t.deepEqual(executedArgs, { doc_id: 'a1' });
+  t.deepEqual(executedMessages, originalMessages);
+  t.is(executedSignal, signal);
+  t.true(
+    dispatchRequests[1]?.messages.some(message => message.role === 'tool')
+  );
+  t.deepEqual(dispatchRequests[1]?.messages[1]?.content, [
+    {
+      type: 'tool_call',
+      call_id: 'call_1',
+      name: 'doc_read',
+      arguments: { doc_id: 'a1' },
+      arguments_text: '{"doc_id":"a1"}',
+      arguments_error: undefined,
+      thought: undefined,
+    },
+  ]);
+  t.deepEqual(dispatchRequests[1]?.messages[2]?.content, [
+    {
+      type: 'tool_result',
+      call_id: 'call_1',
+      name: 'doc_read',
+      arguments: { doc_id: 'a1' },
+      arguments_text: '{"doc_id":"a1"}',
+      arguments_error: undefined,
+      output: { markdown: '# doc' },
+      is_error: undefined,
+    },
+  ]);
+  t.deepEqual(
+    events.map(event => event.type),
+    ['tool_call', 'tool_result', 'text_delta', 'done']
+  );
+});
+
+test('ToolCallLoop should surface invalid JSON as tool error without executing', async t => {
+  let executed = false;
+  let round = 0;
+  const loop = new ToolCallLoop(
+    request => {
+      round += 1;
+      const hasToolResult = request.messages.some(
+        message => message.role === 'tool'
+      );
+      return (async function* (): AsyncIterableIterator<NativeLlmStreamEvent> {
+        if (!hasToolResult && round === 1) {
+          yield {
+            type: 'tool_call_delta',
+            call_id: 'call_1',
+            name: 'doc_read',
+            arguments_delta: '{"doc_id":',
+          };
+          yield { type: 'done', finish_reason: 'tool_calls' };
+          return;
+        }
+
+        yield { type: 'done', finish_reason: 'stop' };
+      })();
+    },
+    {
+      doc_read: {
+        inputSchema: z.object({ doc_id: z.string() }),
+        execute: async () => {
+          executed = true;
+          return { markdown: '# doc' };
+        },
+      },
+    },
+    2
+  );
+
  const events: NativeLlmStreamEvent[] = [];
  for await (const event of loop.run({
-    model: 'gpt-4.1',
+    model: 'gpt-5-mini',
    stream: true,
    messages: [{ role: 'user', content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'read doc' }] }],
  })) {
    events.push(event);
  }

-  t.deepEqual(executedArgs, { doc_id: 'a1' });
-  t.true(
-    dispatchRequests[1]?.messages.some(message => message.role === 'tool')
-  );
-  t.deepEqual(
-    events.map(event => event.type),
-    ['tool_call', 'tool_result', 'text_delta', 'done']
-  );
+  t.false(executed);
+  t.true(events[0]?.type === 'tool_result');
+  t.deepEqual(events[0], {
+    type: 'tool_result',
+    call_id: 'call_1',
+    name: 'doc_read',
+    arguments: {},
+    arguments_text: '{"doc_id":',
+    arguments_error:
+      events[0]?.type === 'tool_result' ? events[0].arguments_error : undefined,
+    output: {
+      message: 'Invalid tool arguments JSON',
+      rawArguments: '{"doc_id":',
+      error:
+        events[0]?.type === 'tool_result'
+          ? events[0].arguments_error
+          : undefined,
+    },
+    is_error: true,
+  });
 });
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/tests/copilot/utils.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/tests/copilot/utils.spec.ts
@@ -1,12 +1,6 @@
 import test from 'ava';
-import { z } from 'zod';

-import {
-  chatToGPTMessage,
-  CitationFootnoteFormatter,
-  CitationParser,
-  StreamPatternParser,
-} from '../../plugins/copilot/providers/utils';
+import { CitationFootnoteFormatter } from '../../plugins/copilot/providers/utils';

 test('CitationFootnoteFormatter should format sorted footnotes from citation events', t => {
  const formatter = new CitationFootnoteFormatter();
@@ -50,67 +44,3 @@ test('CitationFootnoteFormatter should overwrite duplicated index with latest ur
    '[^1]: {"type":"url","url":"https%3A%2F%2Fexample.com%2Fnew"}'
  );
 });
-
-test('StreamPatternParser should keep state across chunks', t => {
-  const parser = new StreamPatternParser(pattern => {
-    if (pattern.kind === 'wrappedLink') {
-      return `[^${pattern.url}]`;
-    }
-    if (pattern.kind === 'index') {
-      return `[#${pattern.value}]`;
-    }
-    return `[${pattern.text}](${pattern.url})`;
-  });
-
-  const first = parser.write('ref ([AFFiNE](https://affine.pro');
-  const second = parser.write(')) and [2]');
-
-  t.is(first, 'ref ');
-  t.is(second, '[^https://affine.pro] and [#2]');
-  t.is(parser.end(), '');
-});
-
-test('CitationParser should convert wrapped links to numbered footnotes', t => {
-  const parser = new CitationParser();
-
-  const output = parser.parse('Use ([AFFiNE](https://affine.pro)) now');
-  t.is(output, 'Use [^1] now');
-  t.regex(
-    parser.end(),
-    /\[\^1\]: \{"type":"url","url":"https%3A%2F%2Faffine.pro"\}/
-  );
-});
-
-test('chatToGPTMessage should not mutate input and should keep system schema', async t => {
-  const schema = z.object({
-    query: z.string(),
-  });
-  const messages = [
-    {
-      role: 'system' as const,
-      content: 'You are helper',
-      params: { schema },
-    },
-    {
-      role: 'user' as const,
-      content: '',
-      attachments: ['https://example.com/a.png'],
-    },
-  ];
-  const firstRef = messages[0];
-  const secondRef = messages[1];
-  const [system, normalized, parsedSchema] = await chatToGPTMessage(
-    messages,
-    false
-  );
-
-  t.is(system, 'You are helper');
-  t.is(parsedSchema, schema);
-  t.is(messages.length, 2);
-  t.is(messages[0], firstRef);
-  t.is(messages[1], secondRef);
-  t.deepEqual(normalized[0], {
-    role: 'user',
-    content: [{ type: 'text', text: '[no content]' }],
-  });
-});
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/tests/e2e/doc-service/snapshots/controller.spec.ts.md
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/tests/e2e/doc-service/snapshots/controller.spec.ts.md
@@ -9,6 +9,16 @@ Generated by [AVA](https://avajs.dev).
 > Snapshot 1

    {
+      knownUnsupportedBlocks: [
+        'RX4CG2zsBk:affine:note',
+        'S1mkc8zUoU:affine:note',
+        'yGlBdshAqN:affine:note',
+        '6lDiuDqZGL:affine:note',
+        'cauvaHOQmh:affine:note',
+        '2jwCeO8Yot:affine:note',
+        'c9MF_JiRgx:affine:note',
+        '6x7ALjUDjj:affine:surface',
+      ],
      markdown: `AFFiNE is an open source all in one workspace, an operating system for all the building blocks of your team wiki, knowledge management and digital assets and a better alternative to Notion and Miro.␊
      ␊
      ␊
@@ -70,35 +80,9 @@ Generated by [AVA](https://avajs.dev).
      ␊
      ␊
      ␊
-      ␊
-      [](Bookmark,https://affine.pro/)␊
-      ␊
-      ␊
-      [](Bookmark,https://www.youtube.com/@affinepro)␊
-      ␊
-      <img␊
-        src="blob://BFZk3c2ERp-sliRvA7MQ_p3NdkdCLt2Ze0DQ9i21dpA="␊
-        alt=""␊
-        width="1302"␊
-        height="728"␊
-      />␊
-      ␊
-      <img␊
-        src="blob://HWvCItS78DzPGbwcuaGcfkpVDUvL98IvH5SIK8-AcL8="␊
-        alt=""␊
-        width="1463"␊
-        height="374"␊
-      />␊
-      ␊
-      <img␊
-        src="blob://ZRKpsBoC88qEMmeiXKXqywfA1rLvWoLa5rpEh9x9Oj0="␊
-        alt=""␊
-        width="862"␊
-        height="1388"␊
-      />␊
-      ␊
      `,
      title: 'Write, Draw, Plan all at Once.',
+      unknownBlocks: [],
    }

 ## should get doc markdown return null when doc not exists
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/tests/e2e/doc-service/snapshots/controller.spec.ts.snap
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/tests/e2e/doc-service/snapshots/controller.spec.ts.snap
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/tests/mails.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/tests/mails.spec.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import test from 'ava';

+import { normalizeSMTPHeloHostname } from '../core/mail/utils';
 import { Renderers } from '../mails';
 import { TEST_DOC, TEST_USER } from '../mails/common';

@@ -21,3 +22,22 @@ test('should render mention email with empty doc title', async t => {
  });
  t.snapshot(content.html, content.subject);
 });
+
+test('should normalize valid SMTP HELO hostnames', t => {
+  t.is(normalizeSMTPHeloHostname('mail.example.com'), 'mail.example.com');
+  t.is(normalizeSMTPHeloHostname(' localhost '), 'localhost');
+  t.is(normalizeSMTPHeloHostname('[127.0.0.1]'), '[127.0.0.1]');
+  t.is(normalizeSMTPHeloHostname('[IPv6:2001:db8::1]'), '[IPv6:2001:db8::1]');
+});
+
+test('should reject invalid SMTP HELO hostnames', t => {
+  t.is(normalizeSMTPHeloHostname(''), undefined);
+  t.is(normalizeSMTPHeloHostname('  '), undefined);
+  t.is(normalizeSMTPHeloHostname('AFFiNE Server'), undefined);
+  t.is(normalizeSMTPHeloHostname('-example.com'), undefined);
+  t.is(normalizeSMTPHeloHostname('example-.com'), undefined);
+  t.is(normalizeSMTPHeloHostname('example..com'), undefined);
+  t.is(normalizeSMTPHeloHostname('[bad host]'), undefined);
+  t.is(normalizeSMTPHeloHostname('[foo]'), undefined);
+  t.is(normalizeSMTPHeloHostname('[IPv6:foo]'), undefined);
+});
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/tests/mocks/copilot.mock.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/tests/mocks/copilot.mock.ts
@@ -33,39 +33,12 @@ export class MockCopilotProvider extends OpenAIProvider {
      id: 'test-image',
      capabilities: [
        {
-          input: [ModelInputType.Text],
+          input: [ModelInputType.Text, ModelInputType.Image],
          output: [ModelOutputType.Image],
          defaultForOutputType: true,
        },
      ],
    },
-    {
-      id: 'gpt-4o',
-      capabilities: [
-        {
-          input: [ModelInputType.Text, ModelInputType.Image],
-          output: [ModelOutputType.Text, ModelOutputType.Object],
-        },
-      ],
-    },
-    {
-      id: 'gpt-4o-2024-08-06',
-      capabilities: [
-        {
-          input: [ModelInputType.Text, ModelInputType.Image],
-          output: [ModelOutputType.Text, ModelOutputType.Object],
-        },
-      ],
-    },
-    {
-      id: 'gpt-4.1-2025-04-14',
-      capabilities: [
-        {
-          input: [ModelInputType.Text, ModelInputType.Image],
-          output: [ModelOutputType.Text, ModelOutputType.Object],
-        },
-      ],
-    },
    {
      id: 'gpt-5',
      capabilities: [
@@ -97,6 +70,19 @@ export class MockCopilotProvider extends OpenAIProvider {
        },
      ],
    },
+    {
+      id: 'gpt-5-nano',
+      capabilities: [
+        {
+          input: [ModelInputType.Text, ModelInputType.Image],
+          output: [
+            ModelOutputType.Text,
+            ModelOutputType.Object,
+            ModelOutputType.Structured,
+          ],
+        },
+      ],
+    },
    {
      id: 'gpt-image-1',
      capabilities: [
@@ -133,6 +119,23 @@ export class MockCopilotProvider extends OpenAIProvider {
        },
      ],
    },
+    {
+      id: 'gemini-3.1-pro-preview',
+      capabilities: [
+        {
+          input: [
+            ModelInputType.Text,
+            ModelInputType.Image,
+            ModelInputType.Audio,
+          ],
+          output: [
+            ModelOutputType.Text,
+            ModelOutputType.Object,
+            ModelOutputType.Structured,
+          ],
+        },
+      ],
+    },
  ];

  override async text(
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/tests/user/user.e2e.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/tests/user/user.e2e.ts
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ import type { TestFn } from 'ava';
 import ava from 'ava';

 import {
+  createBmp,
  createTestingApp,
  getPublicUserById,
-  smallestGif,
  smallestPng,
  TestingApp,
  updateAvatar,
@@ -40,7 +40,10 @@ test('should be able to upload user avatar', async t => {

  const avatarRes = await app.GET(new URL(avatarUrl).pathname);

-  t.deepEqual(avatarRes.body, avatar);
+  t.true(avatarRes.headers['content-type'].startsWith('image/webp'));
+  t.notDeepEqual(avatarRes.body, avatar);
+  t.is(avatarRes.body.subarray(0, 4).toString('ascii'), 'RIFF');
+  t.is(avatarRes.body.subarray(8, 12).toString('ascii'), 'WEBP');
 });

 test('should be able to update user avatar, and invalidate old avatar url', async t => {
@@ -54,9 +57,7 @@ test('should be able to update user avatar, and invalidate old avatar url', asyn

  const oldAvatarUrl = res.body.data.uploadAvatar.avatarUrl;

-  const newAvatar = await fetch(smallestGif)
-    .then(res => res.arrayBuffer())
-    .then(b => Buffer.from(b));
+  const newAvatar = createBmp(32, 32);
  res = await updateAvatar(app, newAvatar);
  const newAvatarUrl = res.body.data.uploadAvatar.avatarUrl;

@@ -66,7 +67,46 @@ test('should be able to update user avatar, and invalidate old avatar url', asyn
  t.is(avatarRes.status, 404);

  const newAvatarRes = await app.GET(new URL(newAvatarUrl).pathname);
-  t.deepEqual(newAvatarRes.body, newAvatar);
+  t.true(newAvatarRes.headers['content-type'].startsWith('image/webp'));
+  t.notDeepEqual(newAvatarRes.body, newAvatar);
+  t.is(newAvatarRes.body.subarray(0, 4).toString('ascii'), 'RIFF');
+  t.is(newAvatarRes.body.subarray(8, 12).toString('ascii'), 'WEBP');
+});
+
+test('should accept avatar uploads up to 5MB after conversion', async t => {
+  const { app } = t.context;
+
+  await app.signup();
+  const avatar = createBmp(1024, 1024);
+  t.true(avatar.length > 500 * 1024);
+  t.true(avatar.length < 5 * 1024 * 1024);
+
+  const res = await updateAvatar(app, avatar, {
+    filename: 'large.bmp',
+    contentType: 'image/bmp',
+  });
+
+  t.is(res.status, 200);
+  const avatarUrl = res.body.data.uploadAvatar.avatarUrl;
+  const avatarRes = await app.GET(new URL(avatarUrl).pathname);
+
+  t.true(avatarRes.headers['content-type'].startsWith('image/webp'));
+});
+
+test('should reject unsupported vector avatars', async t => {
+  const { app } = t.context;
+
+  await app.signup();
+  const avatar = Buffer.from(
+    '<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="10" height="10"></svg>'
+  );
+  const res = await updateAvatar(app, avatar, {
+    filename: 'avatar.svg',
+    contentType: 'image/svg+xml',
+  });
+
+  t.is(res.status, 200);
+  t.is(res.body.errors[0].message, 'Image format not supported: image/svg+xml');
 });

 test('should be able to get public user by id', async t => {
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/tests/utils/blobs.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/tests/utils/blobs.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,35 @@ export const smallestPng =
  'data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAgAAAAIAQMAAAD+wSzIAAAABlBMVEX///+/v7+jQ3Y5AAAADklEQVQI12P4AIX8EAgALgAD/aNpbtEAAAAASUVORK5CYII';
 export const smallestGif = 'data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACw=';

+export function createBmp(width: number, height: number) {
+  const rowSize = Math.ceil((width * 3) / 4) * 4;
+  const pixelDataSize = rowSize * height;
+  const fileSize = 54 + pixelDataSize;
+  const buffer = Buffer.alloc(fileSize);
+
+  buffer.write('BM', 0, 'ascii');
+  buffer.writeUInt32LE(fileSize, 2);
+  buffer.writeUInt32LE(54, 10);
+  buffer.writeUInt32LE(40, 14);
+  buffer.writeInt32LE(width, 18);
+  buffer.writeInt32LE(height, 22);
+  buffer.writeUInt16LE(1, 26);
+  buffer.writeUInt16LE(24, 28);
+  buffer.writeUInt32LE(pixelDataSize, 34);
+
+  for (let y = 0; y < height; y++) {
+    const rowOffset = 54 + y * rowSize;
+    for (let x = 0; x < width; x++) {
+      const pixelOffset = rowOffset + x * 3;
+      buffer[pixelOffset] = 0x33;
+      buffer[pixelOffset + 1] = 0x66;
+      buffer[pixelOffset + 2] = 0x99;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return buffer;
+}
+
 export async function listBlobs(
  app: TestingApp,
  workspaceId: string
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/tests/utils/user.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/tests/utils/user.ts
@@ -121,7 +121,11 @@ export async function deleteAccount(app: TestingApp) {
  return res.deleteAccount.success;
 }

-export async function updateAvatar(app: TestingApp, avatar: Buffer) {
+export async function updateAvatar(
+  app: TestingApp,
+  avatar: Buffer,
+  options: { filename?: string; contentType?: string } = {}
+) {
  return app
    .POST('/graphql')
    .field(
@@ -138,7 +142,7 @@ export async function updateAvatar(app: TestingApp, avatar: Buffer) {
    )
    .field('map', JSON.stringify({ '0': ['variables.avatar'] }))
    .attach('0', avatar, {
-      filename: 'test.png',
-      contentType: 'image/png',
+      filename: options.filename || 'test.png',
+      contentType: options.contentType || 'image/png',
    });
 }
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/base/error/def.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/base/error/def.ts
@@ -301,6 +301,11 @@ export const USER_FRIENDLY_ERRORS = {
  },

  // Input errors
+  image_format_not_supported: {
+    type: 'invalid_input',
+    args: { format: 'string' },
+    message: ({ format }) => `Image format not supported: ${format}`,
+  },
  query_too_long: {
    type: 'invalid_input',
    args: { max: 'number' },
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/base/error/errors.gen.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/base/error/errors.gen.ts
@@ -82,6 +82,16 @@ export class EmailServiceNotConfigured extends UserFriendlyError {
  }
 }
@ObjectType()
+class ImageFormatNotSupportedDataType {
+  @Field() format!: string
+}
+
+export class ImageFormatNotSupported extends UserFriendlyError {
+  constructor(args: ImageFormatNotSupportedDataType, message?: string | ((args: ImageFormatNotSupportedDataType) => string)) {
+    super('invalid_input', 'image_format_not_supported', message, args);
+  }
+}
+@ObjectType()
 class QueryTooLongDataType {
  @Field() max!: number
 }
@@ -1155,6 +1165,7 @@ export enum ErrorNames {
  SSRF_BLOCKED_ERROR,
  RESPONSE_TOO_LARGE_ERROR,
  EMAIL_SERVICE_NOT_CONFIGURED,
+  IMAGE_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED,
  QUERY_TOO_LONG,
  VALIDATION_ERROR,
  USER_NOT_FOUND,
@@ -1297,5 +1308,5 @@ registerEnumType(ErrorNames, {
 export const ErrorDataUnionType = createUnionType({
  name: 'ErrorDataUnion',
  types: () =>
-    [GraphqlBadRequestDataType, HttpRequestErrorDataType, SsrfBlockedErrorDataType, ResponseTooLargeErrorDataType, QueryTooLongDataType, ValidationErrorDataType, WrongSignInCredentialsDataType, UnknownOauthProviderDataType, InvalidOauthCallbackCodeDataType, MissingOauthQueryParameterDataType, InvalidOauthResponseDataType, InvalidEmailDataType, InvalidPasswordLengthDataType, WorkspacePermissionNotFoundDataType, SpaceNotFoundDataType, MemberNotFoundInSpaceDataType, NotInSpaceDataType, AlreadyInSpaceDataType, SpaceAccessDeniedDataType, SpaceOwnerNotFoundDataType, SpaceShouldHaveOnlyOneOwnerDataType, DocNotFoundDataType, DocActionDeniedDataType, DocUpdateBlockedDataType, VersionRejectedDataType, InvalidHistoryTimestampDataType, DocHistoryNotFoundDataType, BlobNotFoundDataType, ExpectToGrantDocUserRolesDataType, ExpectToRevokeDocUserRolesDataType, ExpectToUpdateDocUserRoleDataType, NoMoreSeatDataType, UnsupportedSubscriptionPlanDataType, SubscriptionAlreadyExistsDataType, SubscriptionNotExistsDataType, SameSubscriptionRecurringDataType, SubscriptionPlanNotFoundDataType, CalendarProviderRequestErrorDataType, NoCopilotProviderAvailableDataType, CopilotFailedToGenerateEmbeddingDataType, CopilotDocNotFoundDataType, CopilotMessageNotFoundDataType, CopilotPromptNotFoundDataType, CopilotProviderNotSupportedDataType, CopilotProviderSideErrorDataType, CopilotInvalidContextDataType, CopilotContextFileNotSupportedDataType, CopilotFailedToModifyContextDataType, CopilotFailedToMatchContextDataType, CopilotFailedToMatchGlobalContextDataType, CopilotFailedToAddWorkspaceFileEmbeddingDataType, RuntimeConfigNotFoundDataType, InvalidRuntimeConfigTypeDataType, InvalidLicenseToActivateDataType, InvalidLicenseUpdateParamsDataType, UnsupportedClientVersionDataType, MentionUserDocAccessDeniedDataType, InvalidAppConfigDataType, InvalidAppConfigInputDataType, InvalidSearchProviderRequestDataType, InvalidIndexerInputDataType] as const,
+    [GraphqlBadRequestDataType, HttpRequestErrorDataType, SsrfBlockedErrorDataType, ResponseTooLargeErrorDataType, ImageFormatNotSupportedDataType, QueryTooLongDataType, ValidationErrorDataType, WrongSignInCredentialsDataType, UnknownOauthProviderDataType, InvalidOauthCallbackCodeDataType, MissingOauthQueryParameterDataType, InvalidOauthResponseDataType, InvalidEmailDataType, InvalidPasswordLengthDataType, WorkspacePermissionNotFoundDataType, SpaceNotFoundDataType, MemberNotFoundInSpaceDataType, NotInSpaceDataType, AlreadyInSpaceDataType, SpaceAccessDeniedDataType, SpaceOwnerNotFoundDataType, SpaceShouldHaveOnlyOneOwnerDataType, DocNotFoundDataType, DocActionDeniedDataType, DocUpdateBlockedDataType, VersionRejectedDataType, InvalidHistoryTimestampDataType, DocHistoryNotFoundDataType, BlobNotFoundDataType, ExpectToGrantDocUserRolesDataType, ExpectToRevokeDocUserRolesDataType, ExpectToUpdateDocUserRoleDataType, NoMoreSeatDataType, UnsupportedSubscriptionPlanDataType, SubscriptionAlreadyExistsDataType, SubscriptionNotExistsDataType, SameSubscriptionRecurringDataType, SubscriptionPlanNotFoundDataType, CalendarProviderRequestErrorDataType, NoCopilotProviderAvailableDataType, CopilotFailedToGenerateEmbeddingDataType, CopilotDocNotFoundDataType, CopilotMessageNotFoundDataType, CopilotPromptNotFoundDataType, CopilotProviderNotSupportedDataType, CopilotProviderSideErrorDataType, CopilotInvalidContextDataType, CopilotContextFileNotSupportedDataType, CopilotFailedToModifyContextDataType, CopilotFailedToMatchContextDataType, CopilotFailedToMatchGlobalContextDataType, CopilotFailedToAddWorkspaceFileEmbeddingDataType, RuntimeConfigNotFoundDataType, InvalidRuntimeConfigTypeDataType, InvalidLicenseToActivateDataType, InvalidLicenseUpdateParamsDataType, UnsupportedClientVersionDataType, MentionUserDocAccessDeniedDataType, InvalidAppConfigDataType, InvalidAppConfigInputDataType, InvalidSearchProviderRequestDataType, InvalidIndexerInputDataType] as const,
 });
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/doc-renderer/tests/controller.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/doc-renderer/tests/controller.spec.ts
@@ -129,6 +129,8 @@ test('should return markdown content and skip page view when accept is text/mark
  const markdown = Sinon.stub(docReader, 'getDocMarkdown').resolves({
    title: 'markdown-doc',
    markdown: '# markdown-doc',
+    knownUnsupportedBlocks: [],
+    unknownBlocks: [],
  });
  const docContent = Sinon.stub(docReader, 'getDocContent');
  const record = Sinon.stub(
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
@@ -1 +1 @@
 .22.0
 .22.1