diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/app.module.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/app.module.ts
index 1382ef0957..45f86a2d54 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/app.module.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/app.module.ts
@@ -152,6 +152,8 @@ function buildAppModule() {
   factor
     // common fundamental modules
     .use(...FunctionalityModules)
+    .useIf(config => config.flavor.sync, WebSocketModule)
+
     // auth
     .use(AuthModule)
 
@@ -159,7 +161,7 @@ function buildAppModule() {
     .use(DocModule)
 
     // sync server only
-    .useIf(config => config.flavor.sync, WebSocketModule, SyncModule)
+    .useIf(config => config.flavor.sync, SyncModule)
 
     // graphql server only
     .useIf(
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/current-user.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/current-user.ts
index b6757314f1..ca736fb303 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/current-user.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/current-user.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import type { ExecutionContext } from '@nestjs/common';
 import { createParamDecorator } from '@nestjs/common';
-import { User } from '@prisma/client';
+import { User, UserSession } from '@prisma/client';
 
 import { getRequestResponseFromContext } from '../../fundamentals';
 
@@ -53,3 +53,5 @@ export interface CurrentUser
   hasPassword: boolean | null;
   emailVerified: boolean;
 }
+
+export { type UserSession };
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/guard.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/guard.ts
index 25679c40ec..bc3dd128ac 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/guard.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/guard.ts
@@ -1,15 +1,22 @@
 import type {
   CanActivate,
   ExecutionContext,
+  FactoryProvider,
   OnModuleInit,
 } from '@nestjs/common';
 import { Injectable, SetMetadata, UseGuards } from '@nestjs/common';
 import { ModuleRef, Reflector } from '@nestjs/core';
+import type { Request } from 'express';
 
 import {
   AuthenticationRequired,
+  Config,
   getRequestResponseFromContext,
+  mapAnyError,
+  parseCookies,
 } from '../../fundamentals';
+import { WEBSOCKET_OPTIONS } from '../../fundamentals/websocket';
+import { CurrentUser, UserSession } from './current-user';
 import { AuthService, parseAuthUserSeqNum } from './service';
 
 function extractTokenFromHeader(authorization: string) {
@@ -38,37 +45,9 @@ export class AuthGuard implements CanActivate, OnModuleInit {
   async canActivate(context: ExecutionContext) {
     const { req, res } = getRequestResponseFromContext(context);
 
-    // check cookie
-    let sessionToken: string | undefined =
-      req.cookies[AuthService.sessionCookieName];
-
-    if (!sessionToken && req.headers.authorization) {
-      sessionToken = extractTokenFromHeader(req.headers.authorization);
-    }
-
-    if (sessionToken) {
-      const userSeq = parseAuthUserSeqNum(
-        req.headers[AuthService.authUserSeqHeaderName]
-      );
-
-      const { user, expiresAt } = await this.auth.getUser(
-        sessionToken,
-        userSeq
-      );
-      if (res && user && expiresAt) {
-        await this.auth.refreshUserSessionIfNeeded(
-          req,
-          res,
-          sessionToken,
-          user.id,
-          expiresAt
-        );
-      }
-
-      if (user) {
-        req.sid = sessionToken;
-        req.user = user;
-      }
+    const userSession = await this.signIn(req);
+    if (res && userSession && userSession.session.expiresAt) {
+      await this.auth.refreshUserSessionIfNeeded(req, res, userSession.session);
     }
 
     // api is public
@@ -84,9 +63,44 @@ export class AuthGuard implements CanActivate, OnModuleInit {
     if (!req.user) {
       throw new AuthenticationRequired();
     }
-
     return true;
   }
+
+  async signIn(
+    req: Request
+  ): Promise<{ user: CurrentUser; session: UserSession } | null> {
+    if (req.user && req.session) {
+      return {
+        user: req.user,
+        session: req.session,
+      };
+    }
+
+    parseCookies(req);
+    let sessionToken: string | undefined =
+      req.cookies[AuthService.sessionCookieName];
+
+    if (!sessionToken && req.headers.authorization) {
+      sessionToken = extractTokenFromHeader(req.headers.authorization);
+    }
+
+    if (sessionToken) {
+      const userSeq = parseAuthUserSeqNum(
+        req.headers[AuthService.authUserSeqHeaderName]
+      );
+
+      const userSession = await this.auth.getUserSession(sessionToken, userSeq);
+
+      if (userSession) {
+        req.session = userSession.session;
+        req.user = userSession.user;
+      }
+
+      return userSession;
+    }
+
+    return null;
+  }
 }
 
 /**
@@ -111,3 +125,35 @@ export const Auth = () => {
 
 // api is public accessible
 export const Public = () => SetMetadata(PUBLIC_ENTRYPOINT_SYMBOL, true);
+
+export const AuthWebsocketOptionsProvider: FactoryProvider = {
+  provide: WEBSOCKET_OPTIONS,
+  useFactory: (config: Config, guard: AuthGuard) => {
+    return {
+      ...config.websocket,
+      allowRequest: async (
+        req: any,
+        pass: (err: string | null | undefined, success: boolean) => void
+      ) => {
+        if (!config.websocket.requireAuthentication) {
+          return pass(null, true);
+        }
+
+        try {
+          const authentication = await guard.signIn(req);
+
+          if (authentication) {
+            return pass(null, true);
+          } else {
+            return pass('unauthenticated', false);
+          }
+        } catch (e) {
+          const error = mapAnyError(e);
+          error.log('Websocket');
+          return pass('unauthenticated', false);
+        }
+      },
+    };
+  },
+  inject: [Config, AuthGuard],
+};
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/index.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/index.ts
index c1551d6752..7244027533 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/index.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/index.ts
@@ -6,15 +6,21 @@ import { FeatureModule } from '../features';
 import { QuotaModule } from '../quota';
 import { UserModule } from '../user';
 import { AuthController } from './controller';
-import { AuthGuard } from './guard';
+import { AuthGuard, AuthWebsocketOptionsProvider } from './guard';
 import { AuthResolver } from './resolver';
 import { AuthService } from './service';
 import { TokenService, TokenType } from './token';
 
 @Module({
   imports: [FeatureModule, UserModule, QuotaModule],
-  providers: [AuthService, AuthResolver, TokenService, AuthGuard],
-  exports: [AuthService, AuthGuard],
+  providers: [
+    AuthService,
+    AuthResolver,
+    TokenService,
+    AuthGuard,
+    AuthWebsocketOptionsProvider,
+  ],
+  exports: [AuthService, AuthGuard, AuthWebsocketOptionsProvider],
   controllers: [AuthController],
 })
 export class AuthModule {}
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/service.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/service.ts
index 9e261188ec..c372bb80c1 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/service.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/service.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { Injectable, OnApplicationBootstrap } from '@nestjs/common';
 import { Cron, CronExpression } from '@nestjs/schedule';
-import type { User } from '@prisma/client';
+import type { User, UserSession } from '@prisma/client';
 import { PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client';
 import type { CookieOptions, Request, Response } from 'express';
 import { assign, omit } from 'lodash-es';
@@ -121,27 +121,27 @@ export class AuthService implements OnApplicationBootstrap {
     return sessionUser(user);
   }
 
-  async getUser(
+  async getUserSession(
     token: string,
     seq = 0
-  ): Promise<{ user: CurrentUser | null; expiresAt: Date | null }> {
+  ): Promise<{ user: CurrentUser; session: UserSession } | null> {
     const session = await this.getSession(token);
 
     // no such session
     if (!session) {
-      return { user: null, expiresAt: null };
+      return null;
     }
 
     const userSession = session.userSessions.at(seq);
 
     // no such user session
     if (!userSession) {
-      return { user: null, expiresAt: null };
+      return null;
     }
 
     // user session expired
     if (userSession.expiresAt && userSession.expiresAt <= new Date()) {
-      return { user: null, expiresAt: null };
+      return null;
     }
 
     const user = await this.db.user.findUnique({
@@ -149,10 +149,10 @@ export class AuthService implements OnApplicationBootstrap {
     });
 
     if (!user) {
-      return { user: null, expiresAt: null };
+      return null;
     }
 
-    return { user: sessionUser(user), expiresAt: userSession.expiresAt };
+    return { user: sessionUser(user), session: userSession };
   }
 
   async getUserList(token: string) {
@@ -251,12 +251,13 @@ export class AuthService implements OnApplicationBootstrap {
   async refreshUserSessionIfNeeded(
     _req: Request,
     res: Response,
-    sessionId: string,
-    userId: string,
-    expiresAt: Date,
+    session: UserSession,
     ttr = this.config.auth.session.ttr
   ): Promise<boolean> {
-    if (expiresAt && expiresAt.getTime() - Date.now() > ttr * 1000) {
+    if (
+      session.expiresAt &&
+      session.expiresAt.getTime() - Date.now() > ttr * 1000
+    ) {
       // no need to refresh
       return false;
     }
@@ -267,17 +268,14 @@ export class AuthService implements OnApplicationBootstrap {
 
     await this.db.userSession.update({
       where: {
-        sessionId_userId: {
-          sessionId,
-          userId,
-        },
+        id: session.id,
       },
       data: {
         expiresAt: newExpiresAt,
       },
     });
 
-    res.cookie(AuthService.sessionCookieName, sessionId, {
+    res.cookie(AuthService.sessionCookieName, session.sessionId, {
       expires: newExpiresAt,
       ...this.cookieOptions,
     });
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/sync/events/events.gateway.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/sync/events/events.gateway.ts
index 78e66cee35..73aa53e372 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/sync/events/events.gateway.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/sync/events/events.gateway.ts
@@ -50,12 +50,7 @@ function Awareness(workspaceId: string): `${string}:awareness` {
   return `${workspaceId}:awareness`;
 }
 
-@WebSocketGateway({
-  cors: !AFFiNE.node.prod,
-  transports: ['websocket'],
-  // see: https://socket.io/docs/v4/server-options/#maxhttpbuffersize
-  maxHttpBufferSize: 1e8, // 100 MB
-})
+@WebSocketGateway()
 export class EventsGateway implements OnGatewayConnection, OnGatewayDisconnect {
   protected logger = new Logger(EventsGateway.name);
   private connectionCount = 0;
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/fundamentals/index.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/fundamentals/index.ts
index 98059cefc8..b55bd0b117 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/fundamentals/index.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/fundamentals/index.ts
@@ -36,5 +36,6 @@ export {
   getRequestFromHost,
   getRequestResponseFromContext,
   getRequestResponseFromHost,
+  parseCookies,
 } from './utils/request';
 export type * from './utils/types';
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/fundamentals/nestjs/exception.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/fundamentals/nestjs/exception.ts
index 2460cb32ea..e553d22da1 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/fundamentals/nestjs/exception.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/fundamentals/nestjs/exception.ts
@@ -2,8 +2,10 @@ import { ArgumentsHost, Catch, Logger } from '@nestjs/common';
 import { BaseExceptionFilter } from '@nestjs/core';
 import { GqlContextType } from '@nestjs/graphql';
 import { ThrottlerException } from '@nestjs/throttler';
+import { BaseWsExceptionFilter } from '@nestjs/websockets';
 import { Response } from 'express';
 import { of } from 'rxjs';
+import { Socket } from 'socket.io';
 
 import {
   InternalServerError,
@@ -44,6 +46,20 @@ export class GlobalExceptionFilter extends BaseExceptionFilter {
   }
 }
 
+export class GlobalWsExceptionFilter extends BaseWsExceptionFilter {
+  // @ts-expect-error satisfies the override
+  override handleError(client: Socket, exception: any): void {
+    const error = mapAnyError(exception);
+    error.log('Websocket');
+    metrics.socketio
+      .counter('unhandled_error')
+      .add(1, { status: error.status });
+    client.emit('error', {
+      error: toWebsocketError(error),
+    });
+  }
+}
+
 /**
  * Only exists for websocket error body backward compatibility
  *
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/fundamentals/throttler/index.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/fundamentals/throttler/index.ts
index fd68967a3f..f7a4993a08 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/fundamentals/throttler/index.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/fundamentals/throttler/index.ts
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ export class CloudThrottlerGuard extends ThrottlerGuard {
   override getTracker(req: Request): Promise<string> {
     return Promise.resolve(
       //           ↓ prefer session id if available
-      `throttler:${req.sid ?? req.get('CF-Connecting-IP') ?? req.get('CF-ray') ?? req.ip}`
+      `throttler:${req.session?.sessionId ?? req.get('CF-Connecting-IP') ?? req.get('CF-ray') ?? req.ip}`
       // ^ throttler prefix make the key in store recognizable
     );
   }
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/fundamentals/utils/request.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/fundamentals/utils/request.ts
index 37d965e3eb..7ab04be3f1 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/fundamentals/utils/request.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/fundamentals/utils/request.ts
@@ -66,3 +66,29 @@ export function getRequestFromHost(host: ArgumentsHost) {
 export function getRequestResponseFromContext(ctx: ExecutionContext) {
   return getRequestResponseFromHost(ctx);
 }
+
+/**
+ * simple patch for request not protected by `cookie-parser`
+ * only take effect if `req.cookies` is not defined
+ */
+export function parseCookies(req: Request) {
+  if (req.cookies) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const cookieStr = req?.headers?.cookie ?? '';
+  req.cookies = cookieStr.split(';').reduce(
+    (cookies, cookie) => {
+      const [key, val] = cookie.split('=');
+
+      if (key) {
+        cookies[decodeURIComponent(key.trim())] = val
+          ? decodeURIComponent(val.trim())
+          : val;
+      }
+
+      return cookies;
+    },
+    {} as Record<string, string>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/fundamentals/websocket/config.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/fundamentals/websocket/config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2aa49aa50f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/fundamentals/websocket/config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import { GatewayMetadata } from '@nestjs/websockets';
+
+import { defineStartupConfig, ModuleConfig } from '../config';
+
+declare module '../config' {
+  interface AppConfig {
+    websocket: ModuleConfig<
+      GatewayMetadata & {
+        requireAuthentication?: boolean;
+      }
+    >;
+  }
+}
+
+defineStartupConfig('websocket', {
+  // see: https://socket.io/docs/v4/server-options/#maxhttpbuffersize
+  transports: ['websocket'],
+  maxHttpBufferSize: 1e8, // 100 MB
+  requireAuthentication: true,
+});
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/fundamentals/websocket/index.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/fundamentals/websocket/index.ts
index f216a05e01..2446677636 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/fundamentals/websocket/index.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/fundamentals/websocket/index.ts
@@ -1,17 +1,46 @@
-import { Module, Provider } from '@nestjs/common';
+import './config';
+
+import {
+  FactoryProvider,
+  INestApplicationContext,
+  Module,
+  Provider,
+} from '@nestjs/common';
 import { IoAdapter } from '@nestjs/platform-socket.io';
+import { Server } from 'socket.io';
+
+import { Config } from '../config';
 
 export const SocketIoAdapterImpl = Symbol('SocketIoAdapterImpl');
 
-export class SocketIoAdapter extends IoAdapter {}
+export class SocketIoAdapter extends IoAdapter {
+  constructor(protected readonly app: INestApplicationContext) {
+    super(app);
+  }
+
+  override createIOServer(port: number, options?: any): Server {
+    const config = this.app.get(WEBSOCKET_OPTIONS);
+    return super.createIOServer(port, { ...config, ...options });
+  }
+}
 
 const SocketIoAdapterImplProvider: Provider = {
   provide: SocketIoAdapterImpl,
   useValue: SocketIoAdapter,
 };
 
+export const WEBSOCKET_OPTIONS = Symbol('WEBSOCKET_OPTIONS');
+
+export const websocketOptionsProvider: FactoryProvider = {
+  provide: WEBSOCKET_OPTIONS,
+  useFactory: (config: Config) => {
+    return config.websocket;
+  },
+  inject: [Config],
+};
+
 @Module({
-  providers: [SocketIoAdapterImplProvider],
-  exports: [SocketIoAdapterImplProvider],
+  providers: [SocketIoAdapterImplProvider, websocketOptionsProvider],
+  exports: [SocketIoAdapterImplProvider, websocketOptionsProvider],
 })
 export class WebSocketModule {}
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/global.d.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/global.d.ts
index fecd5d8551..700bbc61f0 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/global.d.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/global.d.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 declare namespace Express {
   interface Request {
     user?: import('./core/auth/current-user').CurrentUser;
-    sid?: string;
+    session?: import('./core/auth/current-user').UserSession;
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/redis/ws-adapter.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/redis/ws-adapter.ts
index 4633fc235c..8f7c646c84 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/redis/ws-adapter.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/redis/ws-adapter.ts
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ export function createSockerIoAdapterImpl(
         console.error(err);
       });
 
-      const server = super.createIOServer(port, options) as Server;
+      const server = super.createIOServer(port, options);
       server.adapter(createAdapter(pubClient, subClient));
       return server;
     }
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/tests/auth/guard.spec.ts b/packages/backend/server/tests/auth/guard.spec.ts
index 3acfac4649..23e276a559 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/tests/auth/guard.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/tests/auth/guard.spec.ts
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ test('should be able to visit public api if signed in', async t => {
   const { app, auth } = t.context;
 
   // @ts-expect-error mock
-  auth.getUser.resolves({ user: { id: '1' } });
+  auth.getUserSession.resolves({ user: { id: '1' }, session: { id: '1' } });
 
   const res = await request(app.getHttpServer())
     .get('/public')
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ test('should be able to visit private api if signed in', async t => {
   const { app, auth } = t.context;
 
   // @ts-expect-error mock
-  auth.getUser.resolves({ user: { id: '1' } });
+  auth.getUserSession.resolves({ user: { id: '1' }, session: { id: '1' } });
 
   const res = await request(app.getHttpServer())
     .get('/private')
@@ -114,26 +114,26 @@ test('should be able to parse session cookie', async t => {
   const { app, auth } = t.context;
 
   // @ts-expect-error mock
-  auth.getUser.resolves({ user: { id: '1' } });
+  auth.getUserSession.resolves({ user: { id: '1' }, session: { id: '1' } });
 
   await request(app.getHttpServer())
     .get('/public')
     .set('cookie', `${AuthService.sessionCookieName}=1`)
     .expect(200);
 
-  t.deepEqual(auth.getUser.firstCall.args, ['1', 0]);
+  t.deepEqual(auth.getUserSession.firstCall.args, ['1', 0]);
 });
 
 test('should be able to parse bearer token', async t => {
   const { app, auth } = t.context;
 
   // @ts-expect-error mock
-  auth.getUser.resolves({ user: { id: '1' } });
+  auth.getUserSession.resolves({ user: { id: '1' }, session: { id: '1' } });
 
   await request(app.getHttpServer())
     .get('/public')
     .auth('1', { type: 'bearer' })
     .expect(200);
 
-  t.deepEqual(auth.getUser.firstCall.args, ['1', 0]);
+  t.deepEqual(auth.getUserSession.firstCall.args, ['1', 0]);
 });
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/tests/auth/service.spec.ts b/packages/backend/server/tests/auth/service.spec.ts
index de6ee350da..eecd783056 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/tests/auth/service.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/tests/auth/service.spec.ts
@@ -157,10 +157,10 @@ test('should be able to get user from session', async t => {
 
   const session = await auth.createUserSession(u1);
 
-  const { user } = await auth.getUser(session.sessionId);
+  const userSession = await auth.getUserSession(session.sessionId);
 
-  t.not(user, null);
-  t.is(user!.id, u1.id);
+  t.not(userSession, null);
+  t.is(userSession!.user.id, u1.id);
 });
 
 test('should be able to sign out session', async t => {
@@ -203,19 +203,19 @@ test('should be able to signout multi accounts session', async t => {
 
   t.not(signedOutSession, null);
 
-  const { user: signedU2 } = await auth.getUser(session.sessionId, 0);
-  const { user: noUser } = await auth.getUser(session.sessionId, 1);
+  const userSession1 = await auth.getUserSession(session.sessionId, 0);
+  const userSession2 = await auth.getUserSession(session.sessionId, 1);
 
-  t.is(noUser, null);
-  t.not(signedU2, null);
+  t.is(userSession2, null);
+  t.not(userSession1, null);
 
-  t.is(signedU2!.id, u2.id);
+  t.is(userSession1!.user.id, u2.id);
 
   // sign out user at seq(0)
   signedOutSession = await auth.signOut(session.sessionId);
 
   t.is(signedOutSession, null);
 
-  const { user: noUser2 } = await auth.getUser(session.sessionId, 0);
-  t.is(noUser2, null);
+  const userSession3 = await auth.getUserSession(session.sessionId, 0);
+  t.is(userSession3, null);
 });
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/tests/oauth/controller.spec.ts b/packages/backend/server/tests/oauth/controller.spec.ts
index dff50c2c9c..8c9e1ff550 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/tests/oauth/controller.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/tests/oauth/controller.spec.ts
@@ -341,8 +341,10 @@ test('should throw if oauth account already connected', async t => {
     },
   });
 
-  // @ts-expect-error mock
-  Sinon.stub(auth, 'getUser').resolves({ user: { id: 'u2-id' } });
+  Sinon.stub(auth, 'getUserSession').resolves({
+    user: { id: 'u2-id' },
+    session: {},
+  } as any);
 
   mockOAuthProvider(app, 'u2@affine.pro');
 
@@ -363,8 +365,10 @@ test('should throw if oauth account already connected', async t => {
 test('should be able to connect oauth account', async t => {
   const { app, u1, auth, db } = t.context;
 
-  // @ts-expect-error mock
-  Sinon.stub(auth, 'getUser').resolves({ user: { id: u1.id } });
+  Sinon.stub(auth, 'getUserSession').resolves({
+    user: { id: u1.id },
+    session: {},
+  } as any);
 
   mockOAuthProvider(app, u1.email);