chore: bump version to 0.0.3

* [audio] added sdl audio backend and in-tree atrac9 decoder

* [input] replaced per-platform pad readers with sdl gamepad input

* [video] added sdl window and host display plumbing

* [gui] added host display options and per-game render settings

* [bink] synced host movie playback to the guest audio clock

* [cpu] hooked windows write faults into guest image tracking

* [perf] added guest and render profiling, reserved host cpu lanes

* [kernel] fixed stale pthread mutex handle alias

* [host] wired the sdl session, save-data paths and project references

* [audio] hoisted ajm trace stackalloc out of its loop

* [video] Add guest image sync setting

* [build] Strip native symbols

* reuse

Directory.Build.props

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
     <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
     <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
     <GenerateDocumentationFile>true</GenerateDocumentationFile>
-    <SharpEmuVersion>0.0.2-beta.5</SharpEmuVersion>
+    <SharpEmuVersion>0.0.3</SharpEmuVersion>
     <Version>$(SharpEmuVersion)</Version>
 
     <RepoRoot>$([MSBuild]::NormalizeDirectory('$(MSBuildThisFileDirectory)'))</RepoRoot>

Directory.Packages.props

@@ -7,23 +7,23 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
     <ManagePackageVersionsCentrally>true</ManagePackageVersionsCentrally>
   </PropertyGroup>
   <ItemGroup>
-    <PackageVersion Include="Avalonia" Version="11.3.18" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Avalonia" Version="12.1.0" />
-    <PackageVersion Include="Avalonia.Desktop" Version="11.3.18" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Avalonia.Desktop" Version="12.1.0" />
-    <PackageVersion Include="Avalonia.Fonts.Inter" Version="11.3.18" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Avalonia.Fonts.Inter" Version="12.1.0" />
-    <PackageVersion Include="Avalonia.Themes.Fluent" Version="11.3.18" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Avalonia.Themes.Fluent" Version="12.1.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="FFmpeg.AutoGen" Version="7.1.1" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Iced" Version="1.21.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.Build.Framework" Version="17.14.8" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Analyzers" Version="3.11.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp" Version="4.12.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.NET.Test.Sdk" Version="17.14.1" />
-    <PackageVersion Include="Silk.NET.Input" Version="2.23.0" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="NLayer" Version="1.14.0" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="ppy.SDL3-CS" Version="2026.629.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Silk.NET.Vulkan" Version="2.23.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Silk.NET.Vulkan.Extensions.EXT" Version="2.23.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Silk.NET.Vulkan.Extensions.KHR" Version="2.23.0" />
-    <PackageVersion Include="Silk.NET.Windowing" Version="2.23.0" />
+    <!-- Transitive of Avalonia.Desktop; pinned. Avalonia 12 requires 0.94.1+. -->
-    <!-- Transitive of Avalonia.Desktop; pinned to fix GHSA-xrw6-gwf8-vvr9 -->
+    <PackageVersion Include="Tmds.DBus.Protocol" Version="0.94.1" />
-    <PackageVersion Include="Tmds.DBus.Protocol" Version="0.21.3" />
     <PackageVersion Include="xunit" Version="2.9.3" />
     <PackageVersion Include="xunit.runner.visualstudio" Version="3.1.1" />
   </ItemGroup>

README.md

@@ -13,16 +13,6 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
   An experimental PlayStation 5 emulator for Windows, Linux and macOS.  
 </p>
 
-<p align="center">
-  <a href="https://discord.gg/6GejPEDqpc">
-    <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Discord-Join%20our%20Community-5865F2?style=for-the-badge&logo=discord&logoColor=white" alt="Join our Discord">
-  </a>
-</p>
-
-<p align="center">
-  <strong>Join our Discord for development updates, compatibility discussions, support, and community chat.</strong>
-</p>
-
 ---
 
 <p align="center">

REUSE.toml

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ path = [
     "global.json",
     "**/packages.lock.json",
     "scripts/ps5_names.txt",
+    "src/SharpEmu.LibAtrac9/**",
     "src/SharpEmu.GUI/Languages/**",
     "src/SharpEmu.ShaderCompiler.Metal/Templates/**",
     "tests/SharpEmu.ShaderCompiler.Metal.Tests/Goldens/**",

SharpEmu.slnx

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
 <Solution>
   <Folder Name="/src/">
+    <Project Path="src/SharpEmu.LibAtrac9/SharpEmu.LibAtrac9.csproj" />
     <Project Path="src/SharpEmu.CLI/SharpEmu.CLI.csproj" />
     <Project Path="src/SharpEmu.Core/SharpEmu.Core.csproj" />
     <Project Path="src/SharpEmu.DebugClient/SharpEmu.DebugClient.csproj" />

src/SharpEmu.CLI/Program.cs

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ using SharpEmu.HLE;
 using SharpEmu.Libs.VideoOut;
 using SharpEmu.Logging;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Runtime.Loader;
 using System.Text;
 using System.Text.Json;
 
@@ -45,6 +46,8 @@ internal static partial class Program
     [STAThread]
     private static int Main(string[] args)
     {
+        ConfigureManagedPluginResolution();
+
         try
         {
             return Run(args);
@@ -56,6 +59,25 @@ internal static partial class Program
         }
     }
 
+    private static void ConfigureManagedPluginResolution()
+    {
+        AssemblyLoadContext.Default.Resolving += static (loadContext, assemblyName) =>
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(assemblyName.Name))
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            var assemblyPath = Path.Combine(
+                AppContext.BaseDirectory,
+                "plugins",
+                assemblyName.Name + ".dll");
+            return File.Exists(assemblyPath)
+                ? loadContext.LoadFromAssemblyPath(assemblyPath)
+                : null;
+        };
+    }
+
     private static int Run(string[] args)
     {
         if (Updater.TryApply(args, out var updateExitCode))
@@ -64,7 +86,6 @@ internal static partial class Program
         }
 
         args = NormalizeInternalArguments(args, out var isMitigatedChild);
-        PreloadGlfw();
 
         if (args.Length == 0)
         {
@@ -93,14 +114,9 @@ internal static partial class Program
                 PreloadMacVulkanLoader();
             }
 
-            // GLFW requires window creation and event processing on the
+            // SDL/AppKit window work belongs on the process main thread on
-            // process main thread: AppKit demands it on macOS, and X11 has a
+            // macOS. Linux uses the same model for consistent X11/Wayland
-            // single event queue that must be serviced from the main thread
+            // event ownership. Emulation remains on a worker thread.
-            // (a window created and polled off it may never map, which showed
-            // as a running game with no visible window on Linux). Emulation
-            // moves to a worker thread and the main thread services the window
-            // work the video presenter posts. Windows keeps a per-thread event
-            // queue, so its window stays on the presenter's own thread.
             var exitCode = 0;
             HostMainThread.Enable();
             var emulation = new Thread(() =>
@@ -131,10 +147,9 @@ internal static partial class Program
     /// starts: the CPU backend executes guest x86-64 code natively, so the
     /// host process must be x86-64 — win-x64/linux-x64 on x64 hardware, or
     /// osx-x64 under Rosetta 2 on Apple Silicon (Rosetta translates the
-    /// whole process, so it still reports as X64 here). An arm64 process
+    /// whole process, so it still reports as X64 here). Failing up front on
-    /// (e.g. the osx-arm64 build) can browse the GUI but cannot run games;
+    /// any other process architecture distinguishes that from MoltenVK,
-    /// failing up front distinguishes that from MoltenVK, signal-handler,
+    /// signal-handler, or guest-memory startup problems.
-    /// or guest-memory startup problems.
     /// </summary>
     private static bool CheckHostArchitecture()
     {
@@ -178,11 +193,11 @@ internal static partial class Program
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Makes a Vulkan loader visible to GLFW's dlopen("libvulkan.1.dylib").
+    /// Makes a Vulkan loader visible before SDL creates its Vulkan surface.
     /// Homebrew's Vulkan libraries are arm64-only and cannot load into this
     /// x86-64 (Rosetta 2) process, so a universal libMoltenVK.dylib placed
     /// next to the executable (named libvulkan.1.dylib) is preloaded here;
-    /// dyld then resolves GLFW's bare-name dlopen to the loaded image.
+    /// dyld can then resolve the loader for SDL and Silk.NET.
     /// </summary>
     private static void PreloadMacVulkanLoader()
     {
@@ -214,27 +229,6 @@ internal static partial class Program
             "as libvulkan.1.dylib.");
     }
 
-    /// <summary>
-    /// SharpEmu.CLI.csproj publishes glfw into a "plugins" subfolder rather
-    /// than flat next to the executable, which falls outside the default OS
-    /// DLL/dlopen search path. Preloading it here by full path first means
-    /// any later bare-name lookup (however Silk.NET/GLFW itself resolves the
-    /// library) finds it already loaded in the process and reuses it -- the
-    /// same technique <see cref="PreloadMacVulkanLoader"/> already relies on
-    /// for the Vulkan loader.
-    /// </summary>
-    private static void PreloadGlfw()
-    {
-        var fileName = OperatingSystem.IsWindows() ? "glfw3.dll"
-            : OperatingSystem.IsMacOS() ? "libglfw.3.dylib"
-            : "libglfw.so.3";
-        var candidate = Path.Combine(AppContext.BaseDirectory, "plugins", fileName);
-        if (File.Exists(candidate))
-        {
-            NativeLibrary.TryLoad(candidate, out _);
-        }
-    }
-
     private static int RunEmulator(string[] args, bool isMitigatedChild)
     {
         Console.Error.WriteLine($"[DEBUG] SharpEmu starting with {args.Length} args");
@@ -244,17 +238,13 @@ internal static partial class Program
             return childExitCode;
         }
 
-        if (!TryExtractHostSurfaceArgument(args, out var emulatorArgs, out var hostSurface, out var hostSurfaceError))
+        if (!TryParseArguments(
-        {
+                args,
-            Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][ERROR] {hostSurfaceError}");
+                out var ebootPath,
-            return 1;
+                out var runtimeOptions,
-        }
+                out var videoOptions,
-
+                out var logLevel,
-        HostSessionControl.SetEmbeddedHostSurface(
+                out var logFilePath))
-            hostSurface?.WindowHandle ?? 0,
-            hostSurface?.DisplayHandle ?? 0);
-
-        if (!TryParseArguments(emulatorArgs, out var ebootPath, out var runtimeOptions, out var logLevel, out var logFilePath))
         {
             PrintUsage();
             return 1;
@@ -266,6 +256,11 @@ internal static partial class Program
         }
 
         SharpEmuLog.MinimumLevel = logLevel;
+        if (!HostVideoHost.TryConfigureVideo(videoOptions))
+        {
+            Console.Error.WriteLine("[LOADER][ERROR] Video options cannot change while a presenter is active.");
+            return 3;
+        }
 
         Log.Info(BuildInfo.Banner);
         Log.Info(HostSystemInfo.Summary);
@@ -309,12 +304,6 @@ internal static partial class Program
 
         try
         {
-            if (hostSurface is not null && !VulkanVideoHost.TryAttachSurface(hostSurface))
-            {
-                Console.Error.WriteLine("[LOADER][ERROR] The requested GUI host surface is already active.");
-                return 3;
-            }
-
             using var runtime = SharpEmuRuntime.CreateDefault(runtimeOptions);
 
             OrbisGen2Result result;
@@ -384,53 +373,9 @@ internal static partial class Program
                 debugHost.DisposeAsync().AsTask().GetAwaiter().GetResult();
             }
 
-            HostSessionControl.SetEmbeddedHostSurface(0);
-            if (hostSurface is not null)
-            {
-                VulkanVideoHost.RequestClose();
-                VulkanVideoHost.DetachSurface(hostSurface);
-                hostSurface.Dispose();
-            }
         }
     }
 
-    private static bool TryExtractHostSurfaceArgument(
-        IReadOnlyList<string> args,
-        out string[] emulatorArgs,
-        out VulkanHostSurface? hostSurface,
-        out string? error)
-    {
-        const string hostSurfacePrefix = "--host-surface=";
-        var remaining = new List<string>(args.Count);
-        hostSurface = null;
-        error = null;
-        foreach (var argument in args)
-        {
-            if (!argument.StartsWith(hostSurfacePrefix, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-            {
-                remaining.Add(argument);
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            if (hostSurface is not null)
-            {
-                emulatorArgs = [];
-                error = "more than one GUI host surface was specified";
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            var descriptor = argument[hostSurfacePrefix.Length..];
-            if (!VulkanHostSurface.TryCreateChildProcessSurface(descriptor, out hostSurface, out error))
-            {
-                emulatorArgs = [];
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-
-        emulatorArgs = remaining.ToArray();
-        return true;
-    }
-
     private static void EnsureCliConsole()
     {
         if (!OperatingSystem.IsWindows())
@@ -1042,7 +987,7 @@ internal static partial class Program
 
     private static void PrintUsage()
     {
-        Log.Info("Usage: SharpEmu.CLI [--strict] [--trace-imports[=N]] [--cpu-engine=<native>] [--log-level=<level>] [--log-file[=<path>]] [--debug-server[=host:port]] <path-to-eboot.bin>");
+        Log.Info("Usage: SharpEmu.CLI [--strict] [--trace-imports[=N]] [--cpu-engine=<native>] [--log-level=<level>] [--log-file[=<path>]] [--window-mode=<windowed|borderless|exclusive>] [--resolution=<WIDTHxHEIGHT>] [--display=<N>] [--refresh-rate=<HZ>] [--scaling=<fit|cover|stretch|integer>] [--vsync=<on|off>] [--hdr=<auto|on|off>] [--debug-server[=host:port]] <path-to-eboot.bin>");
         Log.Info(@"Example: SharpEmu.CLI --cpu-engine=native --trace-imports=64 --log-level=debug --log-file ""E:\Games\...\eboot.bin""");
         Log.Info("Debug server: --debug-server starts a live debug listener (default 127.0.0.1:5714); connect with SharpEmu.DebugClient.");
     }
@@ -1087,6 +1032,7 @@ internal static partial class Program
         string[] args,
         out string ebootPath,
         out SharpEmuRuntimeOptions runtimeOptions,
+        out HostVideoOptions videoOptions,
         out LogLevel logLevel,
         out string? logFilePath)
     {
@@ -1094,6 +1040,7 @@ internal static partial class Program
         {
             ebootPath = string.Empty;
             runtimeOptions = default;
+            videoOptions = HostVideoOptions.Default;
             logLevel = SharpEmuLog.MinimumLevel;
             logFilePath = null;
             return false;
@@ -1102,12 +1049,99 @@ internal static partial class Program
         var strictDynlibResolution = false;
         var importTraceLimit = 0;
         var cpuEngine = CpuExecutionEngine.NativeOnly;
+        HostWindowMode? windowModeOverride = null;
+        HostScalingMode? scalingModeOverride = null;
+        int? windowWidthOverride = null;
+        int? windowHeightOverride = null;
+        int? displayIndexOverride = null;
+        int? refreshRateOverride = null;
+        bool? vsyncOverride = null;
+        HostHdrMode? hdrModeOverride = null;
+        videoOptions = HostVideoOptions.Default;
         logFilePath = null;
         logLevel = SharpEmuLog.MinimumLevel;
         var pathTokens = new List<string>(args.Length);
         for (var i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
         {
             var argument = args[i];
+            if (TrySplitOption(argument, "--window-mode", out var windowModeText))
+            {
+                if (!TryParseWindowMode(windowModeText, out var windowMode))
+                {
+                    ebootPath = string.Empty;
+                    runtimeOptions = default;
+                    return false;
+                }
+                windowModeOverride = windowMode;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (TrySplitOption(argument, "--resolution", out var resolutionText))
+            {
+                if (!TryParseResolution(resolutionText, out var windowWidth, out var windowHeight))
+                {
+                    ebootPath = string.Empty;
+                    runtimeOptions = default;
+                    return false;
+                }
+                windowWidthOverride = windowWidth;
+                windowHeightOverride = windowHeight;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (TrySplitOption(argument, "--display", out var displayText))
+            {
+                if (!int.TryParse(displayText, out var displayIndex) || displayIndex < 0)
+                {
+                    ebootPath = string.Empty;
+                    runtimeOptions = default;
+                    return false;
+                }
+                displayIndexOverride = displayIndex;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (TrySplitOption(argument, "--refresh-rate", out var refreshText))
+            {
+                if (!int.TryParse(refreshText, out var refreshRate) || refreshRate < 0)
+                {
+                    ebootPath = string.Empty;
+                    runtimeOptions = default;
+                    return false;
+                }
+                refreshRateOverride = refreshRate;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (TrySplitOption(argument, "--scaling", out var scalingText))
+            {
+                if (!TryParseScalingMode(scalingText, out var scalingMode))
+                {
+                    ebootPath = string.Empty;
+                    runtimeOptions = default;
+                    return false;
+                }
+                scalingModeOverride = scalingMode;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (TrySplitOption(argument, "--vsync", out var vsyncText))
+            {
+                if (!TryParseSwitch(vsyncText, out var vsync))
+                {
+                    ebootPath = string.Empty;
+                    runtimeOptions = default;
+                    return false;
+                }
+                vsyncOverride = vsync;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (TrySplitOption(argument, "--hdr", out var hdrText))
+            {
+                if (!TryParseHdrMode(hdrText, out var hdrMode))
+                {
+                    ebootPath = string.Empty;
+                    runtimeOptions = default;
+                    return false;
+                }
+                hdrModeOverride = hdrMode;
+                continue;
+            }
             if (string.Equals(argument, "--strict", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
             {
                 strictDynlibResolution = true;
@@ -1269,9 +1303,147 @@ internal static partial class Program
             StrictDynlibResolution = strictDynlibResolution,
             ImportTraceLimit = importTraceLimit,
         };
+        var configuredVideoOptions = LoadConfiguredVideoOptions(ebootPath);
+        videoOptions = (configuredVideoOptions with
+        {
+            WindowMode = windowModeOverride ?? configuredVideoOptions.WindowMode,
+            ScalingMode = scalingModeOverride ?? configuredVideoOptions.ScalingMode,
+            Width = windowWidthOverride ?? configuredVideoOptions.Width,
+            Height = windowHeightOverride ?? configuredVideoOptions.Height,
+            DisplayIndex = displayIndexOverride ?? configuredVideoOptions.DisplayIndex,
+            RefreshRate = refreshRateOverride ?? configuredVideoOptions.RefreshRate,
+            VSync = vsyncOverride ?? configuredVideoOptions.VSync,
+            HdrMode = hdrModeOverride ?? configuredVideoOptions.HdrMode,
+        }).Normalize();
         return true;
     }
 
+    private static HostVideoOptions LoadConfiguredVideoOptions(string ebootPath)
+    {
+        var defaults = HostVideoOptions.Default;
+        try
+        {
+            var effective = EffectiveLaunchSettings.Resolve(
+                GuiSettings.Load(),
+                PerGameSettings.Load(TryReadTitleId(ebootPath)));
+
+            var windowMode = TryParseWindowMode(effective.WindowMode, out var parsedWindowMode)
+                ? parsedWindowMode
+                : defaults.WindowMode;
+            var scalingMode = TryParseScalingMode(effective.ScalingMode, out var parsedScalingMode)
+                ? parsedScalingMode
+                : defaults.ScalingMode;
+            var hasResolution = TryParseResolution(
+                effective.Resolution,
+                out var configuredWidth,
+                out var configuredHeight);
+            var hdrMode = TryParseHdrMode(effective.HdrMode, out var parsedHdrMode)
+                ? parsedHdrMode
+                : defaults.HdrMode;
+
+            return new HostVideoOptions
+            {
+                WindowMode = windowMode,
+                ScalingMode = scalingMode,
+                Width = hasResolution ? configuredWidth : defaults.Width,
+                Height = hasResolution ? configuredHeight : defaults.Height,
+                DisplayIndex = effective.DisplayIndex,
+                RefreshRate = effective.RefreshRate,
+                VSync = effective.VSync,
+                HdrMode = hdrMode,
+            }.Normalize();
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception)
+        {
+            Console.Error.WriteLine(
+                $"[LOADER][WARN] GUI video settings could not be loaded; using defaults: {exception.Message}");
+            return defaults;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static bool TrySplitOption(string argument, string name, out string value)
+    {
+        var prefix = name + "=";
+        if (argument.StartsWith(prefix, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+        {
+            value = argument[prefix.Length..];
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        value = string.Empty;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static bool TryParseWindowMode(string value, out HostWindowMode mode)
+    {
+        mode = value.ToLowerInvariant() switch
+        {
+            "windowed" => HostWindowMode.Windowed,
+            "borderless" => HostWindowMode.Borderless,
+            "exclusive" or "fullscreen" => HostWindowMode.ExclusiveFullscreen,
+            _ => (HostWindowMode)(-1),
+        };
+        return Enum.IsDefined(mode);
+    }
+
+    private static bool TryParseScalingMode(string value, out HostScalingMode mode)
+    {
+        mode = value.ToLowerInvariant() switch
+        {
+            "fit" => HostScalingMode.Fit,
+            "cover" => HostScalingMode.Cover,
+            "stretch" => HostScalingMode.Stretch,
+            "integer" => HostScalingMode.Integer,
+            _ => (HostScalingMode)(-1),
+        };
+        return Enum.IsDefined(mode);
+    }
+
+    private static bool TryParseHdrMode(string value, out HostHdrMode mode)
+    {
+        mode = value.ToLowerInvariant() switch
+        {
+            "auto" => HostHdrMode.Auto,
+            "on" or "true" or "1" => HostHdrMode.On,
+            "off" or "false" or "0" => HostHdrMode.Off,
+            _ => (HostHdrMode)(-1),
+        };
+        return Enum.IsDefined(mode);
+    }
+
+    private static bool TryParseResolution(string value, out int width, out int height)
+    {
+        var parts = value.Split('x', 'X');
+        if (parts.Length == 2 && int.TryParse(parts[0], out width) && int.TryParse(parts[1], out height) &&
+            width >= 640 && height >= 360)
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        width = 0;
+        height = 0;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static bool TryParseSwitch(string value, out bool enabled)
+    {
+        if (value is "1" || value.Equals("on", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ||
+            value.Equals("true", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+        {
+            enabled = true;
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (value is "0" || value.Equals("off", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ||
+            value.Equals("false", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+        {
+            enabled = false;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        enabled = false;
+        return false;
+    }
+
     private static bool TryParseCpuEngine(string valueText, out CpuExecutionEngine engine)
     {
         if (string.Equals(valueText, "native", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ||

src/SharpEmu.CLI/SharpEmu.CLI.csproj

@@ -77,35 +77,47 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
       <TargetPath>Languages\%(Filename)%(Extension)</TargetPath>
       <Visible>False</Visible>
     </Content>
+    <Content Include="..\SharpEmu.LibAtrac9\LICENSE.txt">
+      <CopyToPublishDirectory>Always</CopyToPublishDirectory>
+      <TargetPath>licenses\LibAtrac9.txt</TargetPath>
+      <ExcludeFromSingleFile>true</ExcludeFromSingleFile>
+      <Visible>False</Visible>
+    </Content>
   </ItemGroup>
 
-  <!-- Native libraries (glfw, FFmpeg) publish into a subfolder next to the
+  <Target Name="KeepLibAtrac9External" BeforeTargets="_ComputeFilesToBundle">
+    <ItemGroup>
+      <ResolvedFileToPublish Update="@(ResolvedFileToPublish)"
+        Condition="'%(Filename)%(Extension)' == 'SharpEmu.LibAtrac9.dll'">
+        <ExcludeFromSingleFile>true</ExcludeFromSingleFile>
+        <RelativePath>plugins\SharpEmu.LibAtrac9.dll</RelativePath>
+      </ResolvedFileToPublish>
+    </ItemGroup>
+  </Target>
+
+  <!-- These are native debug symbols emitted by Skia/HarfBuzz, not managed
+       symbols that single-file publish can bundle. They are not needed at
+       runtime and would otherwise add more than 100 MB to every release. -->
+  <Target Name="RemoveNativeDebugSymbols" AfterTargets="Publish">
+    <ItemGroup>
+      <_NativeDebugSymbols Include="$(PublishDir)**\*.pdb" />
+    </ItemGroup>
+    <Delete Files="@(_NativeDebugSymbols)" />
+  </Target>
+
+  <!-- Native FFmpeg libraries publish into a subfolder next to the
        executable instead of sitting loose beside it, so the publish
        directory stays uncluttered as more native deps get added. The folder
        name is a fixed constant, not derived from the RID/architecture: each
        publish output only ever holds one architecture's binaries anyway, so
        varying the name added a class of bugs (RID resolution timing, host-OS
        vs. target-RID mixups) for no benefit. Runtime code (Program.cs's
-       PreloadGlfw, FfmpegNativeBinkFrameSource's RootPath) uses the same
+       FfmpegNativeBinkFrameSource uses the same literal "plugins" folder
-       literal "plugins" folder name. -->
+       name. -->
   <PropertyGroup>
     <NativeLibraryFolderName>plugins</NativeLibraryFolderName>
   </PropertyGroup>
 
-  <!-- Keep glfw as a loose file in the native subfolder; every other native
-       library is embedded into the single-file bundle. -->
-  <Target Name="KeepGlfwOutsideSingleFile" AfterTargets="ComputeResolvedFilesToPublishList">
-    <ItemGroup>
-      <_GlfwPublishFiles Include="@(ResolvedFileToPublish)"
-        Condition="$([System.String]::Copy('%(ResolvedFileToPublish.Filename)').StartsWith('glfw')) Or $([System.String]::Copy('%(ResolvedFileToPublish.Filename)').StartsWith('libglfw'))" />
-      <ResolvedFileToPublish Remove="@(_GlfwPublishFiles)" />
-      <ResolvedFileToPublish Include="@(_GlfwPublishFiles)">
-        <ExcludeFromSingleFile>true</ExcludeFromSingleFile>
-        <RelativePath>$(NativeLibraryFolderName)/%(Filename)%(Extension)</RelativePath>
-      </ResolvedFileToPublish>
-    </ItemGroup>
-  </Target>
-
   <PropertyGroup>
     <FfmpegRuntimeTag>2c92585</FfmpegRuntimeTag>
     <FfmpegRuntimeDir>

src/SharpEmu.Core/Cpu/Native/DirectExecutionBackend.Diagnostics.cs

@@ -23,14 +23,71 @@ public sealed partial class DirectExecutionBackend
 	private static long _perfHleTotal;
 	private static long _perfHleDispatchTicks;
 
+	private sealed class PerfHleExportCost
+	{
+		public long Calls;
+		public long Ticks;
+	}
+
+	private static readonly System.Collections.Concurrent.ConcurrentDictionary<string, PerfHleExportCost> _perfHleCosts = new();
+
+	/// <summary>
+	/// Name of the export currently being dispatched on this thread, so the
+	/// gateway can attribute its elapsed time once the call returns. Answering
+	/// "which export is worth optimising" needs cost per export, not just call
+	/// counts — a rare expensive call and a hot cheap one look identical in a
+	/// frequency histogram.
+	/// </summary>
+	[System.ThreadStatic]
+	private static string? _perfHleCurrentExport;
+
+	private static long _perfHleFirstTimestamp;
+
 	private static void RecordPerfHleDispatchTime(long ticks)
 	{
 		var total = System.Threading.Interlocked.Add(ref _perfHleDispatchTicks, ticks);
 		var calls = System.Threading.Interlocked.Read(ref _perfHleTotal);
+
+		var name = _perfHleCurrentExport;
+		if (name is not null)
+		{
+			var cost = _perfHleCosts.GetOrAdd(name, static _ => new PerfHleExportCost());
+			System.Threading.Interlocked.Increment(ref cost.Calls);
+			System.Threading.Interlocked.Add(ref cost.Ticks, ticks);
+		}
+
 		if (calls > 0 && calls % 500000 == 0)
 		{
-			var avgUs = (double)total / System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.Frequency * 1_000_000.0 / calls;
+			var frequency = (double)System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.Frequency;
-			System.Console.Error.WriteLine($"[PERF][HLE] managed_dispatch_avg={avgUs:F3}us total_managed_s={(double)total / System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.Frequency:F2}");
+			var avgUs = (double)total / frequency * 1_000_000.0 / calls;
+			var first = System.Threading.Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref _perfHleFirstTimestamp, 0, 0);
+			var wallSeconds = first == 0
+				? 0
+				: (double)(System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.GetTimestamp() - first) / frequency;
+			System.Console.Error.WriteLine(
+				$"[PERF][HLE] managed_dispatch_avg={avgUs:F3}us " +
+				$"total_managed_s={(double)total / frequency:F2} " +
+				$"wall_s={wallSeconds:F2} " +
+				$"cores={(wallSeconds > 0 ? total / frequency / wallSeconds : 0):F2}");
+
+			var snapshot = new System.Collections.Generic.List<System.Collections.Generic.KeyValuePair<string, PerfHleExportCost>>(_perfHleCosts.Count + 16);
+			foreach (var kvp in _perfHleCosts)
+			{
+				snapshot.Add(kvp);
+			}
+
+			var top = snapshot
+				.OrderByDescending(kvp => System.Threading.Interlocked.Read(ref kvp.Value.Ticks))
+				.Take(12)
+				.Select(kvp =>
+				{
+					var seconds = System.Threading.Interlocked.Read(ref kvp.Value.Ticks) / frequency;
+					var callCount = System.Threading.Interlocked.Read(ref kvp.Value.Calls);
+					var cores = wallSeconds > 0 ? seconds / wallSeconds : 0;
+					var perCallUs = callCount > 0 ? seconds * 1_000_000.0 / callCount : 0;
+					return $"{kvp.Key}: {cores:F2}cores {seconds:F1}s n={callCount} {perCallUs:F2}us/call";
+				});
+			System.Console.Error.WriteLine($"[PERF][HLE] cost: {string.Join(" | ", top)}");
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -39,7 +96,16 @@ public sealed partial class DirectExecutionBackend
 
 	private static void RecordPerfHleCall(string name)
 	{
+		_perfHleCurrentExport = name;
 		var total = System.Threading.Interlocked.Increment(ref _perfHleTotal);
+		if (total == 1)
+		{
+			System.Threading.Interlocked.CompareExchange(
+				ref _perfHleFirstTimestamp,
+				System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.GetTimestamp(),
+				0);
+		}
+
 		if (!_perfHleNoDict)
 		{
 			_perfHleCounts.AddOrUpdate(name, 1, static (_, v) => v + 1);

src/SharpEmu.Core/Cpu/Native/DirectExecutionBackend.Exceptions.cs

@@ -40,6 +40,15 @@ public sealed partial class DirectExecutionBackend
 			}
 			_rawExceptionHandler = (nint)AddVectoredExceptionHandler(1u, _rawExceptionHandlerStub);
 			Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][INFO] Raw exception handler installed: 0x{_rawExceptionHandler:X16}");
+
+			// The raw handler carries the guest-image write-fault bridge, so the
+			// path must be compiled before the first protected-page store can
+			// reach it. Guest code has not started yet, so warming here cannot
+			// race a real fault.
+			SharpEmu.HLE.GuestImageWriteTracker.WarmUp();
+			Console.Error.WriteLine(
+				"[LOADER][INFO] Guest image CPU write tracking: " +
+				$"{(SharpEmu.HLE.GuestImageWriteTracker.Enabled ? "enabled" : "disabled")}");
 		}
 		else
 		{
@@ -55,6 +64,7 @@ public sealed partial class DirectExecutionBackend
 		}
 		_exceptionHandler = (nint)AddVectoredExceptionHandler(1u, _exceptionHandlerStub);
 		Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][INFO] Exception handler installed: 0x{_exceptionHandler:X16}");
+		SharpEmu.HLE.GuestImageWriteTracker.WarmUp();
 
 		_unhandledFilterDelegate = UnhandledExceptionFilter;
 		_unhandledFilterHandle = GCHandle.Alloc(_unhandledFilterDelegate);
@@ -117,6 +127,13 @@ public sealed partial class DirectExecutionBackend
 			{
 				return -1;
 			}
+			if (exceptionCode == 3221225477u &&
+				exceptionRecord->NumberParameters >= 2 &&
+				SharpEmu.HLE.GuestImageWriteTracker.TryHandleWriteFault(
+					exceptionRecord->ExceptionInformation[1]))
+			{
+				return -1;
+			}
 			if (TryRecoverAuxiliaryThreadExecuteFault(exceptionRecord, contextRecord, rip))
 			{
 				return -1;

src/SharpEmu.Core/Cpu/Native/DirectExecutionBackend.GuestSampler.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Core.Cpu.Native;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Sampling profiler for guest code. Managed profilers only see the emulator's
+/// own frames — once a guest thread is running translated code it is opaque to
+/// them, so a title that burns its cores inside its own spin loops looks like
+/// unattributed native time. This walks the guest thread registry and samples
+/// each thread's host RIP, which lands directly on the guest instruction being
+/// executed.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed partial class DirectExecutionBackend
+{
+	private static readonly bool _profileGuestRip =
+		string.Equals(
+			Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_PROFILE_GUEST_RIP"),
+			"1",
+			StringComparison.Ordinal);
+
+	private static readonly int _profileGuestRipIntervalMs =
+		int.TryParse(
+			Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_PROFILE_GUEST_RIP_INTERVAL_MS"),
+			out var interval) && interval > 0
+			? interval
+			: 2;
+
+	private static readonly int _profileGuestRipReportSeconds =
+		int.TryParse(
+			Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_PROFILE_GUEST_RIP_REPORT_S"),
+			out var report) && report > 0
+			? report
+			: 15;
+
+	private const ulong GuestImageBase = 0x0000_0008_0000_0000UL;
+	private const ulong GuestImageLimit = 0x0000_0009_0000_0000UL;
+
+	private int _guestRipSamplerStarted;
+	private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, long> _guestRipSamples = new();
+	private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, long> _guestRipThreadSamples = new();
+	private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, long> _guestWaitSamples = new();
+	private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, long> _guestThreadWaitSamples = new();
+	private long _guestRipTotalSamples;
+	private long _guestWaitTotalSamples;
+	private long _guestRipCaptureFailures;
+	private long _guestRipSamplerErrors;
+	private int _guestRipSampleCursor;
+
+	/// <summary>
+	/// Names the HLE call a thread is parked in, using the guest RIP the import
+	/// dispatcher left on its context.
+	/// </summary>
+	private string ResolveWaitLabel(GuestThreadState thread)
+	{
+		var context = thread.Context;
+		if (context is null)
+		{
+			return "<no-context>";
+		}
+
+		var importIndex = context.ActiveImportIndex;
+		if ((uint)importIndex >= (uint)_importEntries.Length)
+		{
+			// Host code with no import in flight: the thread is parked by the
+			// emulator's own scheduler. The cooperative block records why, which
+			// is the part that actually identifies what the frame is waiting on.
+			var blockReason = thread.BlockReason;
+			return string.IsNullOrEmpty(blockReason)
+				? "<idle-or-scheduler>"
+				: $"blocked:{blockReason}";
+		}
+
+		var entry = _importEntries[importIndex];
+		return entry.Export?.Name ?? entry.Nid;
+	}
+
+	internal void ClearActiveImportIndex()
+	{
+		if (!_profileGuestRip)
+		{
+			return;
+		}
+
+		var context = ActiveCpuContext;
+		if (context is not null)
+		{
+			context.ActiveImportIndex = -1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void EnsureGuestRipSampler()
+	{
+		if (!_profileGuestRip ||
+			!OperatingSystem.IsWindows() ||
+			Interlocked.Exchange(ref _guestRipSamplerStarted, 1) != 0)
+		{
+			return;
+		}
+
+		var sampler = new Thread(GuestRipSampleLoop)
+		{
+			IsBackground = true,
+			Name = "SharpEmu guest RIP sampler",
+			// Sampling suspends guest threads briefly. Keep this diagnostic below
+			// the title workers so it observes them without becoming the bottleneck.
+			Priority = ThreadPriority.BelowNormal,
+		};
+		sampler.Start();
+		Console.Error.WriteLine(
+			$"[PERF][GUEST] RIP sampler started: interval={_profileGuestRipIntervalMs}ms " +
+			$"report={_profileGuestRipReportSeconds}s");
+	}
+
+	private void GuestRipSampleLoop()
+	{
+		var clock = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+		var lastReportMs = 0L;
+		var lastReportSamples = 0L;
+
+		while (true)
+		{
+			try
+			{
+				var guestThreads = SnapshotGuestThreads();
+				var sampleIndex = guestThreads.Length == 0
+					? 0
+					: (int)((uint)Interlocked.Increment(ref _guestRipSampleCursor) % (uint)guestThreads.Length);
+				foreach (var thread in guestThreads.Skip(sampleIndex).Take(1))
+				{
+					var hostThreadId = Volatile.Read(ref thread.HostThreadId);
+					if (hostThreadId == 0)
+					{
+						continue;
+					}
+
+					if (!TryCaptureHostThreadContext(hostThreadId, out var snapshot) ||
+						!snapshot.IsValid)
+					{
+						Interlocked.Increment(ref _guestRipCaptureFailures);
+						continue;
+					}
+
+					_guestRipSamples.AddOrUpdate(snapshot.Rip, 1, static (_, value) => value + 1);
+					_guestRipThreadSamples.AddOrUpdate(
+						string.IsNullOrEmpty(thread.Name) ? "<unnamed>" : thread.Name,
+						1,
+						static (_, value) => value + 1);
+					Interlocked.Increment(ref _guestRipTotalSamples);
+
+					// A host RIP means the thread is inside the emulator rather
+					// than running translated code. DispatchImport parks the
+					// guest RIP on the import stub for the call being serviced,
+					// so the stub address names what the thread is waiting on —
+					// no hot-path bookkeeping needed to find out.
+					if (snapshot.Rip >= GuestImageBase && snapshot.Rip < GuestImageLimit)
+					{
+						continue;
+					}
+
+					_guestWaitSamples.AddOrUpdate(
+						ResolveWaitLabel(thread),
+						1,
+						static (_, value) => value + 1);
+					_guestThreadWaitSamples.AddOrUpdate(
+						string.IsNullOrEmpty(thread.Name) ? "<unnamed>" : thread.Name,
+						1,
+						static (_, value) => value + 1);
+					Interlocked.Increment(ref _guestWaitTotalSamples);
+				}
+
+				Thread.Sleep(_profileGuestRipIntervalMs);
+
+				var elapsedMs = clock.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+				if (elapsedMs - lastReportMs < _profileGuestRipReportSeconds * 1000L)
+				{
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				var samples = Interlocked.Read(ref _guestRipTotalSamples);
+				ReportGuestRipSamples(samples - lastReportSamples, (elapsedMs - lastReportMs) / 1000.0);
+				lastReportMs = elapsedMs;
+				lastReportSamples = samples;
+			}
+			catch (Exception exception)
+			{
+				// A title can tear down a thread or its context during a capture.
+				// The profiler must never silently die or affect guest execution.
+				if (Interlocked.Increment(ref _guestRipSamplerErrors) == 1)
+				{
+					Console.Error.WriteLine($"[PERF][GUEST] sampler recovery: {exception.GetType().Name}: {exception.Message}");
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void ReportGuestRipSamples(long windowSamples, double windowSeconds)
+	{
+		var total = Interlocked.Read(ref _guestRipTotalSamples);
+		if (total == 0)
+		{
+			return;
+		}
+
+		var byRip = new List<KeyValuePair<ulong, long>>(_guestRipSamples.Count + 16);
+		foreach (var pair in _guestRipSamples)
+		{
+			byRip.Add(pair);
+		}
+
+		// A tight spin lands on a handful of instructions; grouping by 4 KB page
+		// as well shows which routine those instructions belong to.
+		var byPage = new Dictionary<ulong, long>();
+		foreach (var pair in byRip)
+		{
+			var page = pair.Key & ~0xFFFUL;
+			byPage[page] = byPage.TryGetValue(page, out var existing)
+				? existing + pair.Value
+				: pair.Value;
+		}
+
+		var byThread = new List<KeyValuePair<string, long>>(_guestRipThreadSamples.Count + 16);
+		foreach (var pair in _guestRipThreadSamples)
+		{
+			byThread.Add(pair);
+		}
+
+		Console.Error.WriteLine(
+			$"[PERF][GUEST] samples={total} window={windowSamples} in {windowSeconds:F1}s " +
+			$"capture_failures={Interlocked.Read(ref _guestRipCaptureFailures)}");
+
+		Console.Error.WriteLine(
+			"[PERF][GUEST] top_rip: " +
+			string.Join(
+				" | ",
+				byRip.OrderByDescending(pair => pair.Value)
+					.Take(12)
+					.Select(pair =>
+						$"0x{pair.Key:X}{DescribeGuestAddress(pair.Key)}={pair.Value * 100.0 / total:F1}%")));
+
+		Console.Error.WriteLine(
+			"[PERF][GUEST] top_page: " +
+			string.Join(
+				" | ",
+				byPage.OrderByDescending(pair => pair.Value)
+					.Take(8)
+					.Select(pair =>
+						$"0x{pair.Key:X}{DescribeGuestAddress(pair.Key)}={pair.Value * 100.0 / total:F1}%")));
+
+		var byWait = new List<KeyValuePair<string, long>>(_guestWaitSamples.Count + 16);
+		foreach (var pair in _guestWaitSamples)
+		{
+			byWait.Add(pair);
+		}
+
+		var waitTotal = Interlocked.Read(ref _guestWaitTotalSamples);
+		Console.Error.WriteLine(
+			$"[PERF][GUEST] waiting={waitTotal * 100.0 / total:F1}% of guest thread-time; top_wait: " +
+			string.Join(
+				" | ",
+				byWait.OrderByDescending(pair => pair.Value)
+					.Take(12)
+					.Select(pair => $"{pair.Key}={pair.Value * 100.0 / total:F1}%")));
+
+		// Per-thread spin/park split. The global wait share mixes the job pool in
+		// with a dozen dormant threads, which hides the number that matters:
+		// how much of a core each worker actually burns.
+		Console.Error.WriteLine(
+			"[PERF][GUEST] thread_split (running/parked): " +
+			string.Join(
+				" | ",
+				byThread.OrderByDescending(pair => pair.Value)
+					.Take(10)
+					.Select(pair =>
+					{
+						var parked = _guestThreadWaitSamples.TryGetValue(pair.Key, out var wait) ? wait : 0;
+						var running = pair.Value - parked;
+						return $"{pair.Key}={running * 100.0 / pair.Value:F0}%/{parked * 100.0 / pair.Value:F0}%";
+					})));
+
+		Console.Error.WriteLine(
+			"[PERF][GUEST] top_thread: " +
+			string.Join(
+				" | ",
+				byThread.OrderByDescending(pair => pair.Value)
+					.Take(10)
+					.Select(pair => $"{pair.Key}={pair.Value * 100.0 / total:F1}%")));
+	}
+
+	/// <summary>
+	/// Tags a sampled address with the region it belongs to. Guest module code
+	/// lives above the image base; anything else is emulator or system code that
+	/// the managed profiler already covers.
+	/// </summary>
+	private string DescribeGuestAddress(ulong address)
+	{
+		
+		
+
+		if (address >= GuestImageBase && address < GuestImageLimit)
+		{
+			return $"(app+0x{address - GuestImageBase:X})";
+		}
+
+		for (var index = 0; index < _importEntries.Length; index++)
+		{
+			if (_importEntries[index].Address == (address & ~0xFUL))
+			{
+				return $"(stub:{_importEntries[index].Nid})";
+			}
+		}
+
+		return "(host)";
+	}
+}

src/SharpEmu.Core/Cpu/Native/DirectExecutionBackend.Imports.cs

@@ -54,10 +54,13 @@ public sealed partial class DirectExecutionBackend
 				var startTicks = System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
 				var r = directExecutionBackend.DispatchImport(importIndex, argPackPtr);
 				RecordPerfHleDispatchTime(System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.GetTimestamp() - startTicks);
+				directExecutionBackend.ClearActiveImportIndex();
 				return r;
 			}
 
-			return directExecutionBackend.DispatchImport(importIndex, argPackPtr);
+			var result = directExecutionBackend.DispatchImport(importIndex, argPackPtr);
+			directExecutionBackend.ClearActiveImportIndex();
+			return result;
 		}
 		catch (Exception ex)
 		{
@@ -69,9 +72,45 @@ public sealed partial class DirectExecutionBackend
 
 	private unsafe static int RawVectoredHandlerManaged(void* exceptionInfo)
 	{
+		if (TryHandleGuestImageWriteFault(exceptionInfo))
+		{
+			return -1;
+		}
+
 		return TryRecoverUnresolvedSentinel(exceptionInfo);
 	}
 
+	/// <summary>
+	/// Windows counterpart of the POSIX SIGSEGV bridge into
+	/// <see cref="SharpEmu.HLE.GuestImageWriteTracker"/>. Guest code runs natively,
+	/// so a store into a surface the GPU backend has cached is an ordinary CPU
+	/// write with nothing to intercept — the page is write-protected instead and
+	/// the resulting fault is what tells the backend to re-upload. Without this
+	/// the cache serves the first upload forever, and anything the guest CPU
+	/// draws (a software-decoded movie frame, a memset fog layer) never reaches
+	/// the screen.
+	/// </summary>
+	private unsafe static bool TryHandleGuestImageWriteFault(void* exceptionInfo)
+	{
+		if (!SharpEmu.HLE.GuestImageWriteTracker.Enabled)
+		{
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		var exceptionRecord = ((EXCEPTION_POINTERS*)exceptionInfo)->ExceptionRecord;
+		// STATUS_ACCESS_VIOLATION, and only the write flavour: ExceptionInformation
+		// is [accessKind, address] with 0=read, 1=write, 8=DEP execute.
+		if (exceptionRecord->ExceptionCode != 3221225477u ||
+			exceptionRecord->NumberParameters < 2 ||
+			exceptionRecord->ExceptionInformation[0] != 1uL)
+		{
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		return SharpEmu.HLE.GuestImageWriteTracker.TryHandleWriteFault(
+			exceptionRecord->ExceptionInformation[1]);
+	}
+
 	private unsafe static int RawUnhandledFilterManaged(void* exceptionInfo)
 	{
 		return TryRecoverUnresolvedSentinel(exceptionInfo);
@@ -165,6 +204,10 @@ public sealed partial class DirectExecutionBackend
 		{
 			RecordPerfHleCall(importStubEntry.Export?.Name ?? importStubEntry.Nid);
 		}
+		if (_profileGuestRip)
+		{
+			EnsureGuestRipSampler();
+		}
 		int num2 = Volatile.Read(in _rawSentinelRecoveries);
 		if (num2 != _lastReportedRawSentinelRecoveries)
 		{
@@ -178,6 +221,10 @@ public sealed partial class DirectExecutionBackend
 		}
 
 		cpuContext.Rip = importStubEntry.Address;
+		if (_profileGuestRip)
+		{
+			cpuContext.ActiveImportIndex = importIndex;
+		}
 		LoadImportVolatileArguments(cpuContext, argPackPtr);
 		cpuContext[CpuRegister.Rdi] = *(ulong*)argPackPtr;
 		cpuContext[CpuRegister.Rsi] = *(ulong*)(argPackPtr + 8);
@@ -1444,7 +1491,7 @@ public sealed partial class DirectExecutionBackend
 			string.Equals(nid, "fzyMKs9kim0", StringComparison.Ordinal) &&
 			result == OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_TIMED_OUT;
 		var expectedMutexTrylockBusy =
-			string.Equals(nid, "K-jXhbt2gn4", StringComparison.Ordinal) &&
+			(nid is "K-jXhbt2gn4" or "upoVrzMHFeE") &&
 			result == OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_BUSY;
 		var expectedSemaphoreTrywaitAgain =
 			string.Equals(nid, "H2a+IN9TP0E", StringComparison.Ordinal) &&
@@ -1461,6 +1508,9 @@ public sealed partial class DirectExecutionBackend
 		var expectedPrivacyInvalidParameter =
 			string.Equals(nid, "D-CzAxQL0XI", StringComparison.Ordinal) &&
 			resultValue == unchecked((int)0x80960009);
+		var expectedPlayGoChunkEnumerationEnd =
+			string.Equals(nid, "uWIYLFkkwqk", StringComparison.Ordinal) &&
+			resultValue == unchecked((int)0x80B2000C);
 		if (!expectedFileProbeMiss &&
 			!expectedTimedWaitTimeout &&
 			!expectedEqueueTimeout &&
@@ -1469,7 +1519,8 @@ public sealed partial class DirectExecutionBackend
 			!expectedPollSemaBusy &&
 			!expectedNetAcceptWouldBlock &&
 			!expectedUserServiceNoEvent &&
-			!expectedPrivacyInvalidParameter)
+			!expectedPrivacyInvalidParameter &&
+			!expectedPlayGoChunkEnumerationEnd)
 		{
 			return true;
 		}

src/SharpEmu.Core/Cpu/Native/DirectExecutionBackend.cs

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ using SharpEmu.Core.Cpu.Debugging;
 using SharpEmu.Core.Loader;
 using SharpEmu.Core.Memory;
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
+using SharpEmu.Libs.Diagnostics;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.Core.Cpu.Native;
 
@@ -3651,6 +3652,7 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 			$"[LOADER][INFO] Scheduled guest thread '{thread.Name}' handle=0x{thread.ThreadHandle:X16} " +
 			$"entry=0x{thread.EntryPoint:X16} arg=0x{thread.Argument:X16} priority={thread.Priority} " +
 			$"host_priority={MapGuestThreadPriority(thread.Priority)} affinity=0x{thread.AffinityMask:X}");
+		LoadProgressDiagnostics.ArmIfNorthAudioThread(thread.Name);
 		Pump(creatorContext, "pthread_create");
 		// Pump is suppressed while another cooperative dispatch is active. The
 		// background dispatcher would eventually observe this thread, but an
@@ -5312,7 +5314,7 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 			var hostCpu = processorCount < 8
 				? guestCpu % processorCount
 				: processorCount >= 16
-					? guestCpu * 2
+					? MapGuestCpuAcrossSmtLanes(guestCpu, processorCount)
 					: guestCpu;
 			if (hostCpu < processorCount)
 			{
@@ -5323,6 +5325,45 @@ public sealed unsafe partial class DirectExecutionBackend : INativeCpuBackend, I
 		return hostAffinityMask;
 	}
 
+	/// <summary>
+	/// Places guest CPUs on distinct physical cores first, then wraps onto the
+	/// SMT siblings. Doubling the index alone only works while the title stays
+	/// inside the first half of the guest CPU set: beyond that every mapped lane
+	/// lands past the host's processor count and gets dropped, which silently
+	/// leaves those threads unpinned. Demon's Souls asks for CPUs 0-12 and keeps
+	/// its renderer on 9 and 11, so dropping the overflow un-pinned both the
+	/// renderer and a third of its job pool onto every core at once.
+	/// </summary>
+	private static int MapGuestCpuAcrossSmtLanes(int guestCpu, int processorCount)
+	{
+		// Reserve the top lanes for the emulator itself. A title sized for a
+		// console's dedicated cores will happily keep a worker per guest CPU
+		// spinning on an empty queue — Demon's Souls' job pool runs ~90% busy
+		// doing nothing — and spreading those across every host lane leaves the
+		// GPU translation and present threads fighting them for a slice. Packing
+		// near-idle spinners tighter costs them almost nothing and buys back
+		// whole cores for the work that actually produces frames.
+		var usableLanes = Math.Max(processorCount - EmulatorReservedLanes, 2);
+		var physicalCores = usableLanes / 2;
+		var lane = guestCpu % usableLanes;
+		return lane < physicalCores
+			? lane * 2
+			: ((lane - physicalCores) * 2) + 1;
+	}
+
+	/// <summary>
+	/// Host lanes kept away from guest threads. Measured on a 16-lane host with
+	/// Demon's Souls: reserving 0/4/6/8 lanes gave 6.08/6.78/7.20/5.62 fps, so
+	/// the useful range is a bit over a third of the machine — too few and the
+	/// emulator is crowded out, too many and the guest cannot make progress.
+	/// </summary>
+	private static readonly int EmulatorReservedLanes =
+		int.TryParse(
+			Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_RESERVED_HOST_LANES"),
+			out var reserved) && reserved >= 0
+			? reserved
+			: Math.Max(2, Environment.ProcessorCount * 3 / 8);
+
 	public bool TrySetGuestThreadPriority(ulong guestThreadHandle, int guestPriority)
 	{
 		lock (_guestThreadGate)

src/SharpEmu.Core/Memory/PhysicalVirtualMemory.cs

@@ -238,15 +238,22 @@ public sealed unsafe class PhysicalVirtualMemory : IVirtualMemory, IGuestMemoryA
         var alignedSize = (size + 0xFFF) & ~0xFFFUL;
         var protection = executable ? PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE : PAGE_READWRITE;
         var hostProtection = executable ? HostPageProtection.ReadWriteExecute : HostPageProtection.ReadWrite;
-
+        var allowLazyReserve = !executable &&
-        // Reserve address space only for very large non-executable regions; commit is done lazily later.
-        var reservedOnly = !executable &&
             alignedSize >= LargeDataReserveThreshold &&
             alignedSize > FullCommitRegionLimit;
 
-        var result = reservedOnly
+        // Commit first so titles that walk guest memory via raw host pointers
-            ? _hostMemory.Reserve(desiredAddress, alignedSize, HostPageProtection.ReadWrite)
+        // (GTA post-RenderThread workers) keep fully backed pages. Fall back to
-            : _hostMemory.Allocate(desiredAddress, alignedSize, hostProtection);
+        // reserve-only + lazy commit only when a huge non-exec commit fails —
+        // that is the Poppy / large-reservation path #608 was aiming for.
+        var reservedOnly = false;
+        var result = _hostMemory.Allocate(desiredAddress, alignedSize, hostProtection);
+        if (result == 0 && allowLazyReserve)
+        {
+            result = _hostMemory.Reserve(desiredAddress, alignedSize, HostPageProtection.ReadWrite);
+            reservedOnly = result != 0;
+        }
+
         if (result == 0)
         {
             return false;
@@ -260,7 +267,7 @@ public sealed unsafe class PhysicalVirtualMemory : IVirtualMemory, IGuestMemoryA
             return false;
         }
 
-        var state = reservedOnly ? ReserveRegion(actualAddress, alignedSize) : "n/a";
+        var lazyPrimeState = reservedOnly ? PrimeLazyReserveRegion(actualAddress, alignedSize) : "n/a";
 
         _gate.EnterWriteLock();
         try
@@ -279,9 +286,12 @@ public sealed unsafe class PhysicalVirtualMemory : IVirtualMemory, IGuestMemoryA
             _gate.ExitWriteLock();
         }
 
-
+        var allocationKind = reservedOnly
-        var allocationKind = executable ? "executable memory" : "data memory";
+            ? "reserved data memory (lazy commit)"
-        TraceVmem($"Allocated exact {allocationKind}: 0x{actualAddress:X16} - 0x{actualAddress + alignedSize:X16} ({alignedSize} bytes)");
+            : (executable ? "executable memory" : "data memory");
+        TraceVmem(
+            $"Allocated exact {allocationKind}: 0x{actualAddress:X16} - 0x{actualAddress + alignedSize:X16} " +
+            $"({alignedSize} bytes) lazy_prime={lazyPrimeState}");
         return true;
     }
 
@@ -312,55 +322,44 @@ public sealed unsafe class PhysicalVirtualMemory : IVirtualMemory, IGuestMemoryA
 
         var protection = executable ? PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE : PAGE_READWRITE;
         var hostProtection = executable ? HostPageProtection.ReadWriteExecute : HostPageProtection.ReadWrite;
-        var reservedOnly = false;
+        var allowLazyReserve = !executable &&
-        var preferReserveOnly = !executable &&
             alignedSize >= LargeDataReserveThreshold &&
             alignedSize > FullCommitRegionLimit;
+        var reservedOnly = false;
 
-        ulong result = 0;
+        // Prefer a full commit. Only fall back to reserve-only when a large
-        if (preferReserveOnly)
+        // non-executable commit cannot be satisfied (see TryAllocateAtExact).
-        {
+        ulong result = _hostMemory.Allocate(desiredAddress, alignedSize, hostProtection);
-            result = _hostMemory.Reserve(desiredAddress, alignedSize, HostPageProtection.ReadWrite);
-            if (result == 0 && allowAlternative)
-            {
-                result = _hostMemory.Reserve(0, alignedSize, HostPageProtection.ReadWrite);
-            }
-
-            if (result != 0)
-            {
-                reservedOnly = true;
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (result == 0)
-        {
-            result = _hostMemory.Allocate(desiredAddress, alignedSize, hostProtection);
-        }
 
         if (result == 0)
         {
             if (!allowAlternative)
             {
-                throw new InvalidOperationException($"Failed to allocate exact mapping at 0x{desiredAddress:X16} ({alignedSize} bytes)");
+                if (allowLazyReserve)
-            }
-
-            TraceVmem($"Could not allocate at 0x{desiredAddress:X16}, trying any address...");
-            result = _hostMemory.Allocate(0, alignedSize, hostProtection);
-
-            if (result == 0)
-            {
-                if (!executable)
                 {
                     result = _hostMemory.Reserve(desiredAddress, alignedSize, HostPageProtection.ReadWrite);
-                    if (result == 0 && allowAlternative)
+                    reservedOnly = result != 0;
+                }
+
+                if (result == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException($"Failed to allocate exact mapping at 0x{desiredAddress:X16} ({alignedSize} bytes)");
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                TraceVmem($"Could not allocate at 0x{desiredAddress:X16}, trying any address...");
+                result = _hostMemory.Allocate(0, alignedSize, hostProtection);
+
+                if (result == 0 && allowLazyReserve)
+                {
+                    result = _hostMemory.Reserve(desiredAddress, alignedSize, HostPageProtection.ReadWrite);
+                    if (result == 0)
                     {
                         result = _hostMemory.Reserve(0, alignedSize, HostPageProtection.ReadWrite);
                     }
 
-                    if (result != 0)
+                    reservedOnly = result != 0;
-                    {
-                        reservedOnly = true;
-                    }
                 }
 
                 if (result == 0)
@@ -371,8 +370,7 @@ public sealed unsafe class PhysicalVirtualMemory : IVirtualMemory, IGuestMemoryA
         }
 
         var actualAddress = result;
-
+        var lazyPrimeState = reservedOnly ? PrimeLazyReserveRegion(actualAddress, alignedSize) : "n/a";
-        var lazyPrimeState = reservedOnly ? ReserveRegion(actualAddress, alignedSize) : "n/a";
 
         _gate.EnterWriteLock();
         try
@@ -399,7 +397,11 @@ public sealed unsafe class PhysicalVirtualMemory : IVirtualMemory, IGuestMemoryA
         return actualAddress;
     }
 
-    private string ReserveRegion(ulong actualAddress, ulong alignedSize)
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Commits the leading slice of a reserve-only region so early guest touches
+    /// succeed before on-demand <see cref="EnsureRangeCommitted"/> runs.
+    /// </summary>
+    private string PrimeLazyReserveRegion(ulong actualAddress, ulong alignedSize)
     {
         var primeBytes = Math.Min(alignedSize, LazyReservePrimeBytes);
         if (primeBytes == 0)
@@ -426,11 +428,11 @@ public sealed unsafe class PhysicalVirtualMemory : IVirtualMemory, IGuestMemoryA
             var state = committedBytes == primeBytes
                 ? $"ok:{committedBytes:X}"
                 : $"partial:{committedBytes:X}/{primeBytes:X}";
-            TraceVmem($"region: 0x{actualAddress:X16} - 0x{actualAddress + committedBytes:X16} ({committedBytes} bytes)");
+            TraceVmem($"Primed lazy region: 0x{actualAddress:X16} - 0x{actualAddress + committedBytes:X16} ({committedBytes} bytes)");
             return state;
         }
 
-        TraceVmem($"Failed to reserve region at 0x{actualAddress:X16} ({primeBytes} bytes)!");
+        TraceVmem($"Failed to prime lazy region at 0x{actualAddress:X16} ({primeBytes} bytes), continuing with on-demand commit");
         return $"fail:{primeBytes:X}";
     }
 
@@ -1316,12 +1318,26 @@ public sealed unsafe class PhysicalVirtualMemory : IVirtualMemory, IGuestMemoryA
         try
         {
             var region = FindRegion(virtualAddress, 1);
-            if (region is null ||
+            if (region is null)
-                (region.IsReservedOnly && !EnsureRangeCommitted(virtualAddress, 1, region)))
             {
                 return null;
             }
 
+            // Raw host pointers are walked by native/JIT code without further
+            // EnsureRangeCommitted calls. For reserve-only regions, commit a
+            // leading working-set chunk from this address so the common case
+            // does not immediately AV on the next page.
+            if (region.IsReservedOnly)
+            {
+                var regionEnd = region.VirtualAddress + region.Size;
+                var remaining = regionEnd > virtualAddress ? regionEnd - virtualAddress : 0;
+                var commitBytes = Math.Min(remaining, LazyReservePrimeChunkBytes);
+                if (commitBytes == 0 || !EnsureRangeCommitted(virtualAddress, commitBytes, region))
+                {
+                    return null;
+                }
+            }
+
             return (void*)virtualAddress;
         }
         finally

src/SharpEmu.Core/Runtime/SharpEmuRuntime.cs

@@ -143,6 +143,7 @@ public sealed class SharpEmuRuntime : ISharpEmuRuntime
         KernelModuleRegistry.Reset();
         var image = LoadImage(normalizedEbootPath);
         VideoOutExports.ConfigureApplicationInfo(image.Title, image.TitleId, image.Version);
+        KernelMemoryCompatExports.ConfigureApplicationInfo(image.TitleId);
         SaveDataExports.ConfigureApplicationInfo(image.TitleId);
         SystemServiceExports.ConfigureApplicationInfo(image.TitleId);
         _ = RegisterLoadedModule(normalizedEbootPath, image, isMain: true, isSystemModule: false);

src/SharpEmu.GUI/ConsoleWindow.cs

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ using Avalonia.Collections;
 using Avalonia.Controls;
 using Avalonia.Controls.Templates;
 using Avalonia.Data;
+using Avalonia.Input.Platform;
 using Avalonia.Layout;
 using Avalonia.Media;
 using Avalonia.Platform;
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ public sealed class ConsoleWindow : Window
 
         _searchBox = new TextBox
         {
-            Watermark = loc.Get("Console.SearchWatermark"),
+            PlaceholderText = loc.Get("Console.SearchWatermark"),
             Width = 320,
             Margin = new Thickness(0, 0, 12, 0),
         };

src/SharpEmu.GUI/GameSurfaceHost.cs

@@ -1,620 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using Avalonia;
-using Avalonia.Controls;
-using Avalonia.Platform;
-using Avalonia.Threading;
-using SharpEmu.Libs.VideoOut;
-using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.GUI;
-
-/// <summary>
-/// Native child surface owned by Avalonia. The isolated emulator process uses
-/// its platform handle to create the Vulkan presentation surface, keeping the
-/// guest address space out of the GUI process.
-/// </summary>
-public sealed class GameSurfaceHost : NativeControlHost
-{
-    private const uint SwpNoSize = 0x0001;
-    private const uint SwpNoMove = 0x0002;
-    private const uint SwpNoZOrder = 0x0004;
-    private const uint SwpNoActivate = 0x0010;
-    private const uint SwpShowWindow = 0x0040;
-    private const uint SwpHideWindow = 0x0080;
-    private const uint WsChild = 0x40000000;
-    private const uint WsVisible = 0x10000000;
-    private const uint WsClipSiblings = 0x04000000;
-    private const uint WsClipChildren = 0x02000000;
-    private const uint CsOwnDc = 0x0020;
-    private const uint WmSetCursor = 0x0020;
-    private const uint WmMouseMove = 0x0200;
-    private const int IdcArrow = 32512;
-    private const int CursorHideDelayMs = 2500;
-
-    private VulkanHostSurface? _surface;
-    private nint _windowHandle;
-    private nint _x11Display;
-    private string? _win32ClassName;
-    private WindowProcedure? _windowProcedure;
-    private nint _metalLayer;
-    private bool _presentationVisible = true;
-    private DispatcherTimer? _cursorIdleTimer;
-    private bool _cursorAutoHide;
-    private bool _cursorHidden;
-    private long _lastPointerActivity;
-
-    public GameSurfaceHost()
-    {
-        PropertyChanged += (_, change) =>
-        {
-            if (change.Property == BoundsProperty)
-            {
-                UpdateSurfaceSize();
-            }
-        };
-        LayoutUpdated += (_, _) =>
-        {
-            // Fullscreen can change a monitor's DPI scale without changing
-            // the logical Bounds. Refresh the native child from physical size.
-            UpdateSurfaceSize();
-
-            // NativeControlHost may make its HWND visible again as part of a
-            // later arrange pass. Keep a loading surface hidden until its
-            // child process reports a real first frame.
-            if (!_presentationVisible)
-            {
-                ApplyPresentationVisibility();
-            }
-        };
-    }
-
-    public event EventHandler<VulkanHostSurface>? SurfaceAvailable;
-
-    public event EventHandler<VulkanHostSurface>? SurfaceDestroyed;
-
-    public VulkanHostSurface? Surface => _surface;
-
-    public void RefreshSurfaceSize() => UpdateSurfaceSize();
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Hides the platform child without detaching the Vulkan surface. This
-    /// allows the launcher to return to its library while guest teardown is
-    /// still finishing on the render thread.
-    /// </summary>
-    public void SetPresentationVisible(bool visible)
-    {
-        _presentationVisible = visible;
-        ApplyPresentationVisibility();
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Auto-hides the mouse cursor over the game surface after a short idle
-    /// period; any pointer movement brings it back. Enabling (again) restarts
-    /// the idle countdown, so both "first frame presented" and "entered
-    /// fullscreen" can arm it. Windows-only; a no-op elsewhere.
-    /// </summary>
-    public void SetCursorAutoHide(bool enabled)
-    {
-        if (!OperatingSystem.IsWindows())
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        _cursorAutoHide = enabled;
-        _lastPointerActivity = System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
-        if (enabled)
-        {
-            _cursorIdleTimer ??= CreateCursorIdleTimer();
-            _cursorIdleTimer.Start();
-            return;
-        }
-
-        _cursorIdleTimer?.Stop();
-        ShowCursorNow();
-    }
-
-    private DispatcherTimer CreateCursorIdleTimer()
-    {
-        var timer = new DispatcherTimer
-        {
-            Interval = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(250),
-        };
-        timer.Tick += (_, _) => HideCursorWhenIdle();
-        return timer;
-    }
-
-    private void HideCursorWhenIdle()
-    {
-        if (!_cursorAutoHide || _cursorHidden || _windowHandle == 0)
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        var idleMs = (System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.GetTimestamp() - _lastPointerActivity) *
-            1000 / System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.Frequency;
-        if (idleMs < CursorHideDelayMs)
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // Only swallow the cursor while it is actually over the game surface;
-        // hovering launcher chrome (console, toolbar) must keep the arrow.
-        if (!GetCursorPos(out var point) || WindowFromPoint(point) != _windowHandle)
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        _cursorHidden = true;
-        _ = SetCursor(0);
-    }
-
-    private void ShowCursorNow()
-    {
-        if (!_cursorHidden)
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        _cursorHidden = false;
-        _ = SetCursor(LoadCursorW(0, IdcArrow));
-    }
-
-    private void ApplyPresentationVisibility()
-    {
-        if (_windowHandle == 0)
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        var visible = _presentationVisible;
-        if (OperatingSystem.IsWindows())
-        {
-            // SW_HIDE can be ignored for a window's initial show state. Force
-            // the state through SetWindowPos so an old child swapchain cannot
-            // remain composed while the next game is loading.
-            var flags = SwpNoSize | SwpNoMove | SwpNoZOrder | SwpNoActivate |
-                (visible ? SwpShowWindow : SwpHideWindow);
-            _ = SetWindowPos(_windowHandle, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, flags);
-        }
-        else if (OperatingSystem.IsLinux() && _x11Display != 0)
-        {
-            _ = visible
-                ? XMapWindow(_x11Display, _windowHandle)
-                : XUnmapWindow(_x11Display, _windowHandle);
-            _ = XFlush(_x11Display);
-        }
-        else if (OperatingSystem.IsMacOS())
-        {
-            SendBool(_windowHandle, "setHidden:", !visible);
-        }
-    }
-
-    protected override IPlatformHandle CreateNativeControlCore(IPlatformHandle control)
-    {
-        PlatformHandle handle;
-        if (OperatingSystem.IsWindows())
-        {
-            handle = CreateWin32(control);
-        }
-        else if (OperatingSystem.IsLinux())
-        {
-            handle = CreateX11(control);
-        }
-        else if (OperatingSystem.IsMacOS())
-        {
-            handle = CreateMacOS();
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            throw new PlatformNotSupportedException("SharpEmu's embedded Vulkan surface is unsupported on this platform.");
-        }
-
-        UpdateSurfaceSize();
-        if (_surface is { } surface)
-        {
-            SurfaceAvailable?.Invoke(this, surface);
-        }
-
-        return handle;
-    }
-
-    protected override void DestroyNativeControlCore(IPlatformHandle control)
-    {
-        if (OperatingSystem.IsWindows())
-        {
-            SetCursorAutoHide(false);
-        }
-
-        var surface = _surface;
-        _surface = null;
-
-        if (OperatingSystem.IsWindows())
-        {
-            DestroyWin32();
-        }
-        else if (OperatingSystem.IsLinux())
-        {
-            DestroyX11();
-        }
-        else if (OperatingSystem.IsMacOS())
-        {
-            DestroyMacOS();
-        }
-
-        if (surface is not null)
-        {
-            SurfaceDestroyed?.Invoke(this, surface);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private PlatformHandle CreateWin32(IPlatformHandle control)
-    {
-        _win32ClassName = $"SharpEmuGameSurface-{Guid.NewGuid():N}";
-        _windowProcedure = WindowProcedureImpl;
-        var classInfo = new WndClassEx
-        {
-            Size = (uint)Marshal.SizeOf<WndClassEx>(),
-            Style = CsOwnDc,
-            WindowProcedure = Marshal.GetFunctionPointerForDelegate(_windowProcedure),
-            Instance = GetModuleHandleW(null),
-            ClassName = _win32ClassName,
-        };
-
-        if (RegisterClassExW(ref classInfo) == 0)
-        {
-            throw new InvalidOperationException($"Could not register the embedded game window class (Win32 error {Marshal.GetLastWin32Error()}).");
-        }
-
-        _windowHandle = CreateWindowExW(
-            0,
-            _win32ClassName,
-            "SharpEmu Game Surface",
-            WsChild | (_presentationVisible ? WsVisible : 0) | WsClipSiblings | WsClipChildren,
-            0,
-            0,
-            1,
-            1,
-            control.Handle,
-            0,
-            classInfo.Instance,
-            0);
-        if (_windowHandle == 0)
-        {
-            var error = Marshal.GetLastWin32Error();
-            _ = UnregisterClassW(_win32ClassName, classInfo.Instance);
-            throw new InvalidOperationException($"Could not create the embedded game window (Win32 error {error}).");
-        }
-
-        _surface = new VulkanHostSurface(
-            VulkanHostSurfaceKind.Win32,
-            _windowHandle,
-            classInfo.Instance);
-        return new PlatformHandle(_windowHandle, "HWND");
-    }
-
-    private PlatformHandle CreateX11(IPlatformHandle control)
-    {
-        _x11Display = XOpenDisplay(0);
-        if (_x11Display == 0)
-        {
-            throw new InvalidOperationException("Could not connect to the X11 server for the embedded game surface.");
-        }
-
-        _windowHandle = XCreateSimpleWindow(
-            _x11Display,
-            control.Handle,
-            0,
-            0,
-            1,
-            1,
-            0,
-            0,
-            0);
-        if (_windowHandle == 0)
-        {
-            XCloseDisplay(_x11Display);
-            _x11Display = 0;
-            throw new InvalidOperationException("Could not create the X11 embedded game surface.");
-        }
-
-        if (_presentationVisible)
-        {
-            _ = XMapWindow(_x11Display, _windowHandle);
-        }
-        _ = XFlush(_x11Display);
-        _surface = new VulkanHostSurface(VulkanHostSurfaceKind.Xlib, _windowHandle, _x11Display);
-        return new PlatformHandle(_windowHandle, "X11");
-    }
-
-    private PlatformHandle CreateMacOS()
-    {
-        _metalLayer = CreateObjectiveCObject("CAMetalLayer");
-        _windowHandle = CreateObjectiveCObject("NSView");
-        SendBool(_windowHandle, "setWantsLayer:", true);
-        SendPointer(_windowHandle, "setLayer:", _metalLayer);
-        SendBool(_windowHandle, "setHidden:", !_presentationVisible);
-
-        _surface = new VulkanHostSurface(VulkanHostSurfaceKind.Metal, _windowHandle, metalLayerHandle: _metalLayer);
-        return new PlatformHandle(_windowHandle, "NSView");
-    }
-
-    private void UpdateSurfaceSize()
-    {
-        if (_surface is null)
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        var renderScale = (VisualRoot as TopLevel)?.RenderScaling ?? 1.0;
-        var width = Math.Max(1, (int)Math.Round(Bounds.Width * renderScale));
-        var height = Math.Max(1, (int)Math.Round(Bounds.Height * renderScale));
-        var sizeChanged = _surface.PixelWidth != width || _surface.PixelHeight != height;
-        if (Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_TRACE_SURFACE_SIZE") == "1")
-        {
-            Console.Error.WriteLine(
-                $"[GUI][TRACE] GameSurfaceHost.UpdateSurfaceSize bounds={Bounds.Width}x{Bounds.Height} " +
-                $"scale={renderScale} computed={width}x{height} changed={sizeChanged} " +
-                $"prevSurface={_surface.PixelWidth}x{_surface.PixelHeight}");
-        }
-        _surface.UpdatePixelSize(width, height);
-
-        if (!sizeChanged)
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        if (OperatingSystem.IsWindows() && _windowHandle != 0)
-        {
-            _ = SetWindowPos(
-                _windowHandle,
-                0,
-                0,
-                0,
-                width,
-                height,
-                SwpNoMove | SwpNoZOrder | SwpNoActivate);
-        }
-        else if (OperatingSystem.IsLinux() && _x11Display != 0 && _windowHandle != 0)
-        {
-            _ = XResizeWindow(_x11Display, _windowHandle, (uint)width, (uint)height);
-            _ = XFlush(_x11Display);
-        }
-        else if (OperatingSystem.IsMacOS() && _metalLayer != 0)
-        {
-            SendDouble(_metalLayer, "setContentsScale:", renderScale);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private void DestroyWin32()
-    {
-        if (_windowHandle != 0)
-        {
-            _ = DestroyWindow(_windowHandle);
-            _windowHandle = 0;
-        }
-
-        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(_win32ClassName))
-        {
-            _ = UnregisterClassW(_win32ClassName, GetModuleHandleW(null));
-            _win32ClassName = null;
-        }
-
-        _windowProcedure = null;
-    }
-
-    private void DestroyX11()
-    {
-        if (_x11Display != 0 && _windowHandle != 0)
-        {
-            _ = XDestroyWindow(_x11Display, _windowHandle);
-        }
-        if (_x11Display != 0)
-        {
-            _ = XCloseDisplay(_x11Display);
-        }
-
-        _windowHandle = 0;
-        _x11Display = 0;
-    }
-
-    private void DestroyMacOS()
-    {
-        if (_windowHandle != 0)
-        {
-            SendVoid(_windowHandle, "release");
-        }
-        if (_metalLayer != 0)
-        {
-            SendVoid(_metalLayer, "release");
-        }
-
-        _windowHandle = 0;
-        _metalLayer = 0;
-    }
-
-    private nint WindowProcedureImpl(nint window, uint message, nint wParam, nint lParam)
-    {
-        if (message == WmMouseMove)
-        {
-            _lastPointerActivity = System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
-            ShowCursorNow();
-        }
-        else if (message == WmSetCursor && _cursorHidden)
-        {
-            // Win32 re-resolves the cursor on every mouse message; returning
-            // TRUE here keeps the parent chain from restoring the arrow.
-            _ = SetCursor(0);
-            return 1;
-        }
-
-        return DefWindowProcW(window, message, wParam, lParam);
-    }
-
-    private static nint CreateObjectiveCObject(string className)
-    {
-        var classHandle = objc_getClass(className);
-        if (classHandle == 0)
-        {
-            throw new InvalidOperationException($"Objective-C class '{className}' is unavailable.");
-        }
-
-        var instance = objc_msgSend_id(classHandle, sel_registerName("alloc"));
-        instance = objc_msgSend_id(instance, sel_registerName("init"));
-        if (instance == 0)
-        {
-            throw new InvalidOperationException($"Could not create Objective-C '{className}'.");
-        }
-
-        return instance;
-    }
-
-    private static void SendVoid(nint receiver, string selector) =>
-        objc_msgSend_void(receiver, sel_registerName(selector));
-
-    private static void SendBool(nint receiver, string selector, bool value) =>
-        objc_msgSend_bool(receiver, sel_registerName(selector), value ? (byte)1 : (byte)0);
-
-    private static void SendPointer(nint receiver, string selector, nint value) =>
-        objc_msgSend_pointer(receiver, sel_registerName(selector), value);
-
-    private static void SendDouble(nint receiver, string selector, double value) =>
-        objc_msgSend_double(receiver, sel_registerName(selector), value);
-
-    private delegate nint WindowProcedure(nint window, uint message, nint wParam, nint lParam);
-
-    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
-    private struct WndClassEx
-    {
-        public uint Size;
-        public uint Style;
-        public nint WindowProcedure;
-        public int ClassExtra;
-        public int WindowExtra;
-        public nint Instance;
-        public nint Icon;
-        public nint Cursor;
-        public nint Background;
-        public string? MenuName;
-        public string? ClassName;
-        public nint IconSmall;
-    }
-
-    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", EntryPoint = "GetModuleHandleW", CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
-    private static extern nint GetModuleHandleW(string? moduleName);
-
-    [DllImport("user32.dll", EntryPoint = "RegisterClassExW", SetLastError = true, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
-    private static extern ushort RegisterClassExW(ref WndClassEx classInfo);
-
-    [DllImport("user32.dll", EntryPoint = "UnregisterClassW", SetLastError = true, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
-    [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
-    private static extern bool UnregisterClassW(string className, nint instance);
-
-    [DllImport("user32.dll", EntryPoint = "CreateWindowExW", SetLastError = true, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
-    private static extern nint CreateWindowExW(
-        uint extendedStyle,
-        string className,
-        string windowName,
-        uint style,
-        int x,
-        int y,
-        int width,
-        int height,
-        nint parent,
-        nint menu,
-        nint instance,
-        nint parameter);
-
-    [DllImport("user32.dll", EntryPoint = "DestroyWindow", SetLastError = true)]
-    [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
-    private static extern bool DestroyWindow(nint window);
-
-    [DllImport("user32.dll", EntryPoint = "SetWindowPos", SetLastError = true)]
-    [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
-    private static extern bool SetWindowPos(
-        nint window,
-        nint insertAfter,
-        int x,
-        int y,
-        int width,
-        int height,
-        uint flags);
-
-    [DllImport("user32.dll", EntryPoint = "DefWindowProcW", CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
-    private static extern nint DefWindowProcW(nint window, uint message, nint wParam, nint lParam);
-
-    [DllImport("user32.dll", EntryPoint = "SetCursor")]
-    private static extern nint SetCursor(nint cursor);
-
-    [DllImport("user32.dll", EntryPoint = "LoadCursorW", CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
-    private static extern nint LoadCursorW(nint instance, nint cursorName);
-
-    [DllImport("user32.dll", EntryPoint = "GetCursorPos")]
-    [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
-    private static extern bool GetCursorPos(out NativePoint point);
-
-    [DllImport("user32.dll", EntryPoint = "WindowFromPoint")]
-    private static extern nint WindowFromPoint(NativePoint point);
-
-    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
-    private struct NativePoint
-    {
-        public int X;
-        public int Y;
-    }
-
-    [DllImport("libX11.so.6", EntryPoint = "XOpenDisplay")]
-    private static extern nint XOpenDisplay(nint displayName);
-
-    [DllImport("libX11.so.6", EntryPoint = "XCreateSimpleWindow")]
-    private static extern nint XCreateSimpleWindow(
-        nint display,
-        nint parent,
-        int x,
-        int y,
-        uint width,
-        uint height,
-        uint borderWidth,
-        ulong border,
-        ulong background);
-
-    [DllImport("libX11.so.6", EntryPoint = "XMapWindow")]
-    private static extern int XMapWindow(nint display, nint window);
-
-    [DllImport("libX11.so.6", EntryPoint = "XUnmapWindow")]
-    private static extern int XUnmapWindow(nint display, nint window);
-
-    [DllImport("libX11.so.6", EntryPoint = "XResizeWindow")]
-    private static extern int XResizeWindow(nint display, nint window, uint width, uint height);
-
-    [DllImport("libX11.so.6", EntryPoint = "XDestroyWindow")]
-    private static extern int XDestroyWindow(nint display, nint window);
-
-    [DllImport("libX11.so.6", EntryPoint = "XCloseDisplay")]
-    private static extern int XCloseDisplay(nint display);
-
-    [DllImport("libX11.so.6", EntryPoint = "XFlush")]
-    private static extern int XFlush(nint display);
-
-    [DllImport("/usr/lib/libobjc.A.dylib")]
-    private static extern nint objc_getClass(string name);
-
-    [DllImport("/usr/lib/libobjc.A.dylib")]
-    private static extern nint sel_registerName(string name);
-
-    [DllImport("/usr/lib/libobjc.A.dylib", EntryPoint = "objc_msgSend")]
-    private static extern nint objc_msgSend_id(nint receiver, nint selector);
-
-    [DllImport("/usr/lib/libobjc.A.dylib", EntryPoint = "objc_msgSend")]
-    private static extern void objc_msgSend_void(nint receiver, nint selector);
-
-    [DllImport("/usr/lib/libobjc.A.dylib", EntryPoint = "objc_msgSend")]
-    private static extern void objc_msgSend_bool(nint receiver, nint selector, byte value);
-
-    [DllImport("/usr/lib/libobjc.A.dylib", EntryPoint = "objc_msgSend")]
-    private static extern void objc_msgSend_pointer(nint receiver, nint selector, nint value);
-
-    [DllImport("/usr/lib/libobjc.A.dylib", EntryPoint = "objc_msgSend")]
-    private static extern void objc_msgSend_double(nint receiver, nint selector, double value);
-}

src/SharpEmu.GUI/GuiSettings.cs

@@ -50,6 +50,20 @@ public sealed class GuiSettings
 
     public bool CheckForUpdatesOnStartup { get; set; } = true;
 
+    public string WindowMode { get; set; } = "Windowed";
+
+    public string Resolution { get; set; } = "1920x1080";
+
+    public int DisplayIndex { get; set; }
+
+    public int RefreshRate { get; set; }
+
+    public string ScalingMode { get; set; } = "Fit";
+
+    public bool VSync { get; set; } = true;
+
+    public string HdrMode { get; set; } = "Auto";
+
     /// <summary>Names of SHARPEMU_* switches set to "1" in the emulator's environment at launch.</summary>
     public List<string> EnvironmentToggles { get; set; } = new();
 
@@ -103,6 +117,12 @@ public sealed class GuiSettings
         {
             settings.RenderResolutionScale = 1.0;
         }
+        settings.WindowMode = NormalizeChoice(settings.WindowMode, "Windowed", "Borderless", "Exclusive");
+        settings.Resolution = NormalizeResolution(settings.Resolution);
+        settings.ScalingMode = NormalizeChoice(settings.ScalingMode, "Fit", "Cover", "Stretch", "Integer");
+        settings.HdrMode = NormalizeChoice(settings.HdrMode, "Auto", "On", "Off");
+        settings.DisplayIndex = Math.Max(0, settings.DisplayIndex);
+        settings.RefreshRate = Math.Clamp(settings.RefreshRate, 0, 1000);
 
         return settings;
     }
@@ -118,6 +138,20 @@ public sealed class GuiSettings
         return source.Where(entry => !string.IsNullOrEmpty(entry)).ToList();
     }
 
+    private static string NormalizeChoice(string? value, string fallback, params string[] choices) =>
+        choices.Prepend(fallback).FirstOrDefault(
+            choice => string.Equals(choice, value, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) ?? fallback;
+
+    private static string NormalizeResolution(string? value)
+    {
+        if (!HostDisplayOptions.TryParseResolution(value, out var width, out var height))
+        {
+            return "1920x1080";
+        }
+
+        return $"{width}x{height}";
+    }
+
     public void Save()
     {
         try

src/SharpEmu.GUI/HostDisplayOptions.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using SharpEmu.Libs.VideoOut;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.GUI;
+
+internal sealed record HostDisplayOption(HostDisplayInfo Display)
+{
+    public int Index => Display.Index;
+
+    public IReadOnlyList<HostDisplayMode> Modes => Display.Modes;
+
+    public override string ToString() => $"{Index + 1}: {Display.Name}";
+}
+
+internal sealed record HostRefreshRateOption(int Value, string Label)
+{
+    public override string ToString() => Label;
+}
+
+internal static class HostDisplayOptions
+{
+    public static IReadOnlyList<HostDisplayOption> BuildDisplays(
+        IReadOnlyList<HostDisplayInfo> detected,
+        int selectedIndex)
+    {
+        selectedIndex = Math.Max(0, selectedIndex);
+        var options = detected
+            .Select(display => new HostDisplayOption(display))
+            .ToList();
+        if (options.Count == 0)
+        {
+            options.Add(new HostDisplayOption(new HostDisplayInfo(
+                0,
+                "Display 1",
+                CreateFallbackModes())));
+        }
+
+        if (options.All(display => display.Index != selectedIndex))
+        {
+            options.Add(new HostDisplayOption(new HostDisplayInfo(
+                selectedIndex,
+                $"Display {selectedIndex + 1}",
+                options[0].Modes)));
+        }
+
+        return options.OrderBy(display => display.Index).ToArray();
+    }
+
+    public static HostDisplayOption SelectDisplay(
+        IReadOnlyList<HostDisplayOption> displays,
+        int selectedIndex) =>
+        displays.FirstOrDefault(display => display.Index == selectedIndex) ?? displays[0];
+
+    public static IReadOnlyList<string> BuildResolutions(
+        HostDisplayOption display,
+        string? selectedResolution)
+    {
+        var resolutions = display.Modes
+            .Where(mode => mode.Width > 0 && mode.Height > 0)
+            .Select(mode => $"{mode.Width}x{mode.Height}")
+            .Distinct(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+            .ToList();
+        if (TryParseResolution(selectedResolution, out var selectedWidth, out var selectedHeight))
+        {
+            var selected = $"{selectedWidth}x{selectedHeight}";
+            if (!resolutions.Contains(selected, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                resolutions.Add(selected);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (resolutions.Count == 0)
+        {
+            resolutions.Add("1920x1080");
+        }
+
+        return resolutions
+            .OrderByDescending(resolution => ResolutionArea(resolution))
+            .ThenByDescending(resolution => resolution, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+            .ToArray();
+    }
+
+    public static IReadOnlyList<HostRefreshRateOption> BuildRefreshRates(
+        HostDisplayOption display,
+        string? resolution,
+        int selectedRefreshRate,
+        string automaticLabel)
+    {
+        TryParseResolution(resolution, out var width, out var height);
+        var rates = display.Modes
+            .Where(mode => mode.Width == width && mode.Height == height && mode.RefreshRate > 0)
+            .Select(mode => mode.RefreshRate)
+            .Distinct()
+            .OrderByDescending(rate => rate)
+            .ToList();
+        if (selectedRefreshRate > 0 && !rates.Contains(selectedRefreshRate))
+        {
+            rates.Add(selectedRefreshRate);
+            rates.Sort((left, right) => right.CompareTo(left));
+        }
+
+        return new[] { new HostRefreshRateOption(0, automaticLabel) }
+            .Concat(rates.Select(rate => new HostRefreshRateOption(rate, $"{rate} Hz")))
+            .ToArray();
+    }
+
+    public static bool TryParseResolution(string? value, out int width, out int height)
+    {
+        width = 0;
+        height = 0;
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(value))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        var separator = value.IndexOf('x', StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+        return separator > 0 &&
+               int.TryParse(value.AsSpan(0, separator), out width) &&
+               int.TryParse(value.AsSpan(separator + 1), out height) &&
+               width > 0 &&
+               height > 0;
+    }
+
+    private static long ResolutionArea(string resolution) =>
+        TryParseResolution(resolution, out var width, out var height)
+            ? (long)width * height
+            : 0;
+
+    private static IReadOnlyList<HostDisplayMode> CreateFallbackModes() =>
+        [
+            new HostDisplayMode(3840, 2160, 60),
+            new HostDisplayMode(2560, 1440, 60),
+            new HostDisplayMode(1920, 1080, 60),
+            new HostDisplayMode(1280, 720, 60),
+        ];
+}

src/SharpEmu.GUI/Languages/en.json

@@ -41,6 +41,24 @@
   "Options.Section.Emulation": "EMULATION",
   "Options.Section.Logging": "LOGGING",
   "Options.Section.Launcher": "LAUNCHER",
+  "Options.Section.Display": "DISPLAY",
+  "Options.Graphics": "Graphics",
+
+  "Options.WindowMode.Label": "Window mode",
+  "Options.WindowMode.Desc": "Regular window, desktop borderless, or exclusive fullscreen.",
+  "Options.Resolution.Label": "Resolution",
+  "Options.Resolution.Desc": "Initial window size or exclusive fullscreen resolution.",
+  "Options.Display.Label": "Display",
+  "Options.Display.Desc": "Monitor used for centering and fullscreen.",
+  "Options.RefreshRate.Label": "Refresh rate",
+  "Options.RefreshRate.Desc": "Exclusive fullscreen refresh rate. Automatic selects the closest mode.",
+  "Options.RefreshRate.Automatic": "Automatic",
+  "Options.Scaling.Label": "Scaling",
+  "Options.Scaling.Desc": "Scale the native guest image without changing its internal resolution.",
+  "Options.VSync.Label": "VSync",
+  "Options.VSync.Desc": "Use FIFO presentation for tear-free output.",
+  "Options.Hdr.Label": "HDR output",
+  "Options.Hdr.Desc": "Use HDR when the selected display and graphics backend support it. Auto falls back to SDR.",
 
   "Options.CpuEngine.Label": "CPU engine",
   "Options.CpuEngine.Desc": "Execution engine used to run game code.",
@@ -87,6 +105,8 @@
 
   "PerGame.Title": "Per-game settings — {0} ({1})",
   "PerGame.InheritNote": "Unchecked rows inherit the global defaults.",
+  "PerGame.Tab.General": "General",
+  "PerGame.Tab.Graphics": "Graphics",
   "PerGame.EnvToggles.Label": "Environment toggles",
   "PerGame.EnvToggles.Desc": "Override the global set of SHARPEMU_* switches for this game.",
 

src/SharpEmu.GUI/Languages/tr.json

@@ -29,6 +29,24 @@
   "Options.Section.Emulation": "EMÜLASYON",
   "Options.Section.Logging": "GÜNLÜKLEME",
   "Options.Section.Launcher": "BAŞLATICI",
+  "Options.Section.Display": "GÖRÜNTÜ",
+  "Options.Graphics": "Grafik",
+
+  "Options.WindowMode.Label": "Pencere modu",
+  "Options.WindowMode.Desc": "Normal pencere, kenarlıksız masaüstü veya özel tam ekran.",
+  "Options.Resolution.Label": "Çözünürlük",
+  "Options.Resolution.Desc": "Başlangıç pencere boyutu veya özel tam ekran çözünürlüğü.",
+  "Options.Display.Label": "Ekran",
+  "Options.Display.Desc": "Ortalama ve tam ekran için kullanılan monitör.",
+  "Options.RefreshRate.Label": "Yenileme hızı",
+  "Options.RefreshRate.Desc": "Özel tam ekran yenileme hızı. Otomatik, en yakın modu seçer.",
+  "Options.RefreshRate.Automatic": "Otomatik",
+  "Options.Scaling.Label": "Ölçekleme",
+  "Options.Scaling.Desc": "Dahili çözünürlüğü değiştirmeden oyun görüntüsünü ölçekle.",
+  "Options.VSync.Label": "VSync",
+  "Options.VSync.Desc": "Yırtılmasız görüntü için FIFO sunumunu kullan.",
+  "Options.Hdr.Label": "HDR çıkışı",
+  "Options.Hdr.Desc": "Seçili ekran ve grafik backend'i destekliyorsa HDR kullan. Otomatik mod SDR'ye geri döner.",
 
   "Options.CpuEngine.Label": "CPU motoru",
   "Options.CpuEngine.Desc": "Oyun kodunu çalıştırmak için kullanılan yürütme motoru.",
@@ -159,6 +177,8 @@
   "Common.Cancel": "İptal",
   "PerGame.Title": "Oyuna özel ayarlar — {0} ({1})",
   "PerGame.InheritNote": "İşaretlenmemiş satırlar genel varsayılanları kullanır.",
+  "PerGame.Tab.General": "Genel",
+  "PerGame.Tab.Graphics": "Grafik",
   "PerGame.EnvToggles.Label": "Ortam anahtarları",
   "PerGame.EnvToggles.Desc": "Bu oyun için genel SHARPEMU_* anahtar kümesini geçersiz kıl.",
   "Options.About": "Hakkında",

src/SharpEmu.GUI/Localization.cs

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ using System.Text.Json;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.GUI;
 
+public sealed record LanguageInfo(string Code, string NativeName);
+
 /// <summary>
 /// Loads UI strings for the launcher. Every language ships embedded in the
 /// assembly (see SharpEmu.GUI.csproj) so a release build is fully
@@ -16,8 +18,6 @@ public sealed class Localization
 {
     public static Localization Instance { get; } = new();
 
-    public sealed record LanguageInfo(string Code, string NativeName);
-
     private const string EmbeddedResourcePrefix = "Languages.";
     private const string EmbeddedResourceSuffix = ".json";
 
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ public sealed class Localization
         result = loaded;
         return true;
     }
-    
+
     private bool TryLoad(string code, string json)
     {
         if (TryLoad(json, out var dict))

src/SharpEmu.GUI/MainWindow.axaml

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
         WindowStartupLocation="CenterScreen"
         Background="{StaticResource BgBrush}"
         ExtendClientAreaToDecorationsHint="True"
-        ExtendClientAreaChromeHints="PreferSystemChrome"
+        WindowDecorations="Full"
         ExtendClientAreaTitleBarHeightHint="44"
         Icon="avares://SharpEmu.GUI/Assets/SharpEmu.ico"
         KeyDown="OnKeyDown">
@@ -60,12 +60,6 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
     <!-- Main content -->
     <Grid x:Name="MainContent" Grid.Row="1" Margin="32,24,32,20" RowDefinitions="Auto,*,Auto,Auto">
 
-      <!-- The game owns the full client area while running. Session controls
-           use a native popup so they can stay above this native child surface. -->
-      <Border x:Name="GameView" Grid.Row="0" Grid.RowSpan="4" IsVisible="False" Background="#000000" ClipToBounds="True">
-        <Grid x:Name="GameSurfaceContainer" />
-      </Border>
-
       <!-- Library / Options page switcher, with the library toolbar sharing
            the same row on the right. Plain buttons (not TabItem) so there is
            no underline; LB/RB hint chips flank the pair and the gamepad's
@@ -84,7 +78,7 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
         <StackPanel Grid.Column="2" x:Name="LibraryToolbar" Orientation="Horizontal" Spacing="8"
                     VerticalAlignment="Center">
-          <TextBox x:Name="SearchBox" Watermark="Search library…" Width="240" VerticalAlignment="Center" />
+          <TextBox x:Name="SearchBox" PlaceholderText="Search library…" Width="240" VerticalAlignment="Center" />
           <Button x:Name="AddFolderButton" Classes="ghost" Content="＋ Add folder" VerticalAlignment="Center" />
           <Button x:Name="RescanButton" Classes="ghost" Content="⟳ Rescan" VerticalAlignment="Center" />
           <Button x:Name="OpenFileButton" Classes="ghost" Content="Open file…" VerticalAlignment="Center" />
@@ -148,7 +142,7 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
               </ItemsPanelTemplate>
             </ListBox.ItemsPanel>
             <ListBox.ItemTemplate>
-              <DataTemplate>
+              <DataTemplate x:DataType="local:GameEntry" x:CompileBindings="True">
                 <StackPanel Width="128" Height="172" Spacing="7">
                   <Border Classes="coverShadow" Width="128" Height="128">
                     <Border Classes="coverClip">
@@ -273,8 +267,13 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
                       <local:SettingRow x:Name="LanguageRow" Label="Emulator language"
                                         Description="Language used throughout the launcher. Applies immediately.">
                         <ComboBox x:Name="LanguageBox" Width="160"
-                                  VerticalAlignment="Center" CornerRadius="8"
+                                  VerticalAlignment="Center" CornerRadius="8">
-                                  DisplayMemberBinding="{Binding NativeName}" />
+                          <ComboBox.ItemTemplate>
+                            <DataTemplate x:DataType="local:LanguageInfo">
+                              <TextBlock Text="{Binding NativeName}" />
+                            </DataTemplate>
+                          </ComboBox.ItemTemplate>
+                        </ComboBox>
                       </local:SettingRow>
 
                       <local:SettingRow x:Name="TitleMusicRow" Label="Title music"
@@ -403,7 +402,6 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
             <TabItem x:Name="GraphicsTabItem" Header="Graphics" FontSize="15">
               <ScrollViewer>
                 <StackPanel Margin="0,14,0,16" Spacing="16" MaxWidth="1280" HorizontalAlignment="Left">
-
                   <Border Classes="card">
                     <StackPanel Spacing="14">
                       <TextBlock x:Name="RenderingSectionTitle" Classes="sectionTitle" Text="RENDERING" />
@@ -420,6 +418,46 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
                       </local:SettingRow>
                     </StackPanel>
                   </Border>
+
+                  <Border Classes="card">
+                    <StackPanel Spacing="14">
+                      <TextBlock x:Name="DisplaySectionTitle" Classes="sectionTitle" Text="DISPLAY" />
+                      <local:SettingRow x:Name="WindowModeRow" Label="Window mode" Description="Regular window, desktop borderless, or exclusive fullscreen.">
+                        <ComboBox x:Name="WindowModeBox" Width="180" SelectedIndex="0" CornerRadius="8">
+                          <ComboBoxItem Content="Windowed" />
+                          <ComboBoxItem Content="Borderless" />
+                          <ComboBoxItem Content="Exclusive" />
+                        </ComboBox>
+                      </local:SettingRow>
+                      <local:SettingRow x:Name="ResolutionRow" Label="Resolution" Description="Initial window size or exclusive fullscreen resolution.">
+                        <ComboBox x:Name="ResolutionBox" Width="180" CornerRadius="8" />
+                      </local:SettingRow>
+                      <local:SettingRow x:Name="DisplayRow" Label="Display" Description="Monitor used for centering and fullscreen.">
+                        <ComboBox x:Name="DisplayBox" Width="260" CornerRadius="8" />
+                      </local:SettingRow>
+                      <local:SettingRow x:Name="RefreshRateRow" Label="Refresh rate" Description="Exclusive fullscreen refresh rate. Automatic selects the closest mode.">
+                        <ComboBox x:Name="RefreshRateBox" Width="180" CornerRadius="8" />
+                      </local:SettingRow>
+                      <local:SettingRow x:Name="ScalingRow" Label="Scaling" Description="Scale the native guest image without changing its internal resolution.">
+                        <ComboBox x:Name="ScalingModeBox" Width="180" SelectedIndex="0" CornerRadius="8">
+                          <ComboBoxItem Content="Fit" />
+                          <ComboBoxItem Content="Cover" />
+                          <ComboBoxItem Content="Stretch" />
+                          <ComboBoxItem Content="Integer" />
+                        </ComboBox>
+                      </local:SettingRow>
+                      <local:SettingRow x:Name="VSyncRow" Label="VSync" Description="Use FIFO presentation for tear-free output.">
+                        <ToggleSwitch x:Name="VSyncToggle" IsChecked="True" OnContent="On" OffContent="Off" />
+                      </local:SettingRow>
+                      <local:SettingRow x:Name="HdrRow" Label="HDR" Description="Use HDR output when the selected display and graphics backend support it.">
+                        <ComboBox x:Name="HdrModeBox" Width="180" SelectedIndex="0" CornerRadius="8">
+                          <ComboBoxItem Content="Auto" />
+                          <ComboBoxItem Content="On" />
+                          <ComboBoxItem Content="Off" />
+                        </ComboBox>
+                      </local:SettingRow>
+                    </StackPanel>
+                  </Border>
                 </StackPanel>
               </ScrollViewer>
             </TabItem>
@@ -481,6 +519,12 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
                         <ToggleSwitch x:Name="EnvLogNpToggle" OnContent="On" OffContent="Off"
                                       VerticalAlignment="Center" />
                       </local:SettingRow>
+
+                      <local:SettingRow x:Name="EnvGuestImageCpuSyncRow" LabelFontFamily="Consolas,monospace" Label="SHARPEMU_GUEST_IMAGE_CPU_SYNC"
+                                        Description="Re-upload guest surfaces the game's own CPU code rewrites.&#10;Enabled by default for compatibility.&#10;Disable only for titles that regress with it, such as GTA V.">
+                        <ToggleSwitch x:Name="EnvGuestImageCpuSyncToggle" OnContent="On" OffContent="Off"
+                                      VerticalAlignment="Center" />
+                      </local:SettingRow>
                     </StackPanel>
                   </Border>
 
@@ -498,7 +542,7 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
           <Grid Grid.Row="0" ColumnDefinitions="*,Auto,Auto,Auto,Auto,Auto" Margin="16,12,16,8">
             <TextBlock x:Name="ConsoleSectionTitle" Classes="sectionTitle" Text="CONSOLE" VerticalAlignment="Center" />
             <TextBox Grid.Column="1" FontSize="12" Margin="0,0,12,0" x:Name="ConsoleSearchBox"
-                    Watermark="Search..." Width="320" />
+                    PlaceholderText="Search..." Width="320" />
             <CheckBox Grid.Column="2" x:Name="AutoScrollCheck" Content="Auto-scroll" IsChecked="True"
                     FontSize="12" Margin="0,0,12,0" />
             <Button Grid.Column="3" x:Name="DetachConsoleButton" Classes="ghost" Content="Split" FontSize="12"
@@ -511,7 +555,7 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
           <ListBox Grid.Row="1" x:Name="ConsoleList" Classes="console" BorderThickness="0,1,0,0"
                    BorderBrush="{StaticResource CardBorderBrush}" CornerRadius="0,0,12,12">
             <ListBox.ItemTemplate>
-              <DataTemplate>
+              <DataTemplate x:DataType="local:LogLine" x:CompileBindings="True">
                 <TextBlock Text="{Binding Text}" Foreground="{Binding Brush}" TextWrapping="NoWrap" />
               </DataTemplate>
             </ListBox.ItemTemplate>
@@ -527,7 +571,9 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
             <!-- Selected game cover thumbnail -->
             <Border Grid.Column="0" Classes="coverClip" Width="56" Height="56" CornerRadius="8"
                     VerticalAlignment="Center">
-              <Panel x:Name="SelectedCoverPanel">
+              <Panel x:Name="SelectedCoverPanel"
+                     x:DataType="local:GameEntry"
+                     x:CompileBindings="True">
                 <Border Background="{Binding PlaceholderBrush, FallbackValue={x:Null}}"
                         IsVisible="{Binding !HasCover, FallbackValue=False}">
                   <TextBlock Text="{Binding Initials}" FontSize="20" FontWeight="Bold"
@@ -548,7 +594,10 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
                 <!-- Title id / version / size badges, right next to the
                      title. The title's own MaxWidth (not a "*" column) is
                      what keeps them from drifting to the far right. -->
-                <StackPanel Grid.Column="1" x:Name="SelectedBadgesRow" Orientation="Horizontal" Spacing="6"
+                <StackPanel Grid.Column="1" x:Name="SelectedBadgesRow"
+                            x:DataType="local:GameEntry"
+                            x:CompileBindings="True"
+                            Orientation="Horizontal" Spacing="6"
                             IsVisible="False" VerticalAlignment="Center">
                   <Border Classes="pill" IsVisible="{Binding HasTitleId, FallbackValue=False}">
                     <TextBlock Text="{Binding TitleId}" FontSize="10" FontWeight="SemiBold"
@@ -585,51 +634,8 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
       </Border>
     </Grid>
 
-    <!-- Avalonia's regular overlay layer cannot appear over a native child
+    <!-- Keep launch progress above the blurred library while the SDL game
-         HWND/X11/Metal surface. Keep the running-session controls in a native
+         process owns its independent top-level window. -->
-         popup so the game reaches the bottom status bar without losing Stop. -->
-    <primitives:Popup x:Name="SessionBarPopup"
-                      IsOpen="False"
-                      PlacementTarget="{Binding #GameView}"
-                      Placement="Bottom"
-                      VerticalOffset="-66"
-                      Topmost="True"
-                      ShouldUseOverlayLayer="False"
-                      TakesFocusFromNativeControl="False"
-                      IsLightDismissEnabled="False">
-      <Border Classes="card" Width="598" Height="58" CornerRadius="16" Padding="14,8">
-        <Grid ColumnDefinitions="*,Auto">
-          <StackPanel Spacing="3" VerticalAlignment="Center">
-            <StackPanel Orientation="Horizontal" Spacing="8">
-              <TextBlock x:Name="SessionGameTitle" Text="GAME RUNNING" FontSize="13" FontWeight="SemiBold"
-                         MaxWidth="240" TextTrimming="CharacterEllipsis" VerticalAlignment="Center" />
-              <Border Classes="badge running" VerticalAlignment="Center">
-                <TextBlock Text="RUNNING" FontSize="9" FontWeight="Bold" LetterSpacing="1"
-                           Foreground="{StaticResource SuccessBrush}" />
-              </Border>
-            </StackPanel>
-            <StackPanel Orientation="Horizontal" Spacing="7">
-              <Border x:Name="SessionF11Badge" Classes="badge key" VerticalAlignment="Center">
-                <TextBlock Text="F11" FontSize="9" FontWeight="Bold"
-                           Foreground="{StaticResource InfoBrush}" />
-              </Border>
-              <TextBlock x:Name="SessionHintText" Text="Fullscreen" FontSize="11"
-                         Foreground="{StaticResource MutedBrush}" VerticalAlignment="Center" />
-            </StackPanel>
-          </StackPanel>
-          <StackPanel Grid.Column="1" Orientation="Horizontal" Spacing="8" VerticalAlignment="Center">
-            <Button x:Name="SessionConsoleButton" Classes="ghost" Content="≡ Console" />
-            <Button x:Name="SessionStopButton" Classes="danger" Content="■  Stop" IsEnabled="False" />
-          </StackPanel>
-        </Grid>
-      </Border>
-    </primitives:Popup>
-
-    <!-- This is a native popup rather than an Avalonia overlay because the
-         emulated Vulkan surface is a native child window. -->
-    <!-- Anchored to MainContent, not GameView: the surface host is parked in
-         a 1x1 corner while loading/closing, which would pull a GameView-
-         anchored popup into the corner with it. -->
     <primitives:Popup x:Name="SessionLoadingPopup"
                       IsOpen="False"
                       PlacementTarget="{Binding #MainContent}"
@@ -643,7 +649,7 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
           <TextBlock x:Name="SessionLoadingTitle" Text="Loading game" FontSize="16" FontWeight="SemiBold" />
           <TextBlock x:Name="SessionLoadingDetail" Text="Preparing the emulation session..." FontSize="12"
                      Foreground="{StaticResource MutedBrush}" TextTrimming="CharacterEllipsis" />
-          <ProgressBar IsIndeterminate="True" Height="5" />
+          <ProgressBar x:Name="SessionLoadingProgress" IsIndeterminate="True" Height="5" />
         </StackPanel>
       </Border>
     </primitives:Popup>

src/SharpEmu.GUI/MainWindow.axaml.cs

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ using Avalonia;
 using Avalonia.Collections;
 using Avalonia.Controls;
 using Avalonia.Input;
+using Avalonia.Input.Platform;
 using Avalonia.Interactivity;
 using Avalonia.Media;
 using Avalonia.Media.Imaging;
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ using Avalonia.VisualTree;
 using SharpEmu.Core.Cpu;
 using SharpEmu.Core.Runtime;
 using SharpEmu.HLE.Host;
-using SharpEmu.HLE.Host.Windows;
+using SharpEmu.Libs.Pad;
 using SharpEmu.Libs.VideoOut;
 using SharpEmu.Logging;
 using System.Collections.Concurrent;
@@ -61,18 +62,17 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
     private bool _clearLibraryBlurWhenComplete;
 
     private GuiSettings _settings = new();
+    private IReadOnlyList<HostDisplayOption> _hostDisplays = [];
+    private bool _updatingHostDisplayOptions;
     private EmulatorProcess? _emulator;
-    private GameSurfaceHost? _gameSurfaceHost;
     private ConsoleWindow? _consoleWindow;
     private GuiConsoleMirror? _consoleMirror;
     private StreamWriter? _fileLog;
     private readonly SndPreviewPlayer _sndPreview = new();
     private string? _emulatorExePath;
     private PendingLaunch? _pendingLaunch;
-    private bool _gameFullscreen;
     private bool _isRunning;
     private bool _isStopping;
-    private bool _awaitingFirstFrame;
     private int _autoScrollTicks;
     private int _activePageIndex;
     private Updater.UpdateInfo? _availableUpdate;
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
         string EbootPath,
         string DisplayName,
         string? TitleId,
-        string LogLevel,
+        EffectiveLaunchSettings Settings,
         SharpEmuRuntimeOptions RuntimeOptions);
 
     public MainWindow()
@@ -159,12 +159,10 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
         // follow the launcher into the background or a minimized state.
         Activated += (_, _) =>
         {
-            UpdateSessionBarVisibility();
             SessionLoadingPopup.IsOpen = _sessionLoadingActive;
         };
         Deactivated += (_, _) =>
         {
-            SessionBarPopup.IsOpen = false;
             SessionLoadingPopup.IsOpen = false;
         };
 
@@ -180,8 +178,6 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
         LaunchButton.Click += (_, _) => LaunchSelected();
         ClearLogButton.Click += (_, _) => { _consoleLines.Clear(); _allConsoleLines.Clear(); };
         StopButton.Click += (_, _) => StopEmulator();
-        SessionStopButton.Click += (_, _) => StopEmulator();
-        SessionConsoleButton.Click += (_, _) => ShowConsoleWindow();
         CopyLogButton.Click += async (_, _) => await CopyConsoleAsync();
         DetachConsoleButton.Click += (_, _) => ShowConsoleWindow();
         LibraryTabButton.Click += (_, _) => SetActivePage(0);
@@ -220,6 +216,13 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
         };
         AutoUpdateToggle.IsCheckedChanged += (_, _) =>
             _settings.CheckForUpdatesOnStartup = AutoUpdateToggle.IsChecked == true;
+        WindowModeBox.SelectionChanged += (_, _) => _settings.WindowMode = SelectedComboText(WindowModeBox, "Windowed");
+        DisplayBox.SelectionChanged += (_, _) => OnHostDisplayChanged();
+        ResolutionBox.SelectionChanged += (_, _) => OnHostResolutionChanged();
+        RefreshRateBox.SelectionChanged += (_, _) => OnHostRefreshRateChanged();
+        ScalingModeBox.SelectionChanged += (_, _) => _settings.ScalingMode = SelectedComboText(ScalingModeBox, "Fit");
+        VSyncToggle.IsCheckedChanged += (_, _) => _settings.VSync = VSyncToggle.IsChecked == true;
+        HdrModeBox.SelectionChanged += (_, _) => _settings.HdrMode = SelectedComboText(HdrModeBox, "Auto");
         UpdateButton.Click += async (_, _) => await OnUpdateButtonAsync();
         SelectLogFilePathButton.Click += async (_, _) => await SelectLogFilePathAsync();
         EnvBthidToggle.IsCheckedChanged += (_, _) =>
@@ -238,6 +241,8 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
             SetEnvironmentToggle("SHARPEMU_LOG_IO", EnvLogIoToggle.IsChecked == true);
         EnvLogNpToggle.IsCheckedChanged += (_, _) =>
             SetEnvironmentToggle("SHARPEMU_LOG_NP", EnvLogNpToggle.IsChecked == true);
+        EnvGuestImageCpuSyncToggle.IsCheckedChanged += (_, _) =>
+            SetGuestImageCpuSync(EnvGuestImageCpuSyncToggle.IsChecked == true);
         LanguageBox.SelectionChanged += (_, _) => OnLanguageChanged();
 
         GameList.AddHandler(ContextRequestedEvent, OnGameContextRequested, RoutingStrategies.Tunnel);
@@ -254,8 +259,7 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
         Opened += async (_, _) => await OnOpenedAsync();
         Closing += (_, _) => OnWindowClosing();
 
-        WindowsDualSenseReader.EnsureStarted();
+        SdlLauncherGamepad.EnsureStarted();
-        WindowsXInputReader.EnsureStarted();
         _gamepadTimer = new DispatcherTimer
         {
             Interval = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(50),
@@ -426,8 +430,7 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
 
     private void PollGamepad()
     {
-        // DualSense wins when both are connected; XInput covers Xbox pads.
+        if (!SdlLauncherGamepad.TryGetState(out var pad))
-        if (!WindowsDualSenseReader.TryGetState(out var pad) && !WindowsXInputReader.TryGetState(out pad))
         {
             _previousPadButtons = HostGamepadButtons.None;
             return;
@@ -443,9 +446,8 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
 
         if (_isRunning || _isStopping)
         {
-            // The game renders inside the launcher window, so the launcher
+            // The controller belongs to the separate game window while a
-            // stays active while playing. The controller belongs to the game
+            // session is active; Circle/B must never stop the session.
-            // then: no navigation, and Circle/B must never stop the session.
             _previousPadButtons = pad.Buttons;
             return;
         }
@@ -591,7 +593,7 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
 
     private void OnLanguageChanged()
     {
-        if (LanguageBox.SelectedItem is not Localization.LanguageInfo language)
+        if (LanguageBox.SelectedItem is not LanguageInfo language)
         {
             return;
         }
@@ -613,7 +615,7 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
         LibraryTabButton.Content = loc.Get("Page.Library");
         OptionsTabButton.Content = loc.Get("Page.Options");
 
-        SearchBox.Watermark = loc.Get("Library.SearchWatermark");
+        SearchBox.PlaceholderText = loc.Get("Library.SearchWatermark");
         AddFolderButton.Content = loc.Get("Library.AddFolder");
         RescanButton.Content = loc.Get("Library.Rescan");
         OpenFileButton.Content = loc.Get("Library.OpenFile");
@@ -684,14 +686,32 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
         AutoUpdateRow.Label = loc.Get("Updater.Auto.Label");
         AutoUpdateRow.Description = loc.Get("Updater.Auto.Desc");
 
-        foreach (var toggle in new[] { StrictToggle, LogToFileToggle, OverrideLogFileToggle, TitleMusicToggle, DiscordToggle, AutoUpdateToggle })
+        GraphicsTabItem.Header = loc.Get("Options.Graphics");
+        DisplaySectionTitle.Text = loc.Get("Options.Section.Display");
+        WindowModeRow.Label = loc.Get("Options.WindowMode.Label");
+        WindowModeRow.Description = loc.Get("Options.WindowMode.Desc");
+        ResolutionRow.Label = loc.Get("Options.Resolution.Label");
+        ResolutionRow.Description = loc.Get("Options.Resolution.Desc");
+        DisplayRow.Label = loc.Get("Options.Display.Label");
+        DisplayRow.Description = loc.Get("Options.Display.Desc");
+        RefreshRateRow.Label = loc.Get("Options.RefreshRate.Label");
+        RefreshRateRow.Description = loc.Get("Options.RefreshRate.Desc");
+        ScalingRow.Label = loc.Get("Options.Scaling.Label");
+        ScalingRow.Description = loc.Get("Options.Scaling.Desc");
+        VSyncRow.Label = loc.Get("Options.VSync.Label");
+        VSyncRow.Description = loc.Get("Options.VSync.Desc");
+        HdrRow.Label = loc.Get("Options.Hdr.Label");
+        HdrRow.Description = loc.Get("Options.Hdr.Desc");
+        RefreshHostRefreshRates(_settings.RefreshRate);
+
+        foreach (var toggle in new[] { StrictToggle, LogToFileToggle, OverrideLogFileToggle, TitleMusicToggle, DiscordToggle, AutoUpdateToggle, VSyncToggle })
         {
             toggle.OnContent = loc.Get("Common.On");
             toggle.OffContent = loc.Get("Common.Off");
         }
 
         ConsoleSectionTitle.Text = loc.Get("Console.Title");
-        ConsoleSearchBox.Watermark = loc.Get("Console.SearchWatermark");
+        ConsoleSearchBox.PlaceholderText = loc.Get("Console.SearchWatermark");
         AutoScrollCheck.Content = loc.Get("Console.AutoScroll");
         DetachConsoleButton.Content = loc.Get("Console.Split");
         CopyLogButton.Content = loc.Get("Console.Copy");
@@ -757,91 +777,21 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
 
     private void OnKeyDown(object sender, KeyEventArgs args)
     {
-        args.Handled = true;
+        if (args.Key == Key.F11 && !_isRunning)
-        switch (args.Key)
         {
-            case Key.F11:
+            WindowState = WindowState == WindowState.FullScreen
-                OnWindowFullScreen(this, new RoutedEventArgs());
+                ? WindowState.Maximized
-                break;
+                : WindowState.FullScreen;
-            default:
+            args.Handled = true;
-                args.Handled = false;
-                break;
         }
     }
 
     private void OnPreviewKeyDown(object? sender, KeyEventArgs args)
     {
-        // While a session is on screen, Enter and Space are game input
+        // The session runs in its own SDL window and takes keyboard focus with
-        // (Cross button). Keyboard focus stays on the launcher window, so a
+        // it, so launcher buttons no longer see game input and nothing has to
-        // previously clicked, still-focused button (console toggle, session
+        // be swallowed here. Kept as the wired handler because the launcher
-        // bar) would also activate and reshape the game view. Swallow the
+        // still needs a preview hook for its own shortcuts.
-        // keys before button activation; the emulator process reads raw key
-        // state and is unaffected. Fullscreen hides those buttons, which is
-        // why this only manifested in windowed sessions.
-        if (_isRunning && GameView.IsVisible &&
-            args.Key is Key.Enter or Key.Space)
-        {
-            args.Handled = true;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private void OnWindowFullScreen(object sender, RoutedEventArgs args)
-    {
-        if (WindowState == WindowState.FullScreen)
-        {
-            // Leaving F11 should restore a monitor-sized window with the
-            // launcher chrome, not fall back to the design-time window size.
-            WindowState = WindowState.Maximized;
-            ExtendClientAreaChromeHints = ExtendClientAreaChromeHints.PreferSystemChrome;
-            TitleBar.IsVisible = true;
-            StatusBar.IsVisible = true;
-            if (_gameFullscreen)
-            {
-                _gameFullscreen = false;
-                Grid.SetRow(MainContent, 1);
-                Grid.SetRowSpan(MainContent, 1);
-                MainContent.Margin = _isRunning
-                    ? new Thickness(0)
-                    : new Thickness(32, 24, 32, 20);
-                ContentToolbar.IsVisible = !_isRunning;
-                ConsolePanel.IsVisible = ConsoleToggle.IsChecked == true && _consoleWindow is null;
-                LaunchBar.IsVisible = true;
-                QueueGameSurfaceResize();
-                UpdateSessionBarVisibility();
-            }
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            WindowState = WindowState.FullScreen;
-            ExtendClientAreaChromeHints = ExtendClientAreaChromeHints.NoChrome;
-            TitleBar.IsVisible = false;
-            StatusBar.IsVisible = false;
-            if (_isRunning && !_isStopping && !_awaitingFirstFrame && GameView.IsVisible)
-            {
-                // The native child receives its new physical Bounds as soon
-                // as this grid spans the monitor. The presenter recreates its
-                // swapchain from that size, rather than stretching 720p.
-                _gameFullscreen = true;
-                // Re-arming restarts the idle countdown, so the cursor also
-                // hides a moment after F11 even without further mouse motion.
-                _gameSurfaceHost?.SetCursorAutoHide(true);
-                Grid.SetRow(MainContent, 0);
-                Grid.SetRowSpan(MainContent, 3);
-                MainContent.Margin = new Thickness(0);
-                ContentToolbar.IsVisible = false;
-                ConsolePanel.IsVisible = false;
-                LaunchBar.IsVisible = false;
-                QueueGameSurfaceResize();
-                UpdateSessionBarVisibility();
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    private void QueueGameSurfaceResize()
-    {
-        Dispatcher.UIThread.Post(
-            () => _gameSurfaceHost?.RefreshSurfaceSize(),
-            DispatcherPriority.Render);
     }
 
     private void OnWindowClosing()
@@ -850,6 +800,7 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
         _consoleFlushTimer.Stop();
         _libraryBlurTimer.Stop();
         _gamepadTimer.Stop();
+        SdlLauncherGamepad.Shutdown();
         _sndPreview.Stop();
         _discord?.Dispose();
         _consoleWindow?.Close();
@@ -902,9 +853,143 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
         EnvLogDirectMemoryToggle.IsChecked = _settings.EnvironmentToggles.Contains("SHARPEMU_LOG_DIRECT_MEMORY");
         EnvLogIoToggle.IsChecked = _settings.EnvironmentToggles.Contains("SHARPEMU_LOG_IO");
         EnvLogNpToggle.IsChecked = _settings.EnvironmentToggles.Contains("SHARPEMU_LOG_NP");
+        EnvGuestImageCpuSyncToggle.IsChecked = IsEnvironmentEnabled(
+            _settings.EnvironmentToggles,
+            "SHARPEMU_GUEST_IMAGE_CPU_SYNC",
+            defaultValue: true);
+        WindowModeBox.SelectedIndex = ChoiceIndex(_settings.WindowMode, "Windowed", "Borderless", "Exclusive");
+        LoadHostDisplayOptions();
+        ScalingModeBox.SelectedIndex = ChoiceIndex(_settings.ScalingMode, "Fit", "Cover", "Stretch", "Integer");
+        VSyncToggle.IsChecked = _settings.VSync;
+        HdrModeBox.SelectedIndex = ChoiceIndex(_settings.HdrMode, "Auto", "On", "Off");
         UpdateLogFilePathText();
     }
 
+    private static string SelectedComboText(ComboBox comboBox, string fallback) =>
+        comboBox.SelectedItem switch
+        {
+            ComboBoxItem item => item.Content?.ToString() ?? fallback,
+            string value => value,
+            _ => fallback,
+        };
+
+    private void LoadHostDisplayOptions()
+    {
+        _updatingHostDisplayOptions = true;
+        try
+        {
+            _hostDisplays = HostDisplayOptions.BuildDisplays(
+                HostDisplayCatalog.Query(),
+                _settings.DisplayIndex);
+            DisplayBox.ItemsSource = _hostDisplays;
+            var display = HostDisplayOptions.SelectDisplay(_hostDisplays, _settings.DisplayIndex);
+            DisplayBox.SelectedItem = display;
+            PopulateHostModes(display, _settings.Resolution, _settings.RefreshRate);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            _updatingHostDisplayOptions = false;
+        }
+
+        SyncHostVideoSettings();
+    }
+
+    private void OnHostDisplayChanged()
+    {
+        if (_updatingHostDisplayOptions || DisplayBox.SelectedItem is not HostDisplayOption display)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        _updatingHostDisplayOptions = true;
+        try
+        {
+            PopulateHostModes(display, _settings.Resolution, _settings.RefreshRate);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            _updatingHostDisplayOptions = false;
+        }
+
+        SyncHostVideoSettings();
+    }
+
+    private void OnHostResolutionChanged()
+    {
+        if (_updatingHostDisplayOptions || DisplayBox.SelectedItem is not HostDisplayOption)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        _settings.Resolution = SelectedComboText(ResolutionBox, "1920x1080");
+        RefreshHostRefreshRates(_settings.RefreshRate);
+        OnHostRefreshRateChanged();
+    }
+
+    private void OnHostRefreshRateChanged()
+    {
+        if (!_updatingHostDisplayOptions && RefreshRateBox.SelectedItem is HostRefreshRateOption refreshRate)
+        {
+            _settings.RefreshRate = refreshRate.Value;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void PopulateHostModes(
+        HostDisplayOption display,
+        string selectedResolution,
+        int selectedRefreshRate)
+    {
+        var resolutions = HostDisplayOptions.BuildResolutions(display, selectedResolution);
+        ResolutionBox.ItemsSource = resolutions;
+        ResolutionBox.SelectedItem = resolutions.FirstOrDefault(resolution =>
+            string.Equals(resolution, selectedResolution, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) ?? resolutions[0];
+        RefreshHostRefreshRates(selectedRefreshRate);
+    }
+
+    private void RefreshHostRefreshRates(int selectedRefreshRate)
+    {
+        if (DisplayBox.SelectedItem is not HostDisplayOption display)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        var wasUpdating = _updatingHostDisplayOptions;
+        _updatingHostDisplayOptions = true;
+        try
+        {
+            var rates = HostDisplayOptions.BuildRefreshRates(
+                display,
+                SelectedComboText(ResolutionBox, _settings.Resolution),
+                selectedRefreshRate,
+                Localization.Instance.Get("Options.RefreshRate.Automatic"));
+            RefreshRateBox.ItemsSource = rates;
+            RefreshRateBox.SelectedItem = rates.FirstOrDefault(rate => rate.Value == selectedRefreshRate) ?? rates[0];
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            _updatingHostDisplayOptions = wasUpdating;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void SyncHostVideoSettings()
+    {
+        if (DisplayBox.SelectedItem is HostDisplayOption display)
+        {
+            _settings.DisplayIndex = display.Index;
+        }
+
+        _settings.Resolution = SelectedComboText(ResolutionBox, "1920x1080");
+        _settings.RefreshRate = RefreshRateBox.SelectedItem is HostRefreshRateOption refreshRate
+            ? refreshRate.Value
+            : 0;
+    }
+
+    private static int ChoiceIndex(string value, params string[] choices)
+    {
+        var index = Array.FindIndex(choices, choice => string.Equals(choice, value, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
+        return index < 0 ? 0 : index;
+    }
+
     private async Task OnUpdateButtonAsync()
     {
         if (_availableUpdate is null)
@@ -998,6 +1083,40 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
         }
     }
 
+    private void SetGuestImageCpuSync(bool enabled)
+    {
+        const string name = "SHARPEMU_GUEST_IMAGE_CPU_SYNC";
+        _settings.EnvironmentToggles.RemoveAll(entry =>
+            string.Equals(entry, name, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ||
+            string.Equals(entry, name + "=0", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
+        if (!enabled)
+        {
+            _settings.EnvironmentToggles.Add(name + "=0");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static bool IsEnvironmentEnabled(
+        IEnumerable<string> entries,
+        string name,
+        bool defaultValue)
+    {
+        foreach (var entry in entries)
+        {
+            if (string.Equals(entry, name + "=0", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (string.Equals(entry, name, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ||
+                string.Equals(entry, name + "=1", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return defaultValue;
+    }
+
     private string SelectedLogLevel()
     {
         return LogLevelBox.SelectedIndex switch
@@ -1794,16 +1913,23 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
         // launcher process so every platform receives the same launch options.
         foreach (var staleName in _appliedEnvironmentVariables)
         {
-            if (!effective.EnvironmentToggles.Contains(staleName))
+            if (!effective.EnvironmentToggles.Any(entry =>
+                    TryParseEnvironmentEntry(entry, out var name, out _) &&
+                    string.Equals(name, staleName, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)))
             {
                 Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(staleName, null);
             }
         }
 
         _appliedEnvironmentVariables.Clear();
-        foreach (var name in effective.EnvironmentToggles)
+        foreach (var entry in effective.EnvironmentToggles)
         {
-            Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(name, "1");
+            if (!TryParseEnvironmentEntry(entry, out var name, out var value))
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(name, value);
             _appliedEnvironmentVariables.Add(name);
         }
 
@@ -1827,7 +1953,6 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
 
         _isRunning = true;
         _runningGameName = displayName;
-        SessionGameTitle.Text = displayName;
         _runningGameTitleId = resolvedTitleId;
         _runningSinceUnixSeconds = DateTimeOffset.UtcNow.ToUnixTimeSeconds();
         StatusDot.Fill = SuccessLineBrush;
@@ -1836,18 +1961,25 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
         UpdateRunButtons();
         UpdateDiscordPresence();
 
-        ShowGameView();
+        BeginSessionUi();
         _pendingLaunch = new PendingLaunch(
             Path.GetFullPath(ebootPath),
             displayName,
             _runningGameTitleId,
-            effective.LogLevel,
+            effective,
             runtimeOptions);
 
-        if (_gameSurfaceHost?.Surface is { } surface)
+        StartPendingSession();
-        {
+    }
-            StartPendingSession(surface);
+
-        }
+    private static bool TryParseEnvironmentEntry(string entry, out string name, out string value)
+    {
+        var separator = entry.IndexOf('=');
+        name = separator >= 0 ? entry[..separator] : entry;
+        value = separator >= 0 ? entry[(separator + 1)..] : "1";
+        return name.StartsWith("SHARPEMU_", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) &&
+               name.Length > "SHARPEMU_".Length &&
+               value.Length != 0;
     }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -1876,9 +2008,6 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
 
         _isStopping = true;
         StopButton.IsEnabled = false;
-        SessionStopButton.IsEnabled = false;
-        SessionHintText.Text = Localization.Instance.Get("Launch.Stopping");
-        SessionF11Badge.IsVisible = false;
         ShowSessionLoading("Closing game", "Waiting for the emulation session to exit...");
         _emulator.Stop();
         _runningGameName = null;
@@ -1886,7 +2015,6 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
         StatusText.Text = Localization.Instance.Get("Launch.Stopping");
         StatusBarRight.Text = Localization.Instance.Get("Status.Stopping");
         UpdateDiscordPresence();
-        UpdateSessionBarVisibility();
         ReturnToLibraryWhileStopping();
     }
 
@@ -1929,8 +2057,7 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
         _emulator?.Dispose();
         _emulator = null;
         _pendingLaunch = null;
-        DisposeGameSurfaceHost();
+        EndSessionUi();
-        HideGameView();
 
         var meaningKey = exitCode switch
         {
@@ -1963,7 +2090,7 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
         UpdateDiscordPresence();
     }
 
-    private void StartPendingSession(VulkanHostSurface surface)
+    private void StartPendingSession()
     {
         if (_pendingLaunch is not { } launch || _emulator is not null)
         {
@@ -1983,7 +2110,7 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
 
         try
         {
-            var arguments = BuildEmulatorArguments(launch, surface);
+            var arguments = BuildEmulatorArguments(launch);
             _emulator = process;
             _pendingLaunch = null;
             process.Start(
@@ -2005,12 +2132,12 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
         }
     }
 
-    private List<string> BuildEmulatorArguments(PendingLaunch launch, VulkanHostSurface surface)
+    private List<string> BuildEmulatorArguments(PendingLaunch launch)
     {
         var arguments = new List<string>
         {
             "--cpu-engine=native",
-            $"--log-level={launch.LogLevel}",
+            $"--log-level={launch.Settings.LogLevel}",
         };
         if (launch.RuntimeOptions.StrictDynlibResolution)
         {
@@ -2021,16 +2148,13 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
             arguments.Add($"--trace-imports={launch.RuntimeOptions.ImportTraceLimit}");
         }
 
-        if (surface.TryGetChildProcessDescriptor(out var descriptor))
+        arguments.Add($"--window-mode={launch.Settings.WindowMode.ToLowerInvariant()}");
-        {
+        arguments.Add($"--resolution={launch.Settings.Resolution}");
-            arguments.Add($"--host-surface={descriptor}");
+        arguments.Add($"--display={launch.Settings.DisplayIndex}");
-        }
+        arguments.Add($"--refresh-rate={launch.Settings.RefreshRate}");
-        else
+        arguments.Add($"--scaling={launch.Settings.ScalingMode.ToLowerInvariant()}");
-        {
+        arguments.Add($"--vsync={(launch.Settings.VSync ? "on" : "off")}");
-            AppendConsoleLine(
+        arguments.Add($"--hdr={launch.Settings.HdrMode.ToLowerInvariant()}");
-                "[GUI][WARN] Embedded child surfaces are unavailable on this platform; opening a game window instead.",
-                WarningLineBrush);
-        }
 
         arguments.Add(launch.EbootPath);
         return arguments;
@@ -2039,8 +2163,8 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
     private void OnEmulatorOutput(string line, bool isError)
     {
         _pendingLines.Enqueue((line, isError));
-        if (!line.Contains("[VIDEOOUT][INFO] Hosted splash ready.", StringComparison.Ordinal) &&
+        if (!line.Contains("Vulkan VideoOut presented first frame:", StringComparison.Ordinal) &&
-            !line.Contains("[VIDEOOUT][INFO] Hosted first frame presented.", StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            !line.Contains("Vulkan VideoOut ready:", StringComparison.Ordinal))
         {
             return;
         }
@@ -2049,143 +2173,25 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
         {
             if (_isRunning && !_isStopping)
             {
-                _awaitingFirstFrame = false;
+                ShowSessionStatus("Game is running");
-                ClearLibraryBlur();
-                MainContent.Margin = new Thickness(0);
-                RestoreGameViewToFull();
-                GameView.Background = Brushes.Black;
-                GameView.IsHitTestVisible = true;
-                LibraryPage.IsVisible = false;
-                OptionsPage.IsVisible = false;
-                LibraryToolbar.IsVisible = false;
-                ContentToolbar.IsVisible = false;
-                ConsolePanel.IsVisible = false;
-                LaunchBar.IsVisible = false;
-                HideSessionLoading();
-                UpdateSessionBarVisibility();
-
-                // Defer so the layout pass from the margin change above settles first.
-                Dispatcher.UIThread.Post(() =>
-                {
-                    if (!_isRunning || _isStopping)
-                    {
-                        return;
-                    }
-
-                    _gameSurfaceHost?.RefreshSurfaceSize();
-                    _gameSurfaceHost?.SetPresentationVisible(true);
-                    _gameSurfaceHost?.SetCursorAutoHide(true);
-                });
             }
         });
     }
 
-    private GameSurfaceHost EnsureGameSurfaceHost()
+    private void BeginSessionUi()
-    {
-        if (_gameSurfaceHost is not null)
-        {
-            return _gameSurfaceHost;
-        }
-
-        var host = new GameSurfaceHost();
-        // Configure this before attaching it to Avalonia so its first native
-        // HWND is hidden while the child process starts.
-        host.SetPresentationVisible(false);
-        host.SurfaceAvailable += (_, surface) =>
-        {
-            if (ReferenceEquals(_gameSurfaceHost, host))
-            {
-                StartPendingSession(surface);
-            }
-        };
-        host.SurfaceDestroyed += (_, surface) => OnGameSurfaceDestroyed(host, surface);
-        _gameSurfaceHost = host;
-        GameSurfaceContainer.Children.Add(host);
-        return host;
-    }
-
-    private void DisposeGameSurfaceHost()
-    {
-        var host = _gameSurfaceHost;
-        if (host is null)
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        _gameSurfaceHost = null;
-        host.SetPresentationVisible(false);
-        GameSurfaceContainer.Children.Remove(host);
-    }
-
-    private void OnGameSurfaceDestroyed(GameSurfaceHost host, VulkanHostSurface surface)
-    {
-        if (ReferenceEquals(_gameSurfaceHost, host) && _isRunning)
-        {
-            StopEmulator();
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// The native host attachment is a real child window: it sits above every
-    /// Avalonia control it covers and swallows their mouse input regardless of
-    /// hit-test settings. While the library must stay interactive (loading,
-    /// closing), the surface is parked offscreen AT FULL SIZE via a negative
-    /// margin. It must not be shrunk instead: the emulator child polls the
-    /// HWND client size and its presenter defers swapchain creation while the
-    /// surface is 1px, which would deadlock the loading handshake.
-    /// </summary>
-    private void ParkGameViewOffscreen()
-    {
-        GameView.Margin = new Thickness(-20000, 0, 20000, 0);
-    }
-
-    private void RestoreGameViewToFull()
-    {
-        GameView.Margin = new Thickness(0);
-    }
-
-    private void ShowGameView()
     {
         _isStopping = false;
-        _awaitingFirstFrame = true;
-        var host = EnsureGameSurfaceHost();
-        ParkGameViewOffscreen();
-        GameView.IsVisible = true;
-        GameView.Background = Brushes.Transparent;
-        GameView.IsHitTestVisible = false;
-        host.SetPresentationVisible(false);
         AnimateLibraryBlur(LaunchBlurRadius);
-        SessionHintText.Text = "Fullscreen";
-        SessionF11Badge.IsVisible = true;
-        UpdateSessionBarVisibility();
         ShowSessionLoading("Loading game", "Preparing the emulation session...");
+        LaunchBar.IsVisible = true;
     }
 
-    private void HideGameView()
+    private void EndSessionUi()
     {
-        if (_gameFullscreen && WindowState == WindowState.FullScreen)
-        {
-            OnWindowFullScreen(this, new RoutedEventArgs());
-        }
-
-        _gameSurfaceHost?.SetCursorAutoHide(false);
-        _gameSurfaceHost?.SetPresentationVisible(false);
-        _awaitingFirstFrame = false;
-        GameView.IsVisible = false;
-        GameView.IsHitTestVisible = true;
-        SessionBarPopup.IsOpen = false;
         HideSessionLoading();
         AnimateLibraryBlur(0, clearWhenComplete: true);
-        MainContent.Margin = new Thickness(32, 24, 32, 20);
-        ContentToolbar.IsVisible = true;
-        ConsolePanel.IsVisible = ConsoleToggle.IsChecked == true && _consoleWindow is null;
         LaunchBar.IsVisible = true;
-        LibraryPage.IsVisible = _activePageIndex == 0;
+        ConsolePanel.IsVisible = ConsoleToggle.IsChecked == true && _consoleWindow is null;
-        LibraryToolbar.IsVisible = _activePageIndex == 0;
-        OptionsPage.IsVisible = _activePageIndex == 1;
-        // Game art when the source still holds it, otherwise the bundled
-        // default; a bare color only when neither is available.
-        BackdropImage.Opacity = BackdropImage.Source is not null ? 1 : 0;
     }
 
     private void AnimateLibraryBlur(double targetRadius, bool clearWhenComplete = false)
@@ -2257,7 +2263,20 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
     private void ShowSessionLoading(string title, string detail)
     {
         SessionLoadingTitle.Text = title;
+        SessionLoadingTitle.IsVisible = true;
         SessionLoadingDetail.Text = detail;
+        SessionLoadingDetail.IsVisible = true;
+        SessionLoadingProgress.IsVisible = true;
+        _sessionLoadingActive = true;
+        SessionLoadingPopup.IsOpen = IsActive && WindowState != WindowState.Minimized;
+    }
+
+    private void ShowSessionStatus(string message)
+    {
+        SessionLoadingTitle.Text = message;
+        SessionLoadingTitle.IsVisible = true;
+        SessionLoadingDetail.IsVisible = false;
+        SessionLoadingProgress.IsVisible = false;
         _sessionLoadingActive = true;
         SessionLoadingPopup.IsOpen = IsActive && WindowState != WindowState.Minimized;
     }
@@ -2270,33 +2289,11 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
 
     private void ReturnToLibraryWhileStopping()
     {
-        if (_gameFullscreen && WindowState == WindowState.FullScreen)
-        {
-            OnWindowFullScreen(this, new RoutedEventArgs());
-        }
-
-        // Keep the native child alive until the session exits, but hide it
-        // immediately. Destroying it while Vulkan still owns the surface can
-        // crash the GUI; parking it in the 1x1 corner lets the library
-        // recover — and stay clickable — while the native closing popup
-        // reports teardown progress.
-        _gameSurfaceHost?.SetPresentationVisible(false);
-        _awaitingFirstFrame = false;
-        ParkGameViewOffscreen();
-        GameView.Background = Brushes.Transparent;
-        GameView.IsHitTestVisible = false;
-        SessionBarPopup.IsOpen = false;
         AnimateLibraryBlur(LaunchBlurRadius);
-        MainContent.Margin = new Thickness(32, 24, 32, 20);
-        ContentToolbar.IsVisible = true;
         ConsolePanel.IsVisible = ConsoleToggle.IsChecked == true && _consoleWindow is null;
         LaunchBar.IsVisible = true;
-        LibraryPage.IsVisible = _activePageIndex == 0;
-        LibraryToolbar.IsVisible = _activePageIndex == 0;
-        OptionsPage.IsVisible = _activePageIndex == 1;
-        BackdropImage.Opacity = BackdropImage.Source is not null ? 1 : 0;
         UpdateRunButtons();
-        Console.Error.WriteLine("[GUI][INFO] Library restored while embedded session is closing.");
+        Console.Error.WriteLine("[GUI][INFO] Waiting for the SDL game process to exit.");
     }
 
     private void OpenFileLog(string? titleId)
@@ -2355,16 +2352,9 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
     {
         LaunchButton.IsEnabled = !_isRunning && GameList.SelectedItem is GameEntry;
         StopButton.IsEnabled = _isRunning && !_isStopping;
-        SessionStopButton.IsEnabled = _isRunning && !_isStopping;
         OpenFileButton.IsEnabled = !_isRunning;
     }
 
-    private void UpdateSessionBarVisibility()
-    {
-        SessionBarPopup.IsOpen = _isRunning && !_isStopping && !_awaitingFirstFrame && GameView.IsVisible &&
-            !_gameFullscreen && WindowState != WindowState.FullScreen;
-    }
-
     // ---- Console ----
 
     private void FlushPendingConsoleLines()

src/SharpEmu.GUI/PerGameSettings.cs

@@ -21,6 +21,20 @@ public sealed class PerGameSettings
 
     public bool? LogToFile { get; set; }
 
+    public string? WindowMode { get; set; }
+
+    public string? Resolution { get; set; }
+
+    public int? DisplayIndex { get; set; }
+
+    public int? RefreshRate { get; set; }
+
+    public string? ScalingMode { get; set; }
+
+    public bool? VSync { get; set; }
+
+    public string? HdrMode { get; set; }
+
     public List<string>? EnvironmentToggles { get; set; }
 
     [JsonIgnore]
@@ -29,6 +43,13 @@ public sealed class PerGameSettings
         ImportTraceLimit is null &&
         StrictDynlibResolution is null &&
         LogToFile is null &&
+        WindowMode is null &&
+        Resolution is null &&
+        DisplayIndex is null &&
+        RefreshRate is null &&
+        ScalingMode is null &&
+        VSync is null &&
+        HdrMode is null &&
         EnvironmentToggles is null;
 
     public static string DirectoryPath =>
@@ -116,6 +137,13 @@ public sealed record EffectiveLaunchSettings(
     int ImportTraceLimit,
     bool StrictDynlibResolution,
     bool LogToFile,
+    string WindowMode,
+    string Resolution,
+    int DisplayIndex,
+    int RefreshRate,
+    string ScalingMode,
+    bool VSync,
+    string HdrMode,
     IReadOnlyList<string> EnvironmentToggles)
 {
     public static EffectiveLaunchSettings Resolve(GuiSettings global, PerGameSettings? perGame) => new(
@@ -123,5 +151,12 @@ public sealed record EffectiveLaunchSettings(
         perGame?.ImportTraceLimit ?? global.ImportTraceLimit,
         perGame?.StrictDynlibResolution ?? global.StrictDynlibResolution,
         perGame?.LogToFile ?? global.LogToFile,
+        perGame?.WindowMode ?? global.WindowMode,
+        perGame?.Resolution ?? global.Resolution,
+        Math.Max(0, perGame?.DisplayIndex ?? global.DisplayIndex),
+        Math.Clamp(perGame?.RefreshRate ?? global.RefreshRate, 0, 1000),
+        perGame?.ScalingMode ?? global.ScalingMode,
+        perGame?.VSync ?? global.VSync,
+        perGame?.HdrMode ?? global.HdrMode,
         perGame?.EnvironmentToggles ?? global.EnvironmentToggles);
 }

src/SharpEmu.GUI/PerGameSettingsDialog.cs

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ using Avalonia;
 using Avalonia.Controls;
 using Avalonia.Layout;
 using Avalonia.Media;
+using SharpEmu.Libs.VideoOut;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.GUI;
 
@@ -12,6 +13,9 @@ public sealed class PerGameSettingsDialog : Window
 {
     private static readonly string[] LogLevels =
         { "Trace", "Debug", "Info", "Warning", "Error", "Critical" };
+    private static readonly string[] WindowModes = { "Windowed", "Borderless", "Exclusive" };
+    private static readonly string[] ScalingModes = { "Fit", "Cover", "Stretch", "Integer" };
+    private static readonly string[] HdrModes = { "Auto", "On", "Off" };
 
     private static readonly string[] EnvToggles =
     {
@@ -23,9 +27,12 @@ public sealed class PerGameSettingsDialog : Window
         "SHARPEMU_LOG_DIRECT_MEMORY",
         "SHARPEMU_LOG_IO",
         "SHARPEMU_LOG_NP",
+        "SHARPEMU_GUEST_IMAGE_CPU_SYNC",
     };
 
     private readonly string _titleId;
+    private IReadOnlyList<HostDisplayOption> _hostDisplays = [];
+    private bool _updatingHostDisplayOptions;
 
     private readonly SettingRow _logLevelRow;
     private readonly ComboBox _logLevel = new() { ItemsSource = LogLevels, Width = 160 };
@@ -42,6 +49,27 @@ public sealed class PerGameSettingsDialog : Window
     private readonly SettingRow _logToFileRow;
     private readonly ToggleSwitch _logToFile = new();
 
+    private readonly SettingRow _windowModeRow;
+    private readonly ComboBox _windowMode = new() { ItemsSource = WindowModes, Width = 160 };
+
+    private readonly SettingRow _resolutionRow;
+    private readonly ComboBox _resolution = new() { Width = 160 };
+
+    private readonly SettingRow _displayIndexRow;
+    private readonly ComboBox _displayIndex = new() { Width = 240 };
+
+    private readonly SettingRow _refreshRateRow;
+    private readonly ComboBox _refreshRate = new() { Width = 160 };
+
+    private readonly SettingRow _scalingModeRow;
+    private readonly ComboBox _scalingMode = new() { ItemsSource = ScalingModes, Width = 160 };
+
+    private readonly SettingRow _vsyncRow;
+    private readonly ToggleSwitch _vsync = new();
+
+    private readonly SettingRow _hdrModeRow;
+    private readonly ComboBox _hdrMode = new() { ItemsSource = HdrModes, Width = 160 };
+
     private readonly SettingRow _envRow;
     private readonly StackPanel _envList = new() { Orientation = Orientation.Vertical, Spacing = 8, Margin = new(0, 4, 0, 0) };
     private readonly List<(string Name, ToggleSwitch Box)> _envBoxes = new();
@@ -60,13 +88,20 @@ public sealed class PerGameSettingsDialog : Window
 
         Background = new SolidColorBrush(Color.Parse("#0D1017"));
 
-        _strict.OnContent = _logToFile.OnContent = loc.Get("Common.On");
+        _strict.OnContent = _logToFile.OnContent = _vsync.OnContent = loc.Get("Common.On");
-        _strict.OffContent = _logToFile.OffContent = loc.Get("Common.Off");
+        _strict.OffContent = _logToFile.OffContent = _vsync.OffContent = loc.Get("Common.Off");
 
         _logLevelRow = Row(loc.Get("Options.LogLevel.Label"), loc.Get("Options.LogLevel.Desc"), _logLevel);
         _traceRow = Row(loc.Get("Options.TraceImports.Label"), loc.Get("Options.TraceImports.Desc"), _trace);
         _strictRow = Row(loc.Get("Options.Strict.Label"), loc.Get("Options.Strict.Desc"), _strict);
         _logToFileRow = Row(loc.Get("Options.LogToFile.Label"), loc.Get("Options.LogToFile.Desc"), _logToFile);
+        _windowModeRow = Row(loc.Get("Options.WindowMode.Label"), loc.Get("Options.WindowMode.Desc"), _windowMode);
+        _resolutionRow = Row(loc.Get("Options.Resolution.Label"), loc.Get("Options.Resolution.Desc"), _resolution);
+        _displayIndexRow = Row(loc.Get("Options.Display.Label"), loc.Get("Options.Display.Desc"), _displayIndex);
+        _refreshRateRow = Row(loc.Get("Options.RefreshRate.Label"), loc.Get("Options.RefreshRate.Desc"), _refreshRate);
+        _scalingModeRow = Row(loc.Get("Options.Scaling.Label"), loc.Get("Options.Scaling.Desc"), _scalingMode);
+        _vsyncRow = Row(loc.Get("Options.VSync.Label"), loc.Get("Options.VSync.Desc"), _vsync);
+        _hdrModeRow = Row(loc.Get("Options.Hdr.Label"), loc.Get("Options.Hdr.Desc"), _hdrMode);
         _envRow = new SettingRow
         {
             Label = loc.Get("PerGame.EnvToggles.Label"),
@@ -81,6 +116,22 @@ public sealed class PerGameSettingsDialog : Window
             _envList.Children.Add(box);
         }
 
+        var general = new StackPanel { Orientation = Orientation.Vertical, Spacing = 12, Margin = new(0, 12, 0, 0) };
+        general.Children.Add(Card(loc.Get("Options.Section.Emulation"), _strictRow));
+        general.Children.Add(Card(loc.Get("Options.Section.Logging"), _logLevelRow, _traceRow, _logToFileRow));
+        general.Children.Add(Card(loc.Get("Options.Section.Environment"), _envRow, _envList));
+
+        var graphics = new StackPanel { Orientation = Orientation.Vertical, Spacing = 12, Margin = new(0, 12, 0, 0) };
+        graphics.Children.Add(Card(
+            loc.Get("Options.Section.Display"),
+            _windowModeRow,
+            _resolutionRow,
+            _displayIndexRow,
+            _refreshRateRow,
+            _scalingModeRow,
+            _vsyncRow,
+            _hdrModeRow));
+
         var content = new StackPanel { Orientation = Orientation.Vertical, Spacing = 12, Margin = new(16) };
         content.Children.Add(new TextBlock
         {
@@ -88,9 +139,14 @@ public sealed class PerGameSettingsDialog : Window
             Foreground = new SolidColorBrush(Color.Parse("#8B94A7")),
             FontSize = 12,
         });
-        content.Children.Add(Card(loc.Get("Options.Section.Emulation"), _strictRow));
+        content.Children.Add(new TabControl
-        content.Children.Add(Card(loc.Get("Options.Section.Logging"), _logLevelRow, _traceRow, _logToFileRow));
+        {
-        content.Children.Add(Card(loc.Get("Options.Section.Environment"), _envRow, _envList));
+            ItemsSource = new[]
+            {
+                new TabItem { Header = loc.Get("PerGame.Tab.General"), Content = general },
+                new TabItem { Header = loc.Get("PerGame.Tab.Graphics"), Content = graphics },
+            },
+        });
 
         var save = new Button { Content = loc.Get("Common.Save"), Classes = { "accent" } };
         var cancel = new Button { Content = loc.Get("Common.Cancel"), Classes = { "ghost" } };
@@ -119,6 +175,8 @@ public sealed class PerGameSettingsDialog : Window
         root.Children.Add(buttonBar);
         Content = root;
 
+        _displayIndex.SelectionChanged += (_, _) => OnHostDisplayChanged();
+        _resolution.SelectionChanged += (_, _) => OnHostResolutionChanged();
         LoadValues(global);
         _envRow.PropertyChanged += (_, e) =>
         {
@@ -154,16 +212,38 @@ public sealed class PerGameSettingsDialog : Window
 
     private void LoadValues(GuiSettings global)
     {
+        var existing = PerGameSettings.Load(_titleId);
+        var displayIndex = Math.Max(0, existing?.DisplayIndex ?? global.DisplayIndex);
+        var resolution = existing?.Resolution ?? global.Resolution;
+        var refreshRate = Math.Clamp(existing?.RefreshRate ?? global.RefreshRate, 0, 1000);
+
+        _updatingHostDisplayOptions = true;
+        try
+        {
+            _hostDisplays = HostDisplayOptions.BuildDisplays(HostDisplayCatalog.Query(), displayIndex);
+            _displayIndex.ItemsSource = _hostDisplays;
+            var display = HostDisplayOptions.SelectDisplay(_hostDisplays, displayIndex);
+            _displayIndex.SelectedItem = display;
+            PopulateHostModes(display, resolution, refreshRate);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            _updatingHostDisplayOptions = false;
+        }
+
         _logLevel.SelectedItem = Array.IndexOf(LogLevels, global.LogLevel) >= 0 ? global.LogLevel : "Info";
         _trace.Value = global.ImportTraceLimit;
         _strict.IsChecked = global.StrictDynlibResolution;
         _logToFile.IsChecked = global.LogToFile;
+        _windowMode.SelectedItem = ChoiceOrDefault(WindowModes, global.WindowMode, "Windowed");
+        _scalingMode.SelectedItem = ChoiceOrDefault(ScalingModes, global.ScalingMode, "Fit");
+        _vsync.IsChecked = global.VSync;
+        _hdrMode.SelectedItem = ChoiceOrDefault(HdrModes, global.HdrMode, "Auto");
         foreach (var (name, box) in _envBoxes)
         {
-            box.IsChecked = global.EnvironmentToggles.Contains(name);
+            box.IsChecked = IsEnvironmentEnabled(global.EnvironmentToggles, name, defaultValue: name == "SHARPEMU_GUEST_IMAGE_CPU_SYNC");
         }
 
-        var existing = PerGameSettings.Load(_titleId);
         if (existing is null)
         {
             return;
@@ -178,16 +258,120 @@ public sealed class PerGameSettingsDialog : Window
         if (existing.ImportTraceLimit is { } t) { _traceRow.IsOverridden = true; _trace.Value = t; }
         if (existing.StrictDynlibResolution is { } s) { _strictRow.IsOverridden = true; _strict.IsChecked = s; }
         if (existing.LogToFile is { } l) { _logToFileRow.IsOverridden = true; _logToFile.IsChecked = l; }
+        if (existing.WindowMode is { } windowMode && WindowModes.Contains(windowMode, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+        {
+            _windowModeRow.IsOverridden = true;
+            _windowMode.SelectedItem = ChoiceOrDefault(WindowModes, windowMode, "Windowed");
+        }
+        if (existing.Resolution is not null)
+        {
+            _resolutionRow.IsOverridden = true;
+        }
+        if (existing.DisplayIndex is not null)
+        {
+            _displayIndexRow.IsOverridden = true;
+        }
+        if (existing.RefreshRate is not null)
+        {
+            _refreshRateRow.IsOverridden = true;
+        }
+        if (existing.ScalingMode is { } scalingMode && ScalingModes.Contains(scalingMode, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+        {
+            _scalingModeRow.IsOverridden = true;
+            _scalingMode.SelectedItem = ChoiceOrDefault(ScalingModes, scalingMode, "Fit");
+        }
+        if (existing.VSync is { } vsync)
+        {
+            _vsyncRow.IsOverridden = true;
+            _vsync.IsChecked = vsync;
+        }
+        if (existing.HdrMode is { } hdrMode && HdrModes.Contains(hdrMode, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+        {
+            _hdrModeRow.IsOverridden = true;
+            _hdrMode.SelectedItem = ChoiceOrDefault(HdrModes, hdrMode, "Auto");
+        }
         if (existing.EnvironmentToggles is { } env)
         {
             _envRow.IsOverridden = true;
             foreach (var (name, box) in _envBoxes)
             {
-                box.IsChecked = env.Contains(name);
+                box.IsChecked = IsEnvironmentEnabled(env, name, defaultValue: name == "SHARPEMU_GUEST_IMAGE_CPU_SYNC");
             }
         }
     }
 
+    private static string ChoiceOrDefault(string[] choices, string? value, string fallback) =>
+        choices.FirstOrDefault(choice => string.Equals(choice, value, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) ?? fallback;
+
+    private void OnHostDisplayChanged()
+    {
+        if (_updatingHostDisplayOptions || _displayIndex.SelectedItem is not HostDisplayOption display)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        _updatingHostDisplayOptions = true;
+        try
+        {
+            PopulateHostModes(
+                display,
+                _resolution.SelectedItem as string ?? "1920x1080",
+                SelectedRefreshRate());
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            _updatingHostDisplayOptions = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void OnHostResolutionChanged()
+    {
+        if (_updatingHostDisplayOptions || _displayIndex.SelectedItem is not HostDisplayOption display)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        var selectedRefreshRate = SelectedRefreshRate();
+        _updatingHostDisplayOptions = true;
+        try
+        {
+            PopulateRefreshRates(display, _resolution.SelectedItem as string, selectedRefreshRate);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            _updatingHostDisplayOptions = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void PopulateHostModes(
+        HostDisplayOption display,
+        string selectedResolution,
+        int selectedRefreshRate)
+    {
+        var resolutions = HostDisplayOptions.BuildResolutions(display, selectedResolution);
+        _resolution.ItemsSource = resolutions;
+        _resolution.SelectedItem = resolutions.FirstOrDefault(resolution =>
+            string.Equals(resolution, selectedResolution, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) ?? resolutions[0];
+        PopulateRefreshRates(display, _resolution.SelectedItem as string, selectedRefreshRate);
+    }
+
+    private void PopulateRefreshRates(
+        HostDisplayOption display,
+        string? resolution,
+        int selectedRefreshRate)
+    {
+        var rates = HostDisplayOptions.BuildRefreshRates(
+            display,
+            resolution,
+            selectedRefreshRate,
+            Localization.Instance.Get("Options.RefreshRate.Automatic"));
+        _refreshRate.ItemsSource = rates;
+        _refreshRate.SelectedItem = rates.FirstOrDefault(rate => rate.Value == selectedRefreshRate) ?? rates[0];
+    }
+
+    private int SelectedRefreshRate() =>
+        _refreshRate.SelectedItem is HostRefreshRateOption refreshRate ? refreshRate.Value : 0;
+
     private void Persist()
     {
         var settings = new PerGameSettings
@@ -196,10 +380,54 @@ public sealed class PerGameSettingsDialog : Window
             ImportTraceLimit = _traceRow.IsOverridden ? (int)(_trace.Value ?? 0) : null,
             StrictDynlibResolution = _strictRow.IsOverridden ? _strict.IsChecked == true : null,
             LogToFile = _logToFileRow.IsOverridden ? _logToFile.IsChecked == true : null,
-            EnvironmentToggles = _envRow.IsOverridden
+            WindowMode = _windowModeRow.IsOverridden ? _windowMode.SelectedItem as string : null,
-                ? _envBoxes.Where(e => e.Box.IsChecked == true).Select(e => e.Name).ToList()
+            Resolution = _resolutionRow.IsOverridden ? _resolution.SelectedItem as string : null,
+            DisplayIndex = _displayIndexRow.IsOverridden && _displayIndex.SelectedItem is HostDisplayOption display
+                ? display.Index
                 : null,
+            RefreshRate = _refreshRateRow.IsOverridden ? SelectedRefreshRate() : null,
+            ScalingMode = _scalingModeRow.IsOverridden ? _scalingMode.SelectedItem as string : null,
+            VSync = _vsyncRow.IsOverridden ? _vsync.IsChecked == true : null,
+            HdrMode = _hdrModeRow.IsOverridden ? _hdrMode.SelectedItem as string : null,
+            EnvironmentToggles = _envRow.IsOverridden ? BuildEnvironmentEntries() : null,
         };
         settings.Save(_titleId);
     }
+
+    private List<string> BuildEnvironmentEntries()
+    {
+        const string guestImageCpuSync = "SHARPEMU_GUEST_IMAGE_CPU_SYNC";
+        var entries = _envBoxes
+            .Where(entry => entry.Name != guestImageCpuSync && entry.Box.IsChecked == true)
+            .Select(entry => entry.Name)
+            .ToList();
+        if (_envBoxes.First(entry => entry.Name == guestImageCpuSync).Box.IsChecked != true)
+        {
+            entries.Add(guestImageCpuSync + "=0");
+        }
+
+        return entries;
+    }
+
+    private static bool IsEnvironmentEnabled(
+        IEnumerable<string> entries,
+        string name,
+        bool defaultValue)
+    {
+        foreach (var entry in entries)
+        {
+            if (string.Equals(entry, name + "=0", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (string.Equals(entry, name, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ||
+                string.Equals(entry, name + "=1", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return defaultValue;
+    }
 }

src/SharpEmu.GUI/SharpEmu.GUI.csproj

@@ -9,16 +9,15 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
        the executable is started without arguments. -->
   <PropertyGroup>
     <GenerateDocumentationFile>false</GenerateDocumentationFile>
-    <!-- Required by the source-generated LibraryImport stubs in the linked
-         controller readers below. -->
     <AllowUnsafeBlocks>true</AllowUnsafeBlocks>
   </PropertyGroup>
 
   <!-- Dependency-free; provides the BuildInfo provenance shown in the
        title bar. -->
   <ItemGroup>
-    <!-- The GUI owns the native presentation control while each game runs in
+    <!-- Games run in isolated SDL-window processes; the GUI owns launch and
-         an isolated emulator process. -->
+         session controls only. -->
+    <ProjectReference Include="..\SharpEmu.LibAtrac9\SharpEmu.LibAtrac9.csproj" />
     <ProjectReference Include="..\SharpEmu.Core\SharpEmu.Core.csproj" />
     <ProjectReference Include="..\SharpEmu.Libs\SharpEmu.Libs.csproj" />
     <ProjectReference Include="..\SharpEmu.Logging\SharpEmu.Logging.csproj" />

src/SharpEmu.HLE/CpuContext.cs

@@ -20,6 +20,15 @@ public sealed class CpuContext(ICpuMemory memory, Generation generation)
 
     public ulong Rip { get; set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Index of the import this context is currently executing, or -1 when it is
+    /// running guest code. Only maintained while guest profiling is enabled;
+    /// <see cref="Rip"/> alone cannot answer "what is this thread inside right
+    /// now" because it keeps pointing at the last import stub after the call
+    /// returns.
+    /// </summary>
+    public int ActiveImportIndex { get; set; } = -1;
+
     public ulong Rflags { get; set; }
 
     public ulong FsBase { get; set; }

src/SharpEmu.HLE/GuestImageWriteTracker.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
+using System.Diagnostics;
 using System.Globalization;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 
@@ -30,6 +31,12 @@ public static unsafe class GuestImageWriteTracker
         public ulong End;
         public int Dirty;
         public int Armed;
+        /// <summary>
+        /// When false the range is watch-only: managed writes still dirty it via
+        /// <see cref="NotifyManagedWrite"/>, but pages are never write-protected
+        /// so native CPU stores do not fault.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool Protect;
         public int FirstCpuWriteSeen;
         public int PendingFirstCpuWrite;
         public long WriteGeneration;
@@ -80,8 +87,14 @@ public static unsafe class GuestImageWriteTracker
 
     private static RangeSnapshot _rangeSnapshot = RangeSnapshot.Empty;
 
-    private static readonly bool _enabled = !OperatingSystem.IsWindows() &&
+    // CPU-written guest image synchronization is the compatible default. A few
-        Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_GUEST_IMAGE_CPU_SYNC") != "0";
+    // titles (currently GTA V) require the lower-overhead watch-only path and
+    // opt out explicitly with SHARPEMU_GUEST_IMAGE_CPU_SYNC=0.
+    private static readonly bool _enabled =
+        !string.Equals(
+            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_GUEST_IMAGE_CPU_SYNC"),
+            "0",
+            StringComparison.Ordinal);
     private static readonly (bool Wildcard, ulong[] Addresses) _lifetimeTraceFilter =
         ParseAddressList(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_TRACE_GUEST_IMAGE_ADDRS"));
     private static readonly (bool Wildcard, string[] Sources) _lifetimeSourceTraceFilter =
@@ -95,14 +108,67 @@ public static unsafe class GuestImageWriteTracker
         _enabled && _lifetimeTraceEnabled ? GetMonotonicNanoseconds() : 0;
     private static long _lifetimeTraceSequence;
 
+    private const uint PageReadonly = 0x02;
+    private const uint PageReadWrite = 0x04;
+
     [DllImport("libc", EntryPoint = "mprotect", SetLastError = true)]
     private static extern int Mprotect(nint address, nuint length, int protection);
 
     [DllImport("libc", EntryPoint = "clock_gettime", SetLastError = false)]
     private static extern int ClockGetTime(int clockId, Timespec* time);
 
+    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
+    private static extern int VirtualProtect(
+        nint lpAddress,
+        nuint dwSize,
+        uint flNewProtect,
+        out uint lpflOldProtect);
+
+    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
+    private static extern nint VirtualAlloc(
+        nint lpAddress,
+        nuint dwSize,
+        uint flAllocationType,
+        uint flProtect);
+
+    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
+    private static extern int VirtualFree(nint lpAddress, nuint dwSize, uint dwFreeType);
+
+    private const uint MemCommit = 0x1000;
+    private const uint MemReserve = 0x2000;
+    private const uint MemRelease = 0x8000;
+
     public static bool Enabled => _enabled;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Test/diagnostics helper: whether <paramref name="address"/> is tracked
+    /// with write protection armed (watch-only ranges report protect=false).
+    /// </summary>
+    public static bool TryGetProtectionState(
+        ulong address,
+        out bool protect,
+        out bool armed)
+    {
+        protect = false;
+        armed = false;
+        if (!_enabled)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        lock (_gate)
+        {
+            if (!_rangesByAddress.TryGetValue(address, out var range))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            protect = range.Protect;
+            armed = Volatile.Read(ref range.Armed) != 0;
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Exercises the fault-handling path once outside signal context so every
     /// branch is JIT-compiled (and, under Rosetta 2, translated) before a real
@@ -115,7 +181,17 @@ public static unsafe class GuestImageWriteTracker
             return;
         }
 
-        var scratch = NativeMemory.AllocZeroed(4096);
+        // VirtualProtect only belongs on VirtualAlloc/mmap pages. Warming on
+        // CRT heap memory makes neighbouring heap metadata read-only and
+        // crashes the process on Windows.
+        var scratch = OperatingSystem.IsWindows()
+            ? VirtualAlloc(0, 4096, MemCommit | MemReserve, PageReadWrite)
+            : (nint)NativeMemory.AllocZeroed(4096);
+        if (scratch == 0)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
         try
         {
             // Warm the timestamp P/Invoke used by the signal-safe scalar
@@ -129,16 +205,29 @@ public static unsafe class GuestImageWriteTracker
         }
         finally
         {
-            NativeMemory.Free(scratch);
+            if (OperatingSystem.IsWindows())
+            {
+                _ = VirtualFree(scratch, 0, MemRelease);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                NativeMemory.Free((void*)scratch);
+            }
         }
     }
 
-    /// <summary>Registers a range and arms write protection on it.</summary>
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Registers a range. When <paramref name="protect"/> is true, arms write
+    /// protection so native stores fault and mark the range dirty. When false,
+    /// the range is watch-only (managed HLE writes still dirty via
+    /// <see cref="NotifyManagedWrite"/>) and never <c>VirtualProtect</c>'d.
+    /// </summary>
     public static void Track(
         ulong address,
         ulong byteCount,
         long sourceSequence = 0,
-        string source = "unspecified")
+        string source = "unspecified",
+        bool protect = true)
     {
         if (!_enabled || address == 0 || byteCount == 0)
         {
@@ -159,6 +248,7 @@ public static unsafe class GuestImageWriteTracker
                 // a fresh immutable range, carrying the write generation so
                 // resizes do not hide guest CPU rewrites from cache owners.
                 var writeGeneration = Volatile.Read(ref range.WriteGeneration);
+                var keepProtect = range.Protect || protect;
                 DisarmLocked(range, "replace-range");
                 _rangesByAddress.Remove(address);
                 range = new TrackedRange
@@ -167,6 +257,7 @@ public static unsafe class GuestImageWriteTracker
                     ByteCount = byteCount,
                     Start = start,
                     End = start + length,
+                    Protect = keepProtect,
                     WriteGeneration = writeGeneration,
                 };
                 _rangesByAddress[address] = range;
@@ -181,6 +272,7 @@ public static unsafe class GuestImageWriteTracker
                     ByteCount = byteCount,
                     Start = start,
                     End = start + length,
+                    Protect = protect,
                     TraceLifetime =
                         ShouldTraceRange(start, start + length) || ShouldTraceSource(source),
                     SourceSequence = sourceSequence,
@@ -192,13 +284,22 @@ public static unsafe class GuestImageWriteTracker
             else
             {
                 FlushPendingFirstCpuWrite(range);
+                // Protect is sticky: a later watch-only Track (texture cache)
+                // must not disarm an RT that already needs page faults.
+                if (protect && !range.Protect)
+                {
+                    range.Protect = true;
+                }
             }
 
             range.SourceSequence = sourceSequence;
             range.Source = source;
             range.TraceLifetime =
                 ShouldTraceRange(range.Start, range.End) || ShouldTraceSource(source);
-            ArmLocked(range, "arm");
+            if (range.Protect)
+            {
+                ArmLocked(range, "arm");
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -277,7 +378,8 @@ public static unsafe class GuestImageWriteTracker
 
         lock (_gate)
         {
-            if (_rangesByAddress.TryGetValue(address, out var range))
+            if (_rangesByAddress.TryGetValue(address, out var range) &&
+                range.Protect)
             {
                 ArmLocked(range, "rearm");
             }
@@ -445,10 +547,7 @@ public static unsafe class GuestImageWriteTracker
         }
 
         if (needsUnprotect &&
-            Mprotect(
+            !TrySetProtection(writableStart, writableEnd - writableStart, writable: true))
-                (nint)writableStart,
-                (nuint)(writableEnd - writableStart),
-                ProtRead | ProtWrite) != 0)
         {
             return false;
         }
@@ -462,7 +561,11 @@ public static unsafe class GuestImageWriteTracker
             }
 
             var wasArmed = Interlocked.Exchange(ref range.Armed, 0) != 0;
-            if (wasArmed)
+            var wasDirty = Interlocked.Exchange(ref range.Dirty, 1) != 0;
+            // Protected ranges bump generation once per arm/fault cycle.
+            // Watch-only ranges never arm, so bump on the first dirty mark
+            // (NotifyManagedWrite) so cache owners still see a rewrite.
+            if (wasArmed || (!range.Protect && !wasDirty))
             {
                 Interlocked.Increment(ref range.WriteGeneration);
             }
@@ -480,8 +583,6 @@ public static unsafe class GuestImageWriteTracker
                 Volatile.Write(ref range.PendingFirstCpuWrite, 1);
                 Volatile.Write(ref range.FirstCpuWriteSeen, 2);
             }
-
-            Volatile.Write(ref range.Dirty, 1);
         }
 
         return true;
@@ -497,10 +598,7 @@ public static unsafe class GuestImageWriteTracker
 
         // A new publication/rearm starts a new first-write lifetime.
         Volatile.Write(ref range.FirstCpuWriteSeen, 0);
-        var failed = Mprotect(
+        var failed = !TrySetProtection(range.Start, range.End - range.Start, writable: false);
-            (nint)range.Start,
-            (nuint)(range.End - range.Start),
-            ProtRead) != 0;
         if (failed)
         {
             Volatile.Write(ref range.Armed, 0);
@@ -520,10 +618,7 @@ public static unsafe class GuestImageWriteTracker
         var wasArmed = Interlocked.Exchange(ref range.Armed, 0) == 1;
         if (wasArmed)
         {
-            _ = Mprotect(
+            _ = TrySetProtection(range.Start, range.End - range.Start, writable: true);
-                (nint)range.Start,
-                (nuint)(range.End - range.Start),
-                ProtRead | ProtWrite);
         }
 
         if (range.TraceLifetime)
@@ -534,7 +629,13 @@ public static unsafe class GuestImageWriteTracker
 
     private static void RebuildSnapshotLocked()
     {
-        Volatile.Write(ref _rangeSnapshot, new RangeSnapshot(_rangesByAddress.Values.ToArray()));
+        // Fault / NotifyManagedWrite hot paths must only see protected ranges.
+        // Watch-only texture-cache registrations used to widen Start..End across
+        // nearly all GPU memory so every managed guest write walked this path.
+        var protectedRanges = _rangesByAddress.Values
+            .Where(static range => range.Protect)
+            .ToArray();
+        Volatile.Write(ref _rangeSnapshot, new RangeSnapshot(protectedRanges));
     }
 
     private static (ulong Start, ulong Length) PageAlign(ulong address, ulong byteCount)
@@ -679,8 +780,35 @@ public static unsafe class GuestImageWriteTracker
             $"fault=0x{faultAddress:X16} page=0x{faultPage:X16}");
     }
 
+    private static bool TrySetProtection(ulong start, ulong length, bool writable)
+    {
+        if (length == 0)
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if (OperatingSystem.IsWindows())
+        {
+            return VirtualProtect(
+                (nint)start,
+                (nuint)length,
+                writable ? PageReadWrite : PageReadonly,
+                out _) != 0;
+        }
+
+        return Mprotect(
+            (nint)start,
+            (nuint)length,
+            writable ? ProtRead | ProtWrite : ProtRead) == 0;
+    }
+
     private static long GetMonotonicNanoseconds()
     {
+        if (OperatingSystem.IsWindows())
+        {
+            return Stopwatch.GetTimestamp() * 1_000_000_000L / Stopwatch.Frequency;
+        }
+
         Timespec time;
         return ClockGetTime(ClockMonotonicRaw, &time) == 0
             ? unchecked((time.Seconds * 1_000_000_000L) + time.Nanoseconds)

src/SharpEmu.HLE/Host/GuestAudioClock.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using System.Diagnostics;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.HLE.Host;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// How much guest audio the host device has actually played, in seconds.
+///
+/// This is the only clock in the emulator that advances at the rate the player
+/// hears. Wall clock runs ahead of it whenever the guest cannot feed the device
+/// (the stream underruns and the missing time is never played), so anything
+/// that has to stay in step with the guest's audio — host-decoded video being
+/// the case that matters — has to follow this rather than <see cref="Stopwatch"/>.
+///
+/// Reported per stream and kept as the furthest-along value: the guest's ports
+/// all carry one mix, and the leading port is the one whose position the
+/// listener perceives.
+/// </summary>
+public static class GuestAudioClock
+{
+    private static long _playedMicroseconds;
+    private static long _lastAdvanceTimestamp;
+
+    /// <summary>Seconds of guest audio the device has played. Monotonic.</summary>
+    public static double PlayedSeconds =>
+        Interlocked.Read(ref _playedMicroseconds) / 1_000_000.0;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// True while a stream has reported progress recently. False means no guest
+    /// audio is playing, and callers must fall back to wall clock rather than
+    /// stalling on a clock that will never advance.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static bool IsRunning
+    {
+        get
+        {
+            var last = Interlocked.Read(ref _lastAdvanceTimestamp);
+            return last != 0 &&
+                   Stopwatch.GetElapsedTime(last) < TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(250);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void Report(double playedSeconds)
+    {
+        if (double.IsNaN(playedSeconds) || playedSeconds < 0)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        var microseconds = (long)(playedSeconds * 1_000_000.0);
+        var current = Interlocked.Read(ref _playedMicroseconds);
+        while (microseconds > current)
+        {
+            var seen = Interlocked.CompareExchange(
+                ref _playedMicroseconds,
+                microseconds,
+                current);
+            if (seen == current)
+            {
+                Interlocked.Exchange(ref _lastAdvanceTimestamp, Stopwatch.GetTimestamp());
+                return;
+            }
+
+            current = seen;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/SharpEmu.HLE/Host/HostGamepadState.cs

@@ -28,8 +28,44 @@ public enum HostGamepadButtons : uint
     R3 = 1 << 13,
     Options = 1 << 14,
     TouchPad = 1 << 15,
+    Create = 1 << 16,
+    Ps = 1 << 17,
+    Mic = 1 << 18,
 }
 
+public enum HostGamepadType : byte
+{
+    Generic,
+    DualShock4,
+    DualSense,
+}
+
+public enum HostGamepadConnection : byte
+{
+    Unknown,
+    Wired,
+    Wireless,
+}
+
+public readonly record struct HostMotionState(
+    bool Available,
+    float AccelerationX,
+    float AccelerationY,
+    float AccelerationZ,
+    float AngularVelocityX,
+    float AngularVelocityY,
+    float AngularVelocityZ);
+
+public readonly record struct HostTouchPoint(
+    bool Active,
+    byte Id,
+    float X,
+    float Y);
+
+public readonly record struct HostTouchState(
+    HostTouchPoint First,
+    HostTouchPoint Second);
+
 /// <summary>
 /// Snapshot of one host gamepad: sticks are 0..255 with 128 centered and Y growing
 /// downward; triggers 0..255. Unmanaged on purpose so per-frame polls can stackalloc
@@ -43,4 +79,57 @@ public readonly record struct HostGamepadState(
     byte RightX,
     byte RightY,
     byte LeftTrigger,
-    byte RightTrigger);
+    byte RightTrigger,
+    HostGamepadType Type = HostGamepadType.Generic,
+    HostGamepadConnection Connection = HostGamepadConnection.Unknown,
+    HostMotionState Motion = default,
+    HostTouchState Touch = default,
+    byte BatteryPercent = 0);
+
+/// <summary>A complete 11-byte DualSense adaptive-trigger command.</summary>
+public readonly record struct HostAdaptiveTriggerEffect(
+    byte B0,
+    byte B1,
+    byte B2,
+    byte B3,
+    byte B4,
+    byte B5,
+    byte B6,
+    byte B7,
+    byte B8,
+    byte B9,
+    byte B10,
+    byte FallbackStrength = 0)
+{
+    public static HostAdaptiveTriggerEffect FromBytes(ReadOnlySpan<byte> source, byte fallbackStrength = 0)
+    {
+        if (source.Length < 11)
+        {
+            throw new ArgumentException("Adaptive-trigger source is too small.", nameof(source));
+        }
+
+        return new HostAdaptiveTriggerEffect(
+            source[0], source[1], source[2], source[3], source[4], source[5],
+            source[6], source[7], source[8], source[9], source[10], fallbackStrength);
+    }
+
+    public void CopyTo(Span<byte> destination)
+    {
+        if (destination.Length < 11)
+        {
+            throw new ArgumentException("Adaptive-trigger destination is too small.", nameof(destination));
+        }
+
+        destination[0] = B0;
+        destination[1] = B1;
+        destination[2] = B2;
+        destination[3] = B3;
+        destination[4] = B4;
+        destination[5] = B5;
+        destination[6] = B6;
+        destination[7] = B7;
+        destination[8] = B8;
+        destination[9] = B9;
+        destination[10] = B10;
+    }
+}

src/SharpEmu.HLE/Host/IHostAudioOutput.cs

@@ -19,5 +19,11 @@ public interface IHostAudioOutput
     /// Throws when the host has no usable output device; callers degrade to a silent
     /// port and pace the guest instead.
     /// </summary>
-    IHostAudioStream OpenStereoPcm16Stream(uint sampleRate);
+    /// <param name="sampleRate">Host stream sample rate in Hz.</param>
+    /// <param name="maxQueuedPcmBytes">
+    /// Soft backpressure cap for queued stereo PCM16. Default 32 KiB (~171 ms at
+    /// 48 kHz) matches classic AudioOut latency. Bursty AudioOut2 / FMOD feeders
+    /// may pass a deeper cap to avoid underruns.
+    /// </param>
+    IHostAudioStream OpenStereoPcm16Stream(uint sampleRate, int maxQueuedPcmBytes = 32 * 1024);
 }

src/SharpEmu.HLE/Host/IHostAudioStream.cs

@@ -15,4 +15,17 @@ public interface IHostAudioStream : IDisposable
     /// audio, in which case the caller paces the guest itself.
     /// </summary>
     bool Submit(ReadOnlySpan<byte> stereoPcm16);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Audio already handed to the device and not yet played, in milliseconds —
+    /// the cushion protecting playback from a late submission. Zero means the
+    /// device has run dry and is emitting silence.
+    ///
+    /// Callers that pace the guest against an emulated hardware queue need this:
+    /// pacing purely on wall clock releases exactly one buffer per buffer-period
+    /// and so keeps the cushion at zero, which turns any scheduling jitter into
+    /// an audible dropout. Returns -1 when the backend cannot report a depth, in
+    /// which case callers must fall back to their own pacing.
+    /// </summary>
+    int QueuedMilliseconds => -1;
 }

src/SharpEmu.HLE/Host/IHostInput.cs

@@ -32,6 +32,11 @@ public interface IHostInput
     /// </summary>
     void SetTriggerRumble(byte? leftTrigger, byte? rightTrigger);
 
+    /// <summary>Applies native DualSense trigger effects when supported.</summary>
+    void SetAdaptiveTriggerEffect(
+        HostAdaptiveTriggerEffect? leftTrigger,
+        HostAdaptiveTriggerEffect? rightTrigger);
+
     void SetLightbar(byte red, byte green, byte blue);
 
     void ResetLightbar();

src/SharpEmu.HLE/Host/IHostPcmAudioOutput.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+namespace SharpEmu.HLE.Host;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Optional host-audio extension for backends that can accept the guest's
+/// interleaved PCM layout directly and perform device conversion themselves.
+/// </summary>
+public interface IHostPcmAudioOutput : IHostAudioOutput
+{
+    IHostAudioStream OpenPcmStream(uint sampleRate, int channels, HostPcmFormat format);
+}
+
+public enum HostPcmFormat
+{
+    Signed16,
+    Float32,
+}

src/SharpEmu.HLE/Host/IHostWindowInputSource.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+namespace SharpEmu.HLE.Host;
+
+/// <summary>Input snapshots produced by the active host window.</summary>
+public interface IHostWindowInputSource
+{
+    bool HasKeyboardFocus { get; }
+
+    bool IsKeyDown(int virtualKey);
+
+    int GetGamepadStates(Span<HostGamepadState> destination);
+
+    string? DescribeConnectedGamepad();
+
+    void SetRumble(byte largeMotor, byte smallMotor);
+
+    void SetTriggerRumble(byte? leftTrigger, byte? rightTrigger);
+
+    void SetAdaptiveTriggerEffect(
+        HostAdaptiveTriggerEffect? leftTrigger,
+        HostAdaptiveTriggerEffect? rightTrigger);
+
+    void SetLightbar(byte red, byte green, byte blue);
+
+    void ResetLightbar();
+}
+
+/// <summary>Process-wide bridge between the window layer and host input.</summary>
+public static class HostWindowInputSource
+{
+    private static IHostWindowInputSource? _current;
+
+    public static IHostWindowInputSource? Current => Volatile.Read(ref _current);
+
+    public static void Set(IHostWindowInputSource source) =>
+        Volatile.Write(ref _current, source);
+
+    public static void Clear(IHostWindowInputSource source) =>
+        Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref _current, null, source);
+}

src/SharpEmu.HLE/Host/Posix/PosixAlsaAudioStream.cs

@@ -14,9 +14,6 @@ namespace SharpEmu.HLE.Host.Posix;
 /// </summary>
 internal sealed unsafe class PosixAlsaAudioStream : IHostAudioStream
 {
-    // 32KB of stereo PCM16 at 48kHz is ~170ms; keep the same device-side
-    // queue depth the WinMM/CoreAudio ports enforce in managed code.
-    private const uint DeviceLatencyMicroseconds = 170_000;
     private const int StreamPlayback = 0;
     private const int FormatS16LittleEndian = 2;
     private const int AccessReadWriteInterleaved = 3;
@@ -27,7 +24,7 @@ internal sealed unsafe class PosixAlsaAudioStream : IHostAudioStream
     private nint _pcm;
     private bool _disposed;
 
-    public PosixAlsaAudioStream(uint sampleRate)
+    public PosixAlsaAudioStream(uint sampleRate, int maxQueuedPcmBytes = 32 * 1024)
     {
         if (!OperatingSystem.IsLinux())
         {
@@ -47,6 +44,14 @@ internal sealed unsafe class PosixAlsaAudioStream : IHostAudioStream
                 $"snd_pcm_open(\"{device}\") failed: {DescribeError(status)}.");
         }
 
+        // Match WinMM/CoreAudio soft queue depth: 32 KiB stereo PCM16 @ 48 kHz
+        // is ~170 ms. AudioOut2 may request a deeper bed.
+        var queuedBytes = Math.Max(maxQueuedPcmBytes, 4 * 1024);
+        var latencyMicroseconds = (uint)Math.Clamp(
+            (long)queuedBytes * 1_000_000L / Math.Max(sampleRate * 4u, 1u),
+            20_000L,
+            2_000_000L);
+
         status = snd_pcm_set_params(
             _pcm,
             FormatS16LittleEndian,
@@ -54,7 +59,7 @@ internal sealed unsafe class PosixAlsaAudioStream : IHostAudioStream
             2,
             sampleRate,
             1,
-            DeviceLatencyMicroseconds);
+            latencyMicroseconds);
         if (status != 0)
         {
             _ = snd_pcm_close(_pcm);

src/SharpEmu.HLE/Host/Posix/PosixCoreAudioStream.cs

@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ namespace SharpEmu.HLE.Host.Posix;
 /// </summary>
 internal sealed unsafe class PosixCoreAudioStream : IHostAudioStream
 {
-    private const int MaximumQueuedPcmBytes = 32 * 1024;
     private const uint FormatLinearPcm = 0x6C70636D; // 'lpcm'
     private const uint FlagIsSignedInteger = 0x4;
     private const uint FlagIsPacked = 0x8;
 
+    private readonly int _maximumQueuedPcmBytes;
     private readonly object _gate = new();
     private readonly AutoResetEvent _completion = new(false);
     private readonly Queue<nint> _freeBuffers = new();
@@ -27,13 +27,15 @@ internal sealed unsafe class PosixCoreAudioStream : IHostAudioStream
     private bool _started;
     private bool _disposed;
 
-    public PosixCoreAudioStream(uint sampleRate)
+    public PosixCoreAudioStream(uint sampleRate, int maxQueuedPcmBytes = 32 * 1024)
     {
         if (!OperatingSystem.IsMacOS())
         {
             throw new PlatformNotSupportedException("CoreAudio is only available on macOS.");
         }
 
+        _maximumQueuedPcmBytes = Math.Max(maxQueuedPcmBytes, 4 * 1024);
+
         var format = new AudioStreamBasicDescription
         {
             SampleRate = sampleRate,
@@ -73,7 +75,7 @@ internal sealed unsafe class PosixCoreAudioStream : IHostAudioStream
 
             var outputLength = stereoPcm16.Length;
             while (_queuedPcmBytes != 0 &&
-                   _queuedPcmBytes + outputLength > MaximumQueuedPcmBytes)
+                   _queuedPcmBytes + outputLength > _maximumQueuedPcmBytes)
             {
                 Monitor.Exit(_gate);
                 try

src/SharpEmu.HLE/Host/Posix/PosixHostAudio.cs

@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ internal sealed class PosixHostAudio : IHostAudioOutput
 {
     public string BackendName => OperatingSystem.IsMacOS() ? "coreaudio" : "alsa";
 
-    public IHostAudioStream OpenStereoPcm16Stream(uint sampleRate)
+    public IHostAudioStream OpenStereoPcm16Stream(uint sampleRate, int maxQueuedPcmBytes = 32 * 1024)
     {
         return OperatingSystem.IsMacOS()
-            ? new PosixCoreAudioStream(sampleRate)
+            ? new PosixCoreAudioStream(sampleRate, maxQueuedPcmBytes)
-            : new PosixAlsaAudioStream(sampleRate);
+            : new PosixAlsaAudioStream(sampleRate, maxQueuedPcmBytes);
     }
 }

src/SharpEmu.HLE/Host/Posix/PosixHostInput.cs

@@ -1,186 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-namespace SharpEmu.HLE.Host.Posix;
-
-/// <summary>
-/// Bridges a window-provided input source into the host input seam. POSIX
-/// hosts have no user32/XInput/raw-HID readers; keyboard and gamepad state
-/// come from the presenter's GLFW window instead, which registers itself via
-/// <see cref="SetSource"/> once the window exists. Until then (and with no
-/// window at all, e.g. headless runs) every query reports neutral input.
-/// Rumble and lightbar are unsupported by the GLFW input layer and no-op.
-/// </summary>
-public interface IPosixWindowInputSource
-{
-    /// <summary>True while the window's keyboard is delivering events.</summary>
-    bool HasKeyboardFocus { get; }
-
-    /// <summary>Windows virtual-key semantics; the source translates.</summary>
-    bool IsKeyDown(int virtualKey);
-
-    /// <summary>Same contract as <see cref="IHostInput.GetGamepadStates"/>.</summary>
-    int GetGamepadStates(Span<HostGamepadState> destination);
-
-    string? DescribeConnectedGamepad();
-}
-
-// Public so the presenter's window layer (SharpEmu.Libs) can register its
-// input source; the platform still constructs the singleton itself.
-public sealed class PosixHostInput : IHostInput
-{
-    private static volatile IPosixWindowInputSource? _source;
-
-    /// <summary>Called by the presenter's window layer when input is ready.</summary>
-    public static void SetSource(IPosixWindowInputSource source)
-    {
-        _source = source;
-    }
-
-    public void EnsureStarted()
-    {
-        // Device readers are event-driven off the window thread; nothing to start.
-    }
-
-    public int GetGamepadStates(Span<HostGamepadState> destination)
-    {
-        return _source?.GetGamepadStates(destination) ?? 0;
-    }
-
-    public string? DescribeConnectedGamepad() => _source?.DescribeConnectedGamepad();
-
-    public void SetRumble(byte largeMotor, byte smallMotor)
-    {
-    }
-
-    public void SetTriggerRumble(byte? leftTrigger, byte? rightTrigger)
-    {
-    }
-
-    public void SetLightbar(byte red, byte green, byte blue)
-    {
-    }
-
-    public void ResetLightbar()
-    {
-    }
-
-    public bool IsHostWindowFocused()
-    {
-        // GLFW only delivers key events to the focused window, so a
-        // delivering keyboard implies focus.
-        return _source?.HasKeyboardFocus ?? IsEmbeddedX11WindowFocused();
-    }
-
-    public bool IsKeyDown(int virtualKey)
-    {
-        var source = _source;
-        if (source is not null)
-        {
-            return source.IsKeyDown(virtualKey);
-        }
-
-        return IsEmbeddedX11WindowFocused() && IsEmbeddedX11KeyDown(virtualKey);
-    }
-
-    private static bool IsEmbeddedX11WindowFocused()
-    {
-        if (!OperatingSystem.IsLinux())
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        var display = HostSessionControl.EmbeddedHostDisplay;
-        var window = HostSessionControl.EmbeddedHostWindow;
-        if (display == 0 || window == 0 || XGetInputFocus(display, out var focusedWindow, out _) == 0 || focusedWindow == 0)
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        return GetTopLevelWindow(display, focusedWindow) == GetTopLevelWindow(display, window);
-    }
-
-    private static bool IsEmbeddedX11KeyDown(int virtualKey)
-    {
-        var display = HostSessionControl.EmbeddedHostDisplay;
-        var keysym = ToX11Keysym(virtualKey);
-        if (display == 0 || keysym == 0)
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        var keycode = XKeysymToKeycode(display, keysym);
-        if (keycode == 0)
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        var keymap = new byte[32];
-        XQueryKeymap(display, keymap);
-        return (keymap[keycode >> 3] & (1 << (keycode & 7))) != 0;
-    }
-
-    private static nint GetTopLevelWindow(nint display, nint window)
-    {
-        var current = window;
-        for (var depth = 0; depth < 16; depth++)
-        {
-            if (XQueryTree(display, current, out var root, out var parent, out var children, out _) == 0)
-            {
-                return 0;
-            }
-
-            if (children != 0)
-            {
-                XFree(children);
-            }
-
-            if (parent == 0 || parent == root)
-            {
-                return current;
-            }
-
-            current = parent;
-        }
-
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    private static nuint ToX11Keysym(int virtualKey)
-    {
-        return virtualKey switch
-        {
-            0x08 => 0xFF08, // Backspace
-            0x09 => 0xFF09, // Tab
-            0x0D => 0xFF0D, // Return
-            0x1B => 0xFF1B, // Escape
-            0x25 => 0xFF51, // Left
-            0x26 => 0xFF52, // Up
-            0x27 => 0xFF53, // Right
-            0x28 => 0xFF54, // Down
-            >= 0x41 and <= 0x5A => (nuint)virtualKey,
-            _ => 0,
-        };
-    }
-
-    [System.Runtime.InteropServices.DllImport("libX11.so.6")]
-    private static extern int XGetInputFocus(nint display, out nint focus, out int revertTo);
-
-    [System.Runtime.InteropServices.DllImport("libX11.so.6")]
-    private static extern int XQueryKeymap(nint display, [System.Runtime.InteropServices.Out] byte[] keysReturn);
-
-    [System.Runtime.InteropServices.DllImport("libX11.so.6")]
-    private static extern byte XKeysymToKeycode(nint display, nuint keysym);
-
-    [System.Runtime.InteropServices.DllImport("libX11.so.6")]
-    private static extern int XQueryTree(
-        nint display,
-        nint window,
-        out nint root,
-        out nint parent,
-        out nint children,
-        out uint childCount);
-
-    [System.Runtime.InteropServices.DllImport("libX11.so.6")]
-    private static extern int XFree(nint data);
-}

src/SharpEmu.HLE/Host/Posix/PosixHostPlatform.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 // Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
+using SharpEmu.HLE.Host.Sdl;
+
 namespace SharpEmu.HLE.Host.Posix;
 
 internal sealed class PosixHostPlatform : IHostPlatform
@@ -11,7 +13,7 @@ internal sealed class PosixHostPlatform : IHostPlatform
 
     public IHostSymbolResolver Symbols { get; } = new PosixHostSymbolResolver();
 
-    public IHostAudioOutput Audio { get; } = new PosixHostAudio();
+    public IHostAudioOutput Audio { get; } = new SdlHostAudio();
 
-    public IHostInput Input { get; } = new PosixHostInput();
+    public IHostInput Input { get; } = new WindowHostInput();
 }

src/SharpEmu.HLE/Host/Sdl/SdlHostAudio.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using SDL;
+using static SDL.SDL3;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.HLE.Host.Sdl;
+
+internal sealed unsafe class SdlHostAudio : IHostPcmAudioOutput
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Cap for streams this class paces itself (AudioOut). Blocking the guest
+    /// here is that path's only pacing, so the device settles at this depth —
+    /// it is the playback latency, and the floor under it is how much jitter the
+    /// stream can absorb before it runs dry.
+    /// </summary>
+    private static readonly int TargetQueuedMilliseconds =
+        int.TryParse(
+            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_AUDIO_LATENCY_MS"),
+            out var latencyMs) && latencyMs > 0
+            ? latencyMs
+            : 60;
+
+    private const int MaximumWaitMilliseconds = 250;
+    private static readonly object InitGate = new();
+    private static bool _initialized;
+
+    public string BackendName => "sdl3";
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Stereo PCM16 stream with a caller-chosen backpressure cap. Callers that
+    /// pace the guest themselves pass a deeper cap so this class's backpressure
+    /// does not fight their pacing.
+    /// </summary>
+    public IHostAudioStream OpenStereoPcm16Stream(uint sampleRate, int maxQueuedPcmBytes = 32 * 1024)
+        => OpenStream(
+            sampleRate,
+            channels: 2,
+            HostPcmFormat.Signed16,
+            maxQueuedPcmBytes > 0 ? maxQueuedPcmBytes : 32 * 1024);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Guest-format stream for AudioOut, which has no queue model of its own:
+    /// blocking here is that path's only pacing, so the device settles at
+    /// TargetQueuedMilliseconds and that depth is the playback latency.
+    /// </summary>
+    public IHostAudioStream OpenPcmStream(uint sampleRate, int channels, HostPcmFormat format)
+    {
+        var bytesPerSample = format == HostPcmFormat.Float32 ? sizeof(float) : sizeof(short);
+        var cap = checked((int)((long)sampleRate * channels * bytesPerSample *
+                                TargetQueuedMilliseconds / 1_000));
+        return OpenStream(sampleRate, channels, format, cap);
+    }
+
+    private static IHostAudioStream OpenStream(
+        uint sampleRate,
+        int channels,
+        HostPcmFormat format,
+        int maximumQueuedBytes)
+    {
+        if (sampleRate is < 8_000 or > 384_000 || channels is < 1 or > 8)
+        {
+            throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(
+                sampleRate is < 8_000 or > 384_000 ? nameof(sampleRate) : nameof(channels));
+        }
+
+        EnsureInitialized();
+        return new AudioStream(sampleRate, channels, format, maximumQueuedBytes);
+    }
+
+    private static void EnsureInitialized()
+    {
+        lock (InitGate)
+        {
+            if (_initialized)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if ((SDL_WasInit(SDL_InitFlags.SDL_INIT_AUDIO) & SDL_InitFlags.SDL_INIT_AUDIO) == 0 &&
+                !SDL_InitSubSystem(SDL_InitFlags.SDL_INIT_AUDIO))
+            {
+                throw new InvalidOperationException($"SDL audio initialization failed: {GetError()}");
+            }
+
+            _initialized = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static string GetError()
+    {
+        var error = Unsafe_SDL_GetError();
+        return error is null ? "unknown SDL error" : Marshal.PtrToStringUTF8((nint)error) ?? "unknown SDL error";
+    }
+
+    private static readonly bool _traceQueue = string.Equals(
+        Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_AUDIO_QUEUE"),
+        "1",
+        StringComparison.Ordinal);
+
+    private static int _nextStreamId;
+
+    private sealed class AudioStream : IHostAudioStream
+    {
+        private readonly object _gate = new();
+        private readonly int _maximumQueuedBytes;
+        private readonly int _bytesPerFrame;
+        private readonly uint _sampleRate;
+        private readonly int _streamId = Interlocked.Increment(ref _nextStreamId);
+        private SDL_AudioStream* _stream;
+        private bool _disposed;
+        private long _totalSubmittedBytes;
+
+        // Queue diagnostics for the current report window.
+        private long _windowStart = Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+        private long _submissions;
+        private long _submittedBytes;
+        private long _blockedTicks;
+        private long _drops;
+        private long _emptyObservations;
+        private int _minQueuedBytes = int.MaxValue;
+        private int _maxQueuedBytes;
+        private long _queuedByteSum;
+
+        public AudioStream(
+            uint sampleRate,
+            int channels,
+            HostPcmFormat format,
+            int maximumQueuedBytes)
+        {
+            var bytesPerSample = format == HostPcmFormat.Float32 ? sizeof(float) : sizeof(short);
+            _bytesPerFrame = channels * bytesPerSample;
+            _sampleRate = sampleRate;
+            var spec = new SDL_AudioSpec
+            {
+                format = format == HostPcmFormat.Float32
+                    ? SDL_AudioFormat.SDL_AUDIO_F32LE
+                    : SDL_AudioFormat.SDL_AUDIO_S16LE,
+                channels = checked((byte)channels),
+                freq = checked((int)sampleRate),
+            };
+
+            _stream = SDL_OpenAudioDeviceStream(
+                SDL_AUDIO_DEVICE_DEFAULT_PLAYBACK,
+                &spec,
+                null,
+                IntPtr.Zero);
+            if (_stream is null)
+            {
+                throw new InvalidOperationException($"SDL audio stream creation failed: {GetError()}");
+            }
+
+            if (!SDL_ResumeAudioStreamDevice(_stream))
+            {
+                SDL_DestroyAudioStream(_stream);
+                _stream = null;
+                throw new InvalidOperationException($"SDL audio stream start failed: {GetError()}");
+            }
+
+            _maximumQueuedBytes = maximumQueuedBytes;
+        }
+
+        public int QueuedMilliseconds
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                lock (_gate)
+                {
+                    if (_disposed || _stream is null)
+                    {
+                        return -1;
+                    }
+
+                    var bytesPerSecond = (double)_bytesPerFrame * _sampleRate;
+                    return bytesPerSecond <= 0
+                        ? -1
+                        : (int)(SDL_GetAudioStreamQueued(_stream) / bytesPerSecond * 1000.0);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public bool Submit(ReadOnlySpan<byte> pcm)
+        {
+            if (pcm.IsEmpty)
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            lock (_gate)
+            {
+                if (_disposed || _stream is null)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                var blockStart = Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+                var deadline = blockStart +
+                               (Stopwatch.Frequency * MaximumWaitMilliseconds / 1_000);
+                int queued;
+                var overrun = false;
+                while ((queued = SDL_GetAudioStreamQueued(_stream)) > _maximumQueuedBytes)
+                {
+                    if (Stopwatch.GetTimestamp() >= deadline)
+                    {
+                        // Enqueue anyway rather than discarding the buffer. A gap in
+                        // the stream is an audible click; the extra latency of one
+                        // over-deep submission is not, and the queue recovers as soon
+                        // as the device drains back under the cap.
+                        overrun = true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    Thread.Sleep(1);
+                }
+
+                RecordSubmission(queued, blockStart, dropped: overrun, bytes: pcm.Length);
+                bool submitted;
+                fixed (byte* data = pcm)
+                {
+                    submitted = SDL_PutAudioStreamData(_stream, (nint)data, pcm.Length);
+                }
+
+                if (submitted)
+                {
+                    // Everything handed over minus what the device still holds is
+                    // what the player has actually heard.
+                    _totalSubmittedBytes += pcm.Length;
+                    var bytesPerSecond = (double)_bytesPerFrame * _sampleRate;
+                    if (bytesPerSecond > 0)
+                    {
+                        GuestAudioClock.Report(
+                            Math.Max(0, _totalSubmittedBytes - queued - pcm.Length) / bytesPerSecond);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return submitted;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Samples the queue depth at the moment the guest was allowed to write.
+        /// That depth is the playback latency the guest's audio is subject to, so
+        /// it is the number to look at when the sound is late; an observed depth
+        /// of zero is a genuine underrun, which is what a crackle sounds like.
+        /// Caller holds <see cref="_gate"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void RecordSubmission(int queuedBytes, long blockStart, bool dropped, int bytes)
+        {
+            if (!_traceQueue)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            var now = Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+            _submissions++;
+            _submittedBytes += bytes;
+            _blockedTicks += now - blockStart;
+            _queuedByteSum += queuedBytes;
+            _minQueuedBytes = Math.Min(_minQueuedBytes, queuedBytes);
+            _maxQueuedBytes = Math.Max(_maxQueuedBytes, queuedBytes);
+            if (dropped)
+            {
+                _drops++;
+            }
+
+            if (queuedBytes == 0)
+            {
+                _emptyObservations++;
+            }
+
+            var elapsedTicks = now - _windowStart;
+            if (elapsedTicks < Stopwatch.Frequency)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            _windowStart = now;
+            var seconds = elapsedTicks / (double)Stopwatch.Frequency;
+            var bytesPerSecond = (double)_bytesPerFrame * _sampleRate;
+            Console.Error.WriteLine(
+                $"[PERF][AUDIO] stream#{_streamId} {seconds:F1}s " +
+                $"queued_ms min={ToMilliseconds(_minQueuedBytes, bytesPerSecond):F0} " +
+                $"avg={ToMilliseconds((int)(_queuedByteSum / Math.Max(1, _submissions)), bytesPerSecond):F0} " +
+                $"max={ToMilliseconds(_maxQueuedBytes, bytesPerSecond):F0} " +
+                $"cap={ToMilliseconds(_maximumQueuedBytes, bytesPerSecond):F0} " +
+                $"submits/s={_submissions / seconds:F0} " +
+                $"fill={_submittedBytes / seconds / bytesPerSecond * 100.0:F0}% " +
+                $"blocked={_blockedTicks * 100.0 / elapsedTicks:F0}% " +
+                $"empty={_emptyObservations} drops={_drops}");
+
+            _submissions = 0;
+            _submittedBytes = 0;
+            _blockedTicks = 0;
+            _drops = 0;
+            _emptyObservations = 0;
+            _minQueuedBytes = int.MaxValue;
+            _maxQueuedBytes = 0;
+            _queuedByteSum = 0;
+        }
+
+        private static double ToMilliseconds(int bytes, double bytesPerSecond) =>
+            bytesPerSecond <= 0 ? 0 : bytes / bytesPerSecond * 1000.0;
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            lock (_gate)
+            {
+                if (_disposed)
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                _disposed = true;
+                if (_stream is not null)
+                {
+                    SDL_ClearAudioStream(_stream);
+                    SDL_DestroyAudioStream(_stream);
+                    _stream = null;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/SharpEmu.HLE/Host/WindowHostInput.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+namespace SharpEmu.HLE.Host;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Routes emulated input through the active cross-platform host window.
+/// </summary>
+internal sealed class WindowHostInput : IHostInput
+{
+    public void EnsureStarted()
+    {
+        // SDL owns device discovery and pumps it on the window thread.
+    }
+
+    public int GetGamepadStates(Span<HostGamepadState> destination) =>
+        HostWindowInputSource.Current?.GetGamepadStates(destination) ?? 0;
+
+    public string? DescribeConnectedGamepad() =>
+        HostWindowInputSource.Current?.DescribeConnectedGamepad();
+
+    public void SetRumble(byte largeMotor, byte smallMotor) =>
+        HostWindowInputSource.Current?.SetRumble(largeMotor, smallMotor);
+
+    public void SetTriggerRumble(byte? leftTrigger, byte? rightTrigger) =>
+        HostWindowInputSource.Current?.SetTriggerRumble(leftTrigger, rightTrigger);
+
+    public void SetAdaptiveTriggerEffect(
+        HostAdaptiveTriggerEffect? leftTrigger,
+        HostAdaptiveTriggerEffect? rightTrigger) =>
+        HostWindowInputSource.Current?.SetAdaptiveTriggerEffect(leftTrigger, rightTrigger);
+
+    public void SetLightbar(byte red, byte green, byte blue) =>
+        HostWindowInputSource.Current?.SetLightbar(red, green, blue);
+
+    public void ResetLightbar() => HostWindowInputSource.Current?.ResetLightbar();
+
+    public bool IsHostWindowFocused() =>
+        HostWindowInputSource.Current?.HasKeyboardFocus ?? false;
+
+    public bool IsKeyDown(int virtualKey) =>
+        HostWindowInputSource.Current?.IsKeyDown(virtualKey) ?? false;
+}

src/SharpEmu.HLE/Host/Windows/WindowsDualSenseReader.cs

@@ -1,439 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using Microsoft.Win32.SafeHandles;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.HLE.Host.Windows;
-
-/// <summary>
-/// Reads a DualSense controller over raw HID on a background thread.
-/// Supports USB (input report 0x01) and Bluetooth (extended report 0x31,
-/// activated by requesting feature report 0x05), with hot-plug retry.
-/// </summary>
-public static class WindowsDualSenseReader
-{
-    private const ushort SonyVendorId = 0x054C;
-    private const ushort DualSenseProductId = 0x0CE6;
-    private const ushort DualSenseEdgeProductId = 0x0DF2;
-
-    private static readonly object Gate = new();
-    private static HostGamepadState _state;
-    private static bool _started;
-
-    // Output (rumble/lightbar) state, all guarded by Gate.
-    private static string? _devicePath;
-    private static bool _bluetooth;
-    private static bool _outputReady;
-    private static bool _lightbarSetupPending;
-    private static byte _outputSequence;
-    private static FileStream? _outputStream;
-    private static byte _motorLeft;
-    private static byte _motorRight;
-    private static byte _lightbarRed;
-    private static byte _lightbarGreen;
-    private static byte _lightbarBlue = 64; // PS-style blue default
-    private static byte _playerLeds = 0x04; // center LED = player 1
-
-    /// <summary>Starts the background reader once; safe to call repeatedly.</summary>
-    public static void EnsureStarted()
-    {
-        // The GUI source-links this reader and calls it directly, without the
-        // host-platform resolution that otherwise guarantees Windows.
-        if (!OperatingSystem.IsWindows())
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        lock (Gate)
-        {
-            if (_started)
-            {
-                return;
-            }
-
-            _started = true;
-            var thread = new Thread(ReadLoop)
-            {
-                IsBackground = true,
-                Name = "DualSenseReader",
-            };
-            thread.Start();
-        }
-    }
-
-    public static bool TryGetState(out HostGamepadState state)
-    {
-        lock (Gate)
-        {
-            state = _state;
-        }
-
-        return state.Connected;
-    }
-
-    private static void SetState(in HostGamepadState state)
-    {
-        lock (Gate)
-        {
-            _state = state;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>Sets rumble; large = left/strong motor, small = right/weak.</summary>
-    internal static void SetRumble(byte largeMotor, byte smallMotor)
-    {
-        lock (Gate)
-        {
-            if (_motorLeft == largeMotor && _motorRight == smallMotor)
-            {
-                return;
-            }
-
-            _motorLeft = largeMotor;
-            _motorRight = smallMotor;
-            SendOutputLocked();
-        }
-    }
-
-    internal static void SetLightbar(byte red, byte green, byte blue)
-    {
-        lock (Gate)
-        {
-            if (_lightbarRed == red && _lightbarGreen == green && _lightbarBlue == blue)
-            {
-                return;
-            }
-
-            _lightbarRed = red;
-            _lightbarGreen = green;
-            _lightbarBlue = blue;
-            SendOutputLocked();
-        }
-    }
-
-    internal static void ResetLightbar() => SetLightbar(0, 0, 64);
-
-    private static void OnDeviceIdentified(string path, bool bluetooth)
-    {
-        lock (Gate)
-        {
-            _devicePath = path;
-            _bluetooth = bluetooth;
-            _outputReady = true;
-            _lightbarSetupPending = true;
-            // Announce ourselves on the hardware: default lightbar + player 1 LED.
-            SendOutputLocked();
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static void OnDeviceLost()
-    {
-        lock (Gate)
-        {
-            _devicePath = null;
-            _outputReady = false;
-            _motorLeft = 0;
-            _motorRight = 0;
-            _outputStream?.Dispose();
-            _outputStream = null;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static void SendOutputLocked()
-    {
-        if (!_outputReady || _devicePath is null)
-        {
-            return; // flushed by OnDeviceIdentified once connected
-        }
-
-        try
-        {
-            if (_outputStream is null)
-            {
-                var handle = WindowsHidNative.CreateFile(
-                    _devicePath,
-                    WindowsHidNative.GenericRead | WindowsHidNative.GenericWrite,
-                    WindowsHidNative.FileShareRead | WindowsHidNative.FileShareWrite,
-                    0, WindowsHidNative.OpenExisting, 0, 0);
-                if (handle.IsInvalid)
-                {
-                    handle.Dispose();
-                    return; // read-only device access: outputs unavailable
-                }
-
-                _outputStream = new FileStream(handle, FileAccess.Write, bufferSize: 1);
-            }
-
-            var report = BuildOutputReportLocked();
-            _outputStream.Write(report, 0, report.Length);
-            _outputStream.Flush();
-        }
-        catch (Exception)
-        {
-            _outputStream?.Dispose();
-            _outputStream = null;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static byte[] BuildOutputReportLocked()
-    {
-        // Common 47-byte output payload (offsets per the DualSense output
-        // report layout, same as Linux hid-playstation).
-        Span<byte> common = stackalloc byte[47];
-        common[0] = 0x03;                    // valid_flag0: compatible vibration + haptics select
-        common[1] = 0x04 | 0x10;             // valid_flag1: lightbar + player indicator
-        common[2] = _motorRight;             // right (weak) motor
-        common[3] = _motorLeft;              // left (strong) motor
-        if (_lightbarSetupPending)
-        {
-            common[38] |= 0x02;              // valid_flag2: lightbar setup control enable
-            common[41] = 0x01;               // lightbar_setup: light on
-            _lightbarSetupPending = false;
-        }
-
-        common[43] = _playerLeds;
-        common[44] = _lightbarRed;
-        common[45] = _lightbarGreen;
-        common[46] = _lightbarBlue;
-
-        if (!_bluetooth)
-        {
-            var usbReport = new byte[48];
-            usbReport[0] = 0x02;
-            common.CopyTo(usbReport.AsSpan(1));
-            return usbReport;
-        }
-
-        // Bluetooth: 0x31 wrapper with sequence tag and CRC32 over a 0xA2
-        // seed byte plus the first 74 report bytes.
-        var btReport = new byte[78];
-        btReport[0] = 0x31;
-        btReport[1] = (byte)((_outputSequence & 0x0F) << 4);
-        _outputSequence = (byte)((_outputSequence + 1) & 0x0F);
-        btReport[2] = 0x10;
-        common.CopyTo(btReport.AsSpan(3));
-        var crc = Crc32(0xA2, btReport.AsSpan(0, 74));
-        btReport[74] = (byte)crc;
-        btReport[75] = (byte)(crc >> 8);
-        btReport[76] = (byte)(crc >> 16);
-        btReport[77] = (byte)(crc >> 24);
-        return btReport;
-    }
-
-    private static uint Crc32(byte seed, ReadOnlySpan<byte> data)
-    {
-        var crc = Crc32Update(0xFFFFFFFFu, seed);
-        foreach (var value in data)
-        {
-            crc = Crc32Update(crc, value);
-        }
-
-        return ~crc;
-    }
-
-    private static uint Crc32Update(uint crc, byte value)
-    {
-        crc ^= value;
-        for (var bit = 0; bit < 8; bit++)
-        {
-            crc = (crc >> 1) ^ (0xEDB88320u & (uint)-(int)(crc & 1));
-        }
-
-        return crc;
-    }
-
-    private static void ReadLoop()
-    {
-        var announcedConnect = false;
-        while (true)
-        {
-            SafeFileHandle? handle = null;
-            try
-            {
-                handle = OpenDualSense(out var devicePath);
-                if (handle is null || devicePath is null)
-                {
-                    SetState(default);
-                    announcedConnect = false;
-                    Thread.Sleep(1000);
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                // Bluetooth quirk: the DualSense sends a simplified report
-                // until feature report 0x05 is requested, which switches it
-                // to the full 0x31 input report. Harmless over USB.
-                var feature = new byte[41];
-                feature[0] = 0x05;
-                _ = WindowsHidNative.HidD_GetFeature(handle, feature, feature.Length);
-
-                if (!announcedConnect)
-                {
-                    Console.Error.WriteLine("[LOADER][INFO] DualSense controller connected.");
-                    announcedConnect = true;
-                }
-
-                using var stream = new FileStream(handle, FileAccess.Read, bufferSize: 1);
-                handle = null; // stream owns it now
-                var buffer = new byte[256];
-                var transportKnown = false;
-                while (true)
-                {
-                    var read = stream.Read(buffer, 0, buffer.Length);
-                    if (read <= 0)
-                    {
-                        break;
-                    }
-
-                    if (TryParseReport(buffer.AsSpan(0, read), out var state))
-                    {
-                        if (!transportKnown)
-                        {
-                            // The first parsed report tells us the transport,
-                            // which the output (rumble/lightbar) path needs.
-                            transportKnown = true;
-                            OnDeviceIdentified(devicePath, bluetooth: buffer[0] == 0x31);
-                        }
-
-                        SetState(state);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            catch (Exception)
-            {
-                // Unplugged or read error: fall through and retry.
-            }
-            finally
-            {
-                handle?.Dispose();
-            }
-
-            if (announcedConnect)
-            {
-                Console.Error.WriteLine("[LOADER][INFO] DualSense controller disconnected.");
-                announcedConnect = false;
-            }
-
-            OnDeviceLost();
-            SetState(default);
-            Thread.Sleep(1000);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static SafeFileHandle? OpenDualSense(out string? devicePath)
-    {
-        devicePath = null;
-        foreach (var path in WindowsHidNative.EnumerateHidDevicePaths())
-        {
-            // Open without access rights just to query VID/PID.
-            using var probe = WindowsHidNative.CreateFile(
-                path, 0, WindowsHidNative.FileShareRead | WindowsHidNative.FileShareWrite, 0, WindowsHidNative.OpenExisting, 0, 0);
-            if (probe.IsInvalid)
-            {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            var attributes = new WindowsHidNative.HiddAttributes { Size = 12 };
-            if (!WindowsHidNative.HidD_GetAttributes(probe, ref attributes) ||
-                attributes.VendorId != SonyVendorId ||
-                (attributes.ProductId != DualSenseProductId && attributes.ProductId != DualSenseEdgeProductId))
-            {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            // Read+write so feature reports work; fall back to read-only.
-            var handle = WindowsHidNative.CreateFile(
-                path,
-                WindowsHidNative.GenericRead | WindowsHidNative.GenericWrite,
-                WindowsHidNative.FileShareRead | WindowsHidNative.FileShareWrite,
-                0, WindowsHidNative.OpenExisting, 0, 0);
-            if (handle.IsInvalid)
-            {
-                handle.Dispose();
-                handle = WindowsHidNative.CreateFile(
-                    path,
-                    WindowsHidNative.GenericRead,
-                    WindowsHidNative.FileShareRead | WindowsHidNative.FileShareWrite,
-                    0, WindowsHidNative.OpenExisting, 0, 0);
-            }
-
-            if (!handle.IsInvalid)
-            {
-                devicePath = path;
-                return handle;
-            }
-
-            handle.Dispose();
-        }
-
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    private static bool TryParseReport(ReadOnlySpan<byte> report, out HostGamepadState state)
-    {
-        // USB: report id 0x01, payload starts at [1].
-        // Bluetooth extended: report id 0x31, sequence byte at [1], payload at [2].
-        int offset;
-        if (report.Length >= 11 && report[0] == 0x01)
-        {
-            offset = 1;
-        }
-        else if (report.Length >= 12 && report[0] == 0x31)
-        {
-            offset = 2;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            state = default;
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        var leftX = report[offset + 0];
-        var leftY = report[offset + 1];
-        var rightX = report[offset + 2];
-        var rightY = report[offset + 3];
-        var l2 = report[offset + 4];
-        var r2 = report[offset + 5];
-        var buttons0 = report[offset + 7];
-        var buttons1 = report[offset + 8];
-        var buttons2 = report[offset + 9];
-
-        var buttons = HostGamepadButtons.None;
-        buttons |= (buttons0 & 0x10) != 0 ? HostGamepadButtons.Square : 0;
-        buttons |= (buttons0 & 0x20) != 0 ? HostGamepadButtons.Cross : 0;
-        buttons |= (buttons0 & 0x40) != 0 ? HostGamepadButtons.Circle : 0;
-        buttons |= (buttons0 & 0x80) != 0 ? HostGamepadButtons.Triangle : 0;
-        buttons |= HatToButtons(buttons0 & 0x0F);
-        buttons |= (buttons1 & 0x01) != 0 ? HostGamepadButtons.L1 : 0;
-        buttons |= (buttons1 & 0x02) != 0 ? HostGamepadButtons.R1 : 0;
-        buttons |= (buttons1 & 0x04) != 0 ? HostGamepadButtons.L2 : 0;
-        buttons |= (buttons1 & 0x08) != 0 ? HostGamepadButtons.R2 : 0;
-        buttons |= (buttons1 & 0x20) != 0 ? HostGamepadButtons.Options : 0;
-        buttons |= (buttons1 & 0x40) != 0 ? HostGamepadButtons.L3 : 0;
-        buttons |= (buttons1 & 0x80) != 0 ? HostGamepadButtons.R3 : 0;
-        buttons |= (buttons2 & 0x02) != 0 ? HostGamepadButtons.TouchPad : 0;
-
-        state = new HostGamepadState(
-            Connected: true,
-            Buttons: buttons,
-            LeftX: leftX,
-            LeftY: leftY,
-            RightX: rightX,
-            RightY: rightY,
-            LeftTrigger: l2,
-            RightTrigger: r2);
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    private static HostGamepadButtons HatToButtons(int hat) => hat switch
-    {
-        0 => HostGamepadButtons.Up,
-        1 => HostGamepadButtons.Up | HostGamepadButtons.Right,
-        2 => HostGamepadButtons.Right,
-        3 => HostGamepadButtons.Right | HostGamepadButtons.Down,
-        4 => HostGamepadButtons.Down,
-        5 => HostGamepadButtons.Down | HostGamepadButtons.Left,
-        6 => HostGamepadButtons.Left,
-        7 => HostGamepadButtons.Left | HostGamepadButtons.Up,
-        _ => 0,
-    };
-}

src/SharpEmu.HLE/Host/Windows/WindowsHidNative.cs

@@ -1,141 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
-using Microsoft.Win32.SafeHandles;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.HLE.Host.Windows;
-
-/// <summary>
-/// Minimal Win32 HID interop used to talk to a DualSense controller
-/// directly, without any external input library.
-/// </summary>
-internal static partial class WindowsHidNative
-{
-    internal const int DigcfPresent = 0x02;
-    internal const int DigcfDeviceInterface = 0x10;
-    internal const uint GenericRead = 0x80000000;
-    internal const uint GenericWrite = 0x40000000;
-    internal const uint FileShareRead = 0x1;
-    internal const uint FileShareWrite = 0x2;
-    internal const uint OpenExisting = 3;
-
-    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
-    internal struct SpDeviceInterfaceData
-    {
-        public int CbSize;
-        public Guid InterfaceClassGuid;
-        public int Flags;
-        public nint Reserved;
-    }
-
-    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
-    internal struct HiddAttributes
-    {
-        public int Size;
-        public ushort VendorId;
-        public ushort ProductId;
-        public ushort VersionNumber;
-    }
-
-    [LibraryImport("hid.dll")]
-    internal static partial void HidD_GetHidGuid(out Guid hidGuid);
-
-    [LibraryImport("hid.dll")]
-    [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
-    internal static partial bool HidD_GetAttributes(SafeFileHandle hidDeviceObject, ref HiddAttributes attributes);
-
-    [LibraryImport("hid.dll")]
-    [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
-    internal static partial bool HidD_GetFeature(SafeFileHandle hidDeviceObject, [In, Out] byte[] reportBuffer, int reportBufferLength);
-
-    [LibraryImport("setupapi.dll", EntryPoint = "SetupDiGetClassDevsW")]
-    internal static partial nint SetupDiGetClassDevs(ref Guid classGuid, nint enumerator, nint hwndParent, int flags);
-
-    [LibraryImport("setupapi.dll")]
-    [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
-    internal static partial bool SetupDiEnumDeviceInterfaces(
-        nint deviceInfoSet,
-        nint deviceInfoData,
-        ref Guid interfaceClassGuid,
-        int memberIndex,
-        ref SpDeviceInterfaceData deviceInterfaceData);
-
-    [LibraryImport("setupapi.dll", EntryPoint = "SetupDiGetDeviceInterfaceDetailW")]
-    [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
-    internal static partial bool SetupDiGetDeviceInterfaceDetail(
-        nint deviceInfoSet,
-        ref SpDeviceInterfaceData deviceInterfaceData,
-        nint deviceInterfaceDetailData,
-        int deviceInterfaceDetailDataSize,
-        out int requiredSize,
-        nint deviceInfoData);
-
-    [LibraryImport("setupapi.dll")]
-    [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
-    internal static partial bool SetupDiDestroyDeviceInfoList(nint deviceInfoSet);
-
-    [LibraryImport("kernel32.dll", EntryPoint = "CreateFileW", SetLastError = true, StringMarshalling = StringMarshalling.Utf16)]
-    internal static partial SafeFileHandle CreateFile(
-        string fileName,
-        uint desiredAccess,
-        uint shareMode,
-        nint securityAttributes,
-        uint creationDisposition,
-        uint flagsAndAttributes,
-        nint templateFile);
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Enumerates the device paths of all present HID interfaces.
-    /// </summary>
-    internal static List<string> EnumerateHidDevicePaths()
-    {
-        var paths = new List<string>();
-        HidD_GetHidGuid(out var hidGuid);
-        var deviceInfoSet = SetupDiGetClassDevs(ref hidGuid, 0, 0, DigcfPresent | DigcfDeviceInterface);
-        if (deviceInfoSet == -1 || deviceInfoSet == 0)
-        {
-            return paths;
-        }
-
-        try
-        {
-            var interfaceData = new SpDeviceInterfaceData
-            {
-                CbSize = Marshal.SizeOf<SpDeviceInterfaceData>(),
-            };
-
-            for (var index = 0; SetupDiEnumDeviceInterfaces(deviceInfoSet, 0, ref hidGuid, index, ref interfaceData); index++)
-            {
-                SetupDiGetDeviceInterfaceDetail(deviceInfoSet, ref interfaceData, 0, 0, out var requiredSize, 0);
-                if (requiredSize <= 0)
-                {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                var detailBuffer = Marshal.AllocHGlobal(requiredSize);
-                try
-                {
-                    // SP_DEVICE_INTERFACE_DETAIL_DATA_W.cbSize is 8 on x64
-                    // (DWORD + aligned WCHAR[1]); the path string follows it.
-                    Marshal.WriteInt32(detailBuffer, 8);
-                    if (SetupDiGetDeviceInterfaceDetail(deviceInfoSet, ref interfaceData, detailBuffer, requiredSize, out _, 0) &&
-                        Marshal.PtrToStringUni(detailBuffer + 4) is { Length: > 0 } path)
-                    {
-                        paths.Add(path);
-                    }
-                }
-                finally
-                {
-                    Marshal.FreeHGlobal(detailBuffer);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        finally
-        {
-            SetupDiDestroyDeviceInfoList(deviceInfoSet);
-        }
-
-        return paths;
-    }
-}

src/SharpEmu.HLE/Host/Windows/WindowsHostInput.cs

@@ -1,101 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.HLE.Host.Windows;
-
-/// <summary>
-/// Windows input backend: DualSense over raw HID plus XInput controllers for gamepads,
-/// user32 for the keyboard-fallback queries. Rumble fans out to every reader; lightbar
-/// only exists on the DualSense.
-/// </summary>
-internal sealed partial class WindowsHostInput : IHostInput
-{
-    public void EnsureStarted()
-    {
-        WindowsDualSenseReader.EnsureStarted();
-        WindowsXInputReader.EnsureStarted();
-    }
-
-    public int GetGamepadStates(Span<HostGamepadState> destination)
-    {
-        var count = 0;
-        if (count < destination.Length && WindowsDualSenseReader.TryGetState(out var dualSense))
-        {
-            destination[count++] = dualSense;
-        }
-
-        if (count < destination.Length && WindowsXInputReader.TryGetState(out var xinput))
-        {
-            destination[count++] = xinput;
-        }
-
-        return count;
-    }
-
-    public string? DescribeConnectedGamepad()
-    {
-        if (WindowsDualSenseReader.TryGetState(out _))
-        {
-            return "DualSense";
-        }
-
-        return WindowsXInputReader.TryGetState(out _) ? "Xbox controller" : null;
-    }
-
-    public void SetRumble(byte largeMotor, byte smallMotor)
-    {
-        WindowsDualSenseReader.SetRumble(largeMotor, smallMotor);
-        WindowsXInputReader.SetRumble(largeMotor, smallMotor);
-    }
-
-    public void SetTriggerRumble(byte? leftTrigger, byte? rightTrigger) =>
-        WindowsXInputReader.SetTriggerRumble(leftTrigger, rightTrigger);
-
-    public void SetLightbar(byte red, byte green, byte blue) =>
-        WindowsDualSenseReader.SetLightbar(red, green, blue);
-
-    public void ResetLightbar() => WindowsDualSenseReader.ResetLightbar();
-
-    public bool IsHostWindowFocused()
-    {
-        var foregroundWindow = GetForegroundWindow();
-        if (foregroundWindow == 0)
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        GetWindowThreadProcessId(foregroundWindow, out var processId);
-        if (processId == (uint)Environment.ProcessId)
-        {
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        // The GUI runs the emulator in an isolated child process. Its native
-        // Vulkan surface is a child of the GUI window, so the foreground
-        // window belongs to the launcher process rather than this one.
-        var embeddedHostWindow = HostSessionControl.EmbeddedHostWindow;
-        var hostTopLevelWindow = embeddedHostWindow == 0
-            ? 0
-            : GetAncestor(embeddedHostWindow, GetAncestorRoot);
-        return hostTopLevelWindow != 0 && foregroundWindow == hostTopLevelWindow;
-    }
-
-    public bool IsKeyDown(int virtualKey) =>
-        (GetAsyncKeyState(virtualKey) & 0x8000) != 0;
-
-    [LibraryImport("user32.dll")]
-    private static partial short GetAsyncKeyState(int vKey);
-
-    [LibraryImport("user32.dll")]
-    private static partial nint GetForegroundWindow();
-
-    [LibraryImport("user32.dll")]
-    private static partial uint GetWindowThreadProcessId(nint hWnd, out uint processId);
-
-    [LibraryImport("user32.dll")]
-    private static partial nint GetAncestor(nint hWnd, uint gaFlags);
-
-    private const uint GetAncestorRoot = 2;
-}

src/SharpEmu.HLE/Host/Windows/WindowsHostPlatform.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 // Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
+using SharpEmu.HLE.Host.Sdl;
+
 namespace SharpEmu.HLE.Host.Windows;
 
 internal sealed class WindowsHostPlatform : IHostPlatform
@@ -11,7 +13,7 @@ internal sealed class WindowsHostPlatform : IHostPlatform
 
     public IHostSymbolResolver Symbols { get; } = new WindowsHostSymbolResolver();
 
-    public IHostAudioOutput Audio { get; } = new WindowsWaveOutAudio();
+    public IHostAudioOutput Audio { get; } = new SdlHostAudio();
 
-    public IHostInput Input { get; } = new WindowsHostInput();
+    public IHostInput Input { get; } = new WindowHostInput();
 }

src/SharpEmu.HLE/Host/Windows/WindowsWaveOutAudio.cs

@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ internal sealed partial class WindowsWaveOutAudio : IHostAudioOutput
 {
     public string BackendName => "winmm";
 
-    public IHostAudioStream OpenStereoPcm16Stream(uint sampleRate) => new WaveOutStream(sampleRate);
+    public IHostAudioStream OpenStereoPcm16Stream(uint sampleRate, int maxQueuedPcmBytes = 32 * 1024) =>
+        new WaveOutStream(sampleRate, maxQueuedPcmBytes);
 
     private sealed partial class WaveOutStream : IHostAudioStream
     {
@@ -17,8 +18,8 @@ internal sealed partial class WindowsWaveOutAudio : IHostAudioOutput
         private const uint CallbackEvent = 0x0005_0000;
         private const ushort WaveFormatPcm = 1;
         private const uint WaveHeaderDone = 0x0000_0001;
-        private const int MaximumQueuedPcmBytes = 32 * 1024;
 
+        private readonly int _maximumQueuedPcmBytes;
         private readonly object _gate = new();
         private readonly AutoResetEvent _completion = new(false);
         private readonly Queue<NativeBuffer> _buffers = new();
@@ -26,8 +27,9 @@ internal sealed partial class WindowsWaveOutAudio : IHostAudioOutput
         private int _queuedPcmBytes;
         private bool _disposed;
 
-        public WaveOutStream(uint sampleRate)
+        public WaveOutStream(uint sampleRate, int maxQueuedPcmBytes)
         {
+            _maximumQueuedPcmBytes = Math.Max(maxQueuedPcmBytes, 4 * 1024);
             var format = new WaveFormat
             {
                 FormatTag = WaveFormatPcm,
@@ -62,7 +64,7 @@ internal sealed partial class WindowsWaveOutAudio : IHostAudioOutput
 
                 ReapCompletedBuffers();
                 while (_queuedPcmBytes != 0 &&
-                       _queuedPcmBytes + stereoPcm16.Length > MaximumQueuedPcmBytes)
+                       _queuedPcmBytes + stereoPcm16.Length > _maximumQueuedPcmBytes)
                 {
                     if (!_completion.WaitOne(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1)))
                     {

src/SharpEmu.HLE/Host/Windows/WindowsXInputReader.cs

@@ -1,277 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.HLE.Host.Windows;
-
-/// <summary>
-/// Reads Xbox 360 / Xbox One (and other XInput-compatible) controllers via
-/// the Windows XInput API on a background thread, translated to
-/// <see cref="HostGamepadState"/> conventions. Supports rumble and hot-plug
-/// retry; the first connected slot (of four) is used.
-/// </summary>
-public static partial class WindowsXInputReader
-{
-    private const uint ErrorSuccess = 0;
-    private const int SlotCount = 4;
-    private const byte TriggerThreshold = 30; // XINPUT_GAMEPAD_TRIGGER_THRESHOLD
-
-    // XINPUT_GAMEPAD wButtons bit values.
-    private const ushort XinputDpadUp = 0x0001;
-    private const ushort XinputDpadDown = 0x0002;
-    private const ushort XinputDpadLeft = 0x0004;
-    private const ushort XinputDpadRight = 0x0008;
-    private const ushort XinputStart = 0x0010;
-    private const ushort XinputBack = 0x0020;
-    private const ushort XinputLeftThumb = 0x0040;
-    private const ushort XinputRightThumb = 0x0080;
-    private const ushort XinputLeftShoulder = 0x0100;
-    private const ushort XinputRightShoulder = 0x0200;
-    private const ushort XinputA = 0x1000;
-    private const ushort XinputB = 0x2000;
-    private const ushort XinputX = 0x4000;
-    private const ushort XinputY = 0x8000;
-
-    private static readonly object Gate = new();
-    private static HostGamepadState _state;
-    private static bool _started;
-    private static int _slot = -1; // connected XInput user index, -1 when none
-    private static byte _motorLeft;
-    private static byte _motorRight;
-    private static byte _triggerLeft;
-    private static byte _triggerRight;
-
-    /// <summary>Starts the background reader once; safe to call repeatedly.</summary>
-    public static void EnsureStarted()
-    {
-        // The GUI source-links this reader and calls it directly, without the
-        // host-platform resolution that otherwise guarantees Windows.
-        if (!OperatingSystem.IsWindows())
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        lock (Gate)
-        {
-            if (_started)
-            {
-                return;
-            }
-
-            _started = true;
-            var thread = new Thread(ReadLoop)
-            {
-                IsBackground = true,
-                Name = "XInputReader",
-            };
-            thread.Start();
-        }
-    }
-
-    public static bool TryGetState(out HostGamepadState state)
-    {
-        lock (Gate)
-        {
-            state = _state;
-        }
-
-        return state.Connected;
-    }
-
-    private static void SetState(in HostGamepadState state)
-    {
-        lock (Gate)
-        {
-            _state = state;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>Sets rumble; large = left/strong motor, small = right/weak.</summary>
-    internal static void SetRumble(byte largeMotor, byte smallMotor)
-    {
-        lock (Gate)
-        {
-            if (_motorLeft == largeMotor && _motorRight == smallMotor)
-            {
-                return;
-            }
-
-            _motorLeft = largeMotor;
-            _motorRight = smallMotor;
-            SendRumbleLocked();
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>Approximates per-trigger vibration on the two XInput body motors.</summary>
-    internal static void SetTriggerRumble(byte? leftTrigger, byte? rightTrigger)
-    {
-        lock (Gate)
-        {
-            var changed = false;
-            if (leftTrigger is { } left)
-            {
-                changed |= _triggerLeft != left;
-                _triggerLeft = left;
-            }
-
-            if (rightTrigger is { } right)
-            {
-                changed |= _triggerRight != right;
-                _triggerRight = right;
-            }
-
-            if (changed)
-            {
-                SendRumbleLocked();
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static void SendRumbleLocked()
-    {
-        if (_slot < 0)
-        {
-            return; // resent on connect
-        }
-
-        var vibration = new XInputVibration
-        {
-            LeftMotorSpeed = (ushort)(Math.Max(_motorLeft, _triggerLeft) * 257),
-            RightMotorSpeed = (ushort)(Math.Max(_motorRight, _triggerRight) * 257),
-        };
-        _ = XInputSetState((uint)_slot, ref vibration);
-    }
-
-    private static void ReadLoop()
-    {
-        try
-        {
-            while (true)
-            {
-                var slot = FindConnectedSlot();
-                if (slot < 0)
-                {
-                    SetState(default);
-                    Thread.Sleep(1000);
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                lock (Gate)
-                {
-                    _slot = slot;
-                    SendRumbleLocked();
-                }
-
-                Console.Error.WriteLine("[LOADER][INFO] XInput (Xbox) controller connected.");
-                while (XInputGetState((uint)slot, out var state) == ErrorSuccess)
-                {
-                    SetState(Translate(state.Gamepad));
-                    Thread.Sleep(8);
-                }
-
-                Console.Error.WriteLine("[LOADER][INFO] XInput (Xbox) controller disconnected.");
-                lock (Gate)
-                {
-                    _slot = -1;
-                    _motorLeft = 0;
-                    _motorRight = 0;
-                    _triggerLeft = 0;
-                    _triggerRight = 0;
-                    _state = default;
-                }
-
-                Thread.Sleep(1000);
-            }
-        }
-        catch (DllNotFoundException)
-        {
-            // XInput unavailable on this system; leave the reader disconnected.
-        }
-        catch (EntryPointNotFoundException)
-        {
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static int FindConnectedSlot()
-    {
-        for (var index = 0; index < SlotCount; index++)
-        {
-            if (XInputGetState((uint)index, out _) == ErrorSuccess)
-            {
-                return index;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    private static HostGamepadState Translate(in XInputGamepad pad)
-    {
-        var buttons = HostGamepadButtons.None;
-        buttons |= (pad.Buttons & XinputDpadUp) != 0 ? HostGamepadButtons.Up : 0;
-        buttons |= (pad.Buttons & XinputDpadDown) != 0 ? HostGamepadButtons.Down : 0;
-        buttons |= (pad.Buttons & XinputDpadLeft) != 0 ? HostGamepadButtons.Left : 0;
-        buttons |= (pad.Buttons & XinputDpadRight) != 0 ? HostGamepadButtons.Right : 0;
-        buttons |= (pad.Buttons & XinputStart) != 0 ? HostGamepadButtons.Options : 0;
-        buttons |= (pad.Buttons & XinputBack) != 0 ? HostGamepadButtons.TouchPad : 0;
-        buttons |= (pad.Buttons & XinputLeftThumb) != 0 ? HostGamepadButtons.L3 : 0;
-        buttons |= (pad.Buttons & XinputRightThumb) != 0 ? HostGamepadButtons.R3 : 0;
-        buttons |= (pad.Buttons & XinputLeftShoulder) != 0 ? HostGamepadButtons.L1 : 0;
-        buttons |= (pad.Buttons & XinputRightShoulder) != 0 ? HostGamepadButtons.R1 : 0;
-        buttons |= (pad.Buttons & XinputA) != 0 ? HostGamepadButtons.Cross : 0;
-        buttons |= (pad.Buttons & XinputB) != 0 ? HostGamepadButtons.Circle : 0;
-        buttons |= (pad.Buttons & XinputX) != 0 ? HostGamepadButtons.Square : 0;
-        buttons |= (pad.Buttons & XinputY) != 0 ? HostGamepadButtons.Triangle : 0;
-        buttons |= pad.LeftTrigger > TriggerThreshold ? HostGamepadButtons.L2 : 0;
-        buttons |= pad.RightTrigger > TriggerThreshold ? HostGamepadButtons.R2 : 0;
-
-        return new HostGamepadState(
-            Connected: true,
-            Buttons: buttons,
-            LeftX: AxisToByte(pad.ThumbLX),
-            LeftY: AxisToByteInverted(pad.ThumbLY),
-            RightX: AxisToByte(pad.ThumbRX),
-            RightY: AxisToByteInverted(pad.ThumbRY),
-            LeftTrigger: pad.LeftTrigger,
-            RightTrigger: pad.RightTrigger);
-    }
-
-    private static byte AxisToByte(short value) => (byte)((value + 32768) >> 8);
-
-    // XInput Y grows upward, host pad conventions report Y growing downward.
-    private static byte AxisToByteInverted(short value) => (byte)(255 - ((value + 32768) >> 8));
-
-    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
-    private struct XInputGamepad
-    {
-        public ushort Buttons;
-        public byte LeftTrigger;
-        public byte RightTrigger;
-        public short ThumbLX;
-        public short ThumbLY;
-        public short ThumbRX;
-        public short ThumbRY;
-    }
-
-    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
-    private struct XInputState
-    {
-        public uint PacketNumber;
-        public XInputGamepad Gamepad;
-    }
-
-    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
-    private struct XInputVibration
-    {
-        public ushort LeftMotorSpeed;
-        public ushort RightMotorSpeed;
-    }
-
-    // xinput1_4.dll ships with Windows 8 and later.
-    [LibraryImport("xinput1_4.dll")]
-    private static partial uint XInputGetState(uint userIndex, out XInputState state);
-
-    [LibraryImport("xinput1_4.dll")]
-    private static partial uint XInputSetState(uint userIndex, ref XInputVibration vibration);
-}

src/SharpEmu.HLE/HostMainThread.cs

@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ using System.Collections.Concurrent;
 namespace SharpEmu.HLE;
 
 /// <summary>
-/// Runs work on the real process main thread. macOS only allows AppKit (and
+/// Runs work on the real process main thread. macOS requires its windowing
-/// therefore GLFW windowing) on that thread, so the CLI moves emulation onto
+/// event loop on that thread, so the CLI moves emulation onto
 /// a worker thread, parks the main thread in <see cref="Pump"/>, and the
 /// video presenter posts its window loop here. On other platforms
 /// <see cref="IsAvailable"/> stays false and nothing changes.

src/SharpEmu.HLE/HostSessionControl.cs

@@ -12,8 +12,6 @@ public static class HostSessionControl
     private static Action<string>? _shutdownHandler;
     private static string? _pendingShutdownReason;
     private static int _shutdownRequested;
-    private static long _embeddedHostWindow;
-    private static long _embeddedHostDisplay;
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Indicates that the active host session is being stopped. Runtime code
@@ -22,21 +20,6 @@ public static class HostSessionControl
     /// </summary>
     public static bool IsShutdownRequested => Volatile.Read(ref _shutdownRequested) != 0;
 
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Native GUI surface used by an isolated emulator child. Input backends
-    /// use it to treat the launcher window as the active game window.
-    /// </summary>
-    public static nint EmbeddedHostWindow => unchecked((nint)Interlocked.Read(ref _embeddedHostWindow));
-
-    /// <summary>X11 Display* paired with <see cref="EmbeddedHostWindow"/> when available.</summary>
-    public static nint EmbeddedHostDisplay => unchecked((nint)Interlocked.Read(ref _embeddedHostDisplay));
-
-    public static void SetEmbeddedHostSurface(nint window, nint display = 0)
-    {
-        Interlocked.Exchange(ref _embeddedHostDisplay, unchecked((long)display));
-        Interlocked.Exchange(ref _embeddedHostWindow, unchecked((long)window));
-    }
-
     /// <summary>
     /// Starts a fresh session after the previous guest has fully left its
     /// execution backend.

src/SharpEmu.HLE/SharpEmu.HLE.csproj

@@ -21,6 +21,10 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
     <ProjectReference Include="..\SharpEmu.Logging\SharpEmu.Logging.csproj" />
   </ItemGroup>
 
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <PackageReference Include="ppy.SDL3-CS" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
   <ItemGroup>
     <!-- Forces build ordering for the aerolib task below; loaded as a build component,
          never a runtime dependency. -->

src/SharpEmu.LibAtrac9/Atrac9Config.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 #nullable disable
 using System.IO;
 using LibAtrac9.Utilities;

src/SharpEmu.LibAtrac9/Atrac9Decoder.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 #nullable disable
 using System;
 using LibAtrac9.Utilities;

src/SharpEmu.LibAtrac9/Atrac9Rng.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 #nullable disable
 namespace LibAtrac9
 {

src/SharpEmu.LibAtrac9/BandExtension.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 #nullable disable
 using System;
 

src/SharpEmu.LibAtrac9/BitAllocation.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 #nullable disable
 using System;
 

src/SharpEmu.LibAtrac9/Block.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 #nullable disable
 namespace LibAtrac9
 {

src/SharpEmu.LibAtrac9/Channel.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 #nullable disable
 using LibAtrac9.Utilities;
 

src/SharpEmu.LibAtrac9/ChannelConfig.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 #nullable disable
 namespace LibAtrac9
 {

src/SharpEmu.LibAtrac9/Frame.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 #nullable disable
 namespace LibAtrac9
 {

src/SharpEmu.LibAtrac9/HuffmanCodebook.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 #nullable disable
 using System;
 using LibAtrac9.Utilities;

src/SharpEmu.LibAtrac9/HuffmanCodebooks.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 #nullable disable
 namespace LibAtrac9
 {
@@ -1350,4 +1351,4 @@ namespace LibAtrac9
             new byte[] {0, 0, 0, 0}
         };
     }
-}
+}

src/SharpEmu.LibAtrac9/Quantization.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 #nullable disable
 using System;
 

src/SharpEmu.LibAtrac9/ScaleFactors.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 #nullable disable
 using System;
 using System.IO;

src/SharpEmu.LibAtrac9/SharpEmu.LibAtrac9.csproj

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<!--
+Copyright (C) 2018 VGMToolbox Project
+SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+-->
+
+<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <AssemblyName>SharpEmu.LibAtrac9</AssemblyName>
+    <RootNamespace>LibAtrac9</RootNamespace>
+    <GenerateDocumentationFile>false</GenerateDocumentationFile>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+</Project>

src/SharpEmu.LibAtrac9/Stereo.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 #nullable disable
 namespace LibAtrac9
 {

src/SharpEmu.LibAtrac9/Tables.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 #nullable disable
 using System;
 using static LibAtrac9.HuffmanCodebooks;

src/SharpEmu.LibAtrac9/Unpack.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 #nullable disable
 using System;
 using System.IO;

src/SharpEmu.LibAtrac9/Utilities/Bit.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 #nullable disable
 namespace LibAtrac9.Utilities
 {

src/SharpEmu.LibAtrac9/Utilities/BitReader.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 #nullable disable
 using System;
 using System.Diagnostics;

src/SharpEmu.LibAtrac9/Utilities/Helpers.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 #nullable disable
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 

src/SharpEmu.LibAtrac9/Utilities/Mdct.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 #nullable disable
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Acm/AcmExports.cs

@@ -2,13 +2,17 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
 using System.Buffers.Binary;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Acm;
 
 public static class AcmExports
 {
+    private const int AcmBatchErrorBytes = 32;
+    private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<uint, byte> Contexts = new();
     private static int _nextContextHandle;
+    private static int _nextBatchHandle;
 
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "ZIXln2K3XMk",
@@ -23,12 +27,17 @@ public static class AcmExports
             return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
         }
 
-        var handle = (ulong)Interlocked.Increment(ref _nextContextHandle);
+        var handle = unchecked((uint)Interlocked.Increment(ref _nextContextHandle));
-        Span<byte> handleBytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(ulong)];
+        Span<byte> handleBytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
-        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(handleBytes, handle);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(handleBytes, handle);
-        return ctx.Memory.TryWrite(outContextAddress, handleBytes)
+        if (!ctx.Memory.TryWrite(outContextAddress, handleBytes))
-            ? ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK)
+        {
-            : ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+        }
+
+        Contexts[handle] = 0;
+        Trace($"context_create context={handle}");
+        return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(
@@ -38,7 +47,196 @@ public static class AcmExports
         LibraryName = "libSceAcm")]
     public static int AcmContextDestroy(CpuContext ctx)
     {
-        _ = ctx;
+        var context = unchecked((uint)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        Contexts.TryRemove(context, out _);
+        Trace($"context_destroy context={context}");
         return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
     }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "tW9W+CAG4FE",
+        ExportName = "sceAcmBatchStartBuffer",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceAcm")]
+    public static int AcmBatchStartBuffer(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var context = unchecked((uint)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        var commandsAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi];
+        var commandsSize = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx];
+        var errorAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rcx];
+        var batchAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.R8];
+
+        if (!Contexts.ContainsKey(context) ||
+            batchAddress == 0 ||
+            (commandsSize != 0 && commandsAddress == 0))
+        {
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+        }
+
+        return CompleteBatchStart(ctx, context, 1, errorAddress, batchAddress);
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "8fe55ktlNVo",
+        ExportName = "sceAcmBatchStartBuffers",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceAcm")]
+    public static int AcmBatchStartBuffers(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var context = unchecked((uint)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        var infoCount = unchecked((uint)ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi]);
+        var infoArrayAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdx];
+        var errorAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rcx];
+        var batchAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.R8];
+
+        if (!Contexts.ContainsKey(context) ||
+            batchAddress == 0 ||
+            (infoCount != 0 && infoArrayAddress == 0))
+        {
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+        }
+
+        return CompleteBatchStart(ctx, context, infoCount, errorAddress, batchAddress);
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "RLN3gRlXJLE",
+        ExportName = "sceAcmBatchWait",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceAcm")]
+    public static int AcmBatchWait(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var context = unchecked((uint)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        return ctx.SetReturn(
+            Contexts.ContainsKey(context)
+                ? OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK
+                : OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "r7z5YQFZo+U",
+        ExportName = "sceAcmBatchJobNotification",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceAcm")]
+    public static int AcmBatchJobNotification(CpuContext ctx) =>
+        AdvanceBatchInfo(ctx, 32);
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "u70oWo92SYQ",
+        ExportName = "sceAcm_ConvReverb_SharedInput",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceAcm")]
+    public static int AcmConvReverbSharedInput(CpuContext ctx) =>
+        AdvanceBatchInfo(ctx, 1024);
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "9nLbWmRDpa8",
+        ExportName = "sceAcm_ConvReverb_SharedIr",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceAcm")]
+    public static int AcmConvReverbSharedIr(CpuContext ctx) =>
+        AdvanceBatchInfo(ctx, 1024);
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "KovqaFbmtsM",
+        ExportName = "sceAcm_FFT",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceAcm")]
+    public static int AcmFft(CpuContext ctx) =>
+        AdvanceBatchInfo(ctx, 256);
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "DR-ZCmvVR9Q",
+        ExportName = "sceAcm_IFFT",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceAcm")]
+    public static int AcmIfft(CpuContext ctx) =>
+        AdvanceBatchInfo(ctx, 256);
+
+    [SysAbiExport(
+        Nid = "LA4RCNKnFjg",
+        ExportName = "sceAcm_Panner",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5,
+        LibraryName = "libSceAcm")]
+    public static int AcmPanner(CpuContext ctx) =>
+        AdvanceBatchInfo(ctx, 512);
+
+    internal static void ResetForTests()
+    {
+        Contexts.Clear();
+        Interlocked.Exchange(ref _nextContextHandle, 0);
+        Interlocked.Exchange(ref _nextBatchHandle, 0);
+    }
+
+    private static int CompleteBatchStart(
+        CpuContext ctx,
+        uint context,
+        uint infoCount,
+        ulong errorAddress,
+        ulong batchAddress)
+    {
+        if (errorAddress != 0)
+        {
+            Span<byte> error = stackalloc byte[AcmBatchErrorBytes];
+            error.Clear();
+            if (!ctx.Memory.TryWrite(errorAddress, error))
+            {
+                return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            }
+        }
+
+        var batch = unchecked((uint)Interlocked.Increment(ref _nextBatchHandle));
+        Span<byte> batchBytes = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(batchBytes, batch);
+        if (!ctx.Memory.TryWrite(batchAddress, batchBytes))
+        {
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+        }
+
+        Trace($"batch_start context={context} count={infoCount} batch={batch}");
+        return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+    }
+
+    private static int AdvanceBatchInfo(CpuContext ctx, ulong byteCount)
+    {
+        var infoAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
+        if (infoAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+        }
+
+        Span<byte> info = stackalloc byte[24];
+        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(infoAddress, info))
+        {
+            return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+        }
+
+        var buffer = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt64LittleEndian(info);
+        var offset = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt64LittleEndian(info[8..]);
+        var size = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt64LittleEndian(info[16..]);
+        if (buffer != 0 && size != 0)
+        {
+            var nextOffset = offset > ulong.MaxValue - byteCount
+                ? ulong.MaxValue
+                : offset + byteCount;
+            BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt64LittleEndian(info[8..], Math.Min(size, nextOffset));
+            if (!ctx.Memory.TryWrite(infoAddress, info))
+            {
+                return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return ctx.SetReturn(OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK);
+    }
+
+    private static void Trace(string message)
+    {
+        if (string.Equals(
+                Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_ACM"),
+                "1",
+                StringComparison.Ordinal))
+        {
+            Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][TRACE] acm.{message}");
+        }
+    }
 }

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Agc/AgcIndexHelpers.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using System.Buffers.Binary;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Agc;
+
+/// <summary>Prospero/AGC IndexType helpers (gpu_defs / renderDraw index8 expand).</summary>
+internal static class AgcIndexHelpers
+{
+    internal enum ProsperoIndexType : uint
+    {
+        Index16 = 0,
+        Index32 = 1,
+        Index8 = 2,
+    }
+
+    internal static ProsperoIndexType Decode(uint raw) =>
+        (raw & 0x3u) switch
+        {
+            1 => ProsperoIndexType.Index32,
+            2 => ProsperoIndexType.Index8,
+            _ => ProsperoIndexType.Index16,
+        };
+
+    internal static int GetGuestStrideBytes(ProsperoIndexType indexType) =>
+        indexType switch
+        {
+            ProsperoIndexType.Index32 => sizeof(uint),
+            ProsperoIndexType.Index8 => sizeof(byte),
+            _ => sizeof(ushort),
+        };
+
+    /// <summary>Expand guest u8 indices to host u16 (Vulkan/Metal bindable).</summary>
+    internal static void ExpandIndex8ToU16(ReadOnlySpan<byte> source, Span<byte> destination)
+    {
+        if (destination.Length < source.Length * sizeof(ushort))
+        {
+            throw new ArgumentException("destination too small for u8->u16 expansion.");
+        }
+
+        for (var index = 0; index < source.Length; index++)
+        {
+            BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt16LittleEndian(
+                destination.Slice(index * sizeof(ushort), sizeof(ushort)),
+                source[index]);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Agc/AgcPrimitiveHelpers.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Agc;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Shared Prospero/AGC primitive-type helpers (renderDraw / gpu_defs).
+/// </summary>
+internal static class AgcPrimitiveHelpers
+{
+    internal const uint PrimitiveRectList = 7;
+    internal const uint PrimitiveRectListLegacy = 0x11;
+
+    internal enum GsOutputPrimitiveType : uint
+    {
+        Points = 0,
+        Lines = 1,
+        Triangles = 2,
+        Rectangle2D = 3,
+        RectList = 4,
+    }
+
+    internal static bool IsRectListPrimitive(uint primitiveType) =>
+        primitiveType is PrimitiveRectList or PrimitiveRectListLegacy;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Maps draw prim type to VGT_GS_OUT_PRIM_TYPE when NGG is not enabled
+    /// on the GS (GraphicsPrimitiveTypeToGsOut).
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static uint PrimitiveTypeToGsOut(uint primitiveType) =>
+        primitiveType switch
+        {
+            1 => (uint)GsOutputPrimitiveType.Points, // PointList
+            2 or 3 or 10 or 11 or 18 => (uint)GsOutputPrimitiveType.Lines,
+            PrimitiveRectList => (uint)GsOutputPrimitiveType.Rectangle2D,
+            PrimitiveRectListLegacy => (uint)GsOutputPrimitiveType.RectList,
+            _ => (uint)GsOutputPrimitiveType.Triangles,
+        };
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Rect-list auto-draw topology selection.
+    /// NGG single-rect UI quads (DualSense prompts) submit count 1/3/4 and
+    /// must become a 4-vert triangle strip — even when the VS has embedded
+    /// vertex-buffer fetches (those still show up as host VBs). Indexed and
+    /// larger auto counts stay triangle list so the loading video is safe.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static bool ShouldDrawRectListAsTriangleStrip(
+        uint primitiveType,
+        bool indexed,
+        uint vertexCount,
+        bool hasVertexBuffers = false)
+    {
+        _ = hasVertexBuffers;
+        if (indexed || !IsRectListPrimitive(primitiveType))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (primitiveType == PrimitiveRectListLegacy)
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // NGG kRectList: strip for auto + ngg_rectlist_draw.
+        // Restrict to the single-rect counts GTA UI actually submits.
+        return vertexCount is 1 or 3 or 4;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Host vertex count for auto rect-list draws that expand to a strip.
+    /// NGG single-rect: always 4. Legacy 0x11: 3 -> 4.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static uint GetRectListDrawVertexCount(
+        uint primitiveType,
+        uint vertexCount,
+        bool indexed,
+        bool hasVertexBuffers = false)
+    {
+        if (!ShouldDrawRectListAsTriangleStrip(
+                primitiveType,
+                indexed,
+                vertexCount,
+                hasVertexBuffers))
+        {
+            return vertexCount;
+        }
+
+        if (primitiveType == PrimitiveRectList)
+        {
+            return 4;
+        }
+
+        if (primitiveType == PrimitiveRectListLegacy && vertexCount == 3)
+        {
+            return 4;
+        }
+
+        return vertexCount;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Legacy helper — prefer
+    /// <see cref="ShouldDrawRectListAsTriangleStrip"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static bool IsRectListTriangleStrip(uint primitiveType) =>
+        IsRectListPrimitive(primitiveType);
+}

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Agc/AgcVertexMetadata.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,788 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using SharpEmu.HLE;
+using SharpEmu.ShaderCompiler;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Agc;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// AGC embedded vertex metadata. Locates
+/// PtrVertexBufferTable / PtrVertexAttribDescTable and builds authoritative
+/// attribute layouts that draw translation merges onto IR-discovered fetches.
+/// </summary>
+internal static class AgcVertexMetadata
+{
+    private const ushort IllegalDirectOffset = 0xFFFF;
+    private const ulong ShaderUserDataOffset = 0x08;
+    private const ulong ShaderInputSemanticsOffset = 0x30;
+    private const ulong ShaderNumInputSemanticsOffset = 0x50;
+
+    internal enum AgcDirectResourceType : uint
+    {
+        PtrVertexBufferTable = 8,
+        PtrVertexAttribDescTable = 10,
+        Last = PtrVertexAttribDescTable,
+    }
+
+    internal readonly record struct VertexTableRegisters(
+        int VertexBufferReg,
+        int VertexAttribReg,
+        uint InputSemanticsCount,
+        ulong InputSemanticsAddress);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// One AGC attrib-table resource.
+    /// Representation: <see cref="SharpBase"/> is the V# base; attribute byte
+    /// offset is applied as <see cref="OffsetBytes"/> (Vulkan bind offset),
+    /// not folded into the base — avoids double-counting when the IR prolog
+    /// already bumped the sharp address.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal readonly record struct MetadataVertexResource(
+        uint Location,
+        uint Semantic,
+        uint HardwareMapping,
+        uint SizeInElements,
+        ulong SharpBase,
+        uint Stride,
+        uint OffsetBytes,
+        uint DataFormat,
+        uint NumberFormat,
+        uint ComponentCount,
+        bool PerInstance);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Reads AGC user-data direct-resource offsets for the ES header mapped to
+    /// <paramref name="shaderCodeAddress"/>. Returns false when the header is
+    /// unknown or the tables are absent (attribute-less clears).
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static bool TryGetVertexTableRegisters(
+        CpuContext ctx,
+        ulong shaderCodeAddress,
+        ulong shaderHeaderAddress,
+        out VertexTableRegisters registers)
+    {
+        registers = new VertexTableRegisters(-1, -1, 0, 0);
+        if (shaderHeaderAddress == 0 ||
+            !TryReadUInt64(ctx, shaderHeaderAddress + ShaderUserDataOffset, out var userDataAddress) ||
+            userDataAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // ShaderUserData layout:
+        //   0x00: uint16_t* direct_resource_offset
+        //   0x08: sharp_resource_offset[4]
+        //   0x28: eud_size_dw, srt_size_dw
+        //   0x2C: direct_resource_count
+        if (!TryReadUInt64(ctx, userDataAddress, out var directResourceOffset) ||
+            !TryReadUInt16(ctx, userDataAddress + 0x2C, out var directResourceCount))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        var maxTypes = (uint)AgcDirectResourceType.Last + 1u;
+        if (directResourceCount > maxTypes || directResourceOffset == 0)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        var vertexBufferReg = -1;
+        var vertexAttribReg = -1;
+        for (uint type = 0; type < directResourceCount; type++)
+        {
+            if (!TryReadUInt16(
+                    ctx,
+                    directResourceOffset + (type * sizeof(ushort)),
+                    out var reg) ||
+                reg == IllegalDirectOffset)
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            switch ((AgcDirectResourceType)type)
+            {
+                case AgcDirectResourceType.PtrVertexBufferTable:
+                    vertexBufferReg = reg;
+                    break;
+                case AgcDirectResourceType.PtrVertexAttribDescTable:
+                    vertexAttribReg = reg;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (vertexBufferReg < 0 || vertexAttribReg < 0)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (!TryReadUInt64(
+                ctx,
+                shaderHeaderAddress + ShaderInputSemanticsOffset,
+                out var inputSemanticsAddress) ||
+            !TryReadUInt32(
+                ctx,
+                shaderHeaderAddress + ShaderNumInputSemanticsOffset,
+                out var inputSemanticsCount) ||
+            inputSemanticsCount == 0 ||
+            inputSemanticsAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        registers = new VertexTableRegisters(
+            vertexBufferReg,
+            vertexAttribReg,
+            inputSemanticsCount,
+            inputSemanticsAddress);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Builds attrib resources from AGC input_semantics + tables.
+    /// ShaderSemantic packing:
+    ///   bits [7:0]   semantic          → attrib table index
+    ///   bits [15:8]  hardware_mapping  → VGPR destination
+    ///   bits [19:16] size_in_elements
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static bool TryBuildVertexResourcesFromMetadata(
+        CpuContext ctx,
+        IReadOnlyList<uint> scalarRegisters,
+        VertexTableRegisters tables,
+        out IReadOnlyList<MetadataVertexResource> resources)
+    {
+        resources = Array.Empty<MetadataVertexResource>();
+        if (tables.VertexAttribReg < 0 ||
+            tables.VertexBufferReg < 0 ||
+            tables.VertexAttribReg + 1 >= scalarRegisters.Count ||
+            tables.VertexBufferReg + 1 >= scalarRegisters.Count ||
+            tables.InputSemanticsCount == 0)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        var attribTable =
+            ((ulong)scalarRegisters[tables.VertexAttribReg + 1] << 32) |
+            scalarRegisters[tables.VertexAttribReg];
+        var bufferTable =
+            ((ulong)scalarRegisters[tables.VertexBufferReg + 1] << 32) |
+            scalarRegisters[tables.VertexBufferReg];
+        if (attribTable == 0 || bufferTable == 0)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        var built = new List<MetadataVertexResource>((int)tables.InputSemanticsCount);
+        for (uint i = 0; i < tables.InputSemanticsCount; i++)
+        {
+            if (!TryReadUInt32(
+                    ctx,
+                    tables.InputSemanticsAddress + (i * sizeof(uint)),
+                    out var semanticWord))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            // Attrib index is semantic bits [7:0], not hardware_mapping.
+            var semantic = semanticWord & 0xFFu;
+            var hardwareMapping = (semanticWord >> 8) & 0xFFu;
+            var sizeInElements = (semanticWord >> 16) & 0xFu;
+            if (!TryReadUInt32(ctx, attribTable + (semantic * sizeof(uint)), out var attribWord))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            // Attrib dword: buffer index [4:0], format [13:5], offset [25:14], fetch [26].
+            var bufferIndex = attribWord & 0x1Fu;
+            var format = (attribWord >> 5) & 0x1FFu;
+            var offset = (attribWord >> 14) & 0xFFFu;
+            var fetchIndex = (attribWord >> 26) & 0x1u;
+            var sharpAddress = bufferTable + (bufferIndex * 16u);
+            if (!TryReadUInt32(ctx, sharpAddress, out var sharp0) ||
+                !TryReadUInt32(ctx, sharpAddress + 4, out var sharp1))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            var sharpBase = sharp0 | ((ulong)(sharp1 & 0xFFFFu) << 32);
+            var stride = (sharp1 >> 16) & 0x3FFFu;
+            if (sharpBase == 0 || stride == 0)
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            var fallbackComponents = sizeInElements != 0 ? sizeInElements : 4u;
+            var (dataFormat, numberFormat, components) =
+                MapAttribFormat(format, fallbackComponents);
+            built.Add(new MetadataVertexResource(
+                Location: i,
+                Semantic: semantic,
+                HardwareMapping: hardwareMapping,
+                SizeInElements: sizeInElements,
+                SharpBase: sharpBase,
+                Stride: stride,
+                OffsetBytes: offset,
+                DataFormat: dataFormat,
+                NumberFormat: numberFormat,
+                ComponentCount: components,
+                PerInstance: fetchIndex != 0));
+        }
+
+        if (built.Count == 0)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        resources = built;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Patch IR-discovered fetches from the attrib table onto the V# format/offset.
+    /// Prefer 1:1 Location pairing when counts match on one interleaved stream
+    /// (GTA UI glyphs). Otherwise match by stride + byte offset. Never rebases
+    /// BaseAddress/Data/Location/Pc/PerInstance.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static IReadOnlyList<Gen5VertexInputBinding> MergeVertexInputsFromMetadata(
+        CpuContext ctx,
+        IReadOnlyList<uint> scalarRegisters,
+        VertexTableRegisters tables,
+        IReadOnlyList<Gen5VertexInputBinding> discovered)
+    {
+        if (discovered.Count == 0 ||
+            !TryBuildVertexResourcesFromMetadata(
+                ctx,
+                scalarRegisters,
+                tables,
+                out var resources))
+        {
+            return discovered;
+        }
+
+        if (TryMergeByLocationPairing(discovered, resources, out var paired))
+        {
+            return paired;
+        }
+
+        var merged = new List<Gen5VertexInputBinding>(discovered.Count);
+        var usedResources = new bool[resources.Count];
+        var changed = false;
+        foreach (var input in discovered)
+        {
+            if (!TryMatchMetadataResource(input, resources, usedResources, out var resource, out var fillOffset))
+            {
+                merged.Add(input);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            var refined = ApplyMetadataFormat(input, resource, fillOffset);
+            changed |= refined != input;
+            merged.Add(refined);
+        }
+
+        return changed ? merged : discovered;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// When discovery and metadata describe the same interleaved stream with
+    /// equal attribute counts, pair by sorted Location (semantic order).
+    /// Keeps each binding's Pc/Location for SPIR-V; overlays format + offset.
+    /// </summary>
+    private static bool TryMergeByLocationPairing(
+        IReadOnlyList<Gen5VertexInputBinding> discovered,
+        IReadOnlyList<MetadataVertexResource> resources,
+        out IReadOnlyList<Gen5VertexInputBinding> merged)
+    {
+        merged = discovered;
+        if (discovered.Count != resources.Count || discovered.Count == 0)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        var orderedInputs = discovered.OrderBy(static input => input.Location).ToArray();
+        var orderedResources = resources.OrderBy(static resource => resource.Location).ToArray();
+        var streamBase = orderedResources[0].SharpBase;
+        var streamStride = orderedResources[0].Stride;
+        for (var index = 0; index < orderedResources.Length; index++)
+        {
+            var resource = orderedResources[index];
+            var input = orderedInputs[index];
+            if (resource.SharpBase != streamBase ||
+                resource.Stride != streamStride ||
+                (input.Stride != 0 && input.Stride != streamStride) ||
+                !IsSameVertexStream(input, resource))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        var byPc = new Dictionary<uint, Gen5VertexInputBinding>(discovered.Count);
+        var changed = false;
+        for (var index = 0; index < orderedInputs.Length; index++)
+        {
+            var input = orderedInputs[index];
+            var resource = orderedResources[index];
+            var fillOffset = input.BaseAddress == resource.SharpBase ||
+                             IsAddressInsideCapturedSpan(input, resource.SharpBase);
+            var refined = ApplyMetadataFormat(input, resource, fillOffset);
+            changed |= refined != input;
+            byPc[input.Pc] = refined;
+        }
+
+        if (!changed)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        var result = new Gen5VertexInputBinding[discovered.Count];
+        for (var index = 0; index < discovered.Count; index++)
+        {
+            result[index] = byPc[discovered[index].Pc];
+        }
+
+        merged = result;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static Gen5VertexInputBinding ApplyMetadataFormat(
+        Gen5VertexInputBinding input,
+        MetadataVertexResource resource,
+        bool fillOffsetBytes)
+    {
+        var components = input.ComponentCount != 0 &&
+                         input.ComponentCount < resource.ComponentCount
+            ? input.ComponentCount
+            : resource.ComponentCount;
+
+        return input with
+        {
+            DataFormat = resource.DataFormat,
+            NumberFormat = resource.NumberFormat,
+            ComponentCount = components,
+            OffsetBytes = fillOffsetBytes ? resource.OffsetBytes : input.OffsetBytes,
+        };
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Legacy entry point — forwards to <see cref="MergeVertexInputsFromMetadata"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static IReadOnlyList<Gen5VertexInputBinding> RefineVertexInputs(
+        CpuContext ctx,
+        IReadOnlyList<uint> scalarRegisters,
+        VertexTableRegisters tables,
+        IReadOnlyList<Gen5VertexInputBinding> discovered) =>
+        MergeVertexInputsFromMetadata(ctx, scalarRegisters, tables, discovered);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Collects SBufferLoad / SLoad PCs that read the AGC attrib or buffer
+    /// tables (embedded-fetch prolog). Those loads are executed on the
+    /// CPU during scalar evaluation; once vertex inputs are bound they must
+    /// not run again as live SSBOs on the GPU.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static HashSet<uint> CollectFetchPrologPcs(
+        Gen5ShaderProgram program,
+        VertexTableRegisters tables)
+    {
+        var pcs = new HashSet<uint>();
+        if (tables.VertexAttribReg < 0 || tables.VertexBufferReg < 0)
+        {
+            return pcs;
+        }
+
+        var tableRegs = new HashSet<uint>
+        {
+            (uint)tables.VertexAttribReg,
+            (uint)tables.VertexAttribReg + 1u,
+            (uint)tables.VertexBufferReg,
+            (uint)tables.VertexBufferReg + 1u,
+        };
+
+        foreach (var instruction in program.Instructions)
+        {
+            var isScalarLoad =
+                instruction.Opcode.StartsWith("SBufferLoad", StringComparison.Ordinal) ||
+                instruction.Opcode.StartsWith("SLoad", StringComparison.Ordinal);
+            if (!isScalarLoad)
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // SMEM loads encode the scalar base pointer in Sources[0].
+            if (instruction.Sources.Count > 0 &&
+                instruction.Sources[0] is
+                {
+                    Kind: Gen5OperandKind.ScalarRegister,
+                    Value: var scalarBase,
+                } &&
+                tableRegs.Contains(scalarBase))
+            {
+                pcs.Add(instruction.Pc);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (instruction.Control is Gen5BufferMemoryControl buffer &&
+                tableRegs.Contains(buffer.ScalarResource))
+            {
+                pcs.Add(instruction.Pc);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return pcs;
+    }
+
+    private static bool TryMatchMetadataResource(
+        Gen5VertexInputBinding input,
+        IReadOnlyList<MetadataVertexResource> resources,
+        bool[] usedResources,
+        out MetadataVertexResource resource,
+        out bool fillOffsetBytes)
+    {
+        resource = default;
+        fillOffsetBytes = false;
+        var bestScore = int.MinValue;
+        var bestIndex = -1;
+        var bestFillOffset = false;
+        for (var index = 0; index < resources.Count; index++)
+        {
+            if (usedResources[index])
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            var candidate = resources[index];
+            if (candidate.Stride != 0 &&
+                input.Stride != 0 &&
+                candidate.Stride != input.Stride)
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (!IsSameVertexStream(input, candidate))
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            var attrAddress = candidate.SharpBase + candidate.OffsetBytes;
+            var score = int.MinValue;
+            var fillOffset = false;
+
+            // Post-capture interleaved: shared BaseAddress, distinct OffsetBytes.
+            if (input.OffsetBytes == candidate.OffsetBytes &&
+                (input.BaseAddress == candidate.SharpBase ||
+                 IsAddressInsideCapturedSpan(input, candidate.SharpBase)))
+            {
+                score = 400;
+            }
+            // IR prolog baked attrib offset into the V# base.
+            else if (input.BaseAddress == attrAddress)
+            {
+                score = 350;
+            }
+            // Discovery never saw the attrib offset — only safe when this
+            // resource's offset uniquely identifies it among unused entries.
+            else if (input.BaseAddress == candidate.SharpBase &&
+                     input.OffsetBytes == 0 &&
+                     candidate.OffsetBytes != 0 &&
+                     IsUniqueUnusedOffset(resources, usedResources, candidate.OffsetBytes, index))
+            {
+                score = 300;
+                fillOffset = true;
+            }
+            else if (input.BaseAddress == candidate.SharpBase &&
+                     input.OffsetBytes == 0 &&
+                     candidate.OffsetBytes == 0)
+            {
+                score = 250;
+            }
+
+            if (score > bestScore)
+            {
+                bestScore = score;
+                bestIndex = index;
+                bestFillOffset = fillOffset;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Require an offset-aware match. Bare SharpBase ties (score 250) are
+        // only accepted when a single unused resource remains for that stream.
+        if (bestIndex < 0 || bestScore < 300)
+        {
+            if (bestIndex < 0 || bestScore < 250)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            var unusedSameStream = 0;
+            for (var index = 0; index < resources.Count; index++)
+            {
+                if (!usedResources[index] && IsSameVertexStream(input, resources[index]))
+                {
+                    unusedSameStream++;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (unusedSameStream != 1)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        usedResources[bestIndex] = true;
+        resource = resources[bestIndex];
+        fillOffsetBytes = bestFillOffset;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static bool IsSameVertexStream(
+        Gen5VertexInputBinding input,
+        MetadataVertexResource resource)
+    {
+        if (input.BaseAddress == resource.SharpBase ||
+            input.BaseAddress == resource.SharpBase + resource.OffsetBytes)
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return IsAddressInsideCapturedSpan(input, resource.SharpBase);
+    }
+
+    private static bool IsAddressInsideCapturedSpan(
+        Gen5VertexInputBinding input,
+        ulong address) =>
+        input.DataLength > 0 &&
+        address >= input.BaseAddress &&
+        address < input.BaseAddress + (ulong)input.DataLength;
+
+    private static bool IsUniqueUnusedOffset(
+        IReadOnlyList<MetadataVertexResource> resources,
+        bool[] usedResources,
+        uint offsetBytes,
+        int candidateIndex)
+    {
+        for (var index = 0; index < resources.Count; index++)
+        {
+            if (index == candidateIndex || usedResources[index])
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (resources[index].OffsetBytes == offsetBytes)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Attrib-table format
+    /// fields are VertexAttribFormat; V# / Vulkan paths need BufferFormat.
+    /// Unknown values pass through (already BufferFormat).
+    /// </summary>
+    private static uint VertexAttribFormatToBufferFormat(uint format) =>
+        format switch
+        {
+            0 => 0,     // Invalid
+            4 => 1,     // k8UNorm
+            8 => 2,     // k8SNorm
+            12 => 3,    // k8UScaled
+            16 => 4,    // k8SScaled
+            20 => 5,    // k8UInt
+            24 => 6,    // k8SInt
+            28 => 7,    // k16UNorm
+            32 => 8,    // k16SNorm
+            36 => 9,    // k16UScaled
+            40 => 10,   // k16SScaled
+            44 => 11,   // k16UInt
+            48 => 12,   // k16SInt
+            52 => 13,   // k16Float
+            57 => 14,   // k8_8UNorm
+            61 => 15,   // k8_8SNorm
+            65 => 16,   // k8_8UScaled
+            69 => 17,   // k8_8SScaled
+            73 => 18,   // k8_8UInt
+            77 => 19,   // k8_8SInt
+            80 => 20,   // k32UInt
+            84 => 21,   // k32SInt
+            88 => 22,   // k32Float
+            93 => 23,   // k16_16UNorm
+            97 => 24,   // k16_16SNorm
+            101 => 25,  // k16_16UScaled
+            105 => 26,  // k16_16SScaled
+            109 => 27,  // k16_16UInt
+            113 => 28,  // k16_16SInt
+            117 => 29,  // k16_16Float
+            122 => 30,  // k11_11_10UNorm
+            126 => 31,
+            130 => 32,
+            134 => 33,
+            138 => 34,
+            142 => 35,
+            146 => 36,
+            150 => 37,  // k10_11_11UNorm
+            154 => 38,
+            158 => 39,
+            162 => 40,
+            166 => 41,
+            170 => 42,
+            174 => 43,
+            179 => 44,  // k2_10_10_10UNorm
+            183 => 45,
+            187 => 46,
+            191 => 47,
+            195 => 48,
+            199 => 49,
+            203 => 50,  // k10_10_10_2UNorm
+            207 => 51,
+            211 => 52,
+            215 => 53,
+            219 => 54,
+            223 => 55,
+            227 => 56,  // k8_8_8_8UNorm
+            231 => 57,
+            235 => 58,
+            239 => 59,
+            243 => 60,
+            247 => 61,
+            249 => 62,  // k32_32UInt
+            253 => 63,
+            257 => 64,  // k32_32Float
+            263 => 65,  // k16_16_16_16UNorm
+            267 => 66,
+            271 => 67,
+            275 => 68,
+            279 => 69,
+            283 => 70,
+            287 => 71,  // k16_16_16_16Float
+            290 => 72,  // k32_32_32UInt
+            294 => 73,
+            298 => 74,
+            303 => 75,  // k32_32_32_32UInt
+            307 => 76,
+            311 => 77,  // k32_32_32_32Float
+            _ => format,
+        };
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Maps Prospero attrib-table formats onto GNM (DataFormat, NumberFormat,
+    /// Components) for <c>ToVkVertexFormat</c>. Accepts VertexAttribFormat
+    /// or BufferFormat (pass-through). NumberFormat: 0 Unorm, 1 SNorm,
+    /// 2 UScaled, 3 SScaled, 4 UInt, 5 SInt, 7 Float.
+    /// </summary>
+    private static (uint DataFormat, uint NumberFormat, uint Components) MapAttribFormat(
+        uint attribFormat,
+        uint fallbackComponents)
+    {
+        // Prospero VertexAttribFormat quirks before BufferFormat conversion.
+        if (attribFormat == 113)
+        {
+            return (14, 7, 4); // R32G32B32A32_SFLOAT
+        }
+
+        if (attribFormat == 121)
+        {
+            return (5, 7, 2); // R16G16_SFLOAT
+        }
+
+        var bufferFormat = VertexAttribFormatToBufferFormat(attribFormat);
+
+        // Prospero::BufferFormat numeric values (gpu_defs.h).
+        return bufferFormat switch
+        {
+            1 => (1, 0, 1),   // k8UNorm
+            2 => (1, 1, 1),   // k8SNorm
+            3 => (1, 2, 1),   // k8UScaled
+            4 => (1, 3, 1),   // k8SScaled
+            5 => (1, 4, 1),   // k8UInt
+            6 => (1, 5, 1),   // k8SInt
+            7 => (2, 0, 1),   // k16UNorm
+            8 => (2, 1, 1),   // k16SNorm
+            9 => (2, 2, 1),   // k16UScaled
+            10 => (2, 3, 1),  // k16SScaled
+            11 => (2, 4, 1),  // k16UInt
+            12 => (2, 5, 1),  // k16SInt
+            13 => (2, 7, 1),  // k16Float
+            14 => (3, 0, 2),  // k8_8UNorm
+            15 => (3, 1, 2),  // k8_8SNorm
+            16 => (3, 2, 2),  // k8_8UScaled
+            17 => (3, 3, 2),  // k8_8SScaled
+            18 => (3, 4, 2),  // k8_8UInt
+            19 => (3, 5, 2),  // k8_8SInt
+            20 => (4, 4, 1),  // k32UInt
+            21 => (4, 5, 1),  // k32SInt
+            22 => (4, 7, 1),  // k32Float
+            23 => (5, 0, 2),  // k16_16UNorm
+            24 => (5, 1, 2),  // k16_16SNorm
+            25 => (5, 2, 2),  // k16_16UScaled
+            26 => (5, 3, 2),  // k16_16SScaled
+            27 => (5, 4, 2),  // k16_16UInt
+            28 => (5, 5, 2),  // k16_16SInt
+            29 => (5, 7, 2),  // k16_16Float
+            50 => (9, 0, 4),  // k10_10_10_2UNorm
+            51 => (9, 1, 4),  // k10_10_10_2SNorm
+            56 => (10, 0, 4), // k8_8_8_8UNorm
+            57 => (10, 1, 4), // k8_8_8_8SNorm
+            58 => (10, 2, 4), // k8_8_8_8UScaled
+            59 => (10, 3, 4), // k8_8_8_8SScaled
+            60 => (10, 4, 4), // k8_8_8_8UInt
+            61 => (10, 5, 4), // k8_8_8_8SInt
+            62 => (11, 4, 2), // k32_32UInt
+            63 => (11, 5, 2), // k32_32SInt
+            64 => (11, 7, 2), // k32_32Float
+            65 => (12, 0, 4), // k16_16_16_16UNorm
+            66 => (12, 1, 4), // k16_16_16_16SNorm
+            67 => (12, 2, 4), // k16_16_16_16UScaled
+            68 => (12, 3, 4), // k16_16_16_16SScaled
+            69 => (12, 4, 4), // k16_16_16_16UInt
+            70 => (12, 5, 4), // k16_16_16_16SInt
+            71 => (12, 7, 4), // k16_16_16_16Float
+            72 => (13, 4, 3), // k32_32_32UInt
+            73 => (13, 5, 3), // k32_32_32SInt
+            74 => (13, 7, 3), // k32_32_32Float
+            75 => (14, 4, 4), // k32_32_32_32UInt
+            76 => (14, 5, 4), // k32_32_32_32SInt
+            77 => (14, 7, 4), // k32_32_32_32Float
+            _ => (14, 7, Math.Clamp(fallbackComponents, 1u, 4u)),
+        };
+    }
+
+    private static bool TryReadUInt16(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, out ushort value)
+    {
+        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[2];
+        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address, buffer))
+        {
+            value = 0;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        value = System.Buffers.Binary.BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt16LittleEndian(buffer);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static bool TryReadUInt32(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, out uint value)
+    {
+        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[4];
+        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address, buffer))
+        {
+            value = 0;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        value = System.Buffers.Binary.BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(buffer);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static bool TryReadUInt64(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, out ulong value)
+    {
+        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[8];
+        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(address, buffer))
+        {
+            value = 0;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        value = System.Buffers.Binary.BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt64LittleEndian(buffer);
+        return true;
+    }
+}

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Agc/GnmTiling.cs

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ internal enum DetileEquation
     /// <summary>Unsupported mode/format; caller must use the CPU path or raw upload.</summary>
     None,
 
-    /// <summary>Exact AddrLib XOR equation (RDNA2 modes 5/9/24/27): factored X/Y terms.</summary>
+    /// <summary>Exact AddrLib XOR equation (RDNA2 modes 1/5/9/24/27): factored X/Y terms.</summary>
     ExactXor,
 
     /// <summary>Other modes: a precomputed in-block Morton/standard element-offset table.</summary>
@@ -145,6 +145,18 @@ internal static unsafe class GnmTiling
          Y(2), X(2), Y(3), X(3), Y(4), X(4), Y(5), X(5)],
     ];
 
+    // GFX10 256B_S: 8-bit micro-tile equation (low octet of the 4K_S pattern).
+    // The generic StandardSwizzle bit-interleave is a different layout and leaves
+    // a broken grid on Gen5 UI atlases that ship as Standard256B.
+    private static readonly AddressBit[][] Standard256 =
+    [
+        [X(0), X(1), X(2), X(3), Y(0), Y(1), Y(2), Y(3)],
+        [Zero, X(0), X(1), X(2), Y(0), Y(1), Y(2), X(3)],
+        [Zero, Zero, X(0), X(1), Y(0), Y(1), Y(2), X(2)],
+        [Zero, Zero, Zero, X(0), Y(0), Y(1), X(1), X(2)],
+        [Zero, Zero, Zero, Zero, Y(0), Y(1), X(0), X(1)],
+    ];
+
     // GFX10 4K_S has a separate 12-bit micro-tile equation. It is not the
     // generic x/y interleave used by the 64K standard block; using that larger
     // equation leaves a regular grid in linearized atlases.
@@ -789,6 +801,7 @@ internal static unsafe class GnmTiling
 
         pattern = swizzleMode switch
         {
+            1 => Standard256[bytesPerElementLog2],
             5 => Standard4K[bytesPerElementLog2],
             9 => RbPlus64KStandard[bytesPerElementLog2],
             24 => RbPlus64KDepthX[bytesPerElementLog2],

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Agc/GpuWaitProfile.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using System.Diagnostics;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Agc;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Aggregate accounting for suspended WAIT_REG_MEM packets, enabled with
+/// SHARPEMU_PROFILE_GPU_WAIT=1.
+///
+/// The existing <c>agc.wait_suspended</c> warning is deduplicated per label, so
+/// a label that suspends every frame is reported once and then goes silent —
+/// which makes the log useless for judging whether GPU waits cost frame time.
+/// This counts every suspension and every resume, and reports how long the
+/// queues actually sat blocked.
+/// </summary>
+internal static class GpuWaitProfile
+{
+    public static readonly bool Enabled = string.Equals(
+        Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_PROFILE_GPU_WAIT"),
+        "1",
+        StringComparison.Ordinal);
+
+    private static readonly double _reportSeconds =
+        double.TryParse(
+            Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_PROFILE_GPU_WAIT_REPORT_S"),
+            System.Globalization.CultureInfo.InvariantCulture,
+            out var seconds) && seconds > 0
+            ? seconds
+            : 5.0;
+
+    private static readonly object _gate = new();
+    private static readonly Dictionary<ulong, (long Count, double Milliseconds)> _byLabel = new();
+    private static long _suspensions;
+    private static long _resumes;
+    private static long _producerless;
+    private static long _monitorPolls;
+    private static long _monitorEmptyPolls;
+    private static double _totalWaitMilliseconds;
+    private static double _maxWaitMilliseconds;
+    private static long _windowStart = Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+
+    public static void RecordSuspend(bool hasProducer)
+    {
+        if (!Enabled)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        lock (_gate)
+        {
+            _suspensions++;
+            if (!hasProducer)
+            {
+                _producerless++;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void RecordResume(ulong label, double waitedMilliseconds)
+    {
+        if (!Enabled)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        lock (_gate)
+        {
+            _resumes++;
+            _totalWaitMilliseconds += waitedMilliseconds;
+            if (waitedMilliseconds > _maxWaitMilliseconds)
+            {
+                _maxWaitMilliseconds = waitedMilliseconds;
+            }
+
+            if (_byLabel.Count < 4096)
+            {
+                var existing = _byLabel.TryGetValue(label, out var entry) ? entry : default;
+                _byLabel[label] = (existing.Count + 1, existing.Milliseconds + waitedMilliseconds);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Called once per wake of the wait monitor. An empty poll means the monitor
+    /// burned a wakeup without resuming anything, which is the cost of the
+    /// backoff loop rather than of the wait itself.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static void RecordMonitorPoll(bool resumedAny)
+    {
+        if (!Enabled)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        lock (_gate)
+        {
+            _monitorPolls++;
+            if (!resumedAny)
+            {
+                _monitorEmptyPolls++;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void ReportIfDue(int remainingWaiters)
+    {
+        if (!Enabled)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        string line;
+        lock (_gate)
+        {
+            var now = Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+            var elapsedTicks = now - _windowStart;
+            if (elapsedTicks < _reportSeconds * Stopwatch.Frequency)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            _windowStart = now;
+            var seconds = elapsedTicks / (double)Stopwatch.Frequency;
+
+            // Total blocked time across all queues. Above 1000ms/s the queues are
+            // overlapping their stalls, so compare it against the frame budget,
+            // not against wall time.
+            var top = _byLabel
+                .OrderByDescending(entry => entry.Value.Milliseconds)
+                .Take(5)
+                .Select(entry =>
+                    $"0x{entry.Key:X}={entry.Value.Milliseconds / seconds:F0}ms/s" +
+                    $"/n{entry.Value.Count}")
+                .ToArray();
+
+            line =
+                $"[PERF][GPUWAIT] {seconds:F1}s suspend/s={_suspensions / seconds:F0} " +
+                $"resume/s={_resumes / seconds:F0} producerless/s={_producerless / seconds:F0} " +
+                $"blocked_ms/s={_totalWaitMilliseconds / seconds:F0} " +
+                $"avg_ms={(_resumes > 0 ? _totalWaitMilliseconds / _resumes : 0):F2} " +
+                $"max_ms={_maxWaitMilliseconds:F1} " +
+                $"monitor_polls/s={_monitorPolls / seconds:F0} " +
+                $"empty={(_monitorPolls > 0 ? _monitorEmptyPolls * 100.0 / _monitorPolls : 0):F0}% " +
+                $"outstanding={remainingWaiters} top: {string.Join(" | ", top)}";
+
+            _suspensions = 0;
+            _resumes = 0;
+            _producerless = 0;
+            _monitorPolls = 0;
+            _monitorEmptyPolls = 0;
+            _totalWaitMilliseconds = 0;
+            _maxWaitMilliseconds = 0;
+            _byLabel.Clear();
+        }
+
+        Console.Error.WriteLine(line);
+    }
+}

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Agc/GpuWaitRegistry.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 // Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
+using System.Diagnostics;
+
 namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Agc;
 
 /// <summary>
@@ -92,6 +94,64 @@ internal static class GpuWaitRegistry
         }
     }
 
+    public readonly record struct OutstandingSnapshot(
+        int Outstanding,
+        int Latched,
+        long OldestAgeMs,
+        ulong SampleWaitAddress,
+        string? SampleQueueName);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Diagnostics snapshot of suspended WAIT_REG_MEM / dims waiters.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static OutstandingSnapshot SnapshotOutstanding(object? memory = null)
+    {
+        lock (_gate)
+        {
+            var outstanding = 0;
+            var latched = 0;
+            var oldestTicks = long.MaxValue;
+            ulong sampleAddress = 0;
+            string? sampleQueue = null;
+            var now = Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+            foreach (var (_, list) in _waiters)
+            {
+                foreach (var waiter in list)
+                {
+                    if (memory is not null &&
+                        !ReferenceEquals(waiter.Memory, memory))
+                    {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    outstanding++;
+                    if (waiter.Latched)
+                    {
+                        latched++;
+                    }
+
+                    if (waiter.RegisteredTicks != 0 &&
+                        waiter.RegisteredTicks < oldestTicks)
+                    {
+                        oldestTicks = waiter.RegisteredTicks;
+                        sampleAddress = waiter.WaitAddress;
+                        sampleQueue = waiter.QueueName;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            var oldestAgeMs = oldestTicks == long.MaxValue || oldestTicks == 0
+                ? 0L
+                : (now - oldestTicks) * 1000L / Stopwatch.Frequency;
+            return new OutstandingSnapshot(
+                outstanding,
+                latched,
+                oldestAgeMs,
+                sampleAddress,
+                sampleQueue);
+        }
+    }
+
     public static void Register(ulong address, WaitingDcb waiter)
     {
         waiter.WaitAddress = address;

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Ampr/AmprExports.cs

@@ -275,6 +275,19 @@ public static class AmprExports
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
         }
 
+        // Offset -1 means "continue after the previous read of this file id".
+        // #216 dropped this wiring; without it sequential pack/streamer reads
+        // fail as INVALID_ARGUMENT and RAGE load jobs never complete while the
+        // North Yankton UI keeps flipping.
+        if (fileOffset == unchecked((ulong)(long)-1))
+        {
+            fileOffset = PakDirectoryTracker.ResolveSequentialOffset(fileId, size);
+        }
+        else if (fileOffset > long.MaxValue)
+        {
+            fileOffset = 0;
+        }
+
         var result = TryReadFileToGuestMemory(ctx, hostPath, fileOffset, destination, size, out var bytesRead);
         if (result != (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_OK)
         {
@@ -282,6 +295,8 @@ public static class AmprExports
             return result;
         }
 
+        PakDirectoryTracker.OnReadCompleted(ctx, fileId, destination, fileOffset, bytesRead);
+
         if (!AppendReadFileRecord(ctx, commandBuffer, fileId, destination, size, fileOffset, bytesRead))
         {
             return (int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_MEMORY_FAULT;

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Audio/AjmMp3Decoder.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using NLayer;
+using System.Buffers.Binary;
+using System.Reflection;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Audio;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Stateful AJM MP3 (codec 0) decoder. GTA menu music arrives as ~960-byte
+/// packets that NLayer must decode with a persistent bit-reservoir.
+/// </summary>
+internal sealed class AjmMp3Decoder
+{
+    private static readonly Type? MpegStreamReaderType =
+        typeof(MpegFrameDecoder).Assembly.GetType("NLayer.Decoder.MpegStreamReader");
+
+    private static readonly MethodInfo? NextFrameMethod =
+        MpegStreamReaderType?.GetMethod(
+            "NextFrame",
+            BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic);
+
+    private static readonly MethodInfo? ClearBufferMethod =
+        typeof(MpegFrameDecoder).Assembly.GetType("NLayer.Decoder.FrameBase")
+            ?.GetMethod("ClearBuffer", BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic);
+
+    private readonly MpegFrameDecoder _decoder = new();
+    private readonly object _gate = new();
+    private byte[] _pending = Array.Empty<byte>();
+    private readonly float[] _floatScratch = new float[1152 * 2];
+
+    public ulong TotalDecodedSamples { get; private set; }
+
+    public void Reset()
+    {
+        lock (_gate)
+        {
+            _decoder.Reset();
+            _pending = Array.Empty<byte>();
+            TotalDecodedSamples = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public DecodeResult Decode(ReadOnlySpan<byte> input, Span<byte> output, bool pcm16)
+    {
+        lock (_gate)
+        {
+            if (MpegStreamReaderType is null || NextFrameMethod is null)
+            {
+                return DecodeResult.Failed;
+            }
+
+            var merged = new byte[_pending.Length + input.Length];
+            if (_pending.Length != 0)
+            {
+                _pending.CopyTo(merged, 0);
+            }
+
+            input.CopyTo(merged.AsSpan(_pending.Length));
+
+            using var stream = new MemoryStream(merged, writable: false);
+            object? reader;
+            try
+            {
+                reader = Activator.CreateInstance(
+                    MpegStreamReaderType,
+                    BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic,
+                    binder: null,
+                    args: [stream],
+                    culture: null);
+            }
+            catch
+            {
+                return DecodeResult.Failed;
+            }
+
+            if (reader is null)
+            {
+                return DecodeResult.Failed;
+            }
+
+            var outputOffset = 0;
+            var inputConsumed = 0;
+            var frames = 0u;
+            var samplesThisCall = 0u;
+
+            while (outputOffset < output.Length)
+            {
+                object? frameObj;
+                try
+                {
+                    frameObj = NextFrameMethod.Invoke(reader, null);
+                }
+                catch
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                if (frameObj is not IMpegFrame frame)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                try
+                {
+                    var frameOffset = GetFrameOffset(frameObj);
+                    var frameLength = frame.FrameLength;
+                    if (frameLength <= 0 || frameOffset + frameLength > merged.Length)
+                    {
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    int sampleCount;
+                    try
+                    {
+                        sampleCount = _decoder.DecodeFrame(frame, _floatScratch, 0);
+                    }
+                    catch
+                    {
+                        _decoder.Reset();
+                        inputConsumed = frameOffset + frameLength;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    if (sampleCount <= 0)
+                    {
+                        inputConsumed = frameOffset + frameLength;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    var channels = frame.ChannelMode == MpegChannelMode.Mono ? 1 : 2;
+                    var bytesPerSample = pcm16 ? 2 : 4;
+                    var byteCount = sampleCount * bytesPerSample;
+                    if (outputOffset + byteCount > output.Length)
+                    {
+                        // Not enough room for this frame — leave it for next job.
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    if (pcm16)
+                    {
+                        WritePcm16(_floatScratch.AsSpan(0, sampleCount), output[outputOffset..]);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        WriteFloat(_floatScratch.AsSpan(0, sampleCount), output[outputOffset..]);
+                    }
+
+                    outputOffset += byteCount;
+                    inputConsumed = frameOffset + frameLength;
+                    frames++;
+                    samplesThisCall += (uint)(sampleCount / Math.Max(channels, 1));
+                    TotalDecodedSamples += (ulong)(sampleCount / Math.Max(channels, 1));
+                }
+                finally
+                {
+                    try
+                    {
+                        ClearBufferMethod?.Invoke(frameObj, null);
+                    }
+                    catch
+                    {
+                        // best-effort
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            _pending = inputConsumed < merged.Length
+                ? merged[inputConsumed..]
+                : Array.Empty<byte>();
+
+            // Consume the portion of *this* input that left the pending window.
+            var pendingBefore = merged.Length - input.Length;
+            var consumedFromInput = Math.Clamp(inputConsumed - pendingBefore, 0, input.Length);
+
+            return new DecodeResult(
+                Success: frames > 0 || consumedFromInput > 0,
+                InputConsumed: consumedFromInput,
+                OutputWritten: outputOffset,
+                Frames: frames,
+                SamplesThisCall: samplesThisCall);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static int GetFrameOffset(object frameObj)
+    {
+        for (var type = frameObj.GetType(); type is not null; type = type.BaseType)
+        {
+            var prop = type.GetProperty(
+                "Offset",
+                BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly);
+            if (prop?.GetValue(frameObj) is long offset)
+            {
+                return checked((int)offset);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    private static void WritePcm16(ReadOnlySpan<float> samples, Span<byte> destination)
+    {
+        for (var i = 0; i < samples.Length; i++)
+        {
+            var sample = samples[i];
+            var scaled = sample < 0f ? sample * 32768f : sample * 32767f;
+            var value = (short)Math.Clamp(MathF.Round(scaled), short.MinValue, short.MaxValue);
+            BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt16LittleEndian(destination[(i * 2)..], value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void WriteFloat(ReadOnlySpan<float> samples, Span<byte> destination)
+    {
+        for (var i = 0; i < samples.Length; i++)
+        {
+            var bits = BitConverter.SingleToInt32Bits(samples[i]);
+            BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(destination[(i * 4)..], bits);
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal readonly record struct DecodeResult(
+        bool Success,
+        int InputConsumed,
+        int OutputWritten,
+        uint Frames,
+        uint SamplesThisCall)
+    {
+        public static DecodeResult Failed { get; } = new(false, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+    }
+}

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Audio/Atrac9DecodeState.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,409 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using System.Buffers.Binary;
+using LibAtrac9;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Audio;
+
+internal enum Atrac9PcmEncoding
+{
+    Signed16,
+    Signed32,
+    Float,
+}
+
+internal readonly record struct Atrac9DecodeResult(
+    int Status,
+    int InputConsumed,
+    int OutputWritten,
+    ulong TotalDecodedSamples,
+    uint Frames);
+
+internal sealed class Atrac9DecodeState
+{
+    internal const int ResultNotInitialized = 0x00000001;
+    internal const int ResultInvalidData = 0x00000002;
+    internal const int ResultInvalidParameter = 0x00000004;
+    internal const int ResultPartialInput = 0x00000008;
+    internal const int ResultNotEnoughRoom = 0x00000010;
+    internal const int ResultCodecError = 0x40000000;
+
+    private const int MaxContainerHeaderBytes = 8 * 1024;
+
+    private enum ContainerScan
+    {
+        NotContainer,
+        NeedMoreData,
+        Found,
+    }
+
+    private readonly object _gate = new();
+    private Atrac9Decoder? _decoder;
+    private byte[]? _configData;
+    private byte[]? _compressed;
+    private short[][]? _planarPcm;
+    private byte[]? _containerHeader;
+    private int _containerHeaderLength;
+    private int _compressedLength;
+    private ulong _totalDecodedSamples;
+
+    public Atrac9Config? Config
+    {
+        get
+        {
+            lock (_gate)
+            {
+                return _decoder?.Config;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public bool TryInitialize(ReadOnlySpan<byte> configData)
+    {
+        if (configData.Length < 4)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        lock (_gate)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                var normalizedConfig = configData[..4].ToArray();
+                var decoder = new Atrac9Decoder();
+                decoder.Initialize(normalizedConfig);
+                var config = decoder.Config;
+
+                _decoder = decoder;
+                _configData = normalizedConfig;
+                _compressed = new byte[config.SuperframeBytes];
+                _planarPcm = CreatePcmBuffer(config.ChannelCount, config.SuperframeSamples);
+                _compressedLength = 0;
+                _totalDecodedSamples = 0;
+                _containerHeaderLength = 0;
+                Trace(
+                    $"initialized config={Convert.ToHexString(normalizedConfig)} channels={config.ChannelCount} " +
+                    $"rate={config.SampleRate} frame_samples={config.FrameSamples} " +
+                    $"superframe_samples={config.SuperframeSamples} superframe_bytes={config.SuperframeBytes} " +
+                    $"frames_per_superframe={config.FramesPerSuperframe}");
+                return true;
+            }
+            catch (Exception exception) when (
+                exception is ArgumentException or InvalidDataException or InvalidOperationException)
+            {
+                Clear();
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void Reset()
+    {
+        lock (_gate)
+        {
+            if (_configData is null)
+            {
+                Clear();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            var decoder = new Atrac9Decoder();
+            decoder.Initialize((byte[])_configData.Clone());
+            _decoder = decoder;
+            _compressedLength = 0;
+            _totalDecodedSamples = 0;
+            _containerHeaderLength = 0;
+            if (_compressed is not null)
+            {
+                Array.Clear(_compressed);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Atrac9DecodeResult Decode(
+        ReadOnlySpan<byte> input,
+        Span<byte> output,
+        Atrac9PcmEncoding encoding,
+        int requestedChannels,
+        bool multipleFrames)
+    {
+        lock (_gate)
+        {
+            if (_decoder is null || _compressed is null || _planarPcm is null)
+            {
+                return new Atrac9DecodeResult(
+                    ResultNotInitialized,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    _totalDecodedSamples,
+                    0);
+            }
+
+            var config = _decoder.Config;
+            var channels = requestedChannels > 0 ? requestedChannels : config.ChannelCount;
+            if (channels is < 1 or > 16)
+            {
+                return new Atrac9DecodeResult(
+                    ResultInvalidParameter,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    _totalDecodedSamples,
+                    0);
+            }
+
+            var bytesPerSample = GetBytesPerSample(encoding);
+            var outputBytesPerSuperframe = checked(config.SuperframeSamples * channels * bytesPerSample);
+            var consumed = 0;
+            var written = 0;
+            uint frames = 0;
+            var status = 0;
+
+            while (_compressedLength == config.SuperframeBytes ||
+                   consumed < input.Length)
+            {
+                // Titles that stream whole .at9 files hand AJM the RIFF/WAVE
+                // container rather than a pointer into its `data` chunk, so the
+                // stream has to be advanced past the header before the first
+                // superframe — otherwise every job fails with invalid data and
+                // the title drops the voice. This is checked at every superframe
+                // boundary, not just after initialize, because a looping voice
+                // rewinds to the file header without reinitialising.
+                if (_compressedLength == 0 && (_containerHeaderLength != 0 || consumed < input.Length))
+                {
+                    var scan = ScanContainerHeader(input[consumed..], out var headerBytes);
+                    if (scan == ContainerScan.NeedMoreData)
+                    {
+                        consumed = input.Length;
+                        status |= ResultPartialInput;
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    if (scan == ContainerScan.Found)
+                    {
+                        _containerHeader = null;
+                        _containerHeaderLength = 0;
+                        consumed += headerBytes;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (_compressedLength < config.SuperframeBytes)
+                {
+                    var copied = Math.Min(config.SuperframeBytes - _compressedLength, input.Length - consumed);
+                    input.Slice(consumed, copied).CopyTo(_compressed.AsSpan(_compressedLength));
+                    _compressedLength += copied;
+                    consumed += copied;
+                }
+
+                if (_compressedLength < config.SuperframeBytes)
+                {
+                    status |= ResultPartialInput;
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                if (output.Length - written < outputBytesPerSuperframe)
+                {
+                    status |= ResultNotEnoughRoom;
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                try
+                {
+                    _decoder.Decode(_compressed, _planarPcm);
+                }
+                catch (Exception exception) when (
+                    exception is ArgumentException or InvalidDataException or InvalidOperationException or IndexOutOfRangeException)
+                {
+                    Trace(
+                        $"decode_failed superframe_bytes={config.SuperframeBytes} " +
+                        $"config={Convert.ToHexString(_configData ?? [])} " +
+                        $"head={Convert.ToHexString(_compressed.AsSpan(0, Math.Min(16, _compressed.Length)))} " +
+                        $"error={exception.GetType().Name}: {exception.Message}");
+                    _compressedLength = 0;
+                    return new Atrac9DecodeResult(
+                        status | ResultInvalidData | ResultCodecError,
+                        consumed,
+                        written,
+                        _totalDecodedSamples,
+                        frames);
+                }
+
+                WriteInterleaved(
+                    _planarPcm,
+                    output.Slice(written, outputBytesPerSuperframe),
+                    config.SuperframeSamples,
+                    channels,
+                    encoding);
+
+                written += outputBytesPerSuperframe;
+                _compressedLength = 0;
+                _totalDecodedSamples += unchecked((uint)config.SuperframeSamples);
+                frames += unchecked((uint)config.FramesPerSuperframe);
+
+                if (!multipleFrames)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return new Atrac9DecodeResult(
+                status,
+                consumed,
+                written,
+                _totalDecodedSamples,
+                frames);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private ContainerScan ScanContainerHeader(ReadOnlySpan<byte> input, out int inputHeaderBytes)
+    {
+        inputHeaderBytes = 0;
+
+        if (_containerHeaderLength == 0 &&
+            (input.Length < 4 || !input[..4].SequenceEqual("RIFF"u8)))
+        {
+            return ContainerScan.NotContainer;
+        }
+
+        _containerHeader ??= new byte[MaxContainerHeaderBytes];
+        var previousLength = _containerHeaderLength;
+        var copied = Math.Min(input.Length, MaxContainerHeaderBytes - previousLength);
+        input[..copied].CopyTo(_containerHeader.AsSpan(previousLength));
+        var totalLength = previousLength + copied;
+
+        if (!TryFindRiffDataOffset(_containerHeader.AsSpan(0, totalLength), out var dataOffset))
+        {
+            if (totalLength >= MaxContainerHeaderBytes)
+            {
+                // Not a shape we understand — fall back to treating the stream
+                // as raw superframes rather than swallowing it forever. The
+                // scratch is dropped without advancing the caller's cursor, so
+                // the bytes are still decoded normally.
+                Trace($"container_scan_gave_up bytes={totalLength}");
+                _containerHeader = null;
+                _containerHeaderLength = 0;
+                return ContainerScan.NotContainer;
+            }
+
+            _containerHeaderLength = totalLength;
+            return ContainerScan.NeedMoreData;
+        }
+
+        inputHeaderBytes = dataOffset - previousLength;
+        Trace($"container_header_skipped bytes={dataOffset} from_this_input={inputHeaderBytes}");
+        return ContainerScan.Found;
+    }
+
+    private static bool TryFindRiffDataOffset(ReadOnlySpan<byte> header, out int dataOffset)
+    {
+        dataOffset = 0;
+        if (header.Length < 12 ||
+            !header[..4].SequenceEqual("RIFF"u8) ||
+            !header.Slice(8, 4).SequenceEqual("WAVE"u8))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        var offset = 12;
+        while (offset + 8 <= header.Length)
+        {
+            var chunkId = header.Slice(offset, 4);
+            var chunkSize = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(header.Slice(offset + 4, 4));
+            offset += 8;
+            if (chunkId.SequenceEqual("data"u8))
+            {
+                dataOffset = offset;
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            // RIFF chunks are word aligned.
+            var advance = chunkSize + (chunkSize & 1);
+            if (advance > (ulong)(int.MaxValue - offset))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            offset += (int)advance;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static short[][] CreatePcmBuffer(int channels, int samples)
+    {
+        var result = new short[channels][];
+        for (var channel = 0; channel < channels; channel++)
+        {
+            result[channel] = new short[samples];
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private static int GetBytesPerSample(Atrac9PcmEncoding encoding) =>
+        encoding switch
+        {
+            Atrac9PcmEncoding.Signed16 => sizeof(short),
+            Atrac9PcmEncoding.Signed32 => sizeof(int),
+            Atrac9PcmEncoding.Float => sizeof(float),
+            _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(encoding)),
+        };
+
+    private static void WriteInterleaved(
+        short[][] source,
+        Span<byte> destination,
+        int samples,
+        int channels,
+        Atrac9PcmEncoding encoding)
+    {
+        var offset = 0;
+        for (var sample = 0; sample < samples; sample++)
+        {
+            for (var channel = 0; channel < channels; channel++)
+            {
+                var sourceChannel = Math.Min(channel, source.Length - 1);
+                var value = source[sourceChannel][sample];
+                switch (encoding)
+                {
+                    case Atrac9PcmEncoding.Signed16:
+                        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt16LittleEndian(destination[offset..], value);
+                        offset += sizeof(short);
+                        break;
+                    case Atrac9PcmEncoding.Signed32:
+                        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(destination[offset..], value << 16);
+                        offset += sizeof(int);
+                        break;
+                    case Atrac9PcmEncoding.Float:
+                        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(
+                            destination[offset..],
+                            BitConverter.SingleToInt32Bits(value / 32768.0f));
+                        offset += sizeof(float);
+                        break;
+                    default:
+                        throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(encoding));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void Trace(string message)
+    {
+        if (string.Equals(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_AJM"), "1", StringComparison.Ordinal))
+        {
+            Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][TRACE] ajm.at9.{message}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void Clear()
+    {
+        _decoder = null;
+        _configData = null;
+        _compressed = null;
+        _planarPcm = null;
+        _containerHeader = null;
+        _containerHeaderLength = 0;
+        _compressedLength = 0;
+        _totalDecodedSamples = 0;
+    }
+}

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Audio/AudioOutExports.cs

@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ public static class AudioOutExports
             int channels,
             int bytesPerSample,
             bool isFloat,
+            bool preservesGuestFormat,
             IHostAudioStream? backend)
         {
             UserId = userId;
@@ -54,6 +55,7 @@ public static class AudioOutExports
             Channels = channels;
             BytesPerSample = bytesPerSample;
             IsFloat = isFloat;
+            PreservesGuestFormat = preservesGuestFormat;
             Backend = backend;
         }
 
@@ -65,6 +67,7 @@ public static class AudioOutExports
         public int Channels { get; }
         public int BytesPerSample { get; }
         public bool IsFloat { get; }
+        public bool PreservesGuestFormat { get; }
         public IHostAudioStream? Backend { get; }
         public object SubmissionGate { get; } = new();
         public volatile float Volume = 1.0f;
@@ -140,6 +143,7 @@ public static class AudioOutExports
         }
 
         IHostAudioStream? backend = null;
+        var preservesGuestFormat = false;
         string backendName;
         try
         {
@@ -152,7 +156,18 @@ public static class AudioOutExports
             else
             {
                 var audio = HostPlatform.Current.Audio;
-                backend = audio.OpenStereoPcm16Stream(frequency);
+                if (audio is IHostPcmAudioOutput pcmAudio)
+                {
+                    backend = pcmAudio.OpenPcmStream(
+                        frequency,
+                        channels,
+                        isFloat ? HostPcmFormat.Float32 : HostPcmFormat.Signed16);
+                    preservesGuestFormat = true;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    backend = audio.OpenStereoPcm16Stream(frequency);
+                }
                 backendName = audio.BackendName;
             }
         }
@@ -173,6 +188,7 @@ public static class AudioOutExports
             channels,
             bytesPerSample,
             isFloat,
+            preservesGuestFormat,
             backend);
         Console.Error.WriteLine(
             $"[LOADER][INFO] AudioOut port {handle}: {frequency} Hz, " +
@@ -212,6 +228,14 @@ public static class AudioOutExports
             return ctx.SetReturn((int)OrbisGen2Result.ORBIS_GEN2_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
         }
 
+        // Same rule as AudioOut2 PortGetState: never bulk-write onto the caller
+        // stack. Some titles place small locals next to the canary; a full
+        // SceAudioOutPortState write smashes it.
+        if (IsGuestStackAddress(stateAddress))
+        {
+            return ctx.SetReturn(0);
+        }
+
         // SceAudioOutPortState: report a connected primary output at full volume
         // so pacing/mixing code sees a live port. We do no host rerouting, so
         // rerouteCounter and flag stay zero.
@@ -229,6 +253,9 @@ public static class AudioOutExports
         return ctx.SetReturn(0);
     }
 
+    private static bool IsGuestStackAddress(ulong value) =>
+        value >= 0x0000_7FF0_0000_0000UL && value <= 0x0000_7FFF_FFFF_FFFFUL;
+
     [SysAbiExport(
         Nid = "w3PdaSTSwGE",
         ExportName = "sceAudioOutOutputs",
@@ -310,18 +337,13 @@ public static class AudioOutExports
                 return ctx.SetReturn(0);
             }
 
-            var outputLength = checked((int)port.BufferLength * AudioPcmConversion.OutputFrameSize);
+            var outputLength = port.PreservesGuestFormat
+                ? port.BufferByteLength
+                : checked((int)port.BufferLength * AudioPcmConversion.OutputFrameSize);
             var output = ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Rent(outputLength);
             try
             {
-                AudioPcmConversion.ConvertToStereoPcm16(
+                ConvertForHost(port, source, output.AsSpan(0, outputLength));
-                    source,
-                    output.AsSpan(0, outputLength),
-                    checked((int)port.BufferLength),
-                    port.Channels,
-                    port.BytesPerSample,
-                    port.IsFloat,
-                    port.Volume);
                 if (!port.Backend.Submit(output.AsSpan(0, outputLength)))
                 {
                     port.PaceSilence();
@@ -438,17 +460,11 @@ public static class AudioOutExports
 
                     TraceOutput(output.Handle, output.Port, source);
 
-                    output.HostBufferLength = checked(
+                    output.HostBufferLength = output.Port.PreservesGuestFormat
-                        (int)output.Port.BufferLength * AudioPcmConversion.OutputFrameSize);
+                        ? output.Port.BufferByteLength
+                        : checked((int)output.Port.BufferLength * AudioPcmConversion.OutputFrameSize);
                     output.HostBuffer = ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Rent(output.HostBufferLength);
-                    AudioPcmConversion.ConvertToStereoPcm16(
+                    ConvertForHost(output.Port, source, output.HostBuffer.AsSpan(0, output.HostBufferLength));
-                        source,
-                        output.HostBuffer.AsSpan(0, output.HostBufferLength),
-                        checked((int)output.Port.BufferLength),
-                        output.Port.Channels,
-                        output.Port.BytesPerSample,
-                        output.Port.IsFloat,
-                        output.Port.Volume);
                 }
                 finally
                 {
@@ -502,6 +518,24 @@ public static class AudioOutExports
         (ulong)candidate.BufferLength * current.Frequency >
         (ulong)current.BufferLength * candidate.Frequency;
 
+    private static void ConvertForHost(PortState port, ReadOnlySpan<byte> source, Span<byte> destination)
+    {
+        if (port.PreservesGuestFormat)
+        {
+            AudioPcmConversion.CopyWithVolume(source, destination, port.IsFloat, port.Volume);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        AudioPcmConversion.ConvertToStereoPcm16(
+            source,
+            destination,
+            checked((int)port.BufferLength),
+            port.Channels,
+            port.BytesPerSample,
+            port.IsFloat,
+            port.Volume);
+    }
+
     private static void TraceOutput(int handle, PortState port, ReadOnlySpan<byte> source)
     {
         if (!_traceOutput)

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Audio/AudioPcmConversion.cs

@@ -43,6 +43,46 @@ internal static class AudioPcmConversion
         }
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Copies interleaved PCM without changing its channel layout. SDL can convert
+    /// this directly to the physical device, which preserves surround mixes that
+    /// would otherwise be truncated to the first two guest channels.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static void CopyWithVolume(
+        ReadOnlySpan<byte> source,
+        Span<byte> destination,
+        bool isFloat,
+        float volume)
+    {
+        var clampedVolume = Math.Clamp(volume, 0.0f, 1.0f);
+        if (clampedVolume >= 1.0f)
+        {
+            source.CopyTo(destination);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (isFloat)
+        {
+            for (var offset = 0; offset < source.Length; offset += sizeof(float))
+            {
+                var sample = BinaryPrimitives.ReadSingleLittleEndian(source.Slice(offset, sizeof(float)));
+                BinaryPrimitives.WriteSingleLittleEndian(
+                    destination.Slice(offset, sizeof(float)),
+                    sample * clampedVolume);
+            }
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        for (var offset = 0; offset < source.Length; offset += sizeof(short))
+        {
+            var sample = BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt16LittleEndian(source.Slice(offset, sizeof(short)));
+            BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt16LittleEndian(
+                destination.Slice(offset, sizeof(short)),
+                ApplyVolume(sample, clampedVolume));
+        }
+    }
+
     private static short ReadSample(
         ReadOnlySpan<byte> frame,
         int channel,

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Bink/Bink2MovieBridge.cs

@@ -133,10 +133,12 @@ internal static class Bink2MovieBridge
                     if (_playback.IsFinished)
                     {
                         var completedPath = _activePath;
+                        var progress = _playback.PlaybackProgress;
                         CloseActiveLocked();
                         Console.Error.WriteLine(
                             "[LOADER][INFO] Bink2 bridge completed: " +
-                            Path.GetFileName(completedPath));
+                            $"{Path.GetFileName(completedPath)} after " +
+                            $"{progress.Seconds:F2}s at frame {progress.FrameIndex}");
                         AttachNextQueuedMovieLocked();
                     }
                     return false;

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Bink/BinkFramePlayback.cs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
 using System.Diagnostics;
+using SharpEmu.HLE.Host;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Bink;
 
@@ -36,6 +37,8 @@ internal sealed class BinkFramePlayback : IDisposable
     private long _currentFrameIndex = -1;
     private long _nextDecodedFrameIndex;
     private long _playbackStartTimestamp;
+    private double _audioStartSeconds;
+    private long _lastSkewTraceTimestamp;
     private bool _playbackClockStarted;
     private bool _decoderCompleted;
     private bool _stopRequested;
@@ -83,6 +86,26 @@ internal sealed class BinkFramePlayback : IDisposable
         }
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Wall-clock seconds since the first frame was presented, and the index of
+    /// the last frame shown. Playback is on its own time base when these agree
+    /// with the movie's frame rate.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal (double Seconds, long FrameIndex) PlaybackProgress
+    {
+        get
+        {
+            lock (_gate)
+            {
+                return (
+                    _playbackClockStarted
+                        ? Stopwatch.GetElapsedTime(_playbackStartTimestamp).TotalSeconds
+                        : 0,
+                    _currentFrameIndex);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     internal bool TryGetFrame(
         bool advanceClock,
         out byte[] pixels,
@@ -118,14 +141,13 @@ internal sealed class BinkFramePlayback : IDisposable
             if (advanceClock && !_playbackClockStarted)
             {
                 _playbackStartTimestamp = Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+                _audioStartSeconds = GuestAudioClock.PlayedSeconds;
                 _playbackClockStarted = true;
             }
 
-            var elapsedSeconds = _playbackClockStarted
+            var elapsedSeconds = CurrentPlaybackSecondsLocked();
-                ? Stopwatch.GetElapsedTime(_playbackStartTimestamp).TotalSeconds
+            TraceClockSkewLocked();
-                : 0;
+            var targetFrameIndex = CurrentTargetFrameIndexLocked();
-            var targetFrameIndex = (long)Math.Floor(
-                elapsedSeconds * FramesPerSecondNumerator / FramesPerSecondDenominator);
             DecodedFrame? replacement = null;
             while (_decodedFrames.Count > 0 &&
                    _decodedFrames.Peek().Index <= targetFrameIndex)
@@ -166,6 +188,86 @@ internal sealed class BinkFramePlayback : IDisposable
         }
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Time base for playback. A host-decoded movie runs on whatever clock it is
+    /// given, but the audio that belongs to it comes from the guest, which does
+    /// not advance at wall-clock rate on a slow frame. Following the audio keeps
+    /// the two together; SHARPEMU_MOVIE_CLOCK=wall restores the old behaviour.
+    /// </summary>
+    private static readonly bool _followGuestAudioClock = !string.Equals(
+        Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_MOVIE_CLOCK"),
+        "wall",
+        StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Seconds of playback elapsed on the movie's time base. Falls back to wall
+    /// clock whenever guest audio is not flowing: a movie whose audio never
+    /// starts — or stops early — must still finish rather than hang on a clock
+    /// that will never advance again.
+    /// </summary>
+    private double CurrentPlaybackSecondsLocked()
+    {
+        if (!_playbackClockStarted)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        var wallSeconds = Stopwatch.GetElapsedTime(_playbackStartTimestamp).TotalSeconds;
+        if (!_followGuestAudioClock || !GuestAudioClock.IsRunning)
+        {
+            return wallSeconds;
+        }
+
+        return Math.Clamp(GuestAudioClock.PlayedSeconds - _audioStartSeconds, 0, wallSeconds);
+    }
+
+    private static readonly bool _traceClockSkew = string.Equals(
+        Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_LOG_MOVIE_SYNC"),
+        "1",
+        StringComparison.Ordinal);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Logs how far the movie's wall clock has drifted from the guest audio the
+    /// movie is supposed to be in step with. A skew that is flat across playback
+    /// is a late audio start; one that grows is a rate mismatch, and the two need
+    /// different fixes. Caller holds <see cref="_gate"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    private void TraceClockSkewLocked()
+    {
+        if (!_traceClockSkew || !_playbackClockStarted)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        var now = Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+        if (_lastSkewTraceTimestamp != 0 &&
+            Stopwatch.GetElapsedTime(_lastSkewTraceTimestamp) < TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1))
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        _lastSkewTraceTimestamp = now;
+        var wallSeconds = Stopwatch.GetElapsedTime(_playbackStartTimestamp).TotalSeconds;
+        var audioSeconds = GuestAudioClock.PlayedSeconds - _audioStartSeconds;
+        Console.Error.WriteLine(
+            $"[PERF][MOVIE] wall_s={wallSeconds:F2} audio_s={audioSeconds:F2} " +
+            $"playback_s={CurrentPlaybackSecondsLocked():F2} " +
+            $"skew_s={wallSeconds - audioSeconds:F2} frame={_currentFrameIndex} " +
+            $"audio_running={GuestAudioClock.IsRunning}");
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The frame the movie's own time base says should be on screen right now.
+    /// Returns -1 until the first frame is presented, so the queue prefills
+    /// instead of instantly declaring everything late.
+    /// </summary>
+    private long CurrentTargetFrameIndexLocked() =>
+        _playbackClockStarted
+            ? (long)Math.Floor(
+                CurrentPlaybackSecondsLocked() *
+                FramesPerSecondNumerator / FramesPerSecondDenominator)
+            : -1;
+
     private void DecodeLoop()
     {
         try
@@ -199,8 +301,28 @@ internal sealed class BinkFramePlayback : IDisposable
 
                 lock (_gate)
                 {
-                    _decodedFrames.Enqueue(new DecodedFrame(
+                    var frameIndex = _nextDecodedFrameIndex++;
-                        _nextDecodedFrameIndex++, destination));
+
+                    // Frames are pulled once per guest flip, so a title running
+                    // well under the movie's frame rate cannot drain a queue
+                    // this shallow fast enough and the movie stretches past its
+                    // real duration — audio finishes while the last picture sits
+                    // on screen and the next movie starts late. Once the clock
+                    // has passed a queued frame it can never be shown, so retire
+                    // it in favour of this newer one. Only superseded frames are
+                    // dropped, never the newest, so a decoder that cannot keep
+                    // up still advances the picture instead of freezing it.
+                    var targetFrameIndex = CurrentTargetFrameIndexLocked();
+                    if (frameIndex <= targetFrameIndex)
+                    {
+                        while (_decodedFrames.Count > 0 &&
+                               _decodedFrames.Peek().Index <= targetFrameIndex)
+                        {
+                            _freeBuffers.Enqueue(_decodedFrames.Dequeue().Pixels);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    _decodedFrames.Enqueue(new DecodedFrame(frameIndex, destination));
                     Monitor.PulseAll(_gate);
                 }
             }

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Bink/FfmpegNativeBinkFrameSource.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 // Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
+using System.Buffers;
 using FFmpeg.AutoGen;
+using SharpEmu.HLE.Host;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Bink;
 
@@ -13,13 +15,29 @@ namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Bink;
 /// </summary>
 internal sealed unsafe class FfmpegNativeBinkFrameSource : IBinkFrameDecoder
 {
+    private const int OutputAudioChannels = 2;
+    private const int OutputAudioBytesPerSample = sizeof(short);
+
+    private readonly object _decodeGate = new();
     private AVFormatContext* _formatContext;
     private AVCodecContext* _codecContext;
+    private AVCodecContext* _audioCodecContext;
     private SwsContext* _swsContext;
+    private SwrContext* _swrContext;
     private AVFrame* _frame;
+    private AVFrame* _audioFrame;
     private AVPacket* _packet;
+    private IHostAudioStream? _audioStream;
     private readonly int _videoStreamIndex;
+    private readonly int _audioStreamIndex;
+    private readonly int _audioOutputSampleRate;
+    private AVChannelLayout _swrInputLayout;
+    private AVSampleFormat _swrInputFormat = AVSampleFormat.AV_SAMPLE_FMT_NONE;
+    private int _swrInputSampleRate;
+    private bool _swrInputLayoutValid;
     private bool _draining;
+    private bool _audioDraining;
+    private bool _audioFailed;
     private int _disposed;
 
     public uint Width { get; }
@@ -34,6 +52,10 @@ internal sealed unsafe class FfmpegNativeBinkFrameSource : IBinkFrameDecoder
         AVFormatContext* formatContext,
         AVCodecContext* codecContext,
         int videoStreamIndex,
+        AVCodecContext* audioCodecContext,
+        int audioStreamIndex,
+        IHostAudioStream? audioStream,
+        int audioOutputSampleRate,
         uint width,
         uint height,
         uint framesPerSecondNumerator,
@@ -42,11 +64,16 @@ internal sealed unsafe class FfmpegNativeBinkFrameSource : IBinkFrameDecoder
         _formatContext = formatContext;
         _codecContext = codecContext;
         _videoStreamIndex = videoStreamIndex;
+        _audioCodecContext = audioCodecContext;
+        _audioStreamIndex = audioStreamIndex;
+        _audioStream = audioStream;
+        _audioOutputSampleRate = audioOutputSampleRate;
         Width = width;
         Height = height;
         FramesPerSecondNumerator = framesPerSecondNumerator;
         FramesPerSecondDenominator = framesPerSecondDenominator;
         _frame = ffmpeg.av_frame_alloc();
+        _audioFrame = audioCodecContext is null ? null : ffmpeg.av_frame_alloc();
         _packet = ffmpeg.av_packet_alloc();
     }
 
@@ -93,6 +120,8 @@ internal sealed unsafe class FfmpegNativeBinkFrameSource : IBinkFrameDecoder
 
         AVFormatContext* formatContext = null;
         AVCodecContext* codecContext = null;
+        AVCodecContext* audioCodecContext = null;
+        IHostAudioStream? audioStream = null;
         try
         {
             if (ffmpeg.avformat_open_input(&formatContext, path, null, null) < 0)
@@ -151,6 +180,28 @@ internal sealed unsafe class FfmpegNativeBinkFrameSource : IBinkFrameDecoder
                 frameRate = new AVRational { num = 30, den = 1 };
             }
 
+            var audioStreamIndex = TryOpenAudioDecoder(
+                formatContext,
+                out audioCodecContext,
+                out var audioOutputSampleRate);
+            if (audioStreamIndex >= 0 && audioCodecContext is not null)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    audioStream = HostPlatform.Current.Audio.OpenStereoPcm16Stream(
+                        checked((uint)audioOutputSampleRate));
+                }
+                catch (Exception exception) when (exception is InvalidOperationException or
+                                                     ArgumentOutOfRangeException)
+                {
+                    Console.Error.WriteLine(
+                        $"[LOADER][WARN] Bink audio output unavailable: {exception.Message}");
+                    ffmpeg.avcodec_free_context(&audioCodecContext);
+                    audioStreamIndex = -1;
+                    audioOutputSampleRate = 0;
+                }
+            }
+
             var outputWidth = (uint)codecContext->width;
             var outputHeight = (uint)codecContext->height;
             if (maximumWidth > 0 && maximumHeight > 0 &&
@@ -175,12 +226,18 @@ internal sealed unsafe class FfmpegNativeBinkFrameSource : IBinkFrameDecoder
                 formatContext,
                 codecContext,
                 videoStreamIndex,
+                audioCodecContext,
+                audioStreamIndex,
+                audioStream,
+                audioOutputSampleRate,
                 outputWidth,
                 outputHeight,
                 (uint)frameRate.num,
                 (uint)frameRate.den);
             formatContext = null;
             codecContext = null;
+            audioCodecContext = null;
+            audioStream = null;
             return true;
         }
         catch (DllNotFoundException)
@@ -194,6 +251,13 @@ internal sealed unsafe class FfmpegNativeBinkFrameSource : IBinkFrameDecoder
                 ffmpeg.avcodec_free_context(&codecContext);
             }
 
+            if (audioCodecContext is not null)
+            {
+                ffmpeg.avcodec_free_context(&audioCodecContext);
+            }
+
+            audioStream?.Dispose();
+
             if (formatContext is not null)
             {
                 ffmpeg.avformat_close_input(&formatContext);
@@ -201,52 +265,102 @@ internal sealed unsafe class FfmpegNativeBinkFrameSource : IBinkFrameDecoder
         }
     }
 
+    private static int TryOpenAudioDecoder(
+        AVFormatContext* formatContext,
+        out AVCodecContext* codecContext,
+        out int outputSampleRate)
+    {
+        codecContext = null;
+        outputSampleRate = 0;
+
+        AVCodec* decoder = null;
+        var streamIndex = ffmpeg.av_find_best_stream(
+            formatContext, AVMediaType.AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO, -1, -1, &decoder, 0);
+        if (streamIndex < 0 || decoder is null)
+        {
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        var candidate = ffmpeg.avcodec_alloc_context3(decoder);
+        if (candidate is null)
+        {
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        var stream = formatContext->streams[streamIndex];
+        if (ffmpeg.avcodec_parameters_to_context(candidate, stream->codecpar) < 0)
+        {
+            ffmpeg.avcodec_free_context(&candidate);
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        candidate->thread_count = 0;
+        candidate->thread_type = ffmpeg.FF_THREAD_FRAME | ffmpeg.FF_THREAD_SLICE;
+        if (ffmpeg.avcodec_open2(candidate, decoder, null) < 0)
+        {
+            ffmpeg.avcodec_free_context(&candidate);
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        outputSampleRate = candidate->sample_rate > 0 ? candidate->sample_rate : 48_000;
+        codecContext = candidate;
+        return streamIndex;
+    }
+
     public bool TryDecodeNextFrame(Span<byte> destination)
     {
-        var stride = checked((int)(Width * 4));
+        lock (_decodeGate)
-        var required = (long)stride * Height;
-        if (destination.Length < required)
         {
-            return false;
+            if (Volatile.Read(ref _disposed) != 0)
-        }
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
 
-        if (!TryReceiveFrame())
+            var stride = checked((int)(Width * 4));
-        {
+            var required = (long)stride * Height;
-            return false;
+            if (destination.Length < required)
-        }
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
 
-        _swsContext = ffmpeg.sws_getCachedContext(
+            if (!TryReceiveFrame())
-            _swsContext,
+            {
-            _frame->width,
+                return false;
-            _frame->height,
+            }
-            (AVPixelFormat)_frame->format,
-            (int)Width,
-            (int)Height,
-            AVPixelFormat.AV_PIX_FMT_BGRA,
-            ffmpeg.SWS_FAST_BILINEAR,
-            null,
-            null,
-            null);
-        if (_swsContext is null)
-        {
-            ffmpeg.av_frame_unref(_frame);
-            return false;
-        }
 
-        fixed (byte* destinationPointer = destination)
+            _swsContext = ffmpeg.sws_getCachedContext(
-        {
-            var destinationPlanes = new byte*[4] { destinationPointer, null, null, null };
-            var destinationStrides = new int[4] { stride, 0, 0, 0 };
-            var convertedRows = ffmpeg.sws_scale(
                 _swsContext,
-                _frame->data,
+                _frame->width,
-                _frame->linesize,
-                0,
                 _frame->height,
-                destinationPlanes,
+                (AVPixelFormat)_frame->format,
-                destinationStrides);
+                (int)Width,
-            ffmpeg.av_frame_unref(_frame);
+                (int)Height,
-            return convertedRows == (int)Height;
+                AVPixelFormat.AV_PIX_FMT_BGRA,
+                ffmpeg.SWS_FAST_BILINEAR,
+                null,
+                null,
+                null);
+            if (_swsContext is null)
+            {
+                ffmpeg.av_frame_unref(_frame);
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            fixed (byte* destinationPointer = destination)
+            {
+                var destinationPlanes = new byte*[4] { destinationPointer, null, null, null };
+                var destinationStrides = new int[4] { stride, 0, 0, 0 };
+                var convertedRows = ffmpeg.sws_scale(
+                    _swsContext,
+                    _frame->data,
+                    _frame->linesize,
+                    0,
+                    _frame->height,
+                    destinationPlanes,
+                    destinationStrides);
+                ffmpeg.av_frame_unref(_frame);
+                return convertedRows == (int)Height;
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -291,9 +405,17 @@ internal sealed unsafe class FfmpegNativeBinkFrameSource : IBinkFrameDecoder
             {
                 _draining = true;
                 ffmpeg.avcodec_send_packet(_codecContext, null);
+                DrainAudioDecoder();
                 return true;
             }
 
+            if (_packet->stream_index == _audioStreamIndex)
+            {
+                DecodeAudioPacket(_packet);
+                ffmpeg.av_packet_unref(_packet);
+                continue;
+            }
+
             if (_packet->stream_index != _videoStreamIndex)
             {
                 ffmpeg.av_packet_unref(_packet);
@@ -311,6 +433,248 @@ internal sealed unsafe class FfmpegNativeBinkFrameSource : IBinkFrameDecoder
         }
     }
 
+    private void DecodeAudioPacket(AVPacket* packet)
+    {
+        if (_audioCodecContext is null || _audioFrame is null || _audioFailed)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        var sendResult = ffmpeg.avcodec_send_packet(_audioCodecContext, packet);
+        if (sendResult == ffmpeg.AVERROR(ffmpeg.EAGAIN))
+        {
+            DrainAvailableAudioFrames();
+            sendResult = ffmpeg.avcodec_send_packet(_audioCodecContext, packet);
+        }
+
+        if (sendResult < 0)
+        {
+            DisableAudio("packet decode failed");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        DrainAvailableAudioFrames();
+    }
+
+    private void DrainAudioDecoder()
+    {
+        if (_audioCodecContext is null || _audioFrame is null ||
+            _audioDraining || _audioFailed)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        _audioDraining = true;
+        var sendResult = ffmpeg.avcodec_send_packet(_audioCodecContext, null);
+        if (sendResult >= 0 || sendResult == ffmpeg.AVERROR(ffmpeg.EAGAIN))
+        {
+            DrainAvailableAudioFrames();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void DrainAvailableAudioFrames()
+    {
+        while (_audioCodecContext is not null && _audioFrame is not null)
+        {
+            var receiveResult = ffmpeg.avcodec_receive_frame(_audioCodecContext, _audioFrame);
+            if (receiveResult == ffmpeg.AVERROR(ffmpeg.EAGAIN) ||
+                receiveResult == ffmpeg.AVERROR_EOF)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (receiveResult < 0)
+            {
+                DisableAudio("frame decode failed");
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (!SubmitAudioFrame())
+            {
+                ffmpeg.av_frame_unref(_audioFrame);
+                DisableAudio("host submission failed");
+                return;
+            }
+
+            ffmpeg.av_frame_unref(_audioFrame);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private bool SubmitAudioFrame()
+    {
+        if (_audioStream is null || _audioFrame is null ||
+            _audioFrame->nb_samples <= 0 || _audioFrame->extended_data is null)
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        var sampleRate = _audioFrame->sample_rate > 0
+            ? _audioFrame->sample_rate
+            : _audioCodecContext->sample_rate;
+        if (sampleRate <= 0)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        var inputLayout = _audioFrame->ch_layout;
+        var ownsInputLayout = false;
+        if (ffmpeg.av_channel_layout_check(&inputLayout) == 0)
+        {
+            inputLayout = _audioCodecContext->ch_layout;
+        }
+        if (ffmpeg.av_channel_layout_check(&inputLayout) == 0)
+        {
+            ffmpeg.av_channel_layout_default(
+                &inputLayout,
+                Math.Max(1, _audioFrame->ch_layout.nb_channels));
+            ownsInputLayout = true;
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            if (!EnsureAudioResampler(
+                    &inputLayout,
+                    (AVSampleFormat)_audioFrame->format,
+                    sampleRate))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            var maximumSamples = ffmpeg.swr_get_out_samples(
+                _swrContext, _audioFrame->nb_samples);
+            if (maximumSamples <= 0)
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            var outputBytes = checked(
+                maximumSamples * OutputAudioChannels * OutputAudioBytesPerSample);
+            var buffer = ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Rent(outputBytes);
+            try
+            {
+                fixed (byte* output = buffer)
+                {
+                    var outputPlanes = stackalloc byte*[1];
+                    outputPlanes[0] = output;
+                    var convertedSamples = ffmpeg.swr_convert(
+                        _swrContext,
+                        outputPlanes,
+                        maximumSamples,
+                        _audioFrame->extended_data,
+                        _audioFrame->nb_samples);
+                    if (convertedSamples < 0)
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+
+                    var convertedBytes = checked(
+                        convertedSamples * OutputAudioChannels * OutputAudioBytesPerSample);
+                    return _audioStream.Submit(buffer.AsSpan(0, convertedBytes));
+                }
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Return(buffer);
+            }
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            if (ownsInputLayout)
+            {
+                ffmpeg.av_channel_layout_uninit(&inputLayout);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private bool EnsureAudioResampler(
+        AVChannelLayout* inputLayout,
+        AVSampleFormat inputFormat,
+        int inputSampleRate)
+    {
+        var storedInputLayout = _swrInputLayout;
+        if (_swrContext is not null &&
+            _swrInputFormat == inputFormat &&
+            _swrInputSampleRate == inputSampleRate &&
+            ffmpeg.av_channel_layout_compare(&storedInputLayout, inputLayout) == 0)
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        FreeAudioResampler();
+
+        AVChannelLayout copiedInputLayout = default;
+        if (ffmpeg.av_channel_layout_copy(&copiedInputLayout, inputLayout) < 0)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        AVChannelLayout outputLayout = default;
+        ffmpeg.av_channel_layout_default(&outputLayout, OutputAudioChannels);
+        SwrContext* context = null;
+        var allocateResult = ffmpeg.swr_alloc_set_opts2(
+            &context,
+            &outputLayout,
+            AVSampleFormat.AV_SAMPLE_FMT_S16,
+            _audioOutputSampleRate,
+            &copiedInputLayout,
+            inputFormat,
+            inputSampleRate,
+            0,
+            null);
+        ffmpeg.av_channel_layout_uninit(&outputLayout);
+        if (allocateResult < 0 || context is null || ffmpeg.swr_init(context) < 0)
+        {
+            if (context is not null)
+            {
+                ffmpeg.swr_free(&context);
+            }
+            ffmpeg.av_channel_layout_uninit(&copiedInputLayout);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        _swrContext = context;
+        _swrInputLayout = copiedInputLayout;
+        _swrInputLayoutValid = true;
+        _swrInputFormat = inputFormat;
+        _swrInputSampleRate = inputSampleRate;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void DisableAudio(string reason)
+    {
+        if (_audioFailed)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        _audioFailed = true;
+        Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][WARN] Bink audio disabled: {reason}.");
+        FreeAudioResampler();
+        _audioStream?.Dispose();
+        _audioStream = null;
+    }
+
+    private void FreeAudioResampler()
+    {
+        if (_swrContext is not null)
+        {
+            var context = _swrContext;
+            ffmpeg.swr_free(&context);
+            _swrContext = null;
+        }
+
+        if (_swrInputLayoutValid)
+        {
+            var inputLayout = _swrInputLayout;
+            ffmpeg.av_channel_layout_uninit(&inputLayout);
+            _swrInputLayout = default;
+            _swrInputLayoutValid = false;
+        }
+
+        _swrInputFormat = AVSampleFormat.AV_SAMPLE_FMT_NONE;
+        _swrInputSampleRate = 0;
+    }
+
     public void Dispose()
     {
         if (Interlocked.Exchange(ref _disposed, 1) != 0)
@@ -318,38 +682,59 @@ internal sealed unsafe class FfmpegNativeBinkFrameSource : IBinkFrameDecoder
             return;
         }
 
-        if (_swsContext is not null)
+        lock (_decodeGate)
         {
-            ffmpeg.sws_freeContext(_swsContext);
+            FreeAudioResampler();
-            _swsContext = null;
+            _audioStream?.Dispose();
-        }
+            _audioStream = null;
 
-        if (_packet is not null)
+            if (_swsContext is not null)
-        {
+            {
-            var packet = _packet;
+                ffmpeg.sws_freeContext(_swsContext);
-            ffmpeg.av_packet_free(&packet);
+                _swsContext = null;
-            _packet = null;
+            }
-        }
 
-        if (_frame is not null)
+            if (_packet is not null)
-        {
+            {
-            var frame = _frame;
+                var packet = _packet;
-            ffmpeg.av_frame_free(&frame);
+                ffmpeg.av_packet_free(&packet);
-            _frame = null;
+                _packet = null;
-        }
+            }
 
-        if (_codecContext is not null)
+            if (_frame is not null)
-        {
+            {
-            var codecContext = _codecContext;
+                var frame = _frame;
-            ffmpeg.avcodec_free_context(&codecContext);
+                ffmpeg.av_frame_free(&frame);
-            _codecContext = null;
+                _frame = null;
-        }
+            }
 
-        if (_formatContext is not null)
+            if (_audioFrame is not null)
-        {
+            {
-            var formatContext = _formatContext;
+                var frame = _audioFrame;
-            ffmpeg.avformat_close_input(&formatContext);
+                ffmpeg.av_frame_free(&frame);
-            _formatContext = null;
+                _audioFrame = null;
+            }
+
+            if (_codecContext is not null)
+            {
+                var codecContext = _codecContext;
+                ffmpeg.avcodec_free_context(&codecContext);
+                _codecContext = null;
+            }
+
+            if (_audioCodecContext is not null)
+            {
+                var codecContext = _audioCodecContext;
+                ffmpeg.avcodec_free_context(&codecContext);
+                _audioCodecContext = null;
+            }
+
+            if (_formatContext is not null)
+            {
+                var formatContext = _formatContext;
+                ffmpeg.avformat_close_input(&formatContext);
+                _formatContext = null;
+            }
         }
     }
 }

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Codec/CodecExports.cs

@@ -2,28 +2,84 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
 using SharpEmu.HLE;
+using SharpEmu.Libs.Audio;
 using SharpEmu.Libs.Kernel;
+using System.Buffers;
+using System.Buffers.Binary;
 using System.Collections.Concurrent;
 using System.Threading;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Codec;
 
 /// <summary>
-/// libSceVideodec / libSceAudiodec handle management. Actual H.264/HEVC and
+/// libSceVideodec / libSceAudiodec compatibility exports.
-/// AAC/AT9 decoding requires an external codec, which is out of scope; these
-/// exports keep the decoder lifecycle resolvable (create/decode/flush/delete)
-/// and report "no output produced" so guests advance instead of failing on
-/// unresolved imports.
 /// </summary>
 public static class CodecExports
 {
     private const int Ok = 0;
     private const int VideodecErrorInvalidArg = unchecked((int)0x80620801);
+    private const int AudiodecErrorInvalidType = unchecked((int)0x807F0001);
     private const int AudiodecErrorInvalidArg = unchecked((int)0x807F0002);
+    private const int AudiodecErrorInvalidParamSize = unchecked((int)0x807F0004);
+    private const int AudiodecErrorInvalidBsiInfoSize = unchecked((int)0x807F0005);
+    private const int AudiodecErrorInvalidAuInfoSize = unchecked((int)0x807F0006);
+    private const int AudiodecErrorInvalidPcmItemSize = unchecked((int)0x807F0007);
+    private const int AudiodecErrorInvalidCtrlPointer = unchecked((int)0x807F0008);
+    private const int AudiodecErrorInvalidParamPointer = unchecked((int)0x807F0009);
+    private const int AudiodecErrorInvalidBsiInfoPointer = unchecked((int)0x807F000A);
+    private const int AudiodecErrorInvalidAuInfoPointer = unchecked((int)0x807F000B);
+    private const int AudiodecErrorInvalidPcmItemPointer = unchecked((int)0x807F000C);
+    private const int AudiodecErrorInvalidAuPointer = unchecked((int)0x807F000D);
+    private const int AudiodecErrorInvalidPcmPointer = unchecked((int)0x807F000E);
+    private const int AudiodecErrorInvalidHandle = unchecked((int)0x807F000F);
+    private const int AudiodecErrorInvalidWordLength = unchecked((int)0x807F0010);
+    private const int AudiodecErrorInvalidAuSize = unchecked((int)0x807F0011);
+    private const int AudiodecErrorInvalidPcmSize = unchecked((int)0x807F0012);
+    private const uint AudiodecTypeAt9 = 1;
+    private const uint AudiodecTypeMp3 = 2;
+    private const uint AudiodecTypeAac = 3;
+    private const int MaxAudioDecoders = 64;
+    private const int MaxDecodeBufferBytes = 64 * 1024 * 1024;
 
     private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, byte> VideoDecoders = new();
-    private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, byte> AudioDecoders = new();
+    private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<int, AudioDecoderState> AudioDecoders = new();
+    private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<uint, int> AudioCodecInitCounts = new();
+    private static readonly object AudioDecoderGate = new();
     private static long _nextHandle = 1;
+    private static int _nextAudioHandle;
+
+    private sealed class AudioDecoderState
+    {
+        public required uint CodecType { get; init; }
+
+        public required int WordSize { get; init; }
+
+        public required int Channels { get; init; }
+
+        public required int SampleRate { get; init; }
+
+        public required int FrameBytes { get; init; }
+
+        public required int FramesPerSuperframe { get; init; }
+
+        public required int FrameSamples { get; init; }
+
+        public Atrac9DecodeState? Atrac9 { get; init; }
+    }
+
+    private readonly record struct AudioControl(
+        ulong ParamAddress,
+        ulong BsiInfoAddress,
+        ulong AuInfoAddress,
+        ulong PcmItemAddress,
+        ulong AuAddress,
+        uint AuSize,
+        ulong PcmAddress,
+        uint PcmSize,
+        int WordSize,
+        byte[]? Atrac9Config,
+        uint AacMaxChannels,
+        uint AacSampleRateIndex);
 
     // ---- Video decoder ----
 
@@ -65,34 +121,572 @@ public static class CodecExports
 
     // ---- Audio decoder ----
 
+    [SysAbiExport(Nid = "VjhsmxpcezI", ExportName = "sceAudiodecInitLibrary",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5, LibraryName = "libSceAudiodec")]
+    public static int AudiodecInitLibrary(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var codecType = unchecked((uint)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        if (!IsValidAudioCodecType(codecType))
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, AudiodecErrorInvalidType);
+        }
+
+        AudioCodecInitCounts.AddOrUpdate(codecType, 1, static (_, count) => count + 1);
+        return SetReturn(ctx, Ok);
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(Nid = "h5jSB2QIDV0", ExportName = "sceAudiodecTermLibrary",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5, LibraryName = "libSceAudiodec")]
+    public static int AudiodecTermLibrary(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var codecType = unchecked((uint)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        if (!IsValidAudioCodecType(codecType))
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, AudiodecErrorInvalidType);
+        }
+
+        AudioCodecInitCounts.AddOrUpdate(codecType, 0, static (_, count) => Math.Max(0, count - 1));
+        return SetReturn(ctx, Ok);
+    }
+
     [SysAbiExport(Nid = "O3f1sLMWRvs", ExportName = "sceAudiodecCreateDecoder",
         Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5, LibraryName = "libSceAudiodec")]
     public static int AudiodecCreateDecoder(CpuContext ctx)
     {
-        var handle = (ulong)Interlocked.Increment(ref _nextHandle);
+        var controlAddress = ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi];
-        AudioDecoders[handle] = 1;
+        var codecType = unchecked((uint)ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi]);
-        // sceAudiodec returns the handle directly (>= 0) or a negative error.
+        if (!IsValidAudioCodecType(codecType))
-        ctx[CpuRegister.Rax] = handle;
+        {
-        return unchecked((int)handle);
+            return SetReturn(ctx, AudiodecErrorInvalidType);
+        }
+
+        var validation = TryReadAudioControl(ctx, controlAddress, codecType, decode: false, out var control);
+        if (validation != Ok)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, validation);
+        }
+
+        if (!AudioCodecInitCounts.TryGetValue(codecType, out var initCount) || initCount == 0)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, AudiodecErrorInvalidArg);
+        }
+
+        var decoder = CreateAudioDecoder(codecType, control);
+        if (decoder is null)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, AudiodecErrorInvalidArg);
+        }
+
+        int handle;
+        lock (AudioDecoderGate)
+        {
+            if (AudioDecoders.Count >= MaxAudioDecoders)
+            {
+                return SetReturn(ctx, AudiodecErrorInvalidArg);
+            }
+
+            do
+            {
+                _nextAudioHandle = _nextAudioHandle % MaxAudioDecoders + 1;
+                handle = _nextAudioHandle;
+            }
+            while (AudioDecoders.ContainsKey(handle));
+
+            AudioDecoders[handle] = decoder;
+        }
+
+        WriteAudioDecoderInfo(ctx, control.BsiInfoAddress, decoder, Ok);
+        return SetReturn(ctx, handle);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(Nid = "KHXHMDLkILw", ExportName = "sceAudiodecDecode",
         Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5, LibraryName = "libSceAudiodec")]
     public static int AudiodecDecode(CpuContext ctx)
     {
-        // No decoder present: report success with zero output samples so the
+        var handle = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
-        // caller treats the frame as silent rather than erroring.
+        if (!AudioDecoders.TryGetValue(handle, out var decoder))
-        return SetReturn(ctx, AudioDecoders.ContainsKey(ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]) ? Ok : AudiodecErrorInvalidArg);
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, AudiodecErrorInvalidHandle);
+        }
+
+        var validation = TryReadAudioControl(
+            ctx,
+            ctx[CpuRegister.Rsi],
+            decoder.CodecType,
+            decode: true,
+            out var control);
+        if (validation != Ok)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, validation);
+        }
+
+        if (control.AuSize > MaxDecodeBufferBytes)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, AudiodecErrorInvalidAuSize);
+        }
+
+        if (control.PcmSize > MaxDecodeBufferBytes)
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, AudiodecErrorInvalidPcmSize);
+        }
+
+        if (decoder.CodecType == AudiodecTypeAt9 && decoder.Atrac9 is not null)
+        {
+            DecodeAtrac9(ctx, decoder, control);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            DecodeAudioSilence(ctx, decoder, control);
+        }
+
+        return SetReturn(ctx, Ok);
     }
 
     [SysAbiExport(Nid = "Tp+ZEy69mLk", ExportName = "sceAudiodecDeleteDecoder",
         Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5, LibraryName = "libSceAudiodec")]
     public static int AudiodecDeleteDecoder(CpuContext ctx)
     {
-        AudioDecoders.TryRemove(ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi], out _);
+        var handle = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        return SetReturn(
+            ctx,
+            AudioDecoders.TryRemove(handle, out _)
+                ? Ok
+                : AudiodecErrorInvalidHandle);
+    }
+
+    [SysAbiExport(Nid = "6Vf9WTLDoss", ExportName = "sceAudiodecClearContext",
+        Target = Generation.Gen4 | Generation.Gen5, LibraryName = "libSceAudiodec")]
+    public static int AudiodecClearContext(CpuContext ctx)
+    {
+        var handle = unchecked((int)ctx[CpuRegister.Rdi]);
+        if (!AudioDecoders.TryGetValue(handle, out var decoder))
+        {
+            return SetReturn(ctx, AudiodecErrorInvalidHandle);
+        }
+
+        decoder.Atrac9?.Reset();
         return SetReturn(ctx, Ok);
     }
 
+    private static bool IsValidAudioCodecType(uint codecType) =>
+        codecType is AudiodecTypeAt9 or AudiodecTypeMp3 or AudiodecTypeAac;
+
+    private static int TryReadAudioControl(
+        CpuContext ctx,
+        ulong controlAddress,
+        uint codecType,
+        bool decode,
+        out AudioControl control)
+    {
+        control = default;
+        if (controlAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return AudiodecErrorInvalidCtrlPointer;
+        }
+
+        Span<byte> controlData = stackalloc byte[32];
+        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(controlAddress, controlData))
+        {
+            return AudiodecErrorInvalidCtrlPointer;
+        }
+
+        var paramAddress = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt64LittleEndian(controlData);
+        var bsiInfoAddress = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt64LittleEndian(controlData[8..]);
+        var auInfoAddress = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt64LittleEndian(controlData[16..]);
+        var pcmItemAddress = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt64LittleEndian(controlData[24..]);
+        if (paramAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return AudiodecErrorInvalidParamPointer;
+        }
+
+        if (bsiInfoAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return AudiodecErrorInvalidBsiInfoPointer;
+        }
+
+        if (auInfoAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return AudiodecErrorInvalidAuInfoPointer;
+        }
+
+        if (pcmItemAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return AudiodecErrorInvalidPcmItemPointer;
+        }
+
+        Span<byte> auInfo = stackalloc byte[24];
+        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(auInfoAddress, auInfo))
+        {
+            return AudiodecErrorInvalidAuInfoPointer;
+        }
+
+        if (BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(auInfo) != auInfo.Length)
+        {
+            return AudiodecErrorInvalidAuInfoSize;
+        }
+
+        Span<byte> pcmItem = stackalloc byte[24];
+        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(pcmItemAddress, pcmItem))
+        {
+            return AudiodecErrorInvalidPcmItemPointer;
+        }
+
+        if (BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(pcmItem) != pcmItem.Length)
+        {
+            return AudiodecErrorInvalidPcmItemSize;
+        }
+
+        var auAddress = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt64LittleEndian(auInfo[8..]);
+        var auSize = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(auInfo[16..]);
+        var pcmAddress = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt64LittleEndian(pcmItem[8..]);
+        var pcmSize = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(pcmItem[16..]);
+        if (decode && auAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return AudiodecErrorInvalidAuPointer;
+        }
+
+        if (decode && pcmAddress == 0)
+        {
+            return AudiodecErrorInvalidPcmPointer;
+        }
+
+        var parameterResult = TryReadAudioParameters(
+            ctx,
+            codecType,
+            paramAddress,
+            bsiInfoAddress,
+            out var wordSize,
+            out var atrac9Config,
+            out var aacMaxChannels,
+            out var aacSampleRateIndex);
+        if (parameterResult != Ok)
+        {
+            return parameterResult;
+        }
+
+        if (decode && auSize == 0)
+        {
+            return AudiodecErrorInvalidAuSize;
+        }
+
+        if (decode && pcmSize == 0)
+        {
+            return AudiodecErrorInvalidPcmSize;
+        }
+
+        control = new AudioControl(
+            paramAddress,
+            bsiInfoAddress,
+            auInfoAddress,
+            pcmItemAddress,
+            auAddress,
+            auSize,
+            pcmAddress,
+            pcmSize,
+            wordSize,
+            atrac9Config,
+            aacMaxChannels,
+            aacSampleRateIndex);
+        return Ok;
+    }
+
+    private static int TryReadAudioParameters(
+        CpuContext ctx,
+        uint codecType,
+        ulong paramAddress,
+        ulong bsiInfoAddress,
+        out int wordSize,
+        out byte[]? atrac9Config,
+        out uint aacMaxChannels,
+        out uint aacSampleRateIndex)
+    {
+        wordSize = 0;
+        atrac9Config = null;
+        aacMaxChannels = 0;
+        aacSampleRateIndex = 0;
+
+        var paramSize = codecType switch
+        {
+            AudiodecTypeAt9 => 12,
+            AudiodecTypeMp3 => 8,
+            AudiodecTypeAac => 24,
+            _ => 0,
+        };
+        var bsiSize = codecType switch
+        {
+            AudiodecTypeAt9 => 36,
+            AudiodecTypeMp3 => 24,
+            AudiodecTypeAac => 20,
+            _ => 0,
+        };
+        if (paramSize == 0 || bsiSize == 0)
+        {
+            return AudiodecErrorInvalidType;
+        }
+
+        Span<byte> param = stackalloc byte[paramSize];
+        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(paramAddress, param))
+        {
+            return AudiodecErrorInvalidParamPointer;
+        }
+
+        var suppliedParamSize = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(param);
+        if (codecType == AudiodecTypeAac
+                ? suppliedParamSize < paramSize
+                : suppliedParamSize != paramSize)
+        {
+            return AudiodecErrorInvalidParamSize;
+        }
+
+        Span<byte> bsi = stackalloc byte[bsiSize];
+        if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(bsiInfoAddress, bsi))
+        {
+            return AudiodecErrorInvalidBsiInfoPointer;
+        }
+
+        if (BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(bsi) != bsiSize)
+        {
+            return AudiodecErrorInvalidBsiInfoSize;
+        }
+
+        wordSize = BinaryPrimitives.ReadInt32LittleEndian(param[4..]);
+        if (wordSize is < 0 or > 2)
+        {
+            return AudiodecErrorInvalidWordLength;
+        }
+
+        if (codecType == AudiodecTypeAt9)
+        {
+            atrac9Config = param[8..12].ToArray();
+        }
+        else if (codecType == AudiodecTypeAac)
+        {
+            aacSampleRateIndex = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(param[12..]);
+            aacMaxChannels = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(param[16..]);
+        }
+
+        return Ok;
+    }
+
+    private static AudioDecoderState? CreateAudioDecoder(uint codecType, AudioControl control)
+    {
+        if (codecType == AudiodecTypeAt9)
+        {
+            var atrac9 = new Atrac9DecodeState();
+            if (control.Atrac9Config is null || !atrac9.TryInitialize(control.Atrac9Config))
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            var config = atrac9.Config!;
+            return new AudioDecoderState
+            {
+                CodecType = codecType,
+                WordSize = control.WordSize,
+                Channels = config.ChannelCount,
+                SampleRate = config.SampleRate,
+                FrameBytes = config.SuperframeBytes,
+                FramesPerSuperframe = config.FramesPerSuperframe,
+                FrameSamples = config.FrameSamples,
+                Atrac9 = atrac9,
+            };
+        }
+
+        if (codecType == AudiodecTypeMp3)
+        {
+            return new AudioDecoderState
+            {
+                CodecType = codecType,
+                WordSize = control.WordSize,
+                Channels = 2,
+                SampleRate = 48_000,
+                FrameBytes = 1_441,
+                FramesPerSuperframe = 1,
+                FrameSamples = 1_152,
+            };
+        }
+
+        var channels = control.AacMaxChannels == 0
+            ? 2
+            : unchecked((int)Math.Min(control.AacMaxChannels, 8));
+        return new AudioDecoderState
+        {
+            CodecType = codecType,
+            WordSize = control.WordSize,
+            Channels = channels,
+            SampleRate = GetAacSampleRate(control.AacSampleRateIndex),
+            FrameBytes = 4_608,
+            FramesPerSuperframe = 1,
+            FrameSamples = 2_048,
+        };
+    }
+
+    private static void DecodeAtrac9(CpuContext ctx, AudioDecoderState decoder, AudioControl control)
+    {
+        var input = ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Rent(checked((int)control.AuSize));
+        var output = ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Rent(checked((int)control.PcmSize));
+        try
+        {
+            if (!ctx.Memory.TryRead(control.AuAddress, input.AsSpan(0, checked((int)control.AuSize))))
+            {
+                WriteAudioDecoderInfo(ctx, control.BsiInfoAddress, decoder, AudiodecErrorInvalidAuPointer);
+                WriteAudioBufferSizes(ctx, control, 0, 0);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            var result = decoder.Atrac9!.Decode(
+                input.AsSpan(0, checked((int)control.AuSize)),
+                output.AsSpan(0, checked((int)control.PcmSize)),
+                GetAtrac9Encoding(decoder.WordSize),
+                decoder.Channels,
+                multipleFrames: false);
+
+            var outputWritten = result.OutputWritten;
+            if (outputWritten != 0 &&
+                !ctx.Memory.TryWrite(control.PcmAddress, output.AsSpan(0, outputWritten)))
+            {
+                outputWritten = 0;
+            }
+
+            WriteAudioBufferSizes(
+                ctx,
+                control,
+                unchecked((uint)result.InputConsumed),
+                unchecked((uint)outputWritten));
+            WriteAudioDecoderInfo(ctx, control.BsiInfoAddress, decoder, result.Status);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Return(input);
+            ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Return(output);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void DecodeAudioSilence(CpuContext ctx, AudioDecoderState decoder, AudioControl control)
+    {
+        var wantedPcm = checked(
+            decoder.FrameSamples *
+            decoder.Channels *
+            GetAudioBytesPerSample(decoder.WordSize));
+        var outputSize = Math.Min(control.PcmSize, unchecked((uint)wantedPcm));
+        ClearGuestMemory(ctx, control.PcmAddress, outputSize);
+        WriteAudioBufferSizes(
+            ctx,
+            control,
+            Math.Min(control.AuSize, unchecked((uint)decoder.FrameBytes)),
+            outputSize);
+        WriteAudioDecoderInfo(ctx, control.BsiInfoAddress, decoder, Ok);
+    }
+
+    private static void WriteAudioBufferSizes(
+        CpuContext ctx,
+        AudioControl control,
+        uint inputConsumed,
+        uint outputWritten)
+    {
+        Span<byte> value = stackalloc byte[sizeof(uint)];
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(value, inputConsumed);
+        _ = ctx.Memory.TryWrite(control.AuInfoAddress + 16, value);
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(value, outputWritten);
+        _ = ctx.Memory.TryWrite(control.PcmItemAddress + 16, value);
+    }
+
+    private static void WriteAudioDecoderInfo(
+        CpuContext ctx,
+        ulong infoAddress,
+        AudioDecoderState decoder,
+        int result)
+    {
+        if (decoder.CodecType == AudiodecTypeAt9)
+        {
+            Span<byte> info = stackalloc byte[36];
+            info.Clear();
+            BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(info, unchecked((uint)info.Length));
+            BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(info[4..], unchecked((uint)decoder.Channels));
+            var superframeSamples = checked(decoder.FrameSamples * decoder.FramesPerSuperframe);
+            var bitrate = superframeSamples == 0
+                ? 0u
+                : unchecked((uint)((ulong)decoder.FrameBytes * 8 * (uint)decoder.SampleRate /
+                                   (uint)superframeSamples));
+            BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(info[8..], bitrate);
+            BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(info[12..], unchecked((uint)decoder.SampleRate));
+            BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(info[16..], unchecked((uint)decoder.FrameBytes));
+            BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(info[20..], unchecked((uint)decoder.FramesPerSuperframe));
+            BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(
+                info[24..],
+                unchecked((uint)(decoder.FrameBytes / Math.Max(decoder.FramesPerSuperframe, 1))));
+            BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(info[28..], unchecked((uint)decoder.FrameSamples));
+            BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(info[32..], result);
+            _ = ctx.Memory.TryWrite(infoAddress, info);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (decoder.CodecType == AudiodecTypeMp3)
+        {
+            Span<byte> info = stackalloc byte[24];
+            info.Clear();
+            BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(info, unchecked((uint)info.Length));
+            BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(info[20..], result);
+            _ = ctx.Memory.TryWrite(infoAddress, info);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Span<byte> aacInfo = stackalloc byte[20];
+        aacInfo.Clear();
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(aacInfo, unchecked((uint)aacInfo.Length));
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(aacInfo[4..], unchecked((uint)decoder.SampleRate));
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(aacInfo[8..], unchecked((uint)decoder.Channels));
+        BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32LittleEndian(aacInfo[16..], result);
+        _ = ctx.Memory.TryWrite(infoAddress, aacInfo);
+    }
+
+    private static Atrac9PcmEncoding GetAtrac9Encoding(int wordSize) =>
+        wordSize switch
+        {
+            0 => Atrac9PcmEncoding.Signed32,
+            1 => Atrac9PcmEncoding.Signed16,
+            2 => Atrac9PcmEncoding.Float,
+            _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(wordSize)),
+        };
+
+    private static int GetAudioBytesPerSample(int wordSize) =>
+        wordSize == 1 ? sizeof(short) : sizeof(int);
+
+    private static int GetAacSampleRate(uint index)
+    {
+        ReadOnlySpan<int> rates =
+        [
+            96_000, 88_200, 64_000, 48_000, 44_100, 32_000,
+            24_000, 22_050, 16_000, 12_000, 11_025, 8_000,
+        ];
+        return index < rates.Length ? rates[unchecked((int)index)] : 48_000;
+    }
+
+    private static void ClearGuestMemory(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, uint byteCount)
+    {
+        Span<byte> zero = stackalloc byte[256];
+        var cursor = address;
+        var remaining = byteCount;
+        while (remaining != 0)
+        {
+            var length = unchecked((int)Math.Min(remaining, (uint)zero.Length));
+            if (!ctx.Memory.TryWrite(cursor, zero[..length]))
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            cursor += unchecked((uint)length);
+            remaining -= unchecked((uint)length);
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal static void ResetAudioDecodersForTests()
+    {
+        AudioDecoders.Clear();
+        AudioCodecInitCounts.Clear();
+        Interlocked.Exchange(ref _nextAudioHandle, 0);
+    }
+
     private static bool TryWriteHandle(CpuContext ctx, ulong address, ulong handle) =>
         ctx.TryWriteUInt64(address, handle);
 

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Diagnostics/LoadProgressDiagnostics.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Threading;
+using SharpEmu.Libs.Agc;
+
+namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Diagnostics;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Rate-limited progress probes armed when GTA's 'North Audio Update' thread
+/// starts. Used to classify North Yankton freezes (flip vs present vs GPU wait)
+/// without enabling full AGC/VideoOut trace.
+/// </summary>
+public static class LoadProgressDiagnostics
+{
+    // Keep probes live long enough to cover a stuck Yankton session.
+    private const long ActiveWindowMs = 120_000;
+
+    private static long _armedTicks;
+    private static long _flipSubmitTraceCount;
+    private static long _orderedFlipEnqueueTraceCount;
+    private static long _presentTakenTraceCount;
+    private static long _presentNotTakenTraceCount;
+    private static long _gpuWaitSnapshotTraceCount;
+
+    public static void ArmIfNorthAudioThread(string? threadName)
+    {
+        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(threadName) ||
+            threadName.IndexOf("North Audio", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) < 0)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (Interlocked.CompareExchange(
+                ref _armedTicks,
+                Stopwatch.GetTimestamp(),
+                0) == 0)
+        {
+            Console.Error.WriteLine(
+                "[LOADER][TRACE] load_progress.armed reason=north_audio " +
+                $"window_ms={ActiveWindowMs}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static bool IsActive
+    {
+        get
+        {
+            var armed = Volatile.Read(ref _armedTicks);
+            if (armed == 0)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            var elapsedMs = (Stopwatch.GetTimestamp() - armed) * 1000L /
+                Stopwatch.Frequency;
+            return elapsedMs <= ActiveWindowMs;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void TraceFlipSubmit(
+        int handle,
+        int bufferIndex,
+        int flipMode,
+        bool submitGpuImage,
+        bool guestImageSubmitted,
+        ulong guestImageAddress,
+        int flipEventCount)
+    {
+        if (!IsActive || !ShouldTrace(ref _flipSubmitTraceCount, out var count))
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Console.Error.WriteLine(
+            $"[LOADER][TRACE] load_progress.flip_submit count={count} " +
+            $"handle={handle} index={bufferIndex} mode={flipMode} " +
+            $"gpu_image={submitGpuImage} submitted={guestImageSubmitted} " +
+            $"addr=0x{guestImageAddress:X16} events={flipEventCount}");
+    }
+
+    public static void TraceOrderedFlipEnqueue(
+        int videoOutHandle,
+        int displayBufferIndex,
+        ulong address,
+        long version,
+        bool enqueued)
+    {
+        if (!IsActive ||
+            !ShouldTrace(ref _orderedFlipEnqueueTraceCount, out var count))
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Console.Error.WriteLine(
+            $"[LOADER][TRACE] load_progress.ordered_flip count={count} " +
+            $"handle={videoOutHandle} index={displayBufferIndex} " +
+            $"addr=0x{address:X16} version={version} enqueued={enqueued}");
+    }
+
+    public static void TracePresentTaken(
+        long presentedSequence,
+        ulong guestImageAddress,
+        long guestImageVersion)
+    {
+        if (!IsActive || !ShouldTrace(ref _presentTakenTraceCount, out var count))
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Console.Error.WriteLine(
+            $"[LOADER][TRACE] load_progress.present_taken count={count} " +
+            $"seq={presentedSequence} addr=0x{guestImageAddress:X16} " +
+            $"version={guestImageVersion}");
+    }
+
+    public static void TracePresentNotTaken(
+        long presentedSequence,
+        bool hasPendingPresentation)
+    {
+        if (!IsActive ||
+            !ShouldTrace(ref _presentNotTakenTraceCount, out var count))
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Console.Error.WriteLine(
+            $"[LOADER][TRACE] load_progress.present_not_taken count={count} " +
+            $"seq={presentedSequence} pending={hasPendingPresentation}");
+    }
+
+    public static void TraceGpuWaitSnapshot(object? memory = null)
+    {
+        if (!IsActive ||
+            !ShouldTrace(ref _gpuWaitSnapshotTraceCount, out var count))
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        var snapshot = GpuWaitRegistry.SnapshotOutstanding(memory);
+        Console.Error.WriteLine(
+            $"[LOADER][TRACE] load_progress.gpu_waits count={count} " +
+            $"outstanding={snapshot.Outstanding} latched={snapshot.Latched} " +
+            $"oldest_ms={snapshot.OldestAgeMs} " +
+            $"sample_addr=0x{snapshot.SampleWaitAddress:X16} " +
+            $"sample_queue={snapshot.SampleQueueName ?? "-"}");
+    }
+
+    private static bool ShouldTrace(ref long counter, out long count)
+    {
+        count = Interlocked.Increment(ref counter);
+        return count <= 16 || (count & (count - 1)) == 0;
+    }
+}

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Gpu/GuestGpuTypes.cs

@@ -89,7 +89,8 @@ internal sealed record GuestVertexBuffer(
     uint OffsetBytes,
     byte[] Data,
     int Length,
-    bool Pooled);
+    bool Pooled,
+    bool PerInstance = false);
 
 internal sealed record GuestIndexBuffer(
     byte[] Data,

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Gpu/IGuestGpuBackend.cs

@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ internal interface IGuestGpuBackend
         int scalarRegisterBufferIndex = -1,
         uint pixelInputEnable = 0,
         uint pixelInputAddress = 0,
+        IReadOnlyList<uint>? pixelInputCntl = null,
         ulong storageBufferOffsetAlignment = 1);
 
     bool TryCompileComputeShader(
@@ -108,7 +109,8 @@ internal interface IGuestGpuBackend
         GuestIndexBuffer? indexBuffer = null,
         IReadOnlyList<GuestVertexBuffer>? vertexBuffers = null,
         GuestRenderState? renderState = null,
-        ulong shaderAddress = 0);
+        ulong shaderAddress = 0,
+        int baseVertex = 0);
 
     void SubmitOffscreenTranslatedDraw(
         IGuestCompiledShader pixelShader,
@@ -124,7 +126,8 @@ internal interface IGuestGpuBackend
         IReadOnlyList<GuestVertexBuffer>? vertexBuffers = null,
         GuestRenderState? renderState = null,
         GuestDepthTarget? depthTarget = null,
-        ulong shaderAddress = 0);
+        ulong shaderAddress = 0,
+        int baseVertex = 0);
 
     void SubmitStorageTranslatedDraw(
         IGuestCompiledShader pixelShader,
@@ -234,7 +237,27 @@ internal interface IGuestGpuBackend
 
     void SubmitGuestImageFill(ulong address, uint fillValue);
 
-    void SubmitGuestImageWrite(ulong address, byte[] pixels);
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Uploads guest-authored pixels into a live guest image. <paramref name="rowOffset"/>
+    /// is the first image row the buffer covers, so a caller that knows only part
+    /// of the surface changed can send that band instead of the whole thing; the
+    /// untouched rows on the host already hold the same bytes.
+    /// </summary>
+    void SubmitGuestImageWrite(ulong address, byte[] pixels, uint rowOffset = 0);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Whether a non-zero <c>rowOffset</c> is honoured. Backends that cannot
+    /// upload a sub-range must report false so callers keep sending the whole
+    /// surface: a dropped band would leave the host copy stale, which is worse
+    /// than an oversized upload.
+    /// </summary>
+    bool SupportsPartialImageWrite => false;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Asks the presenter to refresh CPU-dirty guest images on its render/present
+    /// drain. Must not enqueue retained plane copies on the producer path.
+    /// </summary>
+    void RequestCpuWrittenGuestImageSync(ulong scopeAddress = 0, ulong scopeByteCount = ulong.MaxValue);
 
     bool TryGetGuestImageExtent(ulong address, out uint width, out uint height, out ulong byteCount);
 

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Gpu/Metal/MetalGuestFormats.cs

@@ -218,6 +218,13 @@ internal static class MetalGuestFormats
     {
         var format = (dataFormat, numberType) switch
         {
+            // Early G-buffer / scene targets (R16 + RG32). Keep in sync with
+            // VulkanVideoPresenter.TryDecodeRenderTargetFormat.
+            (2, 0) => MtlPixelFormat.R16Unorm,
+            (2, 1) => MtlPixelFormat.R16Snorm,
+            (2, 4) => MtlPixelFormat.R16Uint,
+            (2, 5) => MtlPixelFormat.R16Sint,
+            (2, 7) => MtlPixelFormat.R16Float,
             (4, 4) => MtlPixelFormat.R32Uint,
             (4, 5) => MtlPixelFormat.R32Sint,
             (4, 7) => MtlPixelFormat.R32Float,
@@ -230,6 +237,8 @@ internal static class MetalGuestFormats
             (10, 5) => MtlPixelFormat.Rgba8Sint,
             (10, 9) => MtlPixelFormat.Rgba8UnormSrgb,
             (10, _) => MtlPixelFormat.Rgba8Unorm,
+            (11, 4) => MtlPixelFormat.Rg32Uint,
+            (11, 5) => MtlPixelFormat.Rg32Sint,
             (11, 7) => MtlPixelFormat.Rg32Float,
             (12, 4) => MtlPixelFormat.Rgba16Uint,
             (12, 5) => MtlPixelFormat.Rgba16Sint,
@@ -258,10 +267,12 @@ internal static class MetalGuestFormats
 
         var outputKind = format switch
         {
-            MtlPixelFormat.R8Uint or MtlPixelFormat.R32Uint or MtlPixelFormat.Rg16Uint or
+            MtlPixelFormat.R8Uint or MtlPixelFormat.R16Uint or MtlPixelFormat.R32Uint or
-                MtlPixelFormat.Rgba8Uint or MtlPixelFormat.Rgba16Uint => Gen5PixelOutputKind.Uint,
+                MtlPixelFormat.Rg16Uint or MtlPixelFormat.Rg32Uint or MtlPixelFormat.Rgba8Uint or
-            MtlPixelFormat.R32Sint or MtlPixelFormat.Rg16Sint or MtlPixelFormat.Rgba8Sint or
+                MtlPixelFormat.Rgba16Uint => Gen5PixelOutputKind.Uint,
-                MtlPixelFormat.Rgba16Sint => Gen5PixelOutputKind.Sint,
+            MtlPixelFormat.R16Sint or MtlPixelFormat.R32Sint or MtlPixelFormat.Rg16Sint or
+                MtlPixelFormat.Rg32Sint or MtlPixelFormat.Rgba8Sint or MtlPixelFormat.Rgba16Sint =>
+                Gen5PixelOutputKind.Sint,
             _ => Gen5PixelOutputKind.Float,
         };
         result = new MetalRenderTargetFormat(format, outputKind);

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Gpu/Metal/MetalGuestGpuBackend.cs

@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ internal sealed class MetalGuestGpuBackend : IGuestGpuBackend
         int scalarRegisterBufferIndex = -1,
         uint pixelInputEnable = 0,
         uint pixelInputAddress = 0,
+        IReadOnlyList<uint>? pixelInputCntl = null,
         ulong storageBufferOffsetAlignment = 1)
     {
         shader = null;
@@ -85,6 +86,7 @@ internal sealed class MetalGuestGpuBackend : IGuestGpuBackend
                 scalarRegisterBufferIndex,
                 pixelInputEnable,
                 pixelInputAddress,
+                pixelInputCntl,
                 storageBufferOffsetAlignment))
         {
             return false;
@@ -251,7 +253,8 @@ internal sealed class MetalGuestGpuBackend : IGuestGpuBackend
         GuestIndexBuffer? indexBuffer = null,
         IReadOnlyList<GuestVertexBuffer>? vertexBuffers = null,
         GuestRenderState? renderState = null,
-        ulong shaderAddress = 0) =>
+        ulong shaderAddress = 0,
+        int baseVertex = 0) =>
         MetalVideoPresenter.SubmitDepthOnlyTranslatedDraw(
             Msl(pixelShader),
             textures,
@@ -265,7 +268,8 @@ internal sealed class MetalGuestGpuBackend : IGuestGpuBackend
             indexBuffer,
             vertexBuffers,
             renderState,
-            shaderAddress);
+            shaderAddress,
+            baseVertex);
 
     public void SubmitOffscreenTranslatedDraw(
         IGuestCompiledShader pixelShader,
@@ -281,7 +285,8 @@ internal sealed class MetalGuestGpuBackend : IGuestGpuBackend
         IReadOnlyList<GuestVertexBuffer>? vertexBuffers = null,
         GuestRenderState? renderState = null,
         GuestDepthTarget? depthTarget = null,
-        ulong shaderAddress = 0) =>
+        ulong shaderAddress = 0,
+        int baseVertex = 0) =>
         MetalVideoPresenter.SubmitOffscreenTranslatedDraw(
             Msl(pixelShader),
             textures,
@@ -296,7 +301,8 @@ internal sealed class MetalGuestGpuBackend : IGuestGpuBackend
             vertexBuffers,
             renderState,
             depthTarget,
-            shaderAddress);
+            shaderAddress,
+            baseVertex);
 
     public void SubmitStorageTranslatedDraw(
         IGuestCompiledShader pixelShader,
@@ -392,9 +398,12 @@ internal sealed class MetalGuestGpuBackend : IGuestGpuBackend
     public void SubmitGuestImageFill(ulong address, uint fillValue) =>
         MetalVideoPresenter.SubmitGuestImageFill(address, fillValue);
 
-    public void SubmitGuestImageWrite(ulong address, byte[] pixels) =>
+    public void SubmitGuestImageWrite(ulong address, byte[] pixels, uint rowOffset = 0) =>
         MetalVideoPresenter.SubmitGuestImageWrite(address, pixels);
 
+    public void RequestCpuWrittenGuestImageSync(ulong scopeAddress = 0, ulong scopeByteCount = ulong.MaxValue) =>
+        MetalVideoPresenter.RequestCpuWrittenGuestImageSync(scopeAddress, scopeByteCount);
+
     public bool TryGetGuestImageExtent(ulong address, out uint width, out uint height, out ulong byteCount) =>
         MetalVideoPresenter.TryGetGuestImageExtent(address, out width, out height, out byteCount);
 

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Gpu/Metal/MetalHostInput.cs

@@ -1,182 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-using SharpEmu.HLE.Host;
-using SharpEmu.HLE.Host.Posix;
-
-namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Gpu.Metal;
-
-/// <summary>
-/// Keyboard state sampled from the Metal presenter's window, feeding the POSIX
-/// host input seam so pad emulation works like the Vulkan presenter's
-/// HostWindowInput. Key events arrive on the AppKit main thread as macOS
-/// virtual key codes; pad reads happen on guest threads, so state is guarded.
-/// Window gamepads are not surfaced by AppKit — controller support would go
-/// through GameController.framework and is out of scope here.
-/// </summary>
-internal static class MetalHostInput
-{
-    private static readonly object Gate = new();
-    private static readonly HashSet<ushort> Pressed = new();
-    private static volatile bool _connected;
-
-    /// <summary>Registers this window's keyboard as the host input source.</summary>
-    public static void Attach()
-    {
-        _connected = true;
-        PosixHostInput.SetSource(new MetalWindowInputSource());
-        Console.Error.WriteLine("[LOADER][INFO] Window keyboard input attached for pad emulation.");
-    }
-
-    // Debug automation: SHARPEMU_METAL_AUTOKEY="12:0x24,15:0x24" presses the
-    // macOS key code at each elapsed-seconds mark for a few frames, letting
-    // headless test runs navigate menus without a human at the keyboard.
-    private static readonly List<(double At, ushort Key, bool[] State)> _autoKeys = ParseAutoKeys();
-    private static readonly System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch _autoKeyClock =
-        System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.StartNew();
-
-    private static List<(double, ushort, bool[])> ParseAutoKeys()
-    {
-        var keys = new List<(double, ushort, bool[])>();
-        var spec = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SHARPEMU_METAL_AUTOKEY");
-        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(spec))
-        {
-            return keys;
-        }
-
-        foreach (var entry in spec.Split(',', StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries))
-        {
-            var parts = entry.Split(':');
-            if (parts.Length == 2 &&
-                double.TryParse(parts[0], out var at) &&
-                TryParseKeyCode(parts[1], out var key))
-            {
-                keys.Add((at, key, new bool[2]));
-            }
-        }
-
-        return keys;
-    }
-
-    private static bool TryParseKeyCode(string text, out ushort key)
-    {
-        return text.StartsWith("0x", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
-            ? ushort.TryParse(text[2..], System.Globalization.NumberStyles.HexNumber, null, out key)
-            : ushort.TryParse(text, out key);
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>Called once per render frame; fires and releases scripted keys.</summary>
-    public static void PumpAutoKeys()
-    {
-        if (_autoKeys.Count == 0)
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        var elapsed = _autoKeyClock.Elapsed.TotalSeconds;
-        foreach (var (at, key, state) in _autoKeys)
-        {
-            if (!state[0] && elapsed >= at)
-            {
-                state[0] = true;
-                KeyDown(key, isRepeat: false);
-                Console.Error.WriteLine($"[LOADER][INFO] Metal autokey press 0x{key:X} at {elapsed:F1}s");
-            }
-            else if (state[0] && !state[1] && elapsed >= at + 0.2)
-            {
-                state[1] = true;
-                KeyUp(key);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    public static void KeyDown(ushort keyCode, bool isRepeat)
-    {
-        // kVK_F1: parity with the Vulkan window's perf-overlay toggle.
-        if (keyCode == 0x7A && !isRepeat)
-        {
-            VideoOut.PerfOverlay.Toggle();
-        }
-
-        lock (Gate)
-        {
-            Pressed.Add(keyCode);
-        }
-    }
-
-    public static void KeyUp(ushort keyCode)
-    {
-        lock (Gate)
-        {
-            Pressed.Remove(keyCode);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static bool IsKeyCodeDown(ushort keyCode)
-    {
-        lock (Gate)
-        {
-            return Pressed.Contains(keyCode);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private sealed class MetalWindowInputSource : IPosixWindowInputSource
-    {
-        public bool HasKeyboardFocus => _connected;
-
-        public bool IsKeyDown(int virtualKey) =>
-            TryMapVirtualKey(virtualKey, out var keyCode) && IsKeyCodeDown(keyCode);
-
-        public int GetGamepadStates(Span<HostGamepadState> destination) => 0;
-
-        public string? DescribeConnectedGamepad() => null;
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>Windows virtual-key semantics (the seam's contract) to macOS
-    /// kVK virtual key codes, covering the keys pad emulation polls.</summary>
-    private static bool TryMapVirtualKey(int vk, out ushort keyCode)
-    {
-        keyCode = vk switch
-        {
-            0x08 => 0x33, // Backspace -> kVK_Delete
-            0x09 => 0x30, // Tab
-            0x0D => 0x24, // Enter -> kVK_Return
-            0x1B => 0x35, // Escape
-            0x20 => 0x31, // Space
-            0x25 => 0x7B, // Left
-            0x26 => 0x7E, // Up
-            0x27 => 0x7C, // Right
-            0x28 => 0x7D, // Down
-            // Letters: macOS ANSI key codes are layout-position based and
-            // non-contiguous, so map each polled letter explicitly.
-            0x41 => 0x00, // A
-            0x42 => 0x0B, // B
-            0x43 => 0x08, // C
-            0x44 => 0x02, // D
-            0x45 => 0x0E, // E
-            0x46 => 0x03, // F
-            0x47 => 0x05, // G
-            0x48 => 0x04, // H
-            0x49 => 0x22, // I
-            0x4A => 0x26, // J
-            0x4B => 0x28, // K
-            0x4C => 0x25, // L
-            0x4D => 0x2E, // M
-            0x4E => 0x2D, // N
-            0x4F => 0x1F, // O
-            0x50 => 0x23, // P
-            0x51 => 0x0C, // Q
-            0x52 => 0x0F, // R
-            0x53 => 0x01, // S
-            0x54 => 0x11, // T
-            0x55 => 0x20, // U
-            0x56 => 0x09, // V
-            0x57 => 0x0D, // W
-            0x58 => 0x07, // X
-            0x59 => 0x10, // Y
-            0x5A => 0x06, // Z
-            _ => ushort.MaxValue,
-        };
-        return keyCode != ushort.MaxValue;
-    }
-}

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Gpu/Metal/MetalNative.cs

@@ -5,19 +5,6 @@ using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 
 namespace SharpEmu.Libs.Gpu.Metal;
 
-// Core Graphics / Metal ABI structs passed by value through objc_msgSend. Struct
-// *returns* are deliberately never used: on x86-64 (this process runs under Rosetta
-// on Apple silicon) large struct returns switch to objc_msgSend_stret, and avoiding
-// them entirely keeps one calling convention everywhere.
-[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
-internal struct CGRect
-{
-    public double X;
-    public double Y;
-    public double Width;
-    public double Height;
-}
-
 [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
 internal struct CGSize
 {
@@ -93,31 +80,21 @@ internal struct MtlViewport
 }
 
 /// <summary>
-/// Objective-C runtime access for the Metal presenter: AppKit, QuartzCore, and Metal
+/// Objective-C runtime access for the Metal presenter: QuartzCore and Metal
 /// through objc_msgSend, with one LibraryImport overload per distinct native
 /// signature. Dependency-free by design — this plus the OS frameworks is the entire
 /// Metal path, which is what keeps it NativeAOT-clean.
 /// </summary>
 internal static partial class MetalNative
 {
-    private const string CoreFoundation =
-        "/System/Library/Frameworks/CoreFoundation.framework/CoreFoundation";
-
-    [LibraryImport(CoreFoundation)]
-    public static partial nint CFRunLoopGetMain();
-
-    [LibraryImport(CoreFoundation)]
-    public static partial void CFRunLoopStop(nint runLoop);
-
     private const string ObjCLibrary = "/usr/lib/libobjc.A.dylib";
     private const string MetalFramework = "/System/Library/Frameworks/Metal.framework/Metal";
-    private const string AppKitFramework = "/System/Library/Frameworks/AppKit.framework/AppKit";
     private const string QuartzCoreFramework = "/System/Library/Frameworks/QuartzCore.framework/QuartzCore";
 
     private static bool _frameworksLoaded;
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Makes the AppKit and QuartzCore classes visible to objc_getClass; Metal is
+    /// Makes QuartzCore classes visible to objc_getClass; Metal is
     /// pulled in by its own LibraryImport. Call once before any Class() lookup.
     /// </summary>
     public static void EnsureFrameworksLoaded()
@@ -127,7 +104,6 @@ internal static partial class MetalNative
             return;
         }
 
-        NativeLibrary.Load(AppKitFramework);
         NativeLibrary.Load(QuartzCoreFramework);
         _frameworksLoaded = true;
     }
@@ -141,16 +117,6 @@ internal static partial class MetalNative
     [LibraryImport(ObjCLibrary, StringMarshalling = StringMarshalling.Utf8)]
     private static partial nint sel_registerName(string name);
 
-    [LibraryImport(ObjCLibrary, StringMarshalling = StringMarshalling.Utf8)]
-    public static partial nint objc_allocateClassPair(nint superclass, string name, nuint extraBytes);
-
-    [LibraryImport(ObjCLibrary)]
-    public static partial void objc_registerClassPair(nint cls);
-
-    [LibraryImport(ObjCLibrary, StringMarshalling = StringMarshalling.Utf8)]
-    [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.I1)]
-    public static partial bool class_addMethod(nint cls, nint name, nint imp, string types);
-
     [LibraryImport(ObjCLibrary)]
     public static partial nint objc_autoreleasePoolPush();
 
@@ -169,14 +135,6 @@ internal static partial class MetalNative
     [LibraryImport(ObjCLibrary, EntryPoint = "objc_msgSend")]
     public static partial nint Send(nint receiver, nint selector, nint argument);
 
-
-    /// <summary>objc_msgSend for a CGRect-returning selector (e.g. -bounds).
-    /// A 32-byte struct is returned via the x86-64 stret ABI — a hidden
-    /// pointer to caller storage passed ahead of self/_cmd — so this must not
-    /// be folded into the plain objc_msgSend overloads.</summary>
-    [LibraryImport(ObjCLibrary, EntryPoint = "objc_msgSend_stret")]
-    public static partial void SendStretRect(out CGRect result, nint receiver, nint selector);
-
     [LibraryImport(ObjCLibrary, EntryPoint = "objc_msgSend")]
     public static partial nint Send(nint receiver, nint selector, nint argument, ref nint error);
 
@@ -209,17 +167,6 @@ internal static partial class MetalNative
     [LibraryImport(ObjCLibrary, EntryPoint = "objc_msgSend")]
     public static partial void SendVoid(nint receiver, nint selector, nint argument0, nint argument1);
 
-    /// <summary>performSelectorOnMainThread:withObject:waitUntilDone: — the SEL
-    /// to perform is itself an argument, followed by the object and the wait
-    /// flag.</summary>
-    [LibraryImport(ObjCLibrary, EntryPoint = "objc_msgSend")]
-    public static partial void SendVoidPerformSelector(
-        nint receiver,
-        nint selector,
-        nint performedSelector,
-        nint argument,
-        [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.I1)] bool waitUntilDone);
-
     /// <summary>setSwizzle: on MTLTextureDescriptor. Four one-byte
     /// MTLTextureSwizzle values, passed packed like the framework expects.</summary>
     [LibraryImport(ObjCLibrary, EntryPoint = "objc_msgSend")]
@@ -237,9 +184,6 @@ internal static partial class MetalNative
     [LibraryImport(ObjCLibrary, EntryPoint = "objc_msgSend")]
     public static partial void SendVoidSize(nint receiver, nint selector, CGSize size);
 
-    [LibraryImport(ObjCLibrary, EntryPoint = "objc_msgSend")]
-    public static partial void SendVoidRect(nint receiver, nint selector, CGRect rect);
-
     [LibraryImport(ObjCLibrary, EntryPoint = "objc_msgSend")]
     public static partial void SendVoidClearColor(nint receiver, nint selector, MtlClearColor color);
 
@@ -328,37 +272,6 @@ internal static partial class MetalNative
         nuint indexBufferOffset,
         nuint instanceCount);
 
-    [LibraryImport(ObjCLibrary, EntryPoint = "objc_msgSend")]
-    public static partial nint SendTimer(
-        nint receiver,
-        nint selector,
-        double interval,
-        nint target,
-        nint timerSelector,
-        nint userInfo,
-        [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.I1)] bool repeats);
-
-    [LibraryImport(ObjCLibrary, EntryPoint = "objc_msgSend")]
-    public static partial nint SendInitFrame(nint receiver, nint selector, CGRect frame);
-
-    [LibraryImport(ObjCLibrary, EntryPoint = "objc_msgSend")]
-    public static partial nint SendInitWindow(
-        nint receiver,
-        nint selector,
-        CGRect contentRect,
-        nuint styleMask,
-        nuint backing,
-        [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.I1)] bool defer);
-
-    [LibraryImport(ObjCLibrary, EntryPoint = "objc_msgSend")]
-    public static partial nint SendNextEvent(
-        nint receiver,
-        nint selector,
-        ulong eventMask,
-        nint untilDate,
-        nint inMode,
-        [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.I1)] bool dequeue);
-
     [LibraryImport(ObjCLibrary, EntryPoint = "objc_msgSend")]
     public static partial nint SendTextureDescriptor(
         nint receiver,

src/SharpEmu.Libs/Gpu/Metal/MetalVideoPresenter.Draws.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright (C) 2026 SharpEmu Emulator Project
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
+using System.Buffers.Binary;
 using SharpEmu.Libs.Agc;
 using SharpEmu.ShaderCompiler;
 using SharpEmu.ShaderCompiler.Metal;
@@ -87,7 +88,8 @@ internal static partial class MetalVideoPresenter
         uint InstanceCount,
         uint PrimitiveType,
         GuestIndexBuffer? IndexBuffer,
-        GuestRenderState RenderState);
+        GuestRenderState RenderState,
+        int BaseVertex = 0);
 
     private sealed record OffscreenGuestDraw(
         TranslatedGuestDraw Draw,
@@ -245,7 +247,8 @@ internal static partial class MetalVideoPresenter
         IReadOnlyList<GuestVertexBuffer>? vertexBuffers,
         GuestRenderState? renderState,
         GuestDepthTarget? depthTarget,
-        ulong shaderAddress)
+        ulong shaderAddress,
+        int baseVertex = 0)
     {
         if (targets.Count == 0)
         {
@@ -293,7 +296,8 @@ internal static partial class MetalVideoPresenter
                         instanceCount,
                         primitiveType,
                         indexBuffer,
-                        effectiveRenderState),
+                        effectiveRenderState,
+                        baseVertex),
                     ToArray(targets),
                     depthTarget,
                     PublishTarget: true,
@@ -321,7 +325,8 @@ internal static partial class MetalVideoPresenter
         GuestIndexBuffer? indexBuffer,
         IReadOnlyList<GuestVertexBuffer>? vertexBuffers,
         GuestRenderState? renderState,
-        ulong shaderAddress)
+        ulong shaderAddress,
+        int baseVertex = 0)
     {
         if (depthTarget.Address == 0 || depthTarget.Width == 0 || depthTarget.Height == 0)
         {
@@ -348,7 +353,8 @@ internal static partial class MetalVideoPresenter
                         instanceCount,
                         primitiveType,
                         indexBuffer,
-                        renderState ?? GuestRenderState.Default),
+                        renderState ?? GuestRenderState.Default,
+                        baseVertex),
                     [new GuestRenderTarget(Address: 0, depthTarget.Width, depthTarget.Height, Format: 10, NumberType: 0)],
                     depthTarget,
                     PublishTarget: false,
@@ -981,17 +987,38 @@ internal static partial class MetalVideoPresenter
 
     private static void EncodeDrawCall(nint encoder, TranslatedGuestDraw draw)
     {
-        var primitive = GetPrimitiveType(draw.PrimitiveType);
+        var indexed = draw.IndexBuffer is not null;
-        var vertexCount = draw.PrimitiveType == 0x11 && draw.IndexBuffer is null
+        var hasVertexBuffers = draw.VertexBuffers.Length > 0;
-            ? 4u
+        var primitive = GetPrimitiveType(
-            : draw.VertexCount;
+            draw.PrimitiveType,
+            indexed,
+            draw.VertexCount,
+            hasVertexBuffers);
+        var vertexCount = AgcPrimitiveHelpers.GetRectListDrawVertexCount(
+            draw.PrimitiveType,
+            draw.VertexCount,
+            indexed,
+            hasVertexBuffers);
+        var baseVertex = (nuint)Math.Max(draw.BaseVertex, 0);
         if (draw.IndexBuffer is { } indexBuffer)
         {
             var device = MetalNative.Send(encoder, MetalNative.Selector("device"));
             var slice = AllocateUpload(
                 device, Math.Max(indexBuffer.Length, 1), out var buffer, out var offset);
-            indexBuffer.Data.AsSpan(0, Math.Min(indexBuffer.Length, indexBuffer.Data.Length))
+            var source = indexBuffer.Data.AsSpan(
-                .CopyTo(slice);
+                0,
+                Math.Min(indexBuffer.Length, indexBuffer.Data.Length));
+            // Metal drawIndexed without baseVertex: bake GE_INDX_OFFSET into
+            // the uploaded indices so glyph batches still hit the right verts.
+            if (draw.BaseVertex != 0)
+            {
+                BakeBaseVertexIntoIndices(source, slice, indexBuffer.Is32Bit, draw.BaseVertex);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                source.CopyTo(slice);
+            }
+
             MetalNative.SendDrawIndexedPrimitives(
                 encoder,
                 MetalNative.Selector("drawIndexedPrimitives:indexCount:indexType:indexBuffer:indexBufferOffset:instanceCount:"),
@@ -1012,12 +1039,46 @@ internal static partial class MetalVideoPresenter
                 encoder,
                 MetalNative.Selector("drawPrimitives:vertexStart:vertexCount:instanceCount:"),
                 primitive,
-                0,
+                baseVertex,
                 vertexCount,
                 Math.Max(draw.InstanceCount, 1));
         }
     }
 
+    private static void BakeBaseVertexIntoIndices(
+        ReadOnlySpan<byte> source,
+        Span<byte> destination,
+        bool is32Bit,
+        int baseVertex)
+    {
+        if (is32Bit)
+        {
+            var count = source.Length / sizeof(uint);
+            for (var index = 0; index < count; index++)
+            {
+                var value = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32LittleEndian(
+                    source.Slice(index * sizeof(uint), sizeof(uint)));
+                var adjusted = unchecked((uint)(value + baseVertex));
+                BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt32LittleEndian(
+                    destination.Slice(index * sizeof(uint), sizeof(uint)),
+                    adjusted);
+            }
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        var shortCount = source.Length / sizeof(ushort);
+        for (var index = 0; index < shortCount; index++)
+        {
+            var value = BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt16LittleEndian(
+                source.Slice(index * sizeof(ushort), sizeof(ushort)));
+            var adjusted = unchecked((ushort)(value + baseVertex));
+            BinaryPrimitives.WriteUInt16LittleEndian(
+                destination.Slice(index * sizeof(ushort), sizeof(ushort)),
+                adjusted);
+        }
+    }
+
     private static bool TryGetDrawPipeline(
         nint device,
         TranslatedGuestDraw draw,
@@ -1226,8 +1287,11 @@ internal static partial class MetalVideoPresenter
                 ? vertexBuffer.Stride
                 : Math.Max(vertexBuffer.ComponentCount, 1) * 4;
             MetalNative.Send(layout, MetalNative.Selector("setStride:"), (nint)stride);
-            // MTLVertexStepFunction.PerVertex = 1.
+            // MTLVertexStepFunction: PerVertex = 1, PerInstance = 2.
-            MetalNative.Send(layout, MetalNative.Selector("setStepFunction:"), 1);
+            MetalNative.Send(
+                layout,
+                MetalNative.Selector("setStepFunction:"),
+                vertexBuffer.PerInstance ? 2 : 1);
         }
 
         return descriptor;
@@ -2059,13 +2123,30 @@ internal static partial class MetalVideoPresenter
 
                 return 3;
             case 6:
-            case 0x11:
                 return 4;
             default:
                 return 3;
         }
     }
 
+    private static nuint GetPrimitiveType(
+        uint guestPrimitiveType,
+        bool indexed,
+        uint vertexCount,
+        bool hasVertexBuffers)
+    {
+        if (AgcPrimitiveHelpers.ShouldDrawRectListAsTriangleStrip(
+                guestPrimitiveType,
+                indexed,
+                vertexCount,
+                hasVertexBuffers))
+        {
+            return 4; // MTLPrimitiveTypeTriangleStrip
+        }
+
+        return GetPrimitiveType(guestPrimitiveType);
+    }
+
     private static bool IsIntegerFormat(Gen5PixelOutputKind kind) =>
         kind is Gen5PixelOutputKind.Uint or Gen5PixelOutputKind.Sint;