To close [BS-2870](https://linear.app/affine-design/issue/BS-2870/支持识别-和-[-包裹内容为公式)
## Add Markdown Preprocessor Extension and Enhanced LaTeX Support
### Markdown Preprocessor Extension
This PR introduces a new preprocessor extension for Markdown adapters that allows preprocessing of content before conversion:
Adds a new PreprocessorManager for handling text transformations
Introduces extensible preprocessor interface that supports different processing levels (block/slice/doc)
Integrates preprocessor extension into the existing Markdown adapter workflow
### LaTeX Support Enhancement
Extends LaTeX support to handle both traditional and alternative syntax:
Adds support for backslash LaTeX syntax:
Block math: ```\[...\] ``` alongside existing ```$$...$$```
Inline math: ```\(...\) ``` alongside existing ```$...$```
Implements LaTeX preprocessor to standardize syntax before conversion
Updates tests to cover both syntax variants
