From bcf2a51d4147e88c0f8711ccd4e3cfaf6f735fab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: DarkSky <25152247+darkskygit@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 22 Mar 2026 02:50:14 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] feat(native): record encoding (#14188)

fix #13784

<!-- This is an auto-generated comment: release notes by coderabbit.ai
-->
## Summary by CodeRabbit

* **New Features**
* Start/stop system or meeting recordings with Ogg/Opus artifacts and
native start/stop APIs; workspace backup recovery.

* **Refactor**
* Simplified recording lifecycle and UI flows; native runtime now
orchestrates recording/processing and reporting.

* **Bug Fixes**
* Stronger path validation, safer import/export dialogs, consistent
error handling/logging, and retry-safe recording processing.

* **Chores**
* Added cross-platform native audio capture and Ogg/Opus encoding
support.

* **Tests**
* New unit, integration, and e2e tests for recording, path guards,
dialogs, and workspace recovery.
<!-- end of auto-generated comment: release notes by coderabbit.ai -->
---
 .github/workflows/build-test.yml              |  11 +-
 Cargo.lock                                    |  33 +
 Cargo.toml                                    |   1 +
 .../linked-doc/src/transformers/obsidian.ts   | 210 +++-
 .../src/base/storage/__tests__/fs.spec.ts     |  17 +
 .../server/src/base/storage/providers/fs.ts   |  53 +-
 .../apps/android/src/plugins/nbstore/index.ts |   4 +-
 .../src/app/effects/recording.ts              | 310 ++++--
 .../src/popup/recording/index.tsx             | 150 +--
 .../apps/electron/src/helper/dialog/dialog.ts | 190 ++--
 .../apps/electron/src/helper/dialog/index.ts  |  16 +-
 .../electron/src/helper/workspace/handlers.ts |  88 +-
 .../electron/src/helper/workspace/index.ts    |   2 +
 .../electron/src/helper/workspace/meta.ts     |   8 +-
 .../apps/electron/src/main/protocol.ts        |  51 +-
 .../electron/src/main/recording/feature.ts    | 501 ++++------
 .../apps/electron/src/main/recording/index.ts |  45 +-
 .../src/main/recording/state-machine.ts       | 162 ++-
 .../src/main/recording/state-transitions.md   | 103 +-
 .../apps/electron/src/main/recording/types.ts |  41 +-
 .../apps/electron/src/main/tray/index.ts      |  16 +-
 .../apps/electron/src/shared/utils.ts         | 127 ++-
 .../apps/electron/test/dialog/dialog.spec.ts  | 110 +-
 .../apps/electron/test/helper/utils.spec.ts   | 107 ++
 .../test/main/recording-effect.spec.ts        | 256 +++++
 .../test/main/recording-state.spec.ts         | 116 +++
 .../electron/test/workspace/handlers.spec.ts  |  48 +
 .../apps/ios/src/plugins/nbstore/index.ts     |   4 +-
 .../ui/date-picker/calendar/day-picker.tsx    |   1 -
 .../ui/date-picker/calendar/month-picker.tsx  |   2 -
 .../setting/general-setting/backup/index.tsx  |   4 +-
 .../core/src/modules/backup/services/index.ts |   6 +-
 .../frontend/core/src/utils/opus-encoding.ts  |  95 --
 packages/frontend/native/index.d.ts           |  31 +
 packages/frontend/native/index.js             |   2 +
 .../frontend/native/media_capture/Cargo.toml  |  21 +-
 .../media_capture/src/audio_callback.rs       |  31 +
 .../frontend/native/media_capture/src/lib.rs  |   2 +
 .../src/macos/screen_capture_kit.rs           |  38 +-
 .../media_capture/src/macos/tap_audio.rs      |  19 +-
 .../native/media_capture/src/recording.rs     | 942 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../src/windows/audio_capture.rs              |  17 +-
 .../src/windows/screen_capture_kit.rs         |  32 +-
 tests/affine-desktop/e2e/workspace.spec.ts    |  41 +-
 44 files changed, 2921 insertions(+), 1143 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 packages/frontend/apps/electron/test/helper/utils.spec.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/frontend/apps/electron/test/main/recording-effect.spec.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/frontend/apps/electron/test/main/recording-state.spec.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/frontend/native/media_capture/src/audio_callback.rs
 create mode 100644 packages/frontend/native/media_capture/src/recording.rs

diff --git a/.github/workflows/build-test.yml b/.github/workflows/build-test.yml
index dde4f784bb..9d843ac71b 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build-test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build-test.yml
@@ -269,10 +269,13 @@ jobs:
       - name: Run playground build
         run: yarn workspace @blocksuite/playground build
 
-      - name: Run playwright tests
-        run: |
-          yarn workspace @blocksuite/integration-test test:unit
-          yarn workspace @affine-test/blocksuite test "cross-platform/" --forbid-only
+      - name: Run integration browser tests
+        timeout-minutes: 10
+        run: yarn workspace @blocksuite/integration-test test:unit
+
+      - name: Run cross-platform playwright tests
+        timeout-minutes: 10
+        run: yarn workspace @affine-test/blocksuite test "cross-platform/" --forbid-only
 
       - name: Upload test results
         if: always()
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 8504c43732..677697ee44 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -92,6 +92,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "napi-derive",
  "objc2",
  "objc2-foundation",
+ "ogg",
+ "opus-codec",
+ "rand 0.9.2",
  "rubato",
  "screencapturekit",
  "symphonia",
@@ -621,6 +624,8 @@ dependencies = [
  "cexpr",
  "clang-sys",
  "itertools 0.13.0",
+ "log",
+ "prettyplease",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "regex",
@@ -1083,6 +1088,15 @@ version = "1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c8d4a3bb8b1e0c1050499d1815f5ab16d04f0959b233085fb31653fbfc9d98f9"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "cmake"
+version = "0.1.57"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "75443c44cd6b379beb8c5b45d85d0773baf31cce901fe7bb252f4eff3008ef7d"
+dependencies = [
+ "cc",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "cobs"
 version = "0.3.0"
@@ -3994,6 +4008,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "cc",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ogg"
+version = "0.9.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "fdab8dcd8d4052eaacaf8fb07a3ccd9a6e26efadb42878a413c68fc4af1dee2b"
+dependencies = [
+ "byteorder",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "once_cell"
 version = "1.21.4"
@@ -4018,6 +4041,16 @@ version = "0.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "04744f49eae99ab78e0d5c0b603ab218f515ea8cfe5a456d7629ad883a3b6e7d"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "opus-codec"
+version = "0.1.2"
+source = "git+https://github.com/toeverything/opus-codec?rev=c2afef2#c2afef20773c3afb06395a26a4f054ca90ba9078"
+dependencies = [
+ "bindgen",
+ "cmake",
+ "pkg-config",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "ordered-float"
 version = "5.1.0"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index b3691d2834..ee89683f57 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ resolver = "3"
   notify = { version = "8", features = ["serde"] }
   objc2 = "0.6"
   objc2-foundation = "0.3"
+  ogg = "0.9"
   once_cell = "1"
   ordered-float = "5"
   parking_lot = "0.12"
diff --git a/blocksuite/affine/widgets/linked-doc/src/transformers/obsidian.ts b/blocksuite/affine/widgets/linked-doc/src/transformers/obsidian.ts
index a528f71f54..c5688caa70 100644
--- a/blocksuite/affine/widgets/linked-doc/src/transformers/obsidian.ts
+++ b/blocksuite/affine/widgets/linked-doc/src/transformers/obsidian.ts
@@ -183,6 +183,32 @@ function createTextFootnoteDefinition(content: string): string {
   });
 }
 
+function parseFootnoteDefLine(line: string): {
+  identifier: string;
+  content: string;
+} | null {
+  if (!line.startsWith('[^')) return null;
+
+  const closeBracketIndex = line.indexOf(']:', 2);
+  if (closeBracketIndex <= 2) return null;
+
+  const identifier = line.slice(2, closeBracketIndex);
+  if (!identifier || identifier.includes(']')) return null;
+
+  let contentStart = closeBracketIndex + 2;
+  while (
+    contentStart < line.length &&
+    (line[contentStart] === ' ' || line[contentStart] === '\t')
+  ) {
+    contentStart += 1;
+  }
+
+  return {
+    identifier,
+    content: line.slice(contentStart),
+  };
+}
+
 function extractObsidianFootnotes(markdown: string): {
   content: string;
   footnotes: string[];
@@ -193,14 +219,14 @@ function extractObsidianFootnotes(markdown: string): {
 
   for (let index = 0; index < lines.length; index += 1) {
     const line = lines[index];
-    const match = line.match(/^\[\^([^\]]+)\]:\s*(.*)$/);
-    if (!match) {
+    const definition = parseFootnoteDefLine(line);
+    if (!definition) {
       output.push(line);
       continue;
     }
 
-    const identifier = match[1];
-    const contentLines = [match[2]];
+    const { identifier } = definition;
+    const contentLines = [definition.content];
 
     while (index + 1 < lines.length) {
       const nextLine = lines[index + 1];
@@ -392,49 +418,119 @@ function parseObsidianAttach(value: string): ObsidianAttachmentEmbed | null {
   }
 }
 
+function parseWikiLinkAt(
+  source: string,
+  startIdx: number,
+  embedded: boolean
+): {
+  raw: string;
+  rawTarget: string;
+  rawAlias?: string;
+  endIdx: number;
+} | null {
+  const opener = embedded ? '![[' : '[[';
+  if (!source.startsWith(opener, startIdx)) return null;
+
+  const contentStart = startIdx + opener.length;
+  const closeIndex = source.indexOf(']]', contentStart);
+  if (closeIndex === -1) return null;
+
+  const inner = source.slice(contentStart, closeIndex);
+  const separatorIdx = inner.indexOf('|');
+  const rawTarget = separatorIdx === -1 ? inner : inner.slice(0, separatorIdx);
+  const rawAlias =
+    separatorIdx === -1 ? undefined : inner.slice(separatorIdx + 1);
+
+  if (
+    rawTarget.length === 0 ||
+    rawTarget.includes(']') ||
+    rawTarget.includes('|') ||
+    rawAlias?.includes(']')
+  ) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  return {
+    raw: source.slice(startIdx, closeIndex + 2),
+    rawTarget,
+    rawAlias,
+    endIdx: closeIndex + 2,
+  };
+}
+
+function replaceWikiLinks(
+  source: string,
+  embedded: boolean,
+  replacer: (match: {
+    raw: string;
+    rawTarget: string;
+    rawAlias?: string;
+  }) => string
+): string {
+  const opener = embedded ? '![[' : '[[';
+  let cursor = 0;
+  let output = '';
+
+  while (cursor < source.length) {
+    const matchStart = source.indexOf(opener, cursor);
+    if (matchStart === -1) {
+      output += source.slice(cursor);
+      break;
+    }
+
+    output += source.slice(cursor, matchStart);
+    const match = parseWikiLinkAt(source, matchStart, embedded);
+    if (!match) {
+      output += source.slice(matchStart, matchStart + opener.length);
+      cursor = matchStart + opener.length;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    output += replacer(match);
+    cursor = match.endIdx;
+  }
+
+  return output;
+}
+
 function preprocessObsidianEmbeds(
   markdown: string,
   filePath: string,
   pageLookupMap: ReadonlyMap<string, string>,
   pathBlobIdMap: ReadonlyMap<string, string>
 ): string {
-  return markdown.replace(
-    /!\[\[([^\]|]+)(?:\|([^\]]+))?\]\]/g,
-    (match, rawTarget: string, rawAlias?: string) => {
-      const targetPageId = resolvePageIdFromLookup(
-        pageLookupMap,
-        rawTarget,
-        filePath
-      );
-      if (targetPageId) {
-        return `[[${rawTarget}${rawAlias ? `|${rawAlias}` : ''}]]`;
-      }
-
-      const { path } = parseObsidianTarget(rawTarget);
-      if (!path) {
-        return match;
-      }
-
-      const assetPath = getImageFullPath(filePath, path);
-      const encodedPath = encodeMarkdownPath(assetPath);
-
-      if (isImageAssetPath(path)) {
-        const alt = getEmbedLabel(rawAlias, path, false);
-        return `![${escapeMarkdownLabel(alt)}](${encodedPath})`;
-      }
-
-      const label = getEmbedLabel(rawAlias, path, true);
-      const blobId = pathBlobIdMap.get(assetPath);
-      if (!blobId) return `[${escapeMarkdownLabel(label)}](${encodedPath})`;
-
-      const extension = path.split('.').at(-1)?.toLowerCase() ?? '';
-      return createObsidianAttach({
-        blobId,
-        fileName: basename(path),
-        fileType: extMimeMap.get(extension) ?? '',
-      });
+  return replaceWikiLinks(markdown, true, ({ raw, rawTarget, rawAlias }) => {
+    const targetPageId = resolvePageIdFromLookup(
+      pageLookupMap,
+      rawTarget,
+      filePath
+    );
+    if (targetPageId) {
+      return `[[${rawTarget}${rawAlias ? `|${rawAlias}` : ''}]]`;
     }
-  );
+
+    const { path } = parseObsidianTarget(rawTarget);
+    if (!path) return raw;
+
+    const assetPath = getImageFullPath(filePath, path);
+    const encodedPath = encodeMarkdownPath(assetPath);
+
+    if (isImageAssetPath(path)) {
+      const alt = getEmbedLabel(rawAlias, path, false);
+      return `![${escapeMarkdownLabel(alt)}](${encodedPath})`;
+    }
+
+    const label = getEmbedLabel(rawAlias, path, true);
+    const blobId = pathBlobIdMap.get(assetPath);
+    if (!blobId) return `[${escapeMarkdownLabel(label)}](${encodedPath})`;
+
+    const extension = path.split('.').at(-1)?.toLowerCase() ?? '';
+    return createObsidianAttach({
+      blobId,
+      fileName: basename(path),
+      fileType: extMimeMap.get(extension) ?? '',
+    });
+  });
 }
 
 function preprocessObsidianMarkdown(
@@ -521,21 +617,31 @@ export const obsidianWikilinkToDeltaMatcher = MarkdownASTToDeltaExtension({
     }
 
     const nodeContent = textNode.value;
-    const wikilinkRegex = /\[\[([^\]|]+)(?:\|([^\]]+))?\]\]/g;
     const deltas: DeltaInsert<AffineTextAttributes>[] = [];
+    let cursor = 0;
 
-    let lastProcessedIndex = 0;
-    let linkMatch;
+    while (cursor < nodeContent.length) {
+      const matchStart = nodeContent.indexOf('[[', cursor);
+      if (matchStart === -1) {
+        deltas.push({ insert: nodeContent.substring(cursor) });
+        break;
+      }
 
-    while ((linkMatch = wikilinkRegex.exec(nodeContent)) !== null) {
-      if (linkMatch.index > lastProcessedIndex) {
+      if (matchStart > cursor) {
         deltas.push({
-          insert: nodeContent.substring(lastProcessedIndex, linkMatch.index),
+          insert: nodeContent.substring(cursor, matchStart),
         });
       }
 
-      const targetPageName = linkMatch[1].trim();
-      const alias = linkMatch[2]?.trim();
+      const linkMatch = parseWikiLinkAt(nodeContent, matchStart, false);
+      if (!linkMatch) {
+        deltas.push({ insert: '[[' });
+        cursor = matchStart + 2;
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      const targetPageName = linkMatch.rawTarget.trim();
+      const alias = linkMatch.rawAlias?.trim();
       const currentFilePath = context.configs.get(FULL_FILE_PATH_KEY);
       const targetPageId = resolvePageIdFromLookup(
         { get: key => context.configs.get(`obsidian:pageId:${key}`) },
@@ -560,14 +666,10 @@ export const obsidianWikilinkToDeltaMatcher = MarkdownASTToDeltaExtension({
           },
         });
       } else {
-        deltas.push({ insert: linkMatch[0] });
+        deltas.push({ insert: linkMatch.raw });
       }
 
-      lastProcessedIndex = wikilinkRegex.lastIndex;
-    }
-
-    if (lastProcessedIndex < nodeContent.length) {
-      deltas.push({ insert: nodeContent.substring(lastProcessedIndex) });
+      cursor = linkMatch.endIdx;
     }
 
     return deltas;
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/base/storage/__tests__/fs.spec.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/base/storage/__tests__/fs.spec.ts
index 84ac4c4881..9077adfd5e 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/base/storage/__tests__/fs.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/base/storage/__tests__/fs.spec.ts
@@ -111,3 +111,20 @@ test('delete', async t => {
 
   await t.throwsAsync(() => fs.access(join(config.path, provider.bucket, key)));
 });
+
+test('rejects unsafe object keys', async t => {
+  const provider = createProvider();
+
+  await t.throwsAsync(() => provider.put('../escape', Buffer.from('nope')));
+  await t.throwsAsync(() => provider.get('nested/../escape'));
+  await t.throwsAsync(() => provider.head('./escape'));
+  t.throws(() => provider.delete('nested//escape'));
+});
+
+test('rejects unsafe list prefixes', async t => {
+  const provider = createProvider();
+
+  await t.throwsAsync(() => provider.list('../escape'));
+  await t.throwsAsync(() => provider.list('nested/../../escape'));
+  await t.throwsAsync(() => provider.list('/absolute'));
+});
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/base/storage/providers/fs.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/base/storage/providers/fs.ts
index fc6252f72c..6483931ed2 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/base/storage/providers/fs.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/base/storage/providers/fs.ts
@@ -25,9 +25,47 @@ import {
 } from './provider';
 import { autoMetadata, toBuffer } from './utils';
 
-function escapeKey(key: string): string {
-  // avoid '../' and './' in key
-  return key.replace(/\.?\.[/\\]/g, '%');
+function normalizeStorageKey(key: string): string {
+  const normalized = key.replaceAll('\\', '/');
+  const segments = normalized.split('/');
+
+  if (
+    !normalized ||
+    normalized.startsWith('/') ||
+    segments.some(segment => !segment || segment === '.' || segment === '..')
+  ) {
+    throw new Error(`Invalid storage key: ${key}`);
+  }
+
+  return segments.join('/');
+}
+
+function normalizeStoragePrefix(prefix: string): string {
+  const normalized = prefix.replaceAll('\\', '/');
+  if (!normalized) {
+    return normalized;
+  }
+  if (normalized.startsWith('/')) {
+    throw new Error(`Invalid storage prefix: ${prefix}`);
+  }
+
+  const segments = normalized.split('/');
+  const lastSegment = segments.pop();
+
+  if (
+    lastSegment === undefined ||
+    segments.some(segment => !segment || segment === '.' || segment === '..') ||
+    lastSegment === '.' ||
+    lastSegment === '..'
+  ) {
+    throw new Error(`Invalid storage prefix: ${prefix}`);
+  }
+
+  if (lastSegment === '') {
+    return `${segments.join('/')}/`;
+  }
+
+  return [...segments, lastSegment].join('/');
 }
 
 export interface FsStorageConfig {
@@ -57,7 +95,7 @@ export class FsStorageProvider implements StorageProvider {
     body: BlobInputType,
     metadata: PutObjectMetadata = {}
   ): Promise<void> {
-    key = escapeKey(key);
+    key = normalizeStorageKey(key);
     const blob = await toBuffer(body);
 
     // write object
@@ -68,6 +106,7 @@ export class FsStorageProvider implements StorageProvider {
   }
 
   async head(key: string) {
+    key = normalizeStorageKey(key);
     const metadata = this.readMetadata(key);
     if (!metadata) {
       this.logger.verbose(`Object \`${key}\` not found`);
@@ -80,7 +119,7 @@ export class FsStorageProvider implements StorageProvider {
     body?: Readable;
     metadata?: GetObjectMetadata;
   }> {
-    key = escapeKey(key);
+    key = normalizeStorageKey(key);
 
     try {
       const metadata = this.readMetadata(key);
@@ -105,7 +144,7 @@ export class FsStorageProvider implements StorageProvider {
     // read dir recursively and filter out '.metadata.json' files
     let dir = this.path;
     if (prefix) {
-      prefix = escapeKey(prefix);
+      prefix = normalizeStoragePrefix(prefix);
       const parts = prefix.split(/[/\\]/);
       // for prefix `a/b/c`, move `a/b` to dir and `c` to key prefix
       if (parts.length > 1) {
@@ -152,7 +191,7 @@ export class FsStorageProvider implements StorageProvider {
   }
 
   delete(key: string): Promise<void> {
-    key = escapeKey(key);
+    key = normalizeStorageKey(key);
 
     try {
       rmSync(this.join(key), { force: true });
diff --git a/packages/frontend/apps/android/src/plugins/nbstore/index.ts b/packages/frontend/apps/android/src/plugins/nbstore/index.ts
index 659b5f3657..e20a10f522 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/apps/android/src/plugins/nbstore/index.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/apps/android/src/plugins/nbstore/index.ts
@@ -433,7 +433,9 @@ export const NbStoreNativeDBApis: NativeDBApis = {
     id: string,
     docId: string
   ): Promise<DocIndexedClock | null> {
-    return NbStore.getDocIndexedClock({ id, docId });
+    return NbStore.getDocIndexedClock({ id, docId }).then(clock =>
+      clock ? { ...clock, timestamp: new Date(clock.timestamp) } : null
+    );
   },
   setDocIndexedClock: function (
     id: string,
diff --git a/packages/frontend/apps/electron-renderer/src/app/effects/recording.ts b/packages/frontend/apps/electron-renderer/src/app/effects/recording.ts
index 79f07d06ac..554b5b58d9 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/apps/electron-renderer/src/app/effects/recording.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/apps/electron-renderer/src/app/effects/recording.ts
@@ -13,6 +13,19 @@ import type { FrameworkProvider } from '@toeverything/infra';
 import { getCurrentWorkspace, isAiEnabled } from './utils';
 
 const logger = new DebugLogger('electron-renderer:recording');
+const RECORDING_PROCESS_RETRY_MS = 1000;
+const NATIVE_RECORDING_MIME_TYPE = 'audio/ogg';
+
+type ProcessingRecordingStatus = {
+  id: number;
+  status: 'processing';
+  appName?: string;
+  blockCreationStatus?: undefined;
+  filepath: string;
+  startTime: number;
+};
+
+type WorkspaceHandle = NonNullable<ReturnType<typeof getCurrentWorkspace>>;
 
 async function readRecordingFile(filepath: string) {
   if (apis?.recording?.readRecordingFile) {
@@ -45,118 +58,217 @@ async function saveRecordingBlob(blobEngine: BlobEngine, filepath: string) {
   logger.debug('Saving recording', filepath);
   const opusBuffer = await readRecordingFile(filepath);
   const blob = new Blob([opusBuffer], {
-    type: 'audio/mp4',
+    type: NATIVE_RECORDING_MIME_TYPE,
   });
   const blobId = await blobEngine.set(blob);
   logger.debug('Recording saved', blobId);
   return { blob, blobId };
 }
 
-export function setupRecordingEvents(frameworkProvider: FrameworkProvider) {
-  events?.recording.onRecordingStatusChanged(status => {
-    (async () => {
-      if ((await apis?.ui.isActiveTab()) && status?.status === 'ready') {
-        using currentWorkspace = getCurrentWorkspace(frameworkProvider);
-        if (!currentWorkspace) {
-          // maybe the workspace is not ready yet, eg. for shared workspace view
-          await apis?.recording.handleBlockCreationFailed(status.id);
-          return;
-        }
-        const { workspace } = currentWorkspace;
-        const docsService = workspace.scope.get(DocsService);
-        const aiEnabled = isAiEnabled(frameworkProvider);
+function shouldProcessRecording(
+  status: unknown
+): status is ProcessingRecordingStatus {
+  return (
+    !!status &&
+    typeof status === 'object' &&
+    'status' in status &&
+    status.status === 'processing' &&
+    'filepath' in status &&
+    typeof status.filepath === 'string' &&
+    !('blockCreationStatus' in status && status.blockCreationStatus)
+  );
+}
 
-        const timestamp = i18nTime(status.startTime, {
-          absolute: {
-            accuracy: 'minute',
-            noYear: true,
-          },
-        });
+async function createRecordingDoc(
+  frameworkProvider: FrameworkProvider,
+  workspace: WorkspaceHandle['workspace'],
+  status: ProcessingRecordingStatus
+) {
+  const docsService = workspace.scope.get(DocsService);
+  const aiEnabled = isAiEnabled(frameworkProvider);
+  const recordingFilepath = status.filepath;
 
-        const docProps: DocProps = {
-          onStoreLoad: (doc, { noteId }) => {
-            (async () => {
-              if (status.filepath) {
-                // it takes a while to save the blob, so we show the attachment first
-                const { blobId, blob } = await saveRecordingBlob(
-                  doc.workspace.blobSync,
-                  status.filepath
-                );
+  const timestamp = i18nTime(status.startTime, {
+    absolute: {
+      accuracy: 'minute',
+      noYear: true,
+    },
+  });
 
-                // name + timestamp(readable) + extension
-                const attachmentName =
-                  (status.appName ?? 'System Audio') +
-                  ' ' +
-                  timestamp +
-                  '.opus';
+  await new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
+    const docProps: DocProps = {
+      onStoreLoad: (doc, { noteId }) => {
+        void (async () => {
+          // it takes a while to save the blob, so we show the attachment first
+          const { blobId, blob } = await saveRecordingBlob(
+            doc.workspace.blobSync,
+            recordingFilepath
+          );
 
-                // add size and sourceId to the attachment later
-                const attachmentId = doc.addBlock(
-                  'affine:attachment',
-                  {
-                    name: attachmentName,
-                    type: 'audio/opus',
-                    size: blob.size,
-                    sourceId: blobId,
-                    embed: true,
-                  },
-                  noteId
-                );
+          // name + timestamp(readable) + extension
+          const attachmentName =
+            (status.appName ?? 'System Audio') + ' ' + timestamp + '.opus';
 
-                const model = doc.getBlock(attachmentId)
-                  ?.model as AttachmentBlockModel;
+          const attachmentId = doc.addBlock(
+            'affine:attachment',
+            {
+              name: attachmentName,
+              type: NATIVE_RECORDING_MIME_TYPE,
+              size: blob.size,
+              sourceId: blobId,
+              embed: true,
+            },
+            noteId
+          );
 
-                if (!aiEnabled) {
-                  return;
-                }
+          const model = doc.getBlock(attachmentId)
+            ?.model as AttachmentBlockModel;
 
-                using currentWorkspace = getCurrentWorkspace(frameworkProvider);
-                if (!currentWorkspace) {
-                  return;
-                }
-                const { workspace } = currentWorkspace;
-                using audioAttachment = workspace.scope
-                  .get(AudioAttachmentService)
-                  .get(model);
-                audioAttachment?.obj
-                  .transcribe()
-                  .then(() => {
-                    track.doc.editor.audioBlock.transcribeRecording({
-                      type: 'Meeting record',
-                      method: 'success',
-                      option: 'Auto transcribing',
-                    });
-                  })
-                  .catch(err => {
-                    logger.error('Failed to transcribe recording', err);
-                  });
-              } else {
-                throw new Error('No attachment model found');
-              }
-            })()
-              .then(async () => {
-                await apis?.recording.handleBlockCreationSuccess(status.id);
-              })
-              .catch(error => {
-                logger.error('Failed to transcribe recording', error);
-                return apis?.recording.handleBlockCreationFailed(
-                  status.id,
-                  error
-                );
-              })
-              .catch(error => {
-                console.error('unknown error', error);
+          if (!aiEnabled) {
+            return;
+          }
+
+          using currentWorkspace = getCurrentWorkspace(frameworkProvider);
+          if (!currentWorkspace) {
+            return;
+          }
+          const { workspace } = currentWorkspace;
+          using audioAttachment = workspace.scope
+            .get(AudioAttachmentService)
+            .get(model);
+          audioAttachment?.obj
+            .transcribe()
+            .then(() => {
+              track.doc.editor.audioBlock.transcribeRecording({
+                type: 'Meeting record',
+                method: 'success',
+                option: 'Auto transcribing',
               });
-          },
-        };
-        const page = docsService.createDoc({
-          docProps,
-          title:
-            'Recording ' + (status.appName ?? 'System Audio') + ' ' + timestamp,
-          primaryMode: 'page',
-        });
-        workspace.scope.get(WorkbenchService).workbench.openDoc(page.id);
-      }
-    })().catch(console.error);
+            })
+            .catch(err => {
+              logger.error('Failed to transcribe recording', err);
+            });
+        })().then(resolve, reject);
+      },
+    };
+
+    const page = docsService.createDoc({
+      docProps,
+      title:
+        'Recording ' + (status.appName ?? 'System Audio') + ' ' + timestamp,
+      primaryMode: 'page',
+    });
+    workspace.scope.get(WorkbenchService).workbench.openDoc(page.id);
+  });
+}
+
+export function setupRecordingEvents(frameworkProvider: FrameworkProvider) {
+  let pendingStatus: ProcessingRecordingStatus | null = null;
+  let retryTimer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null = null;
+  let processingStatusId: number | null = null;
+
+  const clearRetry = () => {
+    if (retryTimer !== null) {
+      clearTimeout(retryTimer);
+      retryTimer = null;
+    }
+  };
+
+  const clearPending = (id?: number) => {
+    if (id === undefined || pendingStatus?.id === id) {
+      pendingStatus = null;
+      clearRetry();
+    }
+    if (id === undefined || processingStatusId === id) {
+      processingStatusId = null;
+    }
+  };
+
+  const scheduleRetry = () => {
+    if (!pendingStatus || retryTimer !== null) {
+      return;
+    }
+    retryTimer = setTimeout(() => {
+      retryTimer = null;
+      void processPendingStatus().catch(console.error);
+    }, RECORDING_PROCESS_RETRY_MS);
+  };
+
+  const processPendingStatus = async () => {
+    const status = pendingStatus;
+    if (!status || processingStatusId === status.id) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    let isActiveTab = false;
+    try {
+      isActiveTab = !!(await apis?.ui.isActiveTab());
+    } catch (error) {
+      logger.error('Failed to probe active recording tab', error);
+      scheduleRetry();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (!isActiveTab) {
+      scheduleRetry();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    using currentWorkspace = getCurrentWorkspace(frameworkProvider);
+    if (!currentWorkspace) {
+      // Workspace can lag behind the post-recording status update for a short
+      // time; keep retrying instead of permanently failing the import.
+      scheduleRetry();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    processingStatusId = status.id;
+
+    try {
+      await createRecordingDoc(
+        frameworkProvider,
+        currentWorkspace.workspace,
+        status
+      );
+      await apis?.recording.setRecordingBlockCreationStatus(
+        status.id,
+        'success'
+      );
+      clearPending(status.id);
+    } catch (error) {
+      logger.error('Failed to create recording block', error);
+      try {
+        await apis?.recording.setRecordingBlockCreationStatus(
+          status.id,
+          'failed',
+          error instanceof Error ? error.message : undefined
+        );
+      } finally {
+        clearPending(status.id);
+      }
+    } finally {
+      if (pendingStatus?.id === status.id) {
+        processingStatusId = null;
+        scheduleRetry();
+      }
+    }
+  };
+
+  events?.recording.onRecordingStatusChanged(status => {
+    if (shouldProcessRecording(status)) {
+      pendingStatus = status;
+      clearRetry();
+      void processPendingStatus().catch(console.error);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (!status) {
+      clearPending();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (pendingStatus?.id === status.id) {
+      clearPending(status.id);
+    }
   });
 }
diff --git a/packages/frontend/apps/electron-renderer/src/popup/recording/index.tsx b/packages/frontend/apps/electron-renderer/src/popup/recording/index.tsx
index 3930f6b6d9..207cfb661c 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/apps/electron-renderer/src/popup/recording/index.tsx
+++ b/packages/frontend/apps/electron-renderer/src/popup/recording/index.tsx
@@ -1,28 +1,17 @@
 import { Button } from '@affine/component';
 import { useAsyncCallback } from '@affine/core/components/hooks/affine-async-hooks';
 import { appIconMap } from '@affine/core/utils';
-import {
-  createStreamEncoder,
-  encodeRawBufferToOpus,
-  type OpusStreamEncoder,
-} from '@affine/core/utils/opus-encoding';
 import { apis, events } from '@affine/electron-api';
 import { useI18n } from '@affine/i18n';
 import track from '@affine/track';
-import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 
 import * as styles from './styles.css';
 
 type Status = {
   id: number;
-  status:
-    | 'new'
-    | 'recording'
-    | 'paused'
-    | 'stopped'
-    | 'ready'
-    | 'create-block-success'
-    | 'create-block-failed';
+  status: 'new' | 'recording' | 'processing' | 'ready';
+  blockCreationStatus?: 'success' | 'failed';
   appName?: string;
   appGroupId?: number;
   icon?: Buffer;
@@ -58,6 +47,7 @@ const appIcon = appIconMap[BUILD_CONFIG.appBuildType];
 
 export function Recording() {
   const status = useRecordingStatus();
+  const trackedNewRecordingIdsRef = useRef<Set<number>>(new Set());
 
   const t = useI18n();
   const textElement = useMemo(() => {
@@ -66,14 +56,19 @@ export function Recording() {
     }
     if (status.status === 'new') {
       return t['com.affine.recording.new']();
-    } else if (status.status === 'create-block-success') {
+    } else if (
+      status.status === 'ready' &&
+      status.blockCreationStatus === 'success'
+    ) {
       return t['com.affine.recording.success.prompt']();
-    } else if (status.status === 'create-block-failed') {
+    } else if (
+      status.status === 'ready' &&
+      status.blockCreationStatus === 'failed'
+    ) {
       return t['com.affine.recording.failed.prompt']();
     } else if (
       status.status === 'recording' ||
-      status.status === 'ready' ||
-      status.status === 'stopped'
+      status.status === 'processing'
     ) {
       if (status.appName) {
         return t['com.affine.recording.recording']({
@@ -105,106 +100,16 @@ export function Recording() {
     await apis?.recording?.stopRecording(status.id);
   }, [status]);
 
-  const handleProcessStoppedRecording = useAsyncCallback(
-    async (currentStreamEncoder?: OpusStreamEncoder) => {
-      let id: number | undefined;
-      try {
-        const result = await apis?.recording?.getCurrentRecording();
-
-        if (!result) {
-          return;
-        }
-
-        id = result.id;
-
-        const { filepath, sampleRate, numberOfChannels } = result;
-        if (!filepath || !sampleRate || !numberOfChannels) {
-          return;
-        }
-        const [buffer] = await Promise.all([
-          currentStreamEncoder
-            ? currentStreamEncoder.finish()
-            : encodeRawBufferToOpus({
-                filepath,
-                sampleRate,
-                numberOfChannels,
-              }),
-          new Promise<void>(resolve => {
-            setTimeout(() => {
-              resolve();
-            }, 500); // wait at least 500ms for better user experience
-          }),
-        ]);
-        await apis?.recording.readyRecording(result.id, buffer);
-      } catch (error) {
-        console.error('Failed to stop recording', error);
-        await apis?.popup?.dismissCurrentRecording();
-        if (id) {
-          await apis?.recording.removeRecording(id);
-        }
-      }
-    },
-    []
-  );
-
   useEffect(() => {
-    let removed = false;
-    let currentStreamEncoder: OpusStreamEncoder | undefined;
+    if (!status || status.status !== 'new') return;
+    if (trackedNewRecordingIdsRef.current.has(status.id)) return;
 
-    apis?.recording
-      .getCurrentRecording()
-      .then(status => {
-        if (status) {
-          return handleRecordingStatusChanged(status);
-        }
-        return;
-      })
-      .catch(console.error);
-
-    const handleRecordingStatusChanged = async (status: Status) => {
-      if (removed) {
-        return;
-      }
-      if (status?.status === 'new') {
-        track.popup.$.recordingBar.toggleRecordingBar({
-          type: 'Meeting record',
-          appName: status.appName || 'System Audio',
-        });
-      }
-
-      if (
-        status?.status === 'recording' &&
-        status.sampleRate &&
-        status.numberOfChannels &&
-        (!currentStreamEncoder || currentStreamEncoder.id !== status.id)
-      ) {
-        currentStreamEncoder?.close();
-        currentStreamEncoder = createStreamEncoder(status.id, {
-          sampleRate: status.sampleRate,
-          numberOfChannels: status.numberOfChannels,
-        });
-        currentStreamEncoder.poll().catch(console.error);
-      }
-
-      if (status?.status === 'stopped') {
-        handleProcessStoppedRecording(currentStreamEncoder);
-        currentStreamEncoder = undefined;
-      }
-    };
-
-    // allow processing stopped event in tray menu as well:
-    const unsubscribe = events?.recording.onRecordingStatusChanged(status => {
-      if (status) {
-        handleRecordingStatusChanged(status).catch(console.error);
-      }
+    trackedNewRecordingIdsRef.current.add(status.id);
+    track.popup.$.recordingBar.toggleRecordingBar({
+      type: 'Meeting record',
+      appName: status.appName || 'System Audio',
     });
-
-    return () => {
-      removed = true;
-      unsubscribe?.();
-      currentStreamEncoder?.close();
-    };
-  }, [handleProcessStoppedRecording]);
+  }, [status]);
 
   const handleStartRecording = useAsyncCallback(async () => {
     if (!status) {
@@ -249,7 +154,10 @@ export function Recording() {
           {t['com.affine.recording.stop']()}
         </Button>
       );
-    } else if (status.status === 'stopped' || status.status === 'ready') {
+    } else if (
+      status.status === 'processing' ||
+      (status.status === 'ready' && !status.blockCreationStatus)
+    ) {
       return (
         <Button
           variant="error"
@@ -258,13 +166,19 @@ export function Recording() {
           disabled
         />
       );
-    } else if (status.status === 'create-block-success') {
+    } else if (
+      status.status === 'ready' &&
+      status.blockCreationStatus === 'success'
+    ) {
       return (
         <Button variant="primary" onClick={handleDismiss}>
           {t['com.affine.recording.success.button']()}
         </Button>
       );
-    } else if (status.status === 'create-block-failed') {
+    } else if (
+      status.status === 'ready' &&
+      status.blockCreationStatus === 'failed'
+    ) {
       return (
         <>
           <Button variant="plain" onClick={handleDismiss}>
diff --git a/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/helper/dialog/dialog.ts b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/helper/dialog/dialog.ts
index 4f0a41ec23..5d61789e82 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/helper/dialog/dialog.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/helper/dialog/dialog.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { parseUniversalId } from '@affine/nbstore';
 import fs from 'fs-extra';
 import { nanoid } from 'nanoid';
 
+import { isPathInsideBase } from '../../shared/utils';
 import { logger } from '../logger';
 import { mainRPC } from '../main-rpc';
 import { getDocStoragePool } from '../nbstore';
@@ -38,31 +39,6 @@ export interface SelectDBFileLocationResult {
   canceled?: boolean;
 }
 
-// provide a backdoor to set dialog path for testing in playwright
-export interface FakeDialogResult {
-  canceled?: boolean;
-  filePath?: string;
-  filePaths?: string[];
-}
-
-// result will be used in the next call to showOpenDialog
-// if it is being read once, it will be reset to undefined
-let fakeDialogResult: FakeDialogResult | undefined = undefined;
-
-function getFakedResult() {
-  const result = fakeDialogResult;
-  fakeDialogResult = undefined;
-  return result;
-}
-
-export function setFakeDialogResult(result: FakeDialogResult | undefined) {
-  fakeDialogResult = result;
-  // for convenience, we will fill filePaths with filePath if it is not set
-  if (result?.filePaths === undefined && result?.filePath !== undefined) {
-    result.filePaths = [result.filePath];
-  }
-}
-
 const extension = 'affine';
 
 function getDefaultDBFileName(name: string, id: string) {
@@ -87,12 +63,33 @@ async function isSameFilePath(sourcePath: string, targetPath: string) {
     return true;
   }
 
-  const [sourceRealPath, targetRealPath] = await Promise.all([
+  const [resolvedSourcePath, resolvedTargetPath] = await Promise.all([
     resolveExistingPath(sourcePath),
     resolveExistingPath(targetPath),
   ]);
 
-  return !!sourceRealPath && sourceRealPath === targetRealPath;
+  return !!resolvedSourcePath && resolvedSourcePath === resolvedTargetPath;
+}
+
+async function normalizeImportDBPath(selectedPath: string) {
+  if (!(await fs.pathExists(selectedPath))) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  const [normalizedPath, workspacesBasePath] = await Promise.all([
+    resolveExistingPath(selectedPath),
+    resolveExistingPath(await getWorkspacesBasePath()),
+  ]);
+  const resolvedSelectedPath = normalizedPath ?? resolve(selectedPath);
+  const resolvedWorkspacesBasePath =
+    workspacesBasePath ?? resolve(await getWorkspacesBasePath());
+
+  if (isPathInsideBase(resolvedWorkspacesBasePath, resolvedSelectedPath)) {
+    logger.warn('loadDBFile: db file in app data dir');
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  return resolvedSelectedPath;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -113,29 +110,26 @@ export async function saveDBFileAs(
     await pool.connect(universalId, dbPath);
     await pool.checkpoint(universalId); // make sure all changes (WAL) are written to db
 
-    const fakedResult = getFakedResult();
     if (!dbPath) {
       return {
         error: 'DB_FILE_PATH_INVALID',
       };
     }
 
-    const ret =
-      fakedResult ??
-      (await mainRPC.showSaveDialog({
-        properties: ['showOverwriteConfirmation'],
-        title: 'Save Workspace',
-        showsTagField: false,
-        buttonLabel: 'Save',
-        filters: [
-          {
-            extensions: [extension],
-            name: '',
-          },
-        ],
-        defaultPath: getDefaultDBFileName(name, id),
-        message: 'Save Workspace as a SQLite Database file',
-      }));
+    const ret = await mainRPC.showSaveDialog({
+      properties: ['showOverwriteConfirmation'],
+      title: 'Save Workspace',
+      showsTagField: false,
+      buttonLabel: 'Save',
+      filters: [
+        {
+          extensions: [extension],
+          name: '',
+        },
+      ],
+      defaultPath: getDefaultDBFileName(name, id),
+      message: 'Save Workspace as a SQLite Database file',
+    });
 
     const filePath = ret.filePath;
     if (ret.canceled || !filePath) {
@@ -160,11 +154,9 @@ export async function saveDBFileAs(
       }
     }
     logger.log('saved', filePath);
-    if (!fakedResult) {
-      mainRPC.showItemInFolder(filePath).catch(err => {
-        console.error(err);
-      });
-    }
+    mainRPC.showItemInFolder(filePath).catch(err => {
+      console.error(err);
+    });
     return { filePath };
   } catch (err) {
     logger.error('saveDBFileAs', err);
@@ -176,15 +168,13 @@ export async function saveDBFileAs(
 
 export async function selectDBFileLocation(): Promise<SelectDBFileLocationResult> {
   try {
-    const ret =
-      getFakedResult() ??
-      (await mainRPC.showOpenDialog({
-        properties: ['openDirectory'],
-        title: 'Set Workspace Storage Location',
-        buttonLabel: 'Select',
-        defaultPath: await mainRPC.getPath('documents'),
-        message: "Select a location to store the workspace's database file",
-      }));
+    const ret = await mainRPC.showOpenDialog({
+      properties: ['openDirectory'],
+      title: 'Set Workspace Storage Location',
+      buttonLabel: 'Select',
+      defaultPath: await mainRPC.getPath('documents'),
+      message: "Select a location to store the workspace's database file",
+    });
     const dir = ret.filePaths?.[0];
     if (ret.canceled || !dir) {
       return {
@@ -214,39 +204,29 @@ export async function selectDBFileLocation(): Promise<SelectDBFileLocationResult
  * update the local workspace id list and then connect to it.
  *
  */
-export async function loadDBFile(
-  dbFilePath?: string
-): Promise<LoadDBFileResult> {
+export async function loadDBFile(): Promise<LoadDBFileResult> {
   try {
-    const provided =
-      getFakedResult() ??
-      (dbFilePath
-        ? { filePath: dbFilePath, filePaths: [dbFilePath], canceled: false }
-        : undefined);
-    const ret =
-      provided ??
-      (await mainRPC.showOpenDialog({
-        properties: ['openFile'],
-        title: 'Load Workspace',
-        buttonLabel: 'Load',
-        filters: [
-          {
-            name: 'SQLite Database',
-            // do we want to support other file format?
-            extensions: ['db', 'affine'],
-          },
-        ],
-        message: 'Load Workspace from a AFFiNE file',
-      }));
-    const originalPath = ret.filePaths?.[0];
-    if (ret.canceled || !originalPath) {
+    const ret = await mainRPC.showOpenDialog({
+      properties: ['openFile'],
+      title: 'Load Workspace',
+      buttonLabel: 'Load',
+      filters: [
+        {
+          name: 'SQLite Database',
+          // do we want to support other file format?
+          extensions: ['db', 'affine'],
+        },
+      ],
+      message: 'Load Workspace from a AFFiNE file',
+    });
+    const selectedPath = ret.filePaths?.[0];
+    if (ret.canceled || !selectedPath) {
       logger.info('loadDBFile canceled');
       return { canceled: true };
     }
 
-    // the imported file should not be in app data dir
-    if (originalPath.startsWith(await getWorkspacesBasePath())) {
-      logger.warn('loadDBFile: db file in app data dir');
+    const originalPath = await normalizeImportDBPath(selectedPath);
+    if (!originalPath) {
       return { error: 'DB_FILE_PATH_INVALID' };
     }
 
@@ -299,22 +279,26 @@ async function cpV1DBFile(
   }
 
   const connection = new SqliteConnection(originalPath);
-  if (!(await connection.validateImportSchema())) {
-    return { error: 'DB_FILE_INVALID' };
+  try {
+    if (!(await connection.validateImportSchema())) {
+      return { error: 'DB_FILE_INVALID' };
+    }
+
+    const internalFilePath = await getWorkspaceDBPath('workspace', workspaceId);
+
+    await fs.ensureDir(parse(internalFilePath).dir);
+    await connection.vacuumInto(internalFilePath);
+    logger.info(`loadDBFile, vacuum: ${originalPath} -> ${internalFilePath}`);
+
+    await storeWorkspaceMeta(workspaceId, {
+      id: workspaceId,
+      mainDBPath: internalFilePath,
+    });
+
+    return {
+      workspaceId,
+    };
+  } finally {
+    await connection.close();
   }
-
-  const internalFilePath = await getWorkspaceDBPath('workspace', workspaceId);
-
-  await fs.ensureDir(parse(internalFilePath).dir);
-  await connection.vacuumInto(internalFilePath);
-  logger.info(`loadDBFile, vacuum: ${originalPath} -> ${internalFilePath}`);
-
-  await storeWorkspaceMeta(workspaceId, {
-    id: workspaceId,
-    mainDBPath: internalFilePath,
-  });
-
-  return {
-    workspaceId,
-  };
 }
diff --git a/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/helper/dialog/index.ts b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/helper/dialog/index.ts
index 19bf184049..a16d3e0956 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/helper/dialog/index.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/helper/dialog/index.ts
@@ -1,13 +1,8 @@
-import {
-  loadDBFile,
-  saveDBFileAs,
-  selectDBFileLocation,
-  setFakeDialogResult,
-} from './dialog';
+import { loadDBFile, saveDBFileAs, selectDBFileLocation } from './dialog';
 
 export const dialogHandlers = {
-  loadDBFile: async (dbFilePath?: string) => {
-    return loadDBFile(dbFilePath);
+  loadDBFile: async () => {
+    return loadDBFile();
   },
   saveDBFileAs: async (universalId: string, name: string) => {
     return saveDBFileAs(universalId, name);
@@ -15,9 +10,4 @@ export const dialogHandlers = {
   selectDBFileLocation: async () => {
     return selectDBFileLocation();
   },
-  setFakeDialogResult: async (
-    result: Parameters<typeof setFakeDialogResult>[0]
-  ) => {
-    return setFakeDialogResult(result);
-  },
 };
diff --git a/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/helper/workspace/handlers.ts b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/helper/workspace/handlers.ts
index eee2ec9419..5db3085acd 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/helper/workspace/handlers.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/helper/workspace/handlers.ts
@@ -1,13 +1,18 @@
 import path from 'node:path';
 
-import { DocStorage } from '@affine/native';
+import { DocStorage, ValidationResult } from '@affine/native';
 import {
   parseUniversalId,
   universalId as generateUniversalId,
 } from '@affine/nbstore';
 import fs from 'fs-extra';
+import { nanoid } from 'nanoid';
 import { applyUpdate, Doc as YDoc } from 'yjs';
 
+import {
+  normalizeWorkspaceIdForPath,
+  resolveExistingPathInBase,
+} from '../../shared/utils';
 import { logger } from '../logger';
 import { getDocStoragePool } from '../nbstore';
 import { ensureSQLiteDisconnected } from '../nbstore/v1/ensure-db';
@@ -18,6 +23,7 @@ import {
   getSpaceBasePath,
   getSpaceDBPath,
   getWorkspaceBasePathV1,
+  getWorkspaceDBPath,
   getWorkspaceMeta,
 } from './meta';
 
@@ -58,7 +64,7 @@ export async function trashWorkspace(universalId: string) {
 
   const dbPath = await getSpaceDBPath(peer, type, id);
   const basePath = await getDeletedWorkspacesBasePath();
-  const movedPath = path.join(basePath, `${id}`);
+  const movedPath = path.join(basePath, normalizeWorkspaceIdForPath(id));
   try {
     const storage = new DocStorage(dbPath);
     if (await storage.validate()) {
@@ -258,12 +264,88 @@ export async function getDeletedWorkspaces() {
   };
 }
 
+async function importLegacyWorkspaceDb(
+  originalPath: string,
+  workspaceId: string
+) {
+  const { SqliteConnection } = await import('@affine/native');
+
+  const validationResult = await SqliteConnection.validate(originalPath);
+  if (validationResult !== ValidationResult.Valid) {
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  const connection = new SqliteConnection(originalPath);
+  if (!(await connection.validateImportSchema())) {
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  const internalFilePath = await getWorkspaceDBPath('workspace', workspaceId);
+  await fs.ensureDir(path.parse(internalFilePath).dir);
+  await connection.vacuumInto(internalFilePath);
+  logger.info(
+    `recoverBackupWorkspace, vacuum: ${originalPath} -> ${internalFilePath}`
+  );
+
+  await storeWorkspaceMeta(workspaceId, {
+    id: workspaceId,
+    mainDBPath: internalFilePath,
+  });
+
+  return {
+    workspaceId,
+  };
+}
+
+async function importWorkspaceDb(originalPath: string) {
+  const workspaceId = nanoid(10);
+  let storage = new DocStorage(originalPath);
+
+  if (!(await storage.validate())) {
+    return await importLegacyWorkspaceDb(originalPath, workspaceId);
+  }
+
+  if (!(await storage.validateImportSchema())) {
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  const internalFilePath = await getSpaceDBPath(
+    'local',
+    'workspace',
+    workspaceId
+  );
+  await fs.ensureDir(path.parse(internalFilePath).dir);
+  await storage.vacuumInto(internalFilePath);
+  logger.info(
+    `recoverBackupWorkspace, vacuum: ${originalPath} -> ${internalFilePath}`
+  );
+
+  storage = new DocStorage(internalFilePath);
+  await storage.setSpaceId(workspaceId);
+
+  return {
+    workspaceId,
+  };
+}
+
 export async function deleteBackupWorkspace(id: string) {
   const basePath = await getDeletedWorkspacesBasePath();
-  const workspacePath = path.join(basePath, id);
+  const workspacePath = path.join(basePath, normalizeWorkspaceIdForPath(id));
   await fs.rmdir(workspacePath, { recursive: true });
   logger.info(
     'deleteBackupWorkspace',
     `Deleted backup workspace: ${workspacePath}`
   );
 }
+
+export async function recoverBackupWorkspace(id: string) {
+  const basePath = await getDeletedWorkspacesBasePath();
+  const workspacePath = path.join(basePath, normalizeWorkspaceIdForPath(id));
+  const dbPath = await resolveExistingPathInBase(
+    basePath,
+    path.join(workspacePath, 'storage.db'),
+    { label: 'backup workspace filepath' }
+  );
+
+  return await importWorkspaceDb(dbPath);
+}
diff --git a/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/helper/workspace/index.ts b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/helper/workspace/index.ts
index 7187b42876..be452f6c58 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/helper/workspace/index.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/helper/workspace/index.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import {
   deleteWorkspace,
   getDeletedWorkspaces,
   listLocalWorkspaceIds,
+  recoverBackupWorkspace,
   trashWorkspace,
 } from './handlers';
 
@@ -19,5 +20,6 @@ export const workspaceHandlers = {
     return getDeletedWorkspaces();
   },
   deleteBackupWorkspace: async (id: string) => deleteBackupWorkspace(id),
+  recoverBackupWorkspace: async (id: string) => recoverBackupWorkspace(id),
   listLocalWorkspaceIds: async () => listLocalWorkspaceIds(),
 };
diff --git a/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/helper/workspace/meta.ts b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/helper/workspace/meta.ts
index df626e9ea3..e55e9fc823 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/helper/workspace/meta.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/helper/workspace/meta.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import path from 'node:path';
 
 import { type SpaceType } from '@affine/nbstore';
 
-import { isWindows } from '../../shared/utils';
+import { normalizeWorkspaceIdForPath } from '../../shared/utils';
 import { mainRPC } from '../main-rpc';
 import type { WorkspaceMeta } from '../type';
 
@@ -24,10 +24,11 @@ export async function getWorkspaceBasePathV1(
   spaceType: SpaceType,
   workspaceId: string
 ) {
+  const safeWorkspaceId = normalizeWorkspaceIdForPath(workspaceId);
   return path.join(
     await getAppDataPath(),
     spaceType === 'userspace' ? 'userspaces' : 'workspaces',
-    isWindows() ? workspaceId.replace(':', '_') : workspaceId
+    safeWorkspaceId
   );
 }
 
@@ -52,10 +53,11 @@ export async function getSpaceDBPath(
   spaceType: SpaceType,
   id: string
 ) {
+  const safeId = normalizeWorkspaceIdForPath(id);
   return path.join(
     await getSpaceBasePath(spaceType),
     escapeFilename(peer),
-    id,
+    safeId,
     'storage.db'
   );
 }
diff --git a/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/main/protocol.ts b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/main/protocol.ts
index 0bfe51a975..2f5bcb5ca8 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/main/protocol.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/main/protocol.ts
@@ -5,24 +5,46 @@ import { app, net, protocol, session } from 'electron';
 import cookieParser from 'set-cookie-parser';
 
 import { anotherHost, mainHost } from '../shared/internal-origin';
-import { isWindows, resourcesPath } from '../shared/utils';
+import {
+  isPathInsideBase,
+  isWindows,
+  resolveExistingPathInBase,
+  resolvePathInBase,
+  resourcesPath,
+} from '../shared/utils';
 import { buildType, isDev } from './config';
 import { logger } from './logger';
 
 const webStaticDir = join(resourcesPath, 'web-static');
 const devServerBase = process.env.DEV_SERVER_URL;
 const localWhiteListDirs = [
-  path.resolve(app.getPath('sessionData')).toLowerCase(),
-  path.resolve(app.getPath('temp')).toLowerCase(),
+  path.resolve(app.getPath('sessionData')),
+  path.resolve(app.getPath('temp')),
 ];
 
 function isPathInWhiteList(filepath: string) {
-  const lowerFilePath = filepath.toLowerCase();
   return localWhiteListDirs.some(whitelistDir =>
-    lowerFilePath.startsWith(whitelistDir)
+    isPathInsideBase(whitelistDir, filepath, {
+      caseInsensitive: isWindows(),
+    })
   );
 }
 
+async function resolveWhitelistedLocalPath(filepath: string) {
+  for (const whitelistDir of localWhiteListDirs) {
+    try {
+      return await resolveExistingPathInBase(whitelistDir, filepath, {
+        caseInsensitive: isWindows(),
+        label: 'filepath',
+      });
+    } catch {
+      continue;
+    }
+  }
+
+  throw new Error('Invalid filepath');
+}
+
 const apiBaseByBuildType: Record<typeof buildType, string> = {
   stable: 'https://app.affine.pro',
   beta: 'https://insider.affine.pro',
@@ -94,15 +116,14 @@ async function handleFileRequest(request: Request) {
   // for relative path, load the file in resources
   if (!isAbsolutePath) {
     if (urlObject.pathname.split('/').at(-1)?.includes('.')) {
-      // Sanitize pathname to prevent path traversal attacks
-      const decodedPath = decodeURIComponent(urlObject.pathname);
-      const normalizedPath = join(webStaticDir, decodedPath).normalize();
-      if (!normalizedPath.startsWith(webStaticDir)) {
-        // Attempted path traversal - reject by using empty path
-        filepath = join(webStaticDir, '');
-      } else {
-        filepath = normalizedPath;
-      }
+      const decodedPath = decodeURIComponent(urlObject.pathname).replace(
+        /^\/+/,
+        ''
+      );
+      filepath = resolvePathInBase(webStaticDir, decodedPath, {
+        caseInsensitive: isWindows(),
+        label: 'filepath',
+      });
     } else {
       // else, fallback to load the index.html instead
       filepath = join(webStaticDir, 'index.html');
@@ -113,10 +134,10 @@ async function handleFileRequest(request: Request) {
     if (isWindows()) {
       filepath = path.resolve(filepath.replace(/^\//, ''));
     }
-    // security check if the filepath is within app.getPath('sessionData')
     if (urlObject.host !== 'local-file' || !isPathInWhiteList(filepath)) {
       throw new Error('Invalid filepath');
     }
+    filepath = await resolveWhitelistedLocalPath(filepath);
   }
   return net.fetch(pathToFileURL(filepath).toString(), clonedRequest);
 }
diff --git a/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/main/recording/feature.ts b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/main/recording/feature.ts
index f9b5a5b288..a5544dde76 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/main/recording/feature.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/main/recording/feature.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 /* oxlint-disable no-var-requires */
 import { execSync } from 'node:child_process';
-import { createHash } from 'node:crypto';
 import fsp from 'node:fs/promises';
 import path from 'node:path';
 
 // Should not load @affine/native for unsupported platforms
-import type { ShareableContent as ShareableContentType } from '@affine/native';
+import type * as NativeModuleType from '@affine/native';
 import { app, systemPreferences } from 'electron';
 import fs from 'fs-extra';
 import { debounce } from 'lodash-es';
@@ -20,7 +19,12 @@ import {
 } from 'rxjs';
 import { filter, map, shareReplay } from 'rxjs/operators';
 
-import { isMacOS, isWindows, shallowEqual } from '../../shared/utils';
+import {
+  isMacOS,
+  isWindows,
+  resolveExistingPathInBase,
+  shallowEqual,
+} from '../../shared/utils';
 import { beforeAppQuit } from '../cleanup';
 import { logger } from '../logger';
 import {
@@ -32,12 +36,7 @@ import { getMainWindow } from '../windows-manager';
 import { popupManager } from '../windows-manager/popup';
 import { isAppNameAllowed } from './allow-list';
 import { recordingStateMachine } from './state-machine';
-import type {
-  AppGroupInfo,
-  Recording,
-  RecordingStatus,
-  TappableAppInfo,
-} from './types';
+import type { AppGroupInfo, RecordingStatus, TappableAppInfo } from './types';
 
 export const MeetingsSettingsState = {
   $: globalStateStorage.watch<MeetingSettingsSchema>(MeetingSettingsKey).pipe(
@@ -56,7 +55,12 @@ export const MeetingsSettingsState = {
   },
 };
 
+type Subscriber = {
+  unsubscribe: () => void;
+};
+
 const subscribers: Subscriber[] = [];
+let appStateSubscribers: Subscriber[] = [];
 
 // recordings are saved in the app data directory
 // may need a way to clean up old recordings
@@ -65,10 +69,29 @@ export const SAVED_RECORDINGS_DIR = path.join(
   'recordings'
 );
 
+type NativeModule = typeof NativeModuleType;
+type ShareableContentType = InstanceType<NativeModule['ShareableContent']>;
+type ShareableContentStatic = NativeModule['ShareableContent'];
+
 let shareableContent: ShareableContentType | null = null;
 
+function getNativeModule(): NativeModule {
+  return require('@affine/native') as NativeModule;
+}
+
 function cleanup() {
+  const nativeId = recordingStateMachine.status?.nativeId;
+  if (nativeId) cleanupAbandonedNativeRecording(nativeId);
+  recordingStatus$.next(null);
   shareableContent = null;
+  appStateSubscribers.forEach(subscriber => {
+    try {
+      subscriber.unsubscribe();
+    } catch {
+      // ignore unsubscribe error
+    }
+  });
+  appStateSubscribers = [];
   subscribers.forEach(subscriber => {
     try {
       subscriber.unsubscribe();
@@ -76,6 +99,9 @@ function cleanup() {
       // ignore unsubscribe error
     }
   });
+  subscribers.length = 0;
+  applications$.next([]);
+  appGroups$.next([]);
 }
 
 beforeAppQuit(() => {
@@ -87,18 +113,21 @@ export const appGroups$ = new BehaviorSubject<AppGroupInfo[]>([]);
 
 export const updateApplicationsPing$ = new Subject<number>();
 
-// recording id -> recording
-// recordings will be saved in memory before consumed and created as an audio block to user's doc
-const recordings = new Map<number, Recording>();
-
-// there should be only one active recording at a time
-// We'll now use recordingStateMachine.status$ instead of our own BehaviorSubject
+// There should be only one active recording at a time; state is managed by the state machine
 export const recordingStatus$ = recordingStateMachine.status$;
 
+function isRecordingSettled(
+  status: RecordingStatus | null | undefined
+): status is RecordingStatus & {
+  status: 'ready';
+  blockCreationStatus: 'success' | 'failed';
+} {
+  return status?.status === 'ready' && status.blockCreationStatus !== undefined;
+}
+
 function createAppGroup(processGroupId: number): AppGroupInfo | undefined {
   // MUST require dynamically to avoid loading @affine/native for unsupported platforms
-  const SC: typeof ShareableContentType =
-    require('@affine/native').ShareableContent;
+  const SC: ShareableContentStatic = getNativeModule().ShareableContent;
   const groupProcess = SC?.applicationWithProcessId(processGroupId);
   if (!groupProcess) {
     return;
@@ -174,9 +203,13 @@ function setupNewRunningAppGroup() {
   });
 
   const debounceStartRecording = debounce((appGroup: AppGroupInfo) => {
-    // check if the app is running again
-    if (appGroup.isRunning) {
-      startRecording(appGroup);
+    const currentGroup = appGroups$.value.find(
+      group => group.processGroupId === appGroup.processGroupId
+    );
+    if (currentGroup?.isRunning) {
+      startRecording(currentGroup).catch(err => {
+        logger.error('failed to start recording', err);
+      });
     }
   }, 1000);
 
@@ -200,8 +233,7 @@ function setupNewRunningAppGroup() {
         if (
           !recordingStatus ||
           recordingStatus.status === 'new' ||
-          recordingStatus.status === 'create-block-success' ||
-          recordingStatus.status === 'create-block-failed'
+          isRecordingSettled(recordingStatus)
         ) {
           if (MeetingsSettingsState.value.recordingMode === 'prompt') {
             newRecording(currentGroup);
@@ -226,7 +258,7 @@ function setupNewRunningAppGroup() {
           removeRecording(recordingStatus.id);
         }
 
-        // if the recording is stopped and we are recording it,
+        // if the watched app stops while we are recording it,
         // we should stop the recording
         if (
           recordingStatus?.status === 'recording' &&
@@ -242,100 +274,28 @@ function setupNewRunningAppGroup() {
   );
 }
 
-function getSanitizedAppId(bundleIdentifier?: string) {
-  if (!bundleIdentifier) {
-    return 'unknown';
-  }
-
-  return isWindows()
-    ? createHash('sha256')
-        .update(bundleIdentifier)
-        .digest('hex')
-        .substring(0, 8)
-    : bundleIdentifier;
-}
-
-export function createRecording(status: RecordingStatus) {
-  let recording = recordings.get(status.id);
-  if (recording) {
-    return recording;
-  }
-
-  const appId = getSanitizedAppId(status.appGroup?.bundleIdentifier);
-
-  const bufferedFilePath = path.join(
-    SAVED_RECORDINGS_DIR,
-    `${appId}-${status.id}-${status.startTime}.raw`
-  );
-
-  fs.ensureDirSync(SAVED_RECORDINGS_DIR);
-  const file = fs.createWriteStream(bufferedFilePath);
-
-  function tapAudioSamples(err: Error | null, samples: Float32Array) {
-    const recordingStatus = recordingStatus$.getValue();
-    if (
-      !recordingStatus ||
-      recordingStatus.id !== status.id ||
-      recordingStatus.status === 'paused'
-    ) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    if (err) {
-      logger.error('failed to get audio samples', err);
-    } else {
-      // Writing raw Float32Array samples directly to file
-      // For stereo audio, samples are interleaved [L,R,L,R,...]
-      file.write(Buffer.from(samples.buffer));
-    }
-  }
-
-  // MUST require dynamically to avoid loading @affine/native for unsupported platforms
-  const SC: typeof ShareableContentType =
-    require('@affine/native').ShareableContent;
-
-  const stream = status.app
-    ? SC.tapAudio(status.app.processId, tapAudioSamples)
-    : SC.tapGlobalAudio(null, tapAudioSamples);
-
-  recording = {
-    id: status.id,
-    startTime: status.startTime,
-    app: status.app,
-    appGroup: status.appGroup,
-    file,
-    session: stream,
-  };
-
-  recordings.set(status.id, recording);
-
-  return recording;
-}
-
 export async function getRecording(id: number) {
-  const recording = recordings.get(id);
-  if (!recording) {
+  const recording = recordingStateMachine.status;
+  if (!recording || recording.id !== id) {
     logger.error(`Recording ${id} not found`);
     return;
   }
-  const rawFilePath = String(recording.file.path);
   return {
     id,
     appGroup: recording.appGroup,
     app: recording.app,
     startTime: recording.startTime,
-    filepath: rawFilePath,
-    sampleRate: recording.session.sampleRate,
-    numberOfChannels: recording.session.channels,
+    filepath: recording.filepath,
+    sampleRate: recording.sampleRate,
+    numberOfChannels: recording.numberOfChannels,
   };
 }
 
 // recording popup status
-// new: recording is started, popup is shown
-// recording: recording is started, popup is shown
-// stopped: recording is stopped, popup showing processing status
-// create-block-success: recording is ready, show "open app" button
-// create-block-failed: recording is failed, show "failed to save" button
+// new: waiting for user confirmation
+// recording: native recording is ongoing
+// processing: native stop or renderer import/transcription is ongoing
+// ready + blockCreationStatus: post-processing finished
 // null: hide popup
 function setupRecordingListeners() {
   subscribers.push(
@@ -350,36 +310,21 @@ function setupRecordingListeners() {
           });
         }
 
-        if (status?.status === 'recording') {
-          let recording = recordings.get(status.id);
-          // create a recording if not exists
-          if (!recording) {
-            recording = createRecording(status);
-          }
-        } else if (status?.status === 'stopped') {
-          const recording = recordings.get(status.id);
-          if (recording) {
-            recording.session.stop();
-          }
-        } else if (
-          status?.status === 'create-block-success' ||
-          status?.status === 'create-block-failed'
-        ) {
+        if (isRecordingSettled(status)) {
           // show the popup for 10s
           setTimeout(
             () => {
-              // check again if current status is still ready
+              const currentStatus = recordingStatus$.value;
               if (
-                (recordingStatus$.value?.status === 'create-block-success' ||
-                  recordingStatus$.value?.status === 'create-block-failed') &&
-                recordingStatus$.value.id === status.id
+                isRecordingSettled(currentStatus) &&
+                currentStatus.id === status.id
               ) {
                 popup.hide().catch(err => {
                   logger.error('failed to hide recording popup', err);
                 });
               }
             },
-            status?.status === 'create-block-failed' ? 30_000 : 10_000
+            status.blockCreationStatus === 'failed' ? 30_000 : 10_000
           );
         } else if (!status) {
           // status is removed, we should hide the popup
@@ -400,9 +345,7 @@ function getAllApps(): TappableAppInfo[] {
   }
 
   // MUST require dynamically to avoid loading @affine/native for unsupported platforms
-  const { ShareableContent } = require('@affine/native') as {
-    ShareableContent: typeof ShareableContentType;
-  };
+  const { ShareableContent } = getNativeModule();
 
   const apps = ShareableContent.applications().map(app => {
     try {
@@ -433,12 +376,8 @@ function getAllApps(): TappableAppInfo[] {
   return filteredApps;
 }
 
-type Subscriber = {
-  unsubscribe: () => void;
-};
-
 function setupMediaListeners() {
-  const ShareableContent = require('@affine/native').ShareableContent;
+  const ShareableContent = getNativeModule().ShareableContent;
   applications$.next(getAllApps());
   subscribers.push(
     interval(3000).subscribe(() => {
@@ -454,8 +393,6 @@ function setupMediaListeners() {
       })
   );
 
-  let appStateSubscribers: Subscriber[] = [];
-
   subscribers.push(
     applications$.subscribe(apps => {
       appStateSubscribers.forEach(subscriber => {
@@ -484,15 +421,6 @@ function setupMediaListeners() {
       });
 
       appStateSubscribers = _appStateSubscribers;
-      return () => {
-        _appStateSubscribers.forEach(subscriber => {
-          try {
-            subscriber.unsubscribe();
-          } catch {
-            // ignore unsubscribe error
-          }
-        });
-      };
     })
   );
 }
@@ -502,7 +430,7 @@ function askForScreenRecordingPermission() {
     return false;
   }
   try {
-    const ShareableContent = require('@affine/native').ShareableContent;
+    const ShareableContent = getNativeModule().ShareableContent;
     // this will trigger the permission prompt
     new ShareableContent();
     return true;
@@ -519,7 +447,7 @@ export function setupRecordingFeature() {
   }
 
   try {
-    const ShareableContent = require('@affine/native').ShareableContent;
+    const ShareableContent = getNativeModule().ShareableContent;
     if (!shareableContent) {
       shareableContent = new ShareableContent();
       setupMediaListeners();
@@ -537,7 +465,6 @@ export function setupRecordingFeature() {
 }
 
 export function disableRecordingFeature() {
-  recordingStatus$.next(null);
   cleanup();
 }
 
@@ -558,222 +485,175 @@ export function newRecording(
   });
 }
 
-export function startRecording(
+export async function startRecording(
   appGroup?: AppGroupInfo | number
-): RecordingStatus | null {
-  const state = recordingStateMachine.dispatch(
-    {
-      type: 'START_RECORDING',
-      appGroup: normalizeAppGroupInfo(appGroup),
-    },
-    false
-  );
+): Promise<RecordingStatus | null> {
+  const previousState = recordingStateMachine.status;
+  const state = recordingStateMachine.dispatch({
+    type: 'START_RECORDING',
+    appGroup: normalizeAppGroupInfo(appGroup),
+  });
 
-  if (state?.status === 'recording') {
-    createRecording(state);
+  if (!state || state.status !== 'recording' || state === previousState) {
+    return state;
   }
 
-  recordingStateMachine.status$.next(state);
+  let nativeId: string | undefined;
 
-  return state;
-}
+  try {
+    fs.ensureDirSync(SAVED_RECORDINGS_DIR);
 
-export function pauseRecording(id: number) {
-  return recordingStateMachine.dispatch({ type: 'PAUSE_RECORDING', id });
-}
+    const meta = getNativeModule().startRecording({
+      appProcessId: state.app?.processId,
+      outputDir: SAVED_RECORDINGS_DIR,
+      format: 'opus',
+      id: String(state.id),
+    });
+    nativeId = meta.id;
 
-export function resumeRecording(id: number) {
-  return recordingStateMachine.dispatch({ type: 'RESUME_RECORDING', id });
+    const filepath = await assertRecordingFilepath(meta.filepath);
+    const nextState = recordingStateMachine.dispatch({
+      type: 'ATTACH_NATIVE_RECORDING',
+      id: state.id,
+      nativeId: meta.id,
+      startTime: meta.startedAt ?? state.startTime,
+      filepath,
+      sampleRate: meta.sampleRate,
+      numberOfChannels: meta.channels,
+    });
+
+    if (!nextState || nextState.nativeId !== meta.id) {
+      throw new Error('Failed to attach native recording metadata');
+    }
+
+    return nextState;
+  } catch (error) {
+    if (nativeId) {
+      cleanupAbandonedNativeRecording(nativeId);
+    }
+    logger.error('failed to start recording', error);
+    return setRecordingBlockCreationStatus(
+      state.id,
+      'failed',
+      error instanceof Error ? error.message : undefined
+    );
+  }
 }
 
 export async function stopRecording(id: number) {
-  const recording = recordings.get(id);
-  if (!recording) {
+  const recording = recordingStateMachine.status;
+  if (!recording || recording.id !== id) {
     logger.error(`stopRecording: Recording ${id} not found`);
     return;
   }
 
-  if (!recording.file.path) {
-    logger.error(`Recording ${id} has no file path`);
+  if (!recording.nativeId) {
+    logger.error(`stopRecording: Recording ${id} missing native id`);
     return;
   }
 
-  const { file, session: stream } = recording;
-
-  // First stop the audio stream to prevent more data coming in
-  try {
-    stream.stop();
-  } catch (err) {
-    logger.error('Failed to stop audio stream', err);
+  const processingState = recordingStateMachine.dispatch({
+    type: 'STOP_RECORDING',
+    id,
+  });
+  if (
+    !processingState ||
+    processingState.id !== id ||
+    processingState.status !== 'processing'
+  ) {
+    return serializeRecordingStatus(processingState ?? recording);
   }
 
-  // End the file with a timeout
-  file.end();
-
   try {
-    await Promise.race([
-      new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
-        file.on('finish', () => {
-          // check if the file is empty
-          const stats = fs.statSync(file.path);
-          if (stats.size === 0) {
-            reject(new Error('Recording is empty'));
-            return;
-          }
-          resolve();
-        });
-
-        file.on('error', err => {
-          reject(err);
-        });
-      }),
-      new Promise<never>((_, reject) =>
-        setTimeout(() => reject(new Error('File writing timeout')), 10000)
-      ),
-    ]);
-
-    const recordingStatus = recordingStateMachine.dispatch({
-      type: 'STOP_RECORDING',
+    const artifact = getNativeModule().stopRecording(recording.nativeId);
+    const filepath = await assertRecordingFilepath(artifact.filepath);
+    const readyStatus = recordingStateMachine.dispatch({
+      type: 'ATTACH_RECORDING_ARTIFACT',
       id,
+      filepath,
+      sampleRate: artifact.sampleRate,
+      numberOfChannels: artifact.channels,
     });
 
-    if (!recordingStatus) {
-      logger.error('No recording status to stop');
+    if (!readyStatus) {
+      logger.error('No recording status to save');
       return;
     }
-    return serializeRecordingStatus(recordingStatus);
+
+    getMainWindow()
+      .then(mainWindow => {
+        if (mainWindow) {
+          mainWindow.show();
+        }
+      })
+      .catch(err => {
+        logger.error('failed to bring up the window', err);
+      });
+
+    return serializeRecordingStatus(readyStatus);
   } catch (error: unknown) {
     logger.error('Failed to stop recording', error);
-    const recordingStatus = recordingStateMachine.dispatch({
-      type: 'CREATE_BLOCK_FAILED',
+    const recordingStatus = await setRecordingBlockCreationStatus(
       id,
-      error: error instanceof Error ? error : undefined,
-    });
+      'failed',
+      error instanceof Error ? error.message : undefined
+    );
     if (!recordingStatus) {
       logger.error('No recording status to stop');
       return;
     }
     return serializeRecordingStatus(recordingStatus);
-  } finally {
-    // Clean up the file stream if it's still open
-    if (!file.closed) {
-      file.destroy();
-    }
   }
 }
 
-export async function getRawAudioBuffers(
-  id: number,
-  cursor?: number
-): Promise<{
-  buffer: Buffer;
-  nextCursor: number;
-}> {
-  const recording = recordings.get(id);
-  if (!recording) {
-    throw new Error(`getRawAudioBuffers: Recording ${id} not found`);
-  }
-  const start = cursor ?? 0;
-  const file = await fsp.open(recording.file.path, 'r');
-  const stats = await file.stat();
-  const buffer = Buffer.alloc(stats.size - start);
-  const result = await file.read(buffer, 0, buffer.length, start);
-  await file.close();
-
-  return {
-    buffer,
-    nextCursor: start + result.bytesRead,
-  };
-}
-
-function assertRecordingFilepath(filepath: string) {
-  const normalizedPath = path.normalize(filepath);
-  const normalizedBase = path.normalize(SAVED_RECORDINGS_DIR + path.sep);
-
-  if (!normalizedPath.toLowerCase().startsWith(normalizedBase.toLowerCase())) {
-    throw new Error('Invalid recording filepath');
-  }
-
-  return normalizedPath;
+async function assertRecordingFilepath(filepath: string) {
+  return await resolveExistingPathInBase(SAVED_RECORDINGS_DIR, filepath, {
+    caseInsensitive: isWindows(),
+    label: 'recording filepath',
+  });
 }
 
 export async function readRecordingFile(filepath: string) {
-  const normalizedPath = assertRecordingFilepath(filepath);
+  const normalizedPath = await assertRecordingFilepath(filepath);
   return fsp.readFile(normalizedPath);
 }
 
-export async function readyRecording(id: number, buffer: Buffer) {
-  logger.info('readyRecording', id);
-
-  const recordingStatus = recordingStatus$.value;
-  const recording = recordings.get(id);
-  if (!recordingStatus || recordingStatus.id !== id || !recording) {
-    logger.error(`readyRecording: Recording ${id} not found`);
-    return;
+function cleanupAbandonedNativeRecording(nativeId: string) {
+  try {
+    const artifact = getNativeModule().stopRecording(nativeId);
+    void assertRecordingFilepath(artifact.filepath)
+      .then(filepath => {
+        fs.removeSync(filepath);
+      })
+      .catch(error => {
+        logger.error('failed to validate abandoned recording filepath', error);
+      });
+  } catch (error) {
+    logger.error('failed to cleanup abandoned native recording', error);
   }
-
-  const rawFilePath = String(recording.file.path);
-
-  const filepath = rawFilePath.replace('.raw', '.opus');
-
-  if (!filepath) {
-    logger.error(`readyRecording: Recording ${id} has no filepath`);
-    return;
-  }
-
-  await fs.writeFile(filepath, buffer);
-
-  // can safely remove the raw file now
-  logger.info('remove raw file', rawFilePath);
-  if (rawFilePath) {
-    try {
-      await fs.unlink(rawFilePath);
-    } catch (err) {
-      logger.error('failed to remove raw file', err);
-    }
-  }
-  // Update the status through the state machine
-  recordingStateMachine.dispatch({
-    type: 'SAVE_RECORDING',
-    id,
-    filepath,
-  });
-
-  // bring up the window
-  getMainWindow()
-    .then(mainWindow => {
-      if (mainWindow) {
-        mainWindow.show();
-      }
-    })
-    .catch(err => {
-      logger.error('failed to bring up the window', err);
-    });
 }
 
-export async function handleBlockCreationSuccess(id: number) {
-  recordingStateMachine.dispatch({
-    type: 'CREATE_BLOCK_SUCCESS',
+export async function setRecordingBlockCreationStatus(
+  id: number,
+  status: 'success' | 'failed',
+  errorMessage?: string
+) {
+  return recordingStateMachine.dispatch({
+    type: 'SET_BLOCK_CREATION_STATUS',
     id,
-  });
-}
-
-export async function handleBlockCreationFailed(id: number, error?: Error) {
-  recordingStateMachine.dispatch({
-    type: 'CREATE_BLOCK_FAILED',
-    id,
-    error,
+    status,
+    errorMessage,
   });
 }
 
 export function removeRecording(id: number) {
-  recordings.delete(id);
   recordingStateMachine.dispatch({ type: 'REMOVE_RECORDING', id });
 }
 
 export interface SerializedRecordingStatus {
   id: number;
   status: RecordingStatus['status'];
+  blockCreationStatus?: RecordingStatus['blockCreationStatus'];
   appName?: string;
   // if there is no app group, it means the recording is for system audio
   appGroupId?: number;
@@ -787,18 +667,17 @@ export interface SerializedRecordingStatus {
 export function serializeRecordingStatus(
   status: RecordingStatus
 ): SerializedRecordingStatus | null {
-  const recording = recordings.get(status.id);
   return {
     id: status.id,
     status: status.status,
+    blockCreationStatus: status.blockCreationStatus,
     appName: status.appGroup?.name,
     appGroupId: status.appGroup?.processGroupId,
     icon: status.appGroup?.icon,
     startTime: status.startTime,
-    filepath:
-      status.filepath ?? (recording ? String(recording.file.path) : undefined),
-    sampleRate: recording?.session.sampleRate,
-    numberOfChannels: recording?.session.channels,
+    filepath: status.filepath,
+    sampleRate: status.sampleRate,
+    numberOfChannels: status.numberOfChannels,
   };
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/main/recording/index.ts b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/main/recording/index.ts
index 2be0c0db6a..4942e6b232 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/main/recording/index.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/main/recording/index.ts
@@ -2,11 +2,9 @@
 
 // Should not load @affine/native for unsupported platforms
 
-import path from 'node:path';
-
 import { shell } from 'electron';
 
-import { isMacOS } from '../../shared/utils';
+import { isMacOS, resolvePathInBase } from '../../shared/utils';
 import { openExternalSafely } from '../security/open-external';
 import type { NamespaceHandlers } from '../type';
 import {
@@ -14,18 +12,14 @@ import {
   checkMeetingPermissions,
   checkRecordingAvailable,
   disableRecordingFeature,
-  getRawAudioBuffers,
   getRecording,
-  handleBlockCreationFailed,
-  handleBlockCreationSuccess,
-  pauseRecording,
   readRecordingFile,
-  readyRecording,
   recordingStatus$,
   removeRecording,
   SAVED_RECORDINGS_DIR,
   type SerializedRecordingStatus,
   serializeRecordingStatus,
+  setRecordingBlockCreationStatus,
   setupRecordingFeature,
   startRecording,
   stopRecording,
@@ -45,27 +39,19 @@ export const recordingHandlers = {
   startRecording: async (_, appGroup?: AppGroupInfo | number) => {
     return startRecording(appGroup);
   },
-  pauseRecording: async (_, id: number) => {
-    return pauseRecording(id);
-  },
   stopRecording: async (_, id: number) => {
     return stopRecording(id);
   },
-  getRawAudioBuffers: async (_, id: number, cursor?: number) => {
-    return getRawAudioBuffers(id, cursor);
-  },
   readRecordingFile: async (_, filepath: string) => {
     return readRecordingFile(filepath);
   },
-  // save the encoded recording buffer to the file system
-  readyRecording: async (_, id: number, buffer: Uint8Array) => {
-    return readyRecording(id, Buffer.from(buffer));
-  },
-  handleBlockCreationSuccess: async (_, id: number) => {
-    return handleBlockCreationSuccess(id);
-  },
-  handleBlockCreationFailed: async (_, id: number, error?: Error) => {
-    return handleBlockCreationFailed(id, error);
+  setRecordingBlockCreationStatus: async (
+    _,
+    id: number,
+    status: 'success' | 'failed',
+    errorMessage?: string
+  ) => {
+    return setRecordingBlockCreationStatus(id, status, errorMessage);
   },
   removeRecording: async (_, id: number) => {
     return removeRecording(id);
@@ -100,15 +86,10 @@ export const recordingHandlers = {
     return false;
   },
   showSavedRecordings: async (_, subpath?: string) => {
-    const normalizedDir = path.normalize(
-      path.join(SAVED_RECORDINGS_DIR, subpath ?? '')
-    );
-    const normalizedBase = path.normalize(SAVED_RECORDINGS_DIR);
-
-    if (!normalizedDir.startsWith(normalizedBase)) {
-      throw new Error('Invalid directory');
-    }
-    return shell.showItemInFolder(normalizedDir);
+    const directory = resolvePathInBase(SAVED_RECORDINGS_DIR, subpath ?? '', {
+      label: 'directory',
+    });
+    return shell.showItemInFolder(directory);
   },
 } satisfies NamespaceHandlers;
 
diff --git a/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/main/recording/state-machine.ts b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/main/recording/state-machine.ts
index 25a635c826..d821fe7bc8 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/main/recording/state-machine.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/main/recording/state-machine.ts
@@ -13,25 +13,31 @@ export type RecordingEvent =
       type: 'START_RECORDING';
       appGroup?: AppGroupInfo;
     }
-  | { type: 'PAUSE_RECORDING'; id: number }
-  | { type: 'RESUME_RECORDING'; id: number }
+  | {
+      type: 'ATTACH_NATIVE_RECORDING';
+      id: number;
+      nativeId: string;
+      startTime: number;
+      filepath: string;
+      sampleRate: number;
+      numberOfChannels: number;
+    }
   | {
       type: 'STOP_RECORDING';
       id: number;
     }
   | {
-      type: 'SAVE_RECORDING';
+      type: 'ATTACH_RECORDING_ARTIFACT';
       id: number;
       filepath: string;
+      sampleRate?: number;
+      numberOfChannels?: number;
     }
   | {
-      type: 'CREATE_BLOCK_FAILED';
-      id: number;
-      error?: Error;
-    }
-  | {
-      type: 'CREATE_BLOCK_SUCCESS';
+      type: 'SET_BLOCK_CREATION_STATUS';
       id: number;
+      status: 'success' | 'failed';
+      errorMessage?: string;
     }
   | { type: 'REMOVE_RECORDING'; id: number };
 
@@ -74,23 +80,26 @@ export class RecordingStateMachine {
       case 'START_RECORDING':
         newStatus = this.handleStartRecording(event.appGroup);
         break;
-      case 'PAUSE_RECORDING':
-        newStatus = this.handlePauseRecording();
-        break;
-      case 'RESUME_RECORDING':
-        newStatus = this.handleResumeRecording();
+      case 'ATTACH_NATIVE_RECORDING':
+        newStatus = this.handleAttachNativeRecording(event);
         break;
       case 'STOP_RECORDING':
         newStatus = this.handleStopRecording(event.id);
         break;
-      case 'SAVE_RECORDING':
-        newStatus = this.handleSaveRecording(event.id, event.filepath);
+      case 'ATTACH_RECORDING_ARTIFACT':
+        newStatus = this.handleAttachRecordingArtifact(
+          event.id,
+          event.filepath,
+          event.sampleRate,
+          event.numberOfChannels
+        );
         break;
-      case 'CREATE_BLOCK_SUCCESS':
-        newStatus = this.handleCreateBlockSuccess(event.id);
-        break;
-      case 'CREATE_BLOCK_FAILED':
-        newStatus = this.handleCreateBlockFailed(event.id, event.error);
+      case 'SET_BLOCK_CREATION_STATUS':
+        newStatus = this.handleSetBlockCreationStatus(
+          event.id,
+          event.status,
+          event.errorMessage
+        );
         break;
       case 'REMOVE_RECORDING':
         this.handleRemoveRecording(event.id);
@@ -133,7 +142,7 @@ export class RecordingStateMachine {
     const currentStatus = this.recordingStatus$.value;
     if (
       currentStatus?.status === 'recording' ||
-      currentStatus?.status === 'stopped'
+      currentStatus?.status === 'processing'
     ) {
       logger.error(
         'Cannot start a new recording if there is already a recording'
@@ -160,46 +169,31 @@ export class RecordingStateMachine {
   }
 
   /**
-   * Handle the PAUSE_RECORDING event
+   * Attach native recording metadata to the current recording
    */
-  private handlePauseRecording(): RecordingStatus | null {
+  private handleAttachNativeRecording(
+    event: Extract<RecordingEvent, { type: 'ATTACH_NATIVE_RECORDING' }>
+  ): RecordingStatus | null {
     const currentStatus = this.recordingStatus$.value;
-
-    if (!currentStatus) {
-      logger.error('No active recording to pause');
-      return null;
+    if (!currentStatus || currentStatus.id !== event.id) {
+      logger.error(`Recording ${event.id} not found for native attachment`);
+      return currentStatus;
     }
 
     if (currentStatus.status !== 'recording') {
-      logger.error(`Cannot pause recording in ${currentStatus.status} state`);
+      logger.error(
+        `Cannot attach native metadata when recording is in ${currentStatus.status} state`
+      );
       return currentStatus;
     }
 
     return {
       ...currentStatus,
-      status: 'paused',
-    };
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Handle the RESUME_RECORDING event
-   */
-  private handleResumeRecording(): RecordingStatus | null {
-    const currentStatus = this.recordingStatus$.value;
-
-    if (!currentStatus) {
-      logger.error('No active recording to resume');
-      return null;
-    }
-
-    if (currentStatus.status !== 'paused') {
-      logger.error(`Cannot resume recording in ${currentStatus.status} state`);
-      return currentStatus;
-    }
-
-    return {
-      ...currentStatus,
-      status: 'recording',
+      nativeId: event.nativeId,
+      startTime: event.startTime,
+      filepath: event.filepath,
+      sampleRate: event.sampleRate,
+      numberOfChannels: event.numberOfChannels,
     };
   }
 
@@ -214,26 +208,25 @@ export class RecordingStateMachine {
       return currentStatus;
     }
 
-    if (
-      currentStatus.status !== 'recording' &&
-      currentStatus.status !== 'paused'
-    ) {
+    if (currentStatus.status !== 'recording') {
       logger.error(`Cannot stop recording in ${currentStatus.status} state`);
       return currentStatus;
     }
 
     return {
       ...currentStatus,
-      status: 'stopped',
+      status: 'processing',
     };
   }
 
   /**
-   * Handle the SAVE_RECORDING event
+   * Attach the encoded artifact once native stop completes
    */
-  private handleSaveRecording(
+  private handleAttachRecordingArtifact(
     id: number,
-    filepath: string
+    filepath: string,
+    sampleRate?: number,
+    numberOfChannels?: number
   ): RecordingStatus | null {
     const currentStatus = this.recordingStatus$.value;
 
@@ -242,51 +235,54 @@ export class RecordingStateMachine {
       return currentStatus;
     }
 
-    return {
-      ...currentStatus,
-      status: 'ready',
-      filepath,
-    };
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Handle the CREATE_BLOCK_SUCCESS event
-   */
-  private handleCreateBlockSuccess(id: number): RecordingStatus | null {
-    const currentStatus = this.recordingStatus$.value;
-
-    if (!currentStatus || currentStatus.id !== id) {
-      logger.error(`Recording ${id} not found for create-block-success`);
+    if (currentStatus.status !== 'processing') {
+      logger.error(`Cannot attach artifact in ${currentStatus.status} state`);
       return currentStatus;
     }
 
     return {
       ...currentStatus,
-      status: 'create-block-success',
+      filepath,
+      sampleRate: sampleRate ?? currentStatus.sampleRate,
+      numberOfChannels: numberOfChannels ?? currentStatus.numberOfChannels,
     };
   }
 
   /**
-   * Handle the CREATE_BLOCK_FAILED event
+   * Set the renderer-side block creation result
    */
-  private handleCreateBlockFailed(
+  private handleSetBlockCreationStatus(
     id: number,
-    error?: Error
+    status: 'success' | 'failed',
+    errorMessage?: string
   ): RecordingStatus | null {
     const currentStatus = this.recordingStatus$.value;
 
     if (!currentStatus || currentStatus.id !== id) {
-      logger.error(`Recording ${id} not found for create-block-failed`);
+      logger.error(`Recording ${id} not found for block creation status`);
       return currentStatus;
     }
 
-    if (error) {
-      logger.error(`Recording ${id} create block failed:`, error);
+    if (currentStatus.status === 'new') {
+      logger.error(`Cannot settle recording ${id} before it starts`);
+      return currentStatus;
+    }
+
+    if (
+      currentStatus.status === 'ready' &&
+      currentStatus.blockCreationStatus !== undefined
+    ) {
+      return currentStatus;
+    }
+
+    if (errorMessage) {
+      logger.error(`Recording ${id} create block failed: ${errorMessage}`);
     }
 
     return {
       ...currentStatus,
-      status: 'create-block-failed',
+      status: 'ready',
+      blockCreationStatus: status,
     };
   }
 
diff --git a/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/main/recording/state-transitions.md b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/main/recording/state-transitions.md
index 7ec0f83f5c..10e4fda998 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/main/recording/state-transitions.md
+++ b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/main/recording/state-transitions.md
@@ -1,88 +1,35 @@
 # Recording State Transitions
 
-This document visualizes the possible state transitions in the recording system.
+The desktop recording flow now has a single linear engine state and a separate post-process result.
 
-## States
+## Engine states
 
-The recording system has the following states:
+- `inactive`: no active recording
+- `new`: app detected, waiting for user confirmation
+- `recording`: native capture is running
+- `processing`: native capture has stopped and the artifact is being imported
+- `ready`: post-processing has finished
 
-- **inactive**: No active recording (null state)
-- **new**: A new recording has been detected but not yet started
-- **recording**: Audio is being recorded
-- **paused**: Recording is temporarily paused
-- **stopped**: Recording has been stopped and is processing
-- **ready**: Recording is processed and ready for use
+## Post-process result
 
-## Transitions
+`ready` recordings may carry `blockCreationStatus`:
 
-```
-┌───────────┐                ┌───────┐
-│           │                │       │
-│ inactive  │◀───────────────│ ready │
-│           │                │       │
-└─────┬─────┘                └───┬───┘
-      │                          │
-      │ NEW_RECORDING            │
-      ▼                          │
-┌───────────┐                    │
-│           │                    │
-│   new     │                    │
-│           │                    │
-└─────┬─────┘                    │
-      │                          │
-      │ START_RECORDING          │
-      ▼                          │
-┌───────────┐                    │
-│           │      STOP_RECORDING│
-│ recording │─────────────────┐  │
-│           │◀────────────┐   │  │
-└─────┬─────┘             │   │  │
-      │                   │   │  │
-      │ PAUSE_RECORDING   │   │  │
-      ▼                   │   │  │
-┌───────────┐             │   │  │
-│           │             │   │  │
-│  paused   │             │   │  │
-│           │             │   │  │
-└─────┬─────┘             │   │  │
-      │                   │   │  │
-      │ RESUME_RECORDING  │   │  │
-      └───────────────────┘   │  │
-                              │  │
-                              ▼  │
-                        ┌───────────┐
-                        │           │
-                        │ stopped   │
-                        │           │
-                        └─────┬─────┘
-                              │
-                              │ SAVE_RECORDING
-                              ▼
-                        ┌───────────┐
-                        │           │
-                        │  ready    │
-                        │           │
-                        └───────────┘
+- `success`: the recording block was created successfully
+- `failed`: the artifact was saved, but block creation/import failed
+
+## State flow
+
+```text
+inactive -> new -> recording -> processing -> ready
+                     ^                      |
+                     |                      |
+                     +------ start ---------+
 ```
 
-## Events
+- `START_RECORDING` creates or reuses a pending `new` recording.
+- `ATTACH_NATIVE_RECORDING` fills in native metadata while staying in `recording`.
+- `STOP_RECORDING` moves the flow to `processing`.
+- `ATTACH_RECORDING_ARTIFACT` attaches the finalized `.opus` artifact while staying in `processing`.
+- `SET_BLOCK_CREATION_STATUS` settles the flow as `ready`.
 
-The following events trigger state transitions:
-
-- `NEW_RECORDING`: Create a new recording when an app starts or is detected
-- `START_RECORDING`: Start recording audio
-- `PAUSE_RECORDING`: Pause the current recording
-- `RESUME_RECORDING`: Resume a paused recording
-- `STOP_RECORDING`: Stop the current recording
-- `SAVE_RECORDING`: Save and finalize a recording
-- `REMOVE_RECORDING`: Delete a recording
-
-## Error Handling
-
-Invalid state transitions are logged and prevented. For example:
-
-- Cannot start a new recording when one is already in progress
-- Cannot pause a recording that is not in the 'recording' state
-- Cannot resume a recording that is not in the 'paused' state
-
-Each transition function in the state machine validates the current state before allowing a transition.
+Only one recording can be active at a time. A new recording can start only after the previous one has been removed or its `ready` result has been settled.
diff --git a/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/main/recording/types.ts b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/main/recording/types.ts
index cd6f3afc48..a3b4b30801 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/main/recording/types.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/main/recording/types.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-import type { WriteStream } from 'node:fs';
-
-import type { ApplicationInfo, AudioCaptureSession } from '@affine/native';
+import type { ApplicationInfo } from '@affine/native';
 
 export interface TappableAppInfo {
   info: ApplicationInfo;
@@ -20,38 +18,19 @@ export interface AppGroupInfo {
   isRunning: boolean;
 }
 
-export interface Recording {
-  id: number;
-  // the app may not be available if the user choose to record system audio
-  app?: TappableAppInfo;
-  appGroup?: AppGroupInfo;
-  // the buffered file that is being recorded streamed to
-  file: WriteStream;
-  session: AudioCaptureSession;
-  startTime: number;
-  filepath?: string; // the filepath of the recording (only available when status is ready)
-}
-
 export interface RecordingStatus {
   id: number; // corresponds to the recording id
-  // the status of the recording in a linear state machine
-  // new: an new app group is listening. note, if there are any active recording, the current recording will not change
-  // recording: the recording is ongoing
-  // paused: the recording is paused
-  // stopped: the recording is stopped (processing audio file for use in the editor)
-  // ready: the recording is ready to be used
-  // create-block-success: the recording is successfully created as a block
-  // create-block-failed: creating block failed
-  status:
-    | 'new'
-    | 'recording'
-    | 'paused'
-    | 'stopped'
-    | 'ready'
-    | 'create-block-success'
-    | 'create-block-failed';
+  // an app group is detected and waiting for user confirmation
+  // recording: the native recorder is running
+  // processing: recording has stopped and the artifact is being prepared/imported
+  // ready: the post-processing result has been settled
+  status: 'new' | 'recording' | 'processing' | 'ready';
   app?: TappableAppInfo;
   appGroup?: AppGroupInfo;
   startTime: number; // 0 means not started yet
   filepath?: string; // encoded file path
+  nativeId?: string;
+  sampleRate?: number;
+  numberOfChannels?: number;
+  blockCreationStatus?: 'success' | 'failed';
 }
diff --git a/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/main/tray/index.ts b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/main/tray/index.ts
index a0165ec3ba..ffceb64bdc 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/main/tray/index.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/main/tray/index.ts
@@ -160,11 +160,7 @@ class TrayState implements Disposable {
 
         const recordingStatus = recordingStatus$.value;
 
-        if (
-          !recordingStatus ||
-          (recordingStatus?.status !== 'paused' &&
-            recordingStatus?.status !== 'recording')
-        ) {
+        if (!recordingStatus || recordingStatus.status !== 'recording') {
           const appMenuItems = runningAppGroups.map(appGroup => ({
             label: appGroup.name,
             icon: appGroup.icon || undefined,
@@ -172,7 +168,9 @@ class TrayState implements Disposable {
               logger.info(
                 `User action: Start Recording Meeting (${appGroup.name})`
               );
-              startRecording(appGroup);
+              startRecording(appGroup).catch(err => {
+                logger.error('Failed to start recording:', err);
+              });
             },
           }));
 
@@ -188,7 +186,9 @@ class TrayState implements Disposable {
                     logger.info(
                       'User action: Start Recording Meeting (System audio)'
                     );
-                    startRecording();
+                    startRecording().catch(err => {
+                      logger.error('Failed to start recording:', err);
+                    });
                   },
                 },
                 ...appMenuItems,
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ class TrayState implements Disposable {
             ? `Recording (${recordingStatus.appGroup?.name})`
             : 'Recording';
 
-          // recording is either started or paused
+          // recording is active
           items.push(
             {
               label: recordingLabel,
diff --git a/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/shared/utils.ts b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/shared/utils.ts
index 8cd6156be5..8949f0e7bd 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/shared/utils.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/src/shared/utils.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-import { join } from 'node:path';
+import { realpath } from 'node:fs/promises';
+import { isAbsolute, join, relative, resolve, sep } from 'node:path';
 
 import type { EventBasedChannel } from 'async-call-rpc';
 
@@ -47,6 +48,130 @@ export class MessageEventChannel implements EventBasedChannel {
 
 export const resourcesPath = join(__dirname, `../resources`);
 
+function normalizeComparedPath(path: string, caseInsensitive: boolean) {
+  return caseInsensitive ? path.toLowerCase() : path;
+}
+
+export function isPathInsideBase(
+  basePath: string,
+  targetPath: string,
+  options: { caseInsensitive?: boolean } = {}
+) {
+  const { caseInsensitive = false } = options;
+  const normalizedBase = normalizeComparedPath(
+    resolve(basePath),
+    caseInsensitive
+  );
+  const normalizedTarget = normalizeComparedPath(
+    resolve(targetPath),
+    caseInsensitive
+  );
+  const rel = relative(normalizedBase, normalizedTarget);
+
+  return (
+    rel === '' ||
+    (!isAbsolute(rel) && rel !== '..' && !rel.startsWith(`..${sep}`))
+  );
+}
+
+export function resolvePathInBase(
+  basePath: string,
+  targetPath: string,
+  options: { caseInsensitive?: boolean; label?: string } = {}
+) {
+  const resolvedBase = resolve(basePath);
+  const resolvedTarget = resolve(resolvedBase, targetPath);
+
+  if (!isPathInsideBase(resolvedBase, resolvedTarget, options)) {
+    throw new Error(
+      options.label ? `Invalid ${options.label}` : 'Invalid path'
+    );
+  }
+
+  return resolvedTarget;
+}
+
+export async function resolveExistingPath(targetPath: string) {
+  try {
+    return await realpath(targetPath);
+  } catch (error) {
+    const code = (error as NodeJS.ErrnoException).code;
+    if (code === 'ENOENT' || code === 'ENOTDIR') {
+      return resolve(targetPath);
+    }
+    throw error;
+  }
+}
+
+export async function resolveExistingPathInBase(
+  basePath: string,
+  targetPath: string,
+  options: { caseInsensitive?: boolean; label?: string } = {}
+) {
+  const [resolvedBase, resolvedTarget] = await Promise.all([
+    resolveExistingPath(basePath),
+    resolveExistingPath(targetPath),
+  ]);
+
+  if (!isPathInsideBase(resolvedBase, resolvedTarget, options)) {
+    throw new Error(
+      options.label ? `Invalid ${options.label}` : 'Invalid path'
+    );
+  }
+
+  return resolvedTarget;
+}
+
+export function assertPathComponent(
+  value: string,
+  label: string = 'path component'
+) {
+  const hasControlChar = Array.from(value).some(
+    character => character.charCodeAt(0) < 0x20
+  );
+
+  if (
+    !value ||
+    value === '.' ||
+    value === '..' ||
+    /[/\\]/.test(value) ||
+    hasControlChar
+  ) {
+    throw new Error(`Invalid ${label}`);
+  }
+
+  return value;
+}
+
+export function normalizeWorkspaceIdForPath(
+  value: string,
+  options: { windows?: boolean; label?: string } = {}
+) {
+  const { windows = isWindows(), label = 'workspace id' } = options;
+  const safeValue = assertPathComponent(value, label);
+
+  if (!windows) {
+    return safeValue;
+  }
+
+  const windowsReservedChars = new Set(['<', '>', ':', '"', '|', '?', '*']);
+  let normalized = '';
+
+  for (const character of safeValue) {
+    normalized += windowsReservedChars.has(character) ? '_' : character;
+  }
+
+  while (normalized.endsWith('.') || normalized.endsWith(' ')) {
+    normalized = normalized.slice(0, -1);
+  }
+
+  if (!normalized || normalized === '.' || normalized === '..') {
+    throw new Error(`Invalid ${label}`);
+  }
+
+  return normalized;
+}
+
 // credit: https://github.com/facebook/fbjs/blob/main/packages/fbjs/src/core/shallowEqual.js
 export function shallowEqual<T>(objA: T, objB: T) {
   if (Object.is(objA, objB)) {
diff --git a/packages/frontend/apps/electron/test/dialog/dialog.spec.ts b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/test/dialog/dialog.spec.ts
index b1941b0201..5bc7f5262c 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/apps/electron/test/dialog/dialog.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/test/dialog/dialog.spec.ts
@@ -21,6 +21,11 @@ const docSetSpaceId = vi.fn();
 const sqliteValidate = vi.fn();
 const sqliteValidateImportSchema = vi.fn();
 const sqliteVacuumInto = vi.fn();
+const sqliteClose = vi.fn();
+const showOpenDialog = vi.fn();
+const showSaveDialog = vi.fn();
+const showItemInFolder = vi.fn(async () => undefined);
+const getPath = vi.fn();
 
 vi.doMock('nanoid', () => ({
   nanoid: () => 'workspace-1',
@@ -70,6 +75,10 @@ vi.doMock('@affine/native', () => {
       vacuumInto(path: string) {
         return sqliteVacuumInto(this.path, path);
       }
+
+      close() {
+        return sqliteClose(this.path);
+      }
     },
   };
 });
@@ -84,7 +93,10 @@ vi.doMock('@affine/electron/helper/nbstore', () => ({
 
 vi.doMock('@affine/electron/helper/main-rpc', () => ({
   mainRPC: {
-    showItemInFolder: vi.fn(),
+    getPath,
+    showItemInFolder,
+    showOpenDialog,
+    showSaveDialog,
   },
 }));
 
@@ -126,12 +138,11 @@ describe('dialog export', () => {
     realpath.mockImplementation(async path => path);
     getSpaceDBPath.mockResolvedValue(dbPath);
     move.mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+    showSaveDialog.mockResolvedValue({ canceled: false, filePath: exportPath });
 
-    const { saveDBFileAs, setFakeDialogResult } =
+    const { saveDBFileAs } =
       await import('@affine/electron/helper/dialog/dialog');
 
-    setFakeDialogResult({ filePath: exportPath });
-
     const result = await saveDBFileAs(id, 'My Space');
 
     expect(result).toEqual({ filePath: exportPath });
@@ -151,12 +162,11 @@ describe('dialog export', () => {
 
     pathExists.mockResolvedValue(false);
     getSpaceDBPath.mockResolvedValue(dbPath);
+    showSaveDialog.mockResolvedValue({ canceled: false, filePath: dbPath });
 
-    const { saveDBFileAs, setFakeDialogResult } =
+    const { saveDBFileAs } =
       await import('@affine/electron/helper/dialog/dialog');
 
-    setFakeDialogResult({ filePath: dbPath });
-
     const result = await saveDBFileAs(id, 'My Space');
 
     expect(result).toEqual({ error: 'DB_FILE_PATH_INVALID' });
@@ -174,12 +184,11 @@ describe('dialog export', () => {
       path === exportPath ? dbPath : path
     );
     getSpaceDBPath.mockResolvedValue(dbPath);
+    showSaveDialog.mockResolvedValue({ canceled: false, filePath: exportPath });
 
-    const { saveDBFileAs, setFakeDialogResult } =
+    const { saveDBFileAs } =
       await import('@affine/electron/helper/dialog/dialog');
 
-    setFakeDialogResult({ filePath: exportPath });
-
     const result = await saveDBFileAs(id, 'My Space');
 
     expect(result).toEqual({ error: 'DB_FILE_PATH_INVALID' });
@@ -193,6 +202,12 @@ describe('dialog import', () => {
     const originalPath = '/tmp/import.affine';
     const internalPath = '/app/workspaces/local/workspace-1/storage.db';
 
+    pathExists.mockResolvedValue(true);
+    realpath.mockImplementation(async path => path);
+    showOpenDialog.mockResolvedValue({
+      canceled: false,
+      filePaths: [originalPath],
+    });
     getWorkspacesBasePath.mockResolvedValue('/app/workspaces');
     getSpaceDBPath.mockResolvedValue(internalPath);
     docValidate.mockResolvedValue(true);
@@ -201,11 +216,9 @@ describe('dialog import', () => {
     docSetSpaceId.mockResolvedValue(undefined);
     ensureDir.mockResolvedValue(undefined);
 
-    const { loadDBFile, setFakeDialogResult } =
+    const { loadDBFile } =
       await import('@affine/electron/helper/dialog/dialog');
 
-    setFakeDialogResult({ filePath: originalPath });
-
     const result = await loadDBFile();
 
     expect(result).toEqual({ workspaceId: 'workspace-1' });
@@ -219,15 +232,19 @@ describe('dialog import', () => {
   test('loadDBFile rejects v2 imports with unexpected schema objects', async () => {
     const originalPath = '/tmp/import.affine';
 
+    pathExists.mockResolvedValue(true);
+    realpath.mockImplementation(async path => path);
+    showOpenDialog.mockResolvedValue({
+      canceled: false,
+      filePaths: [originalPath],
+    });
     getWorkspacesBasePath.mockResolvedValue('/app/workspaces');
     docValidate.mockResolvedValue(true);
     docValidateImportSchema.mockResolvedValue(false);
 
-    const { loadDBFile, setFakeDialogResult } =
+    const { loadDBFile } =
       await import('@affine/electron/helper/dialog/dialog');
 
-    setFakeDialogResult({ filePath: originalPath });
-
     const result = await loadDBFile();
 
     expect(result).toEqual({ error: 'DB_FILE_INVALID' });
@@ -239,6 +256,12 @@ describe('dialog import', () => {
     const originalPath = '/tmp/import-v1.affine';
     const internalPath = '/app/workspaces/workspace-1/storage.db';
 
+    pathExists.mockResolvedValue(true);
+    realpath.mockImplementation(async path => path);
+    showOpenDialog.mockResolvedValue({
+      canceled: false,
+      filePaths: [originalPath],
+    });
     getWorkspacesBasePath.mockResolvedValue('/app/workspaces');
     getWorkspaceDBPath.mockResolvedValue(internalPath);
     docValidate.mockResolvedValue(false);
@@ -247,11 +270,9 @@ describe('dialog import', () => {
     sqliteVacuumInto.mockResolvedValue(undefined);
     ensureDir.mockResolvedValue(undefined);
 
-    const { loadDBFile, setFakeDialogResult } =
+    const { loadDBFile } =
       await import('@affine/electron/helper/dialog/dialog');
 
-    setFakeDialogResult({ filePath: originalPath });
-
     const result = await loadDBFile();
 
     expect(result).toEqual({ workspaceId: 'workspace-1' });
@@ -263,6 +284,57 @@ describe('dialog import', () => {
       id: 'workspace-1',
       mainDBPath: internalPath,
     });
+    expect(sqliteClose).toHaveBeenCalledWith(originalPath);
     expect(copy).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
   });
+
+  test('loadDBFile closes v1 connection when schema validation fails', async () => {
+    const originalPath = '/tmp/import-v1-invalid.affine';
+
+    pathExists.mockResolvedValue(true);
+    realpath.mockImplementation(async path => path);
+    showOpenDialog.mockResolvedValue({
+      canceled: false,
+      filePaths: [originalPath],
+    });
+    getWorkspacesBasePath.mockResolvedValue('/app/workspaces');
+    docValidate.mockResolvedValue(false);
+    sqliteValidate.mockResolvedValue('Valid');
+    sqliteValidateImportSchema.mockResolvedValue(false);
+
+    const { loadDBFile } =
+      await import('@affine/electron/helper/dialog/dialog');
+
+    const result = await loadDBFile();
+
+    expect(result).toEqual({ error: 'DB_FILE_INVALID' });
+    expect(sqliteClose).toHaveBeenCalledWith(originalPath);
+    expect(sqliteVacuumInto).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  test('loadDBFile rejects normalized paths inside app data', async () => {
+    const selectedPath = '/tmp/import.affine';
+    const normalizedPath = '/app/workspaces/local/existing/storage.db';
+
+    pathExists.mockResolvedValue(true);
+    realpath.mockImplementation(async path => {
+      if (path === selectedPath) {
+        return normalizedPath;
+      }
+      return path;
+    });
+    showOpenDialog.mockResolvedValue({
+      canceled: false,
+      filePaths: [selectedPath],
+    });
+    getWorkspacesBasePath.mockResolvedValue('/app/workspaces');
+
+    const { loadDBFile } =
+      await import('@affine/electron/helper/dialog/dialog');
+
+    const result = await loadDBFile();
+
+    expect(result).toEqual({ error: 'DB_FILE_PATH_INVALID' });
+    expect(docValidate).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
 });
diff --git a/packages/frontend/apps/electron/test/helper/utils.spec.ts b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/test/helper/utils.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..822650752e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/test/helper/utils.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+import { randomUUID } from 'node:crypto';
+import fs from 'node:fs/promises';
+import os from 'node:os';
+import path from 'node:path';
+
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, test } from 'vitest';
+
+import {
+  assertPathComponent,
+  normalizeWorkspaceIdForPath,
+  resolveExistingPathInBase,
+  resolvePathInBase,
+} from '../../src/shared/utils';
+
+const tmpDir = path.join(os.tmpdir(), `affine-electron-utils-${randomUUID()}`);
+
+afterEach(async () => {
+  await fs.rm(tmpDir, { recursive: true, force: true });
+});
+
+describe('path guards', () => {
+  test('resolvePathInBase blocks sibling-prefix escapes', () => {
+    const baseDir = path.join(tmpDir, 'recordings');
+
+    expect(() =>
+      resolvePathInBase(baseDir, '../recordings-evil/file.opus', {
+        label: 'directory',
+      })
+    ).toThrow('Invalid directory');
+  });
+
+  test.runIf(process.platform !== 'win32')(
+    'resolveExistingPathInBase rejects symlink escapes',
+    async () => {
+      const baseDir = path.join(tmpDir, 'recordings');
+      const outsideDir = path.join(tmpDir, 'outside');
+      const outsideFile = path.join(outsideDir, 'secret.txt');
+      const linkPath = path.join(baseDir, '1234567890abcdef.blob');
+
+      await fs.mkdir(baseDir, { recursive: true });
+      await fs.mkdir(outsideDir, { recursive: true });
+      await fs.writeFile(outsideFile, 'secret');
+      await fs.symlink(outsideFile, linkPath);
+
+      await expect(
+        resolveExistingPathInBase(baseDir, linkPath, {
+          label: 'recording filepath',
+        })
+      ).rejects.toThrow('Invalid recording filepath');
+    }
+  );
+
+  test('resolveExistingPathInBase falls back for missing descendants', async () => {
+    const baseDir = path.join(tmpDir, 'recordings');
+
+    await fs.mkdir(baseDir, { recursive: true });
+    const missingPath = path.join(
+      await fs.realpath(baseDir),
+      'pending',
+      'recording.opus'
+    );
+
+    await expect(
+      resolveExistingPathInBase(baseDir, missingPath, {
+        label: 'recording filepath',
+      })
+    ).resolves.toBe(path.resolve(missingPath));
+  });
+
+  test.runIf(process.platform !== 'win32')(
+    'resolveExistingPathInBase preserves non-missing realpath errors',
+    async () => {
+      const baseDir = path.join(tmpDir, 'recordings');
+      const loopPath = path.join(baseDir, 'loop.opus');
+
+      await fs.mkdir(baseDir, { recursive: true });
+      await fs.symlink(path.basename(loopPath), loopPath);
+
+      await expect(
+        resolveExistingPathInBase(baseDir, loopPath, {
+          label: 'recording filepath',
+        })
+      ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'ELOOP' });
+    }
+  );
+
+  test.each(['../../escape', 'nested/id'])(
+    'assertPathComponent rejects invalid workspace id %s',
+    input => {
+      expect(() => assertPathComponent(input, 'workspace id')).toThrow(
+        'Invalid workspace id'
+      );
+    }
+  );
+
+  test.each([
+    { input: 'legacy:id*with?reserved.', expected: 'legacy_id_with_reserved' },
+    { input: 'safe-workspace', expected: 'safe-workspace' },
+  ])(
+    'normalizeWorkspaceIdForPath maps $input to $expected on Windows',
+    ({ input, expected }) => {
+      expect(normalizeWorkspaceIdForPath(input, { windows: true })).toBe(
+        expected
+      );
+    }
+  );
+});
diff --git a/packages/frontend/apps/electron/test/main/recording-effect.spec.ts b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/test/main/recording-effect.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e503d1b0c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/test/main/recording-effect.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, test, vi } from 'vitest';
+
+const isActiveTab = vi.fn();
+const readRecordingFile = vi.fn();
+const setRecordingBlockCreationStatus = vi.fn();
+const getCurrentWorkspace = vi.fn();
+const isAiEnabled = vi.fn();
+const transcribeRecording = vi.fn();
+
+let onRecordingStatusChanged:
+  | ((
+      status: {
+        id: number;
+        status: 'processing';
+        appName?: string;
+        filepath?: string;
+        startTime: number;
+        blockCreationStatus?: 'success' | 'failed';
+      } | null
+    ) => void)
+  | undefined;
+
+vi.mock('@affine/core/modules/doc', () => ({
+  DocsService: class DocsService {},
+}));
+
+vi.mock('@affine/core/modules/media/services/audio-attachment', () => ({
+  AudioAttachmentService: class AudioAttachmentService {},
+}));
+
+vi.mock('@affine/core/modules/workbench', () => ({
+  WorkbenchService: class WorkbenchService {},
+}));
+
+vi.mock('@affine/debug', () => ({
+  DebugLogger: class DebugLogger {
+    debug = vi.fn();
+    error = vi.fn();
+  },
+}));
+
+vi.mock('@affine/electron-api', () => ({
+  apis: {
+    ui: {
+      isActiveTab,
+    },
+    recording: {
+      readRecordingFile,
+      setRecordingBlockCreationStatus,
+    },
+  },
+  events: {
+    recording: {
+      onRecordingStatusChanged: vi.fn(
+        (handler: typeof onRecordingStatusChanged) => {
+          onRecordingStatusChanged = handler;
+          return () => {
+            onRecordingStatusChanged = undefined;
+          };
+        }
+      ),
+    },
+  },
+}));
+
+vi.mock('@affine/i18n', () => ({
+  i18nTime: vi.fn(() => 'Jan 1 09:00'),
+}));
+
+vi.mock('@affine/track', () => ({
+  default: {
+    doc: {
+      editor: {
+        audioBlock: {
+          transcribeRecording,
+        },
+      },
+    },
+  },
+}));
+
+vi.mock('../../../electron-renderer/src/app/effects/utils', () => ({
+  getCurrentWorkspace,
+  isAiEnabled,
+}));
+
+function createWorkspaceRef() {
+  const blobSet = vi.fn(async () => 'blob-1');
+  const addBlock = vi.fn(() => 'attachment-1');
+  const getBlock = vi.fn(() => ({ model: { id: 'attachment-1' } }));
+  const openDoc = vi.fn();
+
+  type MockDoc = {
+    workspace: {
+      blobSync: {
+        set: typeof blobSet;
+      };
+    };
+    addBlock: typeof addBlock;
+    getBlock: typeof getBlock;
+  };
+
+  type MockDocProps = {
+    onStoreLoad: (doc: MockDoc, meta: { noteId: string }) => void;
+  };
+
+  const createDoc = vi.fn(({ docProps }: { docProps: MockDocProps }) => {
+    queueMicrotask(() => {
+      docProps.onStoreLoad(
+        {
+          workspace: { blobSync: { set: blobSet } },
+          addBlock,
+          getBlock,
+        },
+        { noteId: 'note-1' }
+      );
+    });
+
+    return { id: 'doc-1' };
+  });
+
+  const scope = {
+    get(token: { name?: string }) {
+      switch (token.name) {
+        case 'DocsService':
+          return { createDoc };
+        case 'WorkbenchService':
+          return { workbench: { openDoc } };
+        case 'AudioAttachmentService':
+          return {
+            get: () => ({
+              obj: {
+                transcribe: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+              },
+              [Symbol.dispose]: vi.fn(),
+            }),
+          };
+        default:
+          throw new Error(`Unexpected token: ${token.name}`);
+      }
+    },
+  };
+
+  const dispose = vi.fn();
+
+  return {
+    ref: {
+      workspace: { scope },
+      dispose,
+      [Symbol.dispose]: dispose,
+    },
+    createDoc,
+    openDoc,
+    blobSet,
+    addBlock,
+    getBlock,
+  };
+}
+
+describe('recording effect', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers();
+    vi.clearAllMocks();
+    vi.resetModules();
+    onRecordingStatusChanged = undefined;
+    readRecordingFile.mockResolvedValue(new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3]).buffer);
+    setRecordingBlockCreationStatus.mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+    isAiEnabled.mockReturnValue(false);
+  });
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.runOnlyPendingTimers();
+    vi.useRealTimers();
+  });
+
+  test('retries processing until the active tab has a workspace', async () => {
+    const workspace = createWorkspaceRef();
+
+    isActiveTab.mockResolvedValueOnce(false).mockResolvedValue(true);
+    getCurrentWorkspace
+      .mockReturnValueOnce(undefined)
+      .mockReturnValue(workspace.ref);
+
+    const { setupRecordingEvents } =
+      await import('../../../electron-renderer/src/app/effects/recording');
+
+    setupRecordingEvents({} as never);
+
+    onRecordingStatusChanged?.({
+      id: 7,
+      status: 'processing',
+      appName: 'Zoom',
+      filepath: '/tmp/meeting.opus',
+      startTime: 1000,
+    });
+
+    await Promise.resolve();
+    expect(workspace.createDoc).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(setRecordingBlockCreationStatus).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(1000);
+    expect(workspace.createDoc).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(setRecordingBlockCreationStatus).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(1000);
+
+    expect(workspace.createDoc).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(workspace.openDoc).toHaveBeenCalledWith('doc-1');
+    expect(workspace.blobSet).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    const [savedBlob] = workspace.blobSet.mock.calls[0] ?? [];
+    expect(savedBlob).toBeInstanceOf(Blob);
+    expect((savedBlob as Blob).type).toBe('audio/ogg');
+    expect(workspace.addBlock).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'affine:attachment',
+      expect.objectContaining({ type: 'audio/ogg' }),
+      'note-1'
+    );
+    expect(setRecordingBlockCreationStatus).toHaveBeenCalledWith(7, 'success');
+    expect(setRecordingBlockCreationStatus).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      7,
+      'failed',
+      expect.anything()
+    );
+  });
+
+  test('retries when the active-tab probe rejects', async () => {
+    const workspace = createWorkspaceRef();
+
+    isActiveTab
+      .mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('probe failed'))
+      .mockResolvedValue(true);
+    getCurrentWorkspace.mockReturnValue(workspace.ref);
+
+    const { setupRecordingEvents } =
+      await import('../../../electron-renderer/src/app/effects/recording');
+
+    setupRecordingEvents({} as never);
+
+    onRecordingStatusChanged?.({
+      id: 9,
+      status: 'processing',
+      appName: 'Meet',
+      filepath: '/tmp/meeting.opus',
+      startTime: 1000,
+    });
+
+    await Promise.resolve();
+    expect(workspace.createDoc).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(setRecordingBlockCreationStatus).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(1000);
+
+    expect(workspace.createDoc).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(setRecordingBlockCreationStatus).toHaveBeenCalledWith(9, 'success');
+  });
+});
diff --git a/packages/frontend/apps/electron/test/main/recording-state.spec.ts b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/test/main/recording-state.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..52a659b3ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/test/main/recording-state.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+import { describe, expect, test, vi } from 'vitest';
+
+vi.mock('../../src/main/logger', () => ({
+  logger: {
+    error: vi.fn(),
+    info: vi.fn(),
+  },
+}));
+
+import { RecordingStateMachine } from '../../src/main/recording/state-machine';
+
+function createAttachedRecording(stateMachine: RecordingStateMachine) {
+  const pending = stateMachine.dispatch({
+    type: 'START_RECORDING',
+  });
+
+  stateMachine.dispatch({
+    type: 'ATTACH_NATIVE_RECORDING',
+    id: pending!.id,
+    nativeId: 'native-1',
+    startTime: 100,
+    filepath: '/tmp/recording.opus',
+    sampleRate: 48000,
+    numberOfChannels: 2,
+  });
+
+  return pending!;
+}
+
+describe('RecordingStateMachine', () => {
+  test('transitions from recording to ready after artifact import and block creation', () => {
+    const stateMachine = new RecordingStateMachine();
+
+    const pending = createAttachedRecording(stateMachine);
+    expect(pending?.status).toBe('recording');
+
+    const processing = stateMachine.dispatch({
+      type: 'STOP_RECORDING',
+      id: pending.id,
+    });
+    expect(processing?.status).toBe('processing');
+
+    const artifactAttached = stateMachine.dispatch({
+      type: 'ATTACH_RECORDING_ARTIFACT',
+      id: pending.id,
+      filepath: '/tmp/recording.opus',
+      sampleRate: 48000,
+      numberOfChannels: 2,
+    });
+    expect(artifactAttached).toMatchObject({
+      status: 'processing',
+      filepath: '/tmp/recording.opus',
+    });
+
+    const ready = stateMachine.dispatch({
+      type: 'SET_BLOCK_CREATION_STATUS',
+      id: pending.id,
+      status: 'success',
+    });
+    expect(ready).toMatchObject({
+      status: 'ready',
+      blockCreationStatus: 'success',
+    });
+  });
+
+  test('keeps native audio metadata when stop artifact omits it', () => {
+    const stateMachine = new RecordingStateMachine();
+
+    const pending = createAttachedRecording(stateMachine);
+    stateMachine.dispatch({ type: 'STOP_RECORDING', id: pending.id });
+
+    const artifactAttached = stateMachine.dispatch({
+      type: 'ATTACH_RECORDING_ARTIFACT',
+      id: pending.id,
+      filepath: '/tmp/recording.opus',
+    });
+
+    expect(artifactAttached).toMatchObject({
+      sampleRate: 48000,
+      numberOfChannels: 2,
+    });
+  });
+
+  test.each([
+    { status: 'success' as const, errorMessage: undefined },
+    { status: 'failed' as const, errorMessage: 'native start failed' },
+  ])(
+    'settles recordings into ready state with blockCreationStatus=$status',
+    ({ status, errorMessage }) => {
+      const stateMachine = new RecordingStateMachine();
+
+      const pending = stateMachine.dispatch({
+        type: 'START_RECORDING',
+      });
+      expect(pending?.status).toBe('recording');
+
+      const settled = stateMachine.dispatch({
+        type: 'SET_BLOCK_CREATION_STATUS',
+        id: pending!.id,
+        status,
+        errorMessage,
+      });
+      expect(settled).toMatchObject({
+        status: 'ready',
+        blockCreationStatus: status,
+      });
+
+      const next = stateMachine.dispatch({
+        type: 'START_RECORDING',
+      });
+      expect(next?.id).toBeGreaterThan(pending!.id);
+      expect(next?.status).toBe('recording');
+      expect(next?.blockCreationStatus).toBeUndefined();
+    }
+  );
+});
diff --git a/packages/frontend/apps/electron/test/workspace/handlers.spec.ts b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/test/workspace/handlers.spec.ts
index 58e644fdc4..db826bba25 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/apps/electron/test/workspace/handlers.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/apps/electron/test/workspace/handlers.spec.ts
@@ -131,4 +131,52 @@ describe('workspace db management', () => {
       )
     ).toBe(false);
   });
+
+  test('rejects unsafe ids when deleting a workspace', async () => {
+    const { deleteWorkspace } =
+      await import('@affine/electron/helper/workspace/handlers');
+    const outsideDir = path.join(tmpDir, 'outside-delete-target');
+
+    await fs.ensureDir(outsideDir);
+
+    await expect(
+      deleteWorkspace(
+        universalId({
+          peer: 'local',
+          type: 'workspace',
+          id: '../../outside-delete-target',
+        })
+      )
+    ).rejects.toThrow('Invalid workspace id');
+
+    expect(await fs.pathExists(outsideDir)).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  test('rejects unsafe ids when deleting backup workspaces', async () => {
+    const { deleteBackupWorkspace } =
+      await import('@affine/electron/helper/workspace/handlers');
+    const outsideDir = path.join(tmpDir, 'outside-backup-target');
+
+    await fs.ensureDir(outsideDir);
+
+    await expect(
+      deleteBackupWorkspace('../../outside-backup-target')
+    ).rejects.toThrow('Invalid workspace id');
+
+    expect(await fs.pathExists(outsideDir)).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  test('rejects unsafe ids when recovering backup workspaces', async () => {
+    const { recoverBackupWorkspace } =
+      await import('@affine/electron/helper/workspace/handlers');
+    const outsideDir = path.join(tmpDir, 'outside-recover-target');
+
+    await fs.ensureDir(outsideDir);
+
+    await expect(
+      recoverBackupWorkspace('../../outside-recover-target')
+    ).rejects.toThrow('Invalid workspace id');
+
+    expect(await fs.pathExists(outsideDir)).toBe(true);
+  });
 });
diff --git a/packages/frontend/apps/ios/src/plugins/nbstore/index.ts b/packages/frontend/apps/ios/src/plugins/nbstore/index.ts
index 659b5f3657..e20a10f522 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/apps/ios/src/plugins/nbstore/index.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/apps/ios/src/plugins/nbstore/index.ts
@@ -433,7 +433,9 @@ export const NbStoreNativeDBApis: NativeDBApis = {
     id: string,
     docId: string
   ): Promise<DocIndexedClock | null> {
-    return NbStore.getDocIndexedClock({ id, docId });
+    return NbStore.getDocIndexedClock({ id, docId }).then(clock =>
+      clock ? { ...clock, timestamp: new Date(clock.timestamp) } : null
+    );
   },
   setDocIndexedClock: function (
     id: string,
diff --git a/packages/frontend/component/src/ui/date-picker/calendar/day-picker.tsx b/packages/frontend/component/src/ui/date-picker/calendar/day-picker.tsx
index 5f885ca8fe..8fa4a6a61e 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/component/src/ui/date-picker/calendar/day-picker.tsx
+++ b/packages/frontend/component/src/ui/date-picker/calendar/day-picker.tsx
@@ -187,7 +187,6 @@ export const DayPicker = memo(function DayPicker(
         {/* Weeks in month */}
         {matrix.map((week, i) => {
           return (
-            // eslint-disable-next-line react/no-array-index-key
             <div key={i} className={clsx(styles.monthViewRow)}>
               {week.map(cell => {
                 const dateValue = cell.date.format(format);
diff --git a/packages/frontend/component/src/ui/date-picker/calendar/month-picker.tsx b/packages/frontend/component/src/ui/date-picker/calendar/month-picker.tsx
index e75fbc0762..e1396fbfe0 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/component/src/ui/date-picker/calendar/month-picker.tsx
+++ b/packages/frontend/component/src/ui/date-picker/calendar/month-picker.tsx
@@ -126,10 +126,8 @@ export const MonthPicker = memo(function MonthPicker(
   const Body = useMemo(() => {
     return (
       <div className={styles.yearViewBody}>
-        {/* eslint-disable-next-line react/no-array-index-key */}
         {matrix.map((row, i) => {
           return (
-            // eslint-disable-next-line react/no-array-index-key
             <div key={i} className={styles.yearViewRow}>
               {row.map(month => {
                 const monthValue = month.format('YYYY-MM');
diff --git a/packages/frontend/core/src/desktop/dialogs/setting/general-setting/backup/index.tsx b/packages/frontend/core/src/desktop/dialogs/setting/general-setting/backup/index.tsx
index 3d9ba3165f..6c53c766c1 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/core/src/desktop/dialogs/setting/general-setting/backup/index.tsx
+++ b/packages/frontend/core/src/desktop/dialogs/setting/general-setting/backup/index.tsx
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ const BackupWorkspaceItem = ({ item }: { item: BackupWorkspaceItem }) => {
   const handleImport = useAsyncCallback(async () => {
     setImporting(true);
     track.$.settingsPanel.archivedWorkspaces.recoverArchivedWorkspace();
-    const workspaceId = await backupService.recoverBackupWorkspace(item.dbPath);
+    const workspaceId = await backupService.recoverBackupWorkspace(item.id);
     if (!workspaceId) {
       setImporting(false);
       return;
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ const BackupWorkspaceItem = ({ item }: { item: BackupWorkspaceItem }) => {
     });
     setMenuOpen(false);
     setImporting(false);
-  }, [backupService, item.dbPath, jumpToPage, t]);
+  }, [backupService, item.id, jumpToPage, t]);
 
   const handleDelete = useCallback(
     (backupWorkspaceId: string) => {
diff --git a/packages/frontend/core/src/modules/backup/services/index.ts b/packages/frontend/core/src/modules/backup/services/index.ts
index fd2e6e9585..f9b18988e3 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/core/src/modules/backup/services/index.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/core/src/modules/backup/services/index.ts
@@ -47,9 +47,11 @@ export class BackupService extends Service {
     )
   );
 
-  async recoverBackupWorkspace(dbPath: string) {
+  async recoverBackupWorkspace(backupWorkspaceId: string) {
     const result =
-      await this.desktopApiService.handler.dialog.loadDBFile(dbPath);
+      await this.desktopApiService.handler.workspace.recoverBackupWorkspace(
+        backupWorkspaceId
+      );
     if (result.workspaceId) {
       _addLocalWorkspace(result.workspaceId);
       this.workspacesService.list.revalidate();
diff --git a/packages/frontend/core/src/utils/opus-encoding.ts b/packages/frontend/core/src/utils/opus-encoding.ts
index c40ca40d22..68d42ea831 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/core/src/utils/opus-encoding.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/core/src/utils/opus-encoding.ts
@@ -414,98 +414,3 @@ export async function encodeAudioBlobToOpusSlices(
     await audioContext.close();
   }
 }
-
-export const createStreamEncoder = (
-  recordingId: number,
-  codecs: {
-    sampleRate: number;
-    numberOfChannels: number;
-    targetBitrate?: number;
-  }
-) => {
-  const { encoder, encodedChunks } = createOpusEncoder({
-    sampleRate: codecs.sampleRate,
-    numberOfChannels: codecs.numberOfChannels,
-    bitrate: codecs.targetBitrate,
-  });
-
-  const toAudioData = (buffer: Uint8Array) => {
-    // Each sample in f32 format is 4 bytes
-    const BYTES_PER_SAMPLE = 4;
-    return new AudioData({
-      format: 'f32',
-      sampleRate: codecs.sampleRate,
-      numberOfChannels: codecs.numberOfChannels,
-      numberOfFrames:
-        buffer.length / BYTES_PER_SAMPLE / codecs.numberOfChannels,
-      timestamp: 0,
-      data: toArrayBuffer(buffer),
-    });
-  };
-
-  let cursor = 0;
-  let isClosed = false;
-
-  const next = async () => {
-    if (!apis) {
-      throw new Error('Electron API is not available');
-    }
-    if (isClosed) {
-      return;
-    }
-    const { buffer, nextCursor } = await apis.recording.getRawAudioBuffers(
-      recordingId,
-      cursor
-    );
-    if (isClosed || cursor === nextCursor) {
-      return;
-    }
-    cursor = nextCursor;
-    logger.debug('Encoding next chunk', cursor, nextCursor);
-    encoder.encode(toAudioData(buffer));
-  };
-
-  const poll = async () => {
-    if (isClosed) {
-      return;
-    }
-    logger.debug('Polling next chunk');
-    await next();
-    await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 1000));
-    await poll();
-  };
-
-  const close = () => {
-    if (isClosed) {
-      return;
-    }
-    isClosed = true;
-    return encoder.close();
-  };
-
-  return {
-    id: recordingId,
-    next,
-    poll,
-    flush: () => {
-      return encoder.flush();
-    },
-    close,
-    finish: async () => {
-      logger.debug('Finishing encoding');
-      await next();
-      close();
-      const buffer = muxToMp4(encodedChunks, {
-        sampleRate: codecs.sampleRate,
-        numberOfChannels: codecs.numberOfChannels,
-        bitrate: codecs.targetBitrate,
-      });
-      return buffer;
-    },
-    [Symbol.dispose]: () => {
-      close();
-    },
-  };
-};
-
-export type OpusStreamEncoder = ReturnType<typeof createStreamEncoder>;
diff --git a/packages/frontend/native/index.d.ts b/packages/frontend/native/index.d.ts
index 0f5e7a975b..e0d650ef84 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/native/index.d.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/native/index.d.ts
@@ -40,6 +40,37 @@ export declare function decodeAudio(buf: Uint8Array, destSampleRate?: number | u
 
 /** Decode audio file into a Float32Array */
 export declare function decodeAudioSync(buf: Uint8Array, destSampleRate?: number | undefined | null, filename?: string | undefined | null): Float32Array
+
+export interface RecordingArtifact {
+  id: string
+  filepath: string
+  sampleRate: number
+  channels: number
+  durationMs: number
+  size: number
+}
+
+export interface RecordingSessionMeta {
+  id: string
+  filepath: string
+  sampleRate: number
+  channels: number
+  startedAt: number
+}
+
+export interface RecordingStartOptions {
+  appProcessId?: number
+  excludeProcessIds?: Array<number>
+  outputDir: string
+  format?: string
+  sampleRate?: number
+  channels?: number
+  id?: string
+}
+
+export declare function startRecording(opts: RecordingStartOptions): RecordingSessionMeta
+
+export declare function stopRecording(id: string): RecordingArtifact
 export interface MermaidRenderOptions {
   theme?: string
   fontFamily?: string
diff --git a/packages/frontend/native/index.js b/packages/frontend/native/index.js
index e97ca2966f..fa4aabbcea 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/native/index.js
+++ b/packages/frontend/native/index.js
@@ -579,6 +579,8 @@ module.exports.AudioCaptureSession = nativeBinding.AudioCaptureSession
 module.exports.ShareableContent = nativeBinding.ShareableContent
 module.exports.decodeAudio = nativeBinding.decodeAudio
 module.exports.decodeAudioSync = nativeBinding.decodeAudioSync
+module.exports.startRecording = nativeBinding.startRecording
+module.exports.stopRecording = nativeBinding.stopRecording
 module.exports.mintChallengeResponse = nativeBinding.mintChallengeResponse
 module.exports.renderMermaidSvg = nativeBinding.renderMermaidSvg
 module.exports.renderTypstSvg = nativeBinding.renderTypstSvg
diff --git a/packages/frontend/native/media_capture/Cargo.toml b/packages/frontend/native/media_capture/Cargo.toml
index 731d23f978..97d0db1674 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/native/media_capture/Cargo.toml
+++ b/packages/frontend/native/media_capture/Cargo.toml
@@ -12,11 +12,15 @@ harness = false
 name    = "mix_audio_samples"
 
 [dependencies]
-napi        = { workspace = true, features = ["napi4"] }
-napi-derive = { workspace = true, features = ["type-def"] }
-rubato      = { workspace = true }
-symphonia   = { workspace = true, features = ["all", "opt-simd"] }
-thiserror   = { workspace = true }
+crossbeam-channel = { workspace = true }
+napi              = { workspace = true, features = ["napi4"] }
+napi-derive       = { workspace = true, features = ["type-def"] }
+ogg               = { workspace = true }
+opus-codec        = { git = "https://github.com/toeverything/opus-codec", rev = "c2afef2" }
+rand              = { workspace = true }
+rubato            = { workspace = true }
+symphonia         = { workspace = true, features = ["all", "opt-simd"] }
+thiserror         = { workspace = true }
 
 [target.'cfg(target_os = "macos")'.dependencies]
 block2           = { workspace = true }
@@ -30,10 +34,9 @@ screencapturekit = { workspace = true }
 uuid             = { workspace = true, features = ["v4"] }
 
 [target.'cfg(target_os = "windows")'.dependencies]
-cpal              = { workspace = true }
-crossbeam-channel = { workspace = true }
-windows           = { workspace = true }
-windows-core      = { workspace = true }
+cpal         = { workspace = true }
+windows      = { workspace = true }
+windows-core = { workspace = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 criterion2 = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/packages/frontend/native/media_capture/src/audio_callback.rs b/packages/frontend/native/media_capture/src/audio_callback.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..11e9238c24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/frontend/native/media_capture/src/audio_callback.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use crossbeam_channel::Sender;
+use napi::{
+  bindgen_prelude::Float32Array,
+  threadsafe_function::{ThreadsafeFunction, ThreadsafeFunctionCallMode},
+};
+
+/// Internal callback abstraction so audio taps can target JS or native
+/// pipelines.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub enum AudioCallback {
+  Js(Arc<ThreadsafeFunction<Float32Array, ()>>),
+  Channel(Sender<Vec<f32>>),
+}
+
+impl AudioCallback {
+  pub fn call(&self, samples: Vec<f32>) {
+    match self {
+      Self::Js(func) => {
+        // Non-blocking call into JS; errors are ignored to avoid blocking the
+        // audio thread.
+        let _ = func.call(Ok(samples.into()), ThreadsafeFunctionCallMode::NonBlocking);
+      }
+      Self::Channel(sender) => {
+        // Drop the chunk if the channel is full to avoid blocking capture.
+        let _ = sender.try_send(samples);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/frontend/native/media_capture/src/lib.rs b/packages/frontend/native/media_capture/src/lib.rs
index b65d6c7667..ea63310ca9 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/native/media_capture/src/lib.rs
+++ b/packages/frontend/native/media_capture/src/lib.rs
@@ -8,4 +8,6 @@ pub mod windows;
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 pub use windows::*;
 
+pub mod audio_callback;
 pub mod audio_decoder;
+pub mod recording;
diff --git a/packages/frontend/native/media_capture/src/macos/screen_capture_kit.rs b/packages/frontend/native/media_capture/src/macos/screen_capture_kit.rs
index 4582f2132d..c83d18bae9 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/native/media_capture/src/macos/screen_capture_kit.rs
+++ b/packages/frontend/native/media_capture/src/macos/screen_capture_kit.rs
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ use screencapturekit::shareable_content::SCShareableContent;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use crate::{
+  audio_callback::AudioCallback,
   error::CoreAudioError,
   pid::{audio_process_list, get_process_property},
   tap_audio::{AggregateDeviceManager, AudioCaptureSession},
@@ -651,10 +652,9 @@ impl ShareableContent {
     Ok(false)
   }
 
-  #[napi]
-  pub fn tap_audio(
+  pub(crate) fn tap_audio_with_callback(
     process_id: u32,
-    audio_stream_callback: ThreadsafeFunction<napi::bindgen_prelude::Float32Array, ()>,
+    audio_stream_callback: AudioCallback,
   ) -> Result<AudioCaptureSession> {
     let app = ShareableContent::applications()?
       .into_iter()
@@ -668,13 +668,10 @@ impl ShareableContent {
         ));
       }
 
-      // Convert ThreadsafeFunction to Arc<ThreadsafeFunction>
-      let callback_arc = Arc::new(audio_stream_callback);
-
       // Use AggregateDeviceManager instead of AggregateDevice directly
       // This provides automatic default device change detection
       let mut device_manager = AggregateDeviceManager::new(&app)?;
-      device_manager.start_capture(callback_arc)?;
+      device_manager.start_capture(audio_stream_callback)?;
       let boxed_manager = Box::new(device_manager);
       Ok(AudioCaptureSession::new(boxed_manager))
     } else {
@@ -686,9 +683,16 @@ impl ShareableContent {
   }
 
   #[napi]
-  pub fn tap_global_audio(
-    excluded_processes: Option<Vec<&ApplicationInfo>>,
+  pub fn tap_audio(
+    process_id: u32,
     audio_stream_callback: ThreadsafeFunction<napi::bindgen_prelude::Float32Array, ()>,
+  ) -> Result<AudioCaptureSession> {
+    ShareableContent::tap_audio_with_callback(process_id, AudioCallback::Js(Arc::new(audio_stream_callback)))
+  }
+
+  pub(crate) fn tap_global_audio_with_callback(
+    excluded_processes: Option<Vec<&ApplicationInfo>>,
+    audio_stream_callback: AudioCallback,
   ) -> Result<AudioCaptureSession> {
     let excluded_object_ids = excluded_processes
       .unwrap_or_default()
@@ -696,13 +700,21 @@ impl ShareableContent {
       .map(|app| app.object_id)
       .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-    // Convert ThreadsafeFunction to Arc<ThreadsafeFunction>
-    let callback_arc = Arc::new(audio_stream_callback);
-
     // Use the new AggregateDeviceManager for automatic device adaptation
     let mut device_manager = AggregateDeviceManager::new_global(&excluded_object_ids)?;
-    device_manager.start_capture(callback_arc)?;
+    device_manager.start_capture(audio_stream_callback)?;
     let boxed_manager = Box::new(device_manager);
     Ok(AudioCaptureSession::new(boxed_manager))
   }
+
+  #[napi]
+  pub fn tap_global_audio(
+    excluded_processes: Option<Vec<&ApplicationInfo>>,
+    audio_stream_callback: ThreadsafeFunction<napi::bindgen_prelude::Float32Array, ()>,
+  ) -> Result<AudioCaptureSession> {
+    ShareableContent::tap_global_audio_with_callback(
+      excluded_processes,
+      AudioCallback::Js(Arc::new(audio_stream_callback)),
+    )
+  }
 }
diff --git a/packages/frontend/native/media_capture/src/macos/tap_audio.rs b/packages/frontend/native/media_capture/src/macos/tap_audio.rs
index d302aae9b4..46e62ae7e1 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/native/media_capture/src/macos/tap_audio.rs
+++ b/packages/frontend/native/media_capture/src/macos/tap_audio.rs
@@ -20,15 +20,13 @@ use coreaudio::sys::{
   kAudioObjectPropertyElementMain, kAudioObjectPropertyScopeGlobal, kAudioObjectSystemObject, kAudioSubDeviceUIDKey,
   kAudioSubTapUIDKey,
 };
-use napi::{
-  bindgen_prelude::{Float32Array, Result, Status},
-  threadsafe_function::{ThreadsafeFunction, ThreadsafeFunctionCallMode},
-};
+use napi::bindgen_prelude::Result;
 use napi_derive::napi;
 use objc2::runtime::AnyObject;
 
 use crate::{
   audio_buffer::InputAndOutputAudioBufferList,
+  audio_callback::AudioCallback,
   ca_tap_description::CATapDescription,
   cf_types::CFDictionaryBuilder,
   device::get_device_uid,
@@ -220,7 +218,7 @@ impl AggregateDevice {
   /// Implementation for the AggregateDevice to start processing audio
   pub fn start(
     &mut self,
-    audio_stream_callback: Arc<ThreadsafeFunction<Float32Array, (), Float32Array, Status, true>>,
+    audio_stream_callback: AudioCallback,
     // Add original_audio_stats to ensure consistent target rate
     original_audio_stats: AudioStats,
   ) -> Result<AudioTapStream> {
@@ -275,8 +273,8 @@ impl AggregateDevice {
             return kAudioHardwareBadStreamError as i32;
           };
 
-          // Send the processed audio data to JavaScript
-          audio_stream_callback.call(Ok(mixed_samples.into()), ThreadsafeFunctionCallMode::NonBlocking);
+          // Send the processed audio data to the configured sink
+          audio_stream_callback.call(mixed_samples);
 
           kAudioHardwareNoError as i32
         },
@@ -527,7 +525,7 @@ pub struct AggregateDeviceManager {
   app_id: Option<AudioObjectID>,
   excluded_processes: Vec<AudioObjectID>,
   active_stream: Option<Arc<std::sync::Mutex<Option<AudioTapStream>>>>,
-  audio_callback: Option<Arc<ThreadsafeFunction<Float32Array, (), Float32Array, Status, true>>>,
+  audio_callback: Option<AudioCallback>,
   original_audio_stats: Option<AudioStats>,
 }
 
@@ -565,10 +563,7 @@ impl AggregateDeviceManager {
   }
 
   /// This sets up the initial stream and listeners.
-  pub fn start_capture(
-    &mut self,
-    audio_stream_callback: Arc<ThreadsafeFunction<Float32Array, (), Float32Array, Status, true>>,
-  ) -> Result<()> {
+  pub fn start_capture(&mut self, audio_stream_callback: AudioCallback) -> Result<()> {
     // Store the callback for potential device switch later
     self.audio_callback = Some(audio_stream_callback.clone());
 
diff --git a/packages/frontend/native/media_capture/src/recording.rs b/packages/frontend/native/media_capture/src/recording.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f85c06d572
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/frontend/native/media_capture/src/recording.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,942 @@
+use std::{
+  fs,
+  io::{BufWriter, Write},
+  path::PathBuf,
+  sync::{LazyLock, Mutex},
+  thread::{self, JoinHandle},
+  time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH},
+};
+
+use crossbeam_channel::{Receiver, Sender, bounded};
+use napi::{Error, Status, bindgen_prelude::Result};
+use napi_derive::napi;
+use ogg::writing::{PacketWriteEndInfo, PacketWriter};
+use opus_codec::{Application, Channels, Encoder, FrameSize, SampleRate as OpusSampleRate};
+use rubato::Resampler;
+
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "windows"))]
+use crate::audio_callback::AudioCallback;
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+use crate::macos::screen_capture_kit::{ApplicationInfo, ShareableContent};
+#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+use crate::windows::screen_capture_kit::ShareableContent;
+
+const ENCODE_SAMPLE_RATE: OpusSampleRate = OpusSampleRate::Hz48000;
+const MAX_PACKET_SIZE: usize = 4096;
+const RESAMPLER_INPUT_CHUNK: usize = 1024;
+
+type RecordingResult<T> = std::result::Result<T, RecordingError>;
+
+#[napi(object)]
+pub struct RecordingStartOptions {
+  pub app_process_id: Option<u32>,
+  pub exclude_process_ids: Option<Vec<u32>>,
+  pub output_dir: String,
+  pub format: Option<String>,
+  pub sample_rate: Option<u32>,
+  pub channels: Option<u32>,
+  pub id: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[napi(object)]
+pub struct RecordingSessionMeta {
+  pub id: String,
+  pub filepath: String,
+  pub sample_rate: u32,
+  pub channels: u32,
+  pub started_at: i64,
+}
+
+#[napi(object)]
+pub struct RecordingArtifact {
+  pub id: String,
+  pub filepath: String,
+  pub sample_rate: u32,
+  pub channels: u32,
+  pub duration_ms: i64,
+  pub size: i64,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+enum RecordingError {
+  #[error("unsupported platform")]
+  UnsupportedPlatform,
+  #[error("invalid output directory")]
+  InvalidOutputDir,
+  #[error("invalid channel count {0}")]
+  InvalidChannels(u32),
+  #[error("invalid format {0}")]
+  InvalidFormat(String),
+  #[error("io error: {0}")]
+  Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
+  #[error("encoding error: {0}")]
+  Encoding(String),
+  #[error("recording not found")]
+  NotFound,
+  #[error("empty recording")]
+  Empty,
+  #[error("start failure: {0}")]
+  Start(String),
+  #[error("join failure")]
+  Join,
+}
+
+impl RecordingError {
+  fn code(&self) -> &'static str {
+    match self {
+      RecordingError::UnsupportedPlatform => "unsupported-platform",
+      RecordingError::InvalidOutputDir => "invalid-output-dir",
+      RecordingError::InvalidChannels(_) => "invalid-channels",
+      RecordingError::InvalidFormat(_) => "invalid-format",
+      RecordingError::Io(_) => "io-error",
+      RecordingError::Encoding(_) => "encoding-error",
+      RecordingError::NotFound => "not-found",
+      RecordingError::Empty => "empty-recording",
+      RecordingError::Start(_) => "start-failure",
+      RecordingError::Join => "join-failure",
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+impl From<RecordingError> for Error {
+  fn from(err: RecordingError) -> Self {
+    Error::new(Status::GenericFailure, format!("{}: {}", err.code(), err))
+  }
+}
+
+struct InterleavedResampler {
+  resampler: rubato::FastFixedIn<f32>,
+  channels: usize,
+  fifo: Vec<Vec<f32>>,
+  warmed: bool,
+}
+
+impl InterleavedResampler {
+  fn new(from_sr: u32, to_sr: u32, channels: usize) -> RecordingResult<Self> {
+    let ratio = to_sr as f64 / from_sr as f64;
+    let resampler = rubato::FastFixedIn::<f32>::new(
+      ratio,
+      1.0,
+      rubato::PolynomialDegree::Linear,
+      RESAMPLER_INPUT_CHUNK,
+      channels,
+    )
+    .map_err(|e| RecordingError::Encoding(format!("resampler init failed: {e}")))?;
+
+    Ok(Self {
+      resampler,
+      channels,
+      fifo: vec![Vec::<f32>::new(); channels],
+      warmed: false,
+    })
+  }
+
+  fn append_blocks(&mut self, blocks: Vec<Vec<f32>>, out: &mut Vec<f32>) {
+    if blocks.is_empty() || blocks.len() != self.channels {
+      return;
+    }
+    if !self.warmed {
+      self.warmed = true;
+      return;
+    }
+    let out_len = blocks[0].len();
+    for i in 0..out_len {
+      for channel in blocks.iter().take(self.channels) {
+        out.push(channel[i]);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn feed(&mut self, interleaved: &[f32]) -> RecordingResult<Vec<f32>> {
+    for frame in interleaved.chunks(self.channels) {
+      for (idx, sample) in frame.iter().enumerate() {
+        if let Some(channel_fifo) = self.fifo.get_mut(idx) {
+          channel_fifo.push(*sample);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+
+    while self.fifo.first().map(|q| q.len()).unwrap_or(0) >= RESAMPLER_INPUT_CHUNK {
+      let mut chunk: Vec<Vec<f32>> = Vec::with_capacity(self.channels);
+      for channel in &mut self.fifo {
+        let take: Vec<f32> = channel.drain(..RESAMPLER_INPUT_CHUNK).collect();
+        chunk.push(take);
+      }
+
+      let blocks = self
+        .resampler
+        .process(&chunk, None)
+        .map_err(|e| RecordingError::Encoding(format!("resampler process failed: {e}")))?;
+      self.append_blocks(blocks, &mut out);
+    }
+
+    Ok(out)
+  }
+
+  fn finalize(&mut self) -> RecordingResult<Vec<f32>> {
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    let has_pending = self.fifo.first().map(|q| !q.is_empty()).unwrap_or(false);
+
+    if has_pending {
+      let mut chunk: Vec<Vec<f32>> = Vec::with_capacity(self.channels);
+      for channel in &mut self.fifo {
+        chunk.push(std::mem::take(channel));
+      }
+      let blocks = self
+        .resampler
+        .process_partial(Some(&chunk), None)
+        .map_err(|e| RecordingError::Encoding(format!("resampler finalize failed: {e}")))?;
+      self.append_blocks(blocks, &mut out);
+    }
+
+    let delayed = self
+      .resampler
+      .process_partial::<Vec<f32>>(None, None)
+      .map_err(|e| RecordingError::Encoding(format!("resampler drain failed: {e}")))?;
+    self.append_blocks(delayed, &mut out);
+
+    Ok(out)
+  }
+}
+
+fn normalize_channel_count(channels: u32) -> RecordingResult<Channels> {
+  match channels {
+    1 => Ok(Channels::Mono),
+    2 => Ok(Channels::Stereo),
+    other => Err(RecordingError::InvalidChannels(other)),
+  }
+}
+
+fn convert_interleaved_channels(
+  samples: &[f32],
+  source_channels: usize,
+  target_channels: usize,
+) -> RecordingResult<Vec<f32>> {
+  if source_channels == 0 || target_channels == 0 {
+    return Err(RecordingError::Encoding("channel count must be positive".into()));
+  }
+
+  if !samples.len().is_multiple_of(source_channels) {
+    return Err(RecordingError::Encoding("invalid interleaved sample buffer".into()));
+  }
+
+  if source_channels == target_channels {
+    return Ok(samples.to_vec());
+  }
+
+  let frame_count = samples.len() / source_channels;
+  let mut converted = Vec::with_capacity(frame_count * target_channels);
+
+  match (source_channels, target_channels) {
+    (1, 2) => {
+      for &sample in samples {
+        converted.push(sample);
+        converted.push(sample);
+      }
+    }
+    (_, 1) => {
+      for frame in samples.chunks(source_channels) {
+        let sum: f32 = frame.iter().copied().sum();
+        converted.push(sum / source_channels as f32);
+      }
+    }
+    (2, 2) => return Ok(samples.to_vec()),
+    (_, 2) => {
+      for frame in samples.chunks(source_channels) {
+        let mono = frame.iter().copied().sum::<f32>() / source_channels as f32;
+        converted.push(mono);
+        converted.push(mono);
+      }
+    }
+    _ => {
+      return Err(RecordingError::Encoding(format!(
+        "unsupported channel conversion: {source_channels} -> {target_channels}"
+      )));
+    }
+  }
+
+  Ok(converted)
+}
+
+struct OggOpusWriter {
+  writer: PacketWriter<'static, BufWriter<fs::File>>,
+  encoder: Encoder,
+  frame_samples: usize,
+  pending: Vec<f32>,
+  pending_packet: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+  pending_packet_granule_position: u64,
+  granule_position: u64,
+  samples_written: u64,
+  source_channels: usize,
+  channels: Channels,
+  sample_rate: OpusSampleRate,
+  resampler: Option<InterleavedResampler>,
+  filepath: PathBuf,
+  stream_serial: u32,
+}
+
+impl OggOpusWriter {
+  fn new(
+    filepath: PathBuf,
+    source_sample_rate: u32,
+    source_channels: u32,
+    encoding_channels: u32,
+  ) -> RecordingResult<Self> {
+    let source_channels =
+      usize::try_from(source_channels).map_err(|_| RecordingError::InvalidChannels(source_channels))?;
+    let channels = normalize_channel_count(encoding_channels)?;
+
+    let sample_rate = ENCODE_SAMPLE_RATE;
+    let mut encoder =
+      Encoder::new(sample_rate, channels, Application::Audio).map_err(|e| RecordingError::Encoding(e.to_string()))?;
+    let pre_skip = u16::try_from(
+      encoder
+        .lookahead()
+        .map_err(|e| RecordingError::Encoding(e.to_string()))?,
+    )
+    .map_err(|_| RecordingError::Encoding("invalid encoder lookahead".into()))?;
+    let resampler = if source_sample_rate != sample_rate.as_i32() as u32 {
+      Some(InterleavedResampler::new(
+        source_sample_rate,
+        sample_rate.as_i32() as u32,
+        channels.as_usize(),
+      )?)
+    } else {
+      None
+    };
+
+    if let Some(parent) = filepath.parent() {
+      fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
+    }
+
+    let file = fs::File::create(&filepath)?;
+    let mut writer = PacketWriter::new(BufWriter::new(file));
+
+    let stream_serial: u32 = rand::random();
+    write_opus_headers(&mut writer, stream_serial, channels, sample_rate, pre_skip)?;
+
+    let frame_samples = FrameSize::Ms20.samples(sample_rate);
+
+    Ok(Self {
+      writer,
+      encoder,
+      frame_samples,
+      pending: Vec::new(),
+      pending_packet: None,
+      pending_packet_granule_position: 0,
+      granule_position: u64::from(pre_skip),
+      samples_written: 0,
+      source_channels,
+      channels,
+      sample_rate,
+      resampler,
+      filepath,
+      stream_serial,
+    })
+  }
+
+  fn push_samples(&mut self, samples: &[f32]) -> RecordingResult<()> {
+    let normalized = convert_interleaved_channels(samples, self.source_channels, self.channels.as_usize())?;
+    let mut processed = if let Some(resampler) = &mut self.resampler {
+      resampler.feed(&normalized)?
+    } else {
+      normalized
+    };
+
+    if processed.is_empty() {
+      return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    self.pending.append(&mut processed);
+    let frame_len = self.frame_samples * self.channels.as_usize();
+
+    while self.pending.len() >= frame_len {
+      let frame: Vec<f32> = self.pending.drain(..frame_len).collect();
+      self.encode_frame(frame, self.frame_samples, PacketWriteEndInfo::NormalPacket)?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+  }
+
+  fn encode_frame(&mut self, frame: Vec<f32>, samples_in_frame: usize, end: PacketWriteEndInfo) -> RecordingResult<()> {
+    let mut out = vec![0u8; MAX_PACKET_SIZE];
+    let encoded = self
+      .encoder
+      .encode_float(&frame, &mut out)
+      .map_err(|e| RecordingError::Encoding(e.to_string()))?;
+
+    self.granule_position += samples_in_frame as u64;
+    self.samples_written += samples_in_frame as u64;
+
+    let packet = out[..encoded].to_vec();
+
+    if let Some(previous_packet) = self.pending_packet.replace(packet) {
+      self
+        .writer
+        .write_packet(
+          previous_packet,
+          self.stream_serial,
+          PacketWriteEndInfo::NormalPacket,
+          self.pending_packet_granule_position,
+        )
+        .map_err(|e| RecordingError::Encoding(format!("failed to write packet: {e}")))?;
+    }
+    self.pending_packet_granule_position = self.granule_position;
+
+    if end == PacketWriteEndInfo::EndStream {
+      let final_packet = self
+        .pending_packet
+        .take()
+        .ok_or_else(|| RecordingError::Encoding("missing final packet".into()))?;
+      self
+        .writer
+        .write_packet(
+          final_packet,
+          self.stream_serial,
+          PacketWriteEndInfo::EndStream,
+          self.pending_packet_granule_position,
+        )
+        .map_err(|e| RecordingError::Encoding(format!("failed to write packet: {e}")))?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+  }
+
+  fn finish(mut self) -> RecordingResult<RecordingArtifact> {
+    if let Some(resampler) = &mut self.resampler {
+      let mut flushed = resampler.finalize()?;
+      self.pending.append(&mut flushed);
+    }
+
+    let frame_len = self.frame_samples * self.channels.as_usize();
+    if !self.pending.is_empty() {
+      let mut frame = self.pending.clone();
+      let samples_in_frame = frame.len() / self.channels.as_usize();
+      frame.resize(frame_len, 0.0);
+      self.encode_frame(frame, samples_in_frame, PacketWriteEndInfo::EndStream)?;
+      self.pending.clear();
+    }
+
+    if self.samples_written == 0 {
+      fs::remove_file(&self.filepath).ok();
+      return Err(RecordingError::Empty);
+    }
+
+    if let Some(final_packet) = self.pending_packet.take() {
+      self
+        .writer
+        .write_packet(
+          final_packet,
+          self.stream_serial,
+          PacketWriteEndInfo::EndStream,
+          self.pending_packet_granule_position,
+        )
+        .map_err(|e| RecordingError::Encoding(format!("failed to finish stream: {e}")))?;
+    }
+
+    self.writer.inner_mut().flush()?;
+
+    let size = fs::metadata(&self.filepath)?.len() as i64;
+    let duration_ms = (self.samples_written * 1000) as i64 / self.sample_rate.as_i32() as i64;
+
+    Ok(RecordingArtifact {
+      id: String::new(),
+      filepath: self.filepath.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+      sample_rate: self.sample_rate.as_i32() as u32,
+      channels: self.channels.as_usize() as u32,
+      duration_ms,
+      size,
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+fn write_opus_headers(
+  writer: &mut PacketWriter<'static, BufWriter<fs::File>>,
+  stream_serial: u32,
+  channels: Channels,
+  sample_rate: OpusSampleRate,
+  pre_skip: u16,
+) -> RecordingResult<()> {
+  let mut opus_head = Vec::with_capacity(19);
+  opus_head.extend_from_slice(b"OpusHead");
+  opus_head.push(1); // version
+  opus_head.push(channels.as_usize() as u8);
+  opus_head.extend_from_slice(&pre_skip.to_le_bytes());
+  opus_head.extend_from_slice(&(sample_rate.as_i32() as u32).to_le_bytes());
+  opus_head.extend_from_slice(&0i16.to_le_bytes()); // output gain
+  opus_head.push(0); // channel mapping
+
+  writer
+    .write_packet(opus_head, stream_serial, PacketWriteEndInfo::EndPage, 0)
+    .map_err(|e| RecordingError::Encoding(format!("failed to write OpusHead: {e}")))?;
+
+  let vendor = b"AFFiNE Native";
+  let mut opus_tags = Vec::new();
+  opus_tags.extend_from_slice(b"OpusTags");
+  opus_tags.extend_from_slice(&(vendor.len() as u32).to_le_bytes());
+  opus_tags.extend_from_slice(vendor);
+  opus_tags.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes()); // user comment list length
+
+  writer
+    .write_packet(opus_tags, stream_serial, PacketWriteEndInfo::EndPage, 0)
+    .map_err(|e| RecordingError::Encoding(format!("failed to write OpusTags: {e}")))?;
+
+  Ok(())
+}
+
+enum PlatformCapture {
+  #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+  Mac(crate::macos::tap_audio::AudioCaptureSession),
+  #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+  Windows(crate::windows::audio_capture::AudioCaptureSession),
+}
+
+impl PlatformCapture {
+  fn stop(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+    match self {
+      #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+      PlatformCapture::Mac(session) => session.stop(),
+      #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+      PlatformCapture::Windows(session) => session.stop(),
+      #[allow(unreachable_patterns)]
+      _ => Err(RecordingError::UnsupportedPlatform.into()),
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+enum ControlMessage {
+  Stop(Sender<RecordingResult<RecordingArtifact>>),
+}
+
+struct ActiveRecording {
+  id: String,
+  control_tx: Sender<ControlMessage>,
+  controller: Option<JoinHandle<()>>,
+}
+
+static ACTIVE_RECORDING: LazyLock<Mutex<Option<ActiveRecording>>> = LazyLock::new(|| Mutex::new(None));
+static START_RECORDING_LOCK: LazyLock<Mutex<()>> = LazyLock::new(|| Mutex::new(()));
+
+fn now_millis() -> i64 {
+  SystemTime::now()
+    .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+    .map(|d| d.as_millis() as i64)
+    .unwrap_or(0)
+}
+
+fn new_recording_id() -> String {
+  format!("{}-{:08x}", now_millis(), rand::random::<u32>())
+}
+
+fn sanitize_id(id: Option<String>) -> String {
+  let raw = id.unwrap_or_else(new_recording_id);
+  let filtered: String = raw
+    .chars()
+    .filter(|c| c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || *c == '-' || *c == '_')
+    .collect();
+  if filtered.is_empty() {
+    new_recording_id()
+  } else {
+    filtered
+  }
+}
+
+fn validate_output_dir(path: &str) -> Result<PathBuf> {
+  let dir = PathBuf::from(path);
+  if !dir.is_absolute() {
+    return Err(RecordingError::InvalidOutputDir.into());
+  }
+  fs::create_dir_all(&dir)?;
+  let normalized = dir.canonicalize().map_err(|_| RecordingError::InvalidOutputDir)?;
+  Ok(normalized)
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+fn build_excluded_refs(ids: &[u32]) -> Result<Vec<ApplicationInfo>> {
+  if ids.is_empty() {
+    return Ok(Vec::new());
+  }
+  let apps = ShareableContent::applications()?;
+  let mut excluded = Vec::new();
+  for app in apps {
+    if ids.contains(&(app.process_id as u32)) {
+      excluded.push(app);
+    }
+  }
+  Ok(excluded)
+}
+
+fn start_capture(opts: &RecordingStartOptions, tx: Sender<Vec<f32>>) -> Result<(PlatformCapture, u32, u32)> {
+  #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+  {
+    let callback = AudioCallback::Channel(tx);
+    let session = if let Some(app_id) = opts.app_process_id {
+      ShareableContent::tap_audio_with_callback(app_id, callback)?
+    } else {
+      let excluded_apps = build_excluded_refs(opts.exclude_process_ids.as_deref().unwrap_or(&[]))?;
+      let excluded_refs: Vec<&ApplicationInfo> = excluded_apps.iter().collect();
+      ShareableContent::tap_global_audio_with_callback(Some(excluded_refs), callback)?
+    };
+    let sample_rate = session.get_sample_rate()?.round().clamp(1.0, f64::MAX) as u32;
+    let channels = session.get_channels()?;
+    Ok((PlatformCapture::Mac(session), sample_rate, channels))
+  }
+
+  #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+  {
+    let callback = AudioCallback::Channel(tx);
+    let session =
+      ShareableContent::tap_audio_with_callback(opts.app_process_id.unwrap_or(0), callback, opts.sample_rate)?;
+    let sample_rate = session.get_sample_rate().round() as u32;
+    let channels = session.get_channels();
+    return Ok((PlatformCapture::Windows(session), sample_rate, channels));
+  }
+
+  #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "windows")))]
+  {
+    let _ = opts;
+    let _ = tx;
+    Err(RecordingError::UnsupportedPlatform.into())
+  }
+}
+
+fn spawn_worker(
+  id: String,
+  filepath: PathBuf,
+  rx: Receiver<Vec<f32>>,
+  source_sample_rate: u32,
+  source_channels: u32,
+  encoding_channels: u32,
+) -> JoinHandle<std::result::Result<RecordingArtifact, RecordingError>> {
+  thread::spawn(move || {
+    let mut writer = OggOpusWriter::new(filepath.clone(), source_sample_rate, source_channels, encoding_channels)?;
+    for chunk in rx {
+      writer.push_samples(&chunk)?;
+    }
+    let mut artifact = writer.finish()?;
+    artifact.id = id;
+    Ok(artifact)
+  })
+}
+
+fn spawn_recording_controller(
+  id: String,
+  filepath: PathBuf,
+  opts: RecordingStartOptions,
+) -> (Receiver<RecordingResult<u32>>, Sender<ControlMessage>, JoinHandle<()>) {
+  let (started_tx, started_rx) = bounded(1);
+  let (control_tx, control_rx) = bounded(1);
+
+  let controller = thread::spawn(move || {
+    let (tx, rx) = bounded::<Vec<f32>>(32);
+    let (mut capture, capture_rate, capture_channels) = match start_capture(&opts, tx.clone()) {
+      Ok(capture) => capture,
+      Err(error) => {
+        let _ = started_tx.send(Err(RecordingError::Start(error.to_string())));
+        return;
+      }
+    };
+
+    let encoding_channels = match opts.channels {
+      Some(channels) => match normalize_channel_count(channels) {
+        Ok(_) => channels,
+        Err(error) => {
+          let _ = started_tx.send(Err(error));
+          return;
+        }
+      },
+      None => {
+        if capture_channels == 0 {
+          let _ = started_tx.send(Err(RecordingError::InvalidChannels(capture_channels)));
+          return;
+        }
+        if capture_channels > 1 { 2 } else { 1 }
+      }
+    };
+
+    let mut audio_tx = Some(tx);
+    let mut worker = Some(spawn_worker(
+      id,
+      filepath,
+      rx,
+      capture_rate,
+      capture_channels,
+      encoding_channels,
+    ));
+
+    if started_tx.send(Ok(encoding_channels)).is_err() {
+      let _ = capture.stop();
+      drop(audio_tx.take());
+      if let Some(handle) = worker.take() {
+        let _ = handle.join();
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+
+    while let Ok(message) = control_rx.recv() {
+      match message {
+        ControlMessage::Stop(reply_tx) => {
+          let result = match capture.stop() {
+            Ok(()) => {
+              drop(audio_tx.take());
+              match worker.take() {
+                Some(handle) => match handle.join() {
+                  Ok(result) => result,
+                  Err(_) => Err(RecordingError::Join),
+                },
+                None => Err(RecordingError::Join),
+              }
+            }
+            Err(error) => Err(RecordingError::Start(error.to_string())),
+          };
+
+          let _ = reply_tx.send(result);
+
+          if worker.is_none() {
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if let Some(handle) = worker.take() {
+      let _ = capture.stop();
+      drop(audio_tx.take());
+      let _ = handle.join();
+    }
+  });
+
+  (started_rx, control_tx, controller)
+}
+
+fn cleanup_recording_controller(control_tx: &Sender<ControlMessage>, controller: JoinHandle<()>) {
+  let (reply_tx, reply_rx) = bounded(1);
+  let _ = control_tx.send(ControlMessage::Stop(reply_tx));
+  let _ = reply_rx.recv();
+  let _ = controller.join();
+}
+
+fn take_active_recording(id: &str) -> RecordingResult<ActiveRecording> {
+  let mut active_recording = ACTIVE_RECORDING
+    .lock()
+    .map_err(|_| RecordingError::Start("lock poisoned".into()))?;
+  let recording = active_recording.take().ok_or(RecordingError::NotFound)?;
+  if recording.id != id {
+    *active_recording = Some(recording);
+    return Err(RecordingError::NotFound);
+  }
+  Ok(recording)
+}
+
+fn join_active_recording(mut recording: ActiveRecording) -> RecordingResult<()> {
+  if let Some(handle) = recording.controller.take() {
+    handle.join().map_err(|_| RecordingError::Join)?;
+  }
+  Ok(())
+}
+
+#[napi]
+pub fn start_recording(opts: RecordingStartOptions) -> Result<RecordingSessionMeta> {
+  if let Some(fmt) = opts.format.as_deref()
+    && !fmt.eq_ignore_ascii_case("opus")
+  {
+    return Err(RecordingError::InvalidFormat(fmt.to_string()).into());
+  }
+  if let Some(channels) = opts.channels {
+    normalize_channel_count(channels)?;
+  }
+
+  let _start_lock = START_RECORDING_LOCK
+    .lock()
+    .map_err(|_| RecordingError::Start("lock poisoned".into()))?;
+  let output_dir = validate_output_dir(&opts.output_dir)?;
+  let id = sanitize_id(opts.id.clone());
+
+  {
+    let recording = ACTIVE_RECORDING
+      .lock()
+      .map_err(|_| RecordingError::Start("lock poisoned".into()))?;
+
+    if recording.is_some() {
+      return Err(RecordingError::Start("recording already active".into()).into());
+    }
+  }
+
+  let filepath = output_dir.join(format!("{id}.opus"));
+  if filepath.exists() {
+    fs::remove_file(&filepath)?;
+  }
+
+  let (started_rx, control_tx, controller) = spawn_recording_controller(id.clone(), filepath.clone(), opts);
+  let encoding_channels = started_rx
+    .recv()
+    .map_err(|_| RecordingError::Start("failed to start recording controller".into()))??;
+
+  let meta = RecordingSessionMeta {
+    id: id.clone(),
+    filepath: filepath.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+    sample_rate: ENCODE_SAMPLE_RATE.as_i32() as u32,
+    channels: encoding_channels,
+    started_at: now_millis(),
+  };
+
+  let mut recording = match ACTIVE_RECORDING.lock() {
+    Ok(recording) => recording,
+    Err(_) => {
+      cleanup_recording_controller(&control_tx, controller);
+      return Err(RecordingError::Start("lock poisoned".into()).into());
+    }
+  };
+
+  if recording.is_some() {
+    cleanup_recording_controller(&control_tx, controller);
+    return Err(RecordingError::Start("recording already active".into()).into());
+  }
+
+  *recording = Some(ActiveRecording {
+    id,
+    control_tx,
+    controller: Some(controller),
+  });
+
+  Ok(meta)
+}
+
+#[napi]
+pub fn stop_recording(id: String) -> Result<RecordingArtifact> {
+  let control_tx = {
+    let recording = ACTIVE_RECORDING
+      .lock()
+      .map_err(|_| RecordingError::Start("lock poisoned".into()))?;
+
+    let active = recording.as_ref().ok_or(RecordingError::NotFound)?;
+    if active.id != id {
+      return Err(RecordingError::NotFound.into());
+    }
+    active.control_tx.clone()
+  };
+
+  let (reply_tx, reply_rx) = bounded(1);
+  if control_tx.send(ControlMessage::Stop(reply_tx)).is_err() {
+    if let Ok(recording) = take_active_recording(&id) {
+      let _ = join_active_recording(recording);
+    }
+    return Err(RecordingError::Join.into());
+  }
+
+  let response = match reply_rx.recv() {
+    Ok(response) => response,
+    Err(_) => {
+      if let Ok(recording) = take_active_recording(&id) {
+        let _ = join_active_recording(recording);
+      }
+      return Err(RecordingError::Join.into());
+    }
+  };
+
+  let artifact = match response {
+    Ok(artifact) => artifact,
+    Err(RecordingError::Start(message)) => {
+      return Err(RecordingError::Start(message).into());
+    }
+    Err(error) => {
+      if let Ok(recording) = take_active_recording(&id) {
+        let _ = join_active_recording(recording);
+      }
+      return Err(error.into());
+    }
+  };
+
+  let active_recording = take_active_recording(&id)?;
+  join_active_recording(active_recording)?;
+
+  Ok(artifact)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use std::{env, fs::File, path::PathBuf};
+
+  use ogg::PacketReader;
+
+  use super::{OggOpusWriter, convert_interleaved_channels};
+
+  fn temp_recording_path() -> PathBuf {
+    env::temp_dir().join(format!("affine-recording-test-{}.opus", rand::random::<u64>()))
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn finish_marks_last_audio_packet_as_end_of_stream() {
+    let path = temp_recording_path();
+    let samples = vec![0.0f32; 960 * 2];
+
+    let artifact = {
+      let mut writer = OggOpusWriter::new(path.clone(), 48_000, 2, 2).expect("create writer");
+      writer.push_samples(&samples).expect("push samples");
+      writer.finish().expect("finish writer")
+    };
+
+    assert_eq!(artifact.filepath, path.to_string_lossy());
+    assert!(artifact.size > 0);
+    assert_eq!(artifact.sample_rate, 48_000);
+    assert_eq!(artifact.channels, 2);
+
+    let mut reader = PacketReader::new(File::open(&path).expect("open opus file"));
+    let mut packets = Vec::new();
+    while let Some(packet) = reader.read_packet().expect("read packet") {
+      packets.push(packet);
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(packets.len(), 3);
+    assert_eq!(&packets[0].data[..8], b"OpusHead");
+    assert_eq!(&packets[1].data[..8], b"OpusTags");
+    assert!(!packets[2].data.is_empty());
+    assert!(packets[2].last_in_stream());
+
+    std::fs::remove_file(path).ok();
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn finish_flushes_short_resampled_recordings() {
+    let path = temp_recording_path();
+    let samples = vec![0.25f32; 512 * 2];
+
+    let artifact = {
+      let mut writer = OggOpusWriter::new(path.clone(), 44_100, 2, 2).expect("create writer");
+      writer.push_samples(&samples).expect("push samples");
+      writer.finish().expect("finish writer")
+    };
+
+    assert!(artifact.size > 0);
+    assert!(artifact.duration_ms > 0);
+
+    let mut reader = PacketReader::new(File::open(&path).expect("open opus file"));
+    let mut packets = Vec::new();
+    while let Some(packet) = reader.read_packet().expect("read packet") {
+      packets.push(packet);
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(packets.len(), 3);
+    assert!(packets[2].last_in_stream());
+
+    std::fs::remove_file(path).ok();
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn converts_interleaved_channels_before_encoding() {
+    assert_eq!(
+      convert_interleaved_channels(&[1.0, 2.0], 1, 2).expect("mono to stereo"),
+      vec![1.0, 1.0, 2.0, 2.0]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+      convert_interleaved_channels(&[1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0], 2, 1).expect("stereo to mono"),
+      vec![2.0, 6.0]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+      convert_interleaved_channels(&[1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0], 3, 2).expect("surround to stereo"),
+      vec![3.0, 3.0, 4.0, 4.0]
+    );
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/frontend/native/media_capture/src/windows/audio_capture.rs b/packages/frontend/native/media_capture/src/windows/audio_capture.rs
index e7252a3ddf..3fe694ad90 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/native/media_capture/src/windows/audio_capture.rs
+++ b/packages/frontend/native/media_capture/src/windows/audio_capture.rs
@@ -13,14 +13,12 @@ use cpal::{
   traits::{DeviceTrait, HostTrait, StreamTrait},
 };
 use crossbeam_channel::unbounded;
-use napi::{
-  Error, Status,
-  bindgen_prelude::{Float32Array, Result},
-  threadsafe_function::{ThreadsafeFunction, ThreadsafeFunctionCallMode},
-};
+use napi::{Error, Status, bindgen_prelude::Result};
 use napi_derive::napi;
 use rubato::{FastFixedIn, PolynomialDegree, Resampler};
 
+use crate::audio_callback::AudioCallback;
+
 const RESAMPLER_INPUT_CHUNK: usize = 1024; // samples per channel
 const TARGET_FRAME_SIZE: usize = 1024; // frame size returned to JS (in mono samples)
 
@@ -216,7 +214,10 @@ impl Drop for AudioCaptureSession {
   }
 }
 
-pub fn start_recording(audio_buffer_callback: ThreadsafeFunction<Float32Array, ()>) -> Result<AudioCaptureSession> {
+pub fn start_recording(
+  audio_buffer_callback: AudioCallback,
+  target_sample_rate: Option<SampleRate>,
+) -> Result<AudioCaptureSession> {
   let available_hosts = cpal::available_hosts();
   let host_id = available_hosts
     .first()
@@ -240,7 +241,7 @@ pub fn start_recording(audio_buffer_callback: ThreadsafeFunction<Float32Array, (
 
   let mic_sample_rate = mic_config.sample_rate();
   let lb_sample_rate = lb_config.sample_rate();
-  let target_rate = SampleRate(mic_sample_rate.min(lb_sample_rate).0);
+  let target_rate = target_sample_rate.unwrap_or(SampleRate(mic_sample_rate.min(lb_sample_rate).0));
 
   let mic_channels = mic_config.channels();
   let lb_channels = lb_config.channels();
@@ -332,7 +333,7 @@ pub fn start_recording(audio_buffer_callback: ThreadsafeFunction<Float32Array, (
         let lb_chunk: Vec<f32> = post_lb.drain(..TARGET_FRAME_SIZE).collect();
         let mixed = mix(&mic_chunk, &lb_chunk);
         if !mixed.is_empty() {
-          let _ = audio_buffer_callback.call(Ok(mixed.clone().into()), ThreadsafeFunctionCallMode::NonBlocking);
+          audio_buffer_callback.call(mixed);
         }
       }
 
diff --git a/packages/frontend/native/media_capture/src/windows/screen_capture_kit.rs b/packages/frontend/native/media_capture/src/windows/screen_capture_kit.rs
index 817c91bc35..c2bd65c888 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/native/media_capture/src/windows/screen_capture_kit.rs
+++ b/packages/frontend/native/media_capture/src/windows/screen_capture_kit.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use std::{
   time::Duration,
 };
 
+use cpal::SampleRate;
 use napi::{
   bindgen_prelude::{Buffer, Error, Result, Status},
   threadsafe_function::{ThreadsafeFunction, ThreadsafeFunctionCallMode},
@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@ use windows::Win32::System::{
 };
 
 // Import the function from microphone_listener
+use crate::audio_callback::AudioCallback;
 use crate::windows::microphone_listener::is_process_actively_using_microphone;
 
 // Type alias to match macOS API
@@ -214,6 +216,15 @@ impl ShareableContent {
     }
   }
 
+  pub(crate) fn tap_audio_with_callback(
+    _process_id: u32,
+    audio_stream_callback: AudioCallback,
+    target_sample_rate: Option<u32>,
+  ) -> Result<AudioCaptureSession> {
+    let target = target_sample_rate.map(SampleRate);
+    crate::windows::audio_capture::start_recording(audio_stream_callback, target)
+  }
+
   #[napi]
   pub fn tap_audio(
     _process_id: u32, // Currently unused - Windows captures global audio
@@ -221,7 +232,18 @@ impl ShareableContent {
   ) -> Result<AudioCaptureSession> {
     // On Windows with CPAL, we capture global audio (mic + loopback)
     // since per-application audio tapping isn't supported the same way as macOS
-    crate::windows::audio_capture::start_recording(audio_stream_callback)
+    ShareableContent::tap_audio_with_callback(_process_id, AudioCallback::Js(Arc::new(audio_stream_callback)), None)
+  }
+
+  pub(crate) fn tap_global_audio_with_callback(
+    _excluded_processes: Option<Vec<&ApplicationInfo>>,
+    audio_stream_callback: AudioCallback,
+    target_sample_rate: Option<u32>,
+  ) -> Result<AudioCaptureSession> {
+    let target = target_sample_rate.map(SampleRate);
+    // Delegate to audio_capture::start_recording which handles mixing mic +
+    // loopback
+    crate::windows::audio_capture::start_recording(audio_stream_callback, target)
   }
 
   #[napi]
@@ -229,9 +251,11 @@ impl ShareableContent {
     _excluded_processes: Option<Vec<&ApplicationInfo>>,
     audio_stream_callback: ThreadsafeFunction<napi::bindgen_prelude::Float32Array, ()>,
   ) -> Result<AudioCaptureSession> {
-    // Delegate to audio_capture::start_recording which handles mixing mic +
-    // loopback
-    crate::windows::audio_capture::start_recording(audio_stream_callback)
+    ShareableContent::tap_global_audio_with_callback(
+      _excluded_processes,
+      AudioCallback::Js(Arc::new(audio_stream_callback)),
+      None,
+    )
   }
 
   #[napi]
diff --git a/tests/affine-desktop/e2e/workspace.spec.ts b/tests/affine-desktop/e2e/workspace.spec.ts
index 7e478fbe1f..098675ef01 100644
--- a/tests/affine-desktop/e2e/workspace.spec.ts
+++ b/tests/affine-desktop/e2e/workspace.spec.ts
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import {
 import { createLocalWorkspace } from '@affine-test/kit/utils/workspace';
 import { expect } from '@playwright/test';
 import fs from 'fs-extra';
+import type { ElectronApplication } from 'playwright';
 
 declare global {
   interface Window {
@@ -21,6 +22,32 @@ declare global {
   }
 }
 
+async function mockNextSaveDialog(
+  electronApp: ElectronApplication,
+  filePath: string
+) {
+  await electronApp.evaluate(({ dialog }, mockedFilePath) => {
+    const original = dialog.showSaveDialog.bind(dialog);
+    dialog.showSaveDialog = async () => {
+      dialog.showSaveDialog = original;
+      return { canceled: false, filePath: mockedFilePath };
+    };
+  }, filePath);
+}
+
+async function mockNextOpenDialog(
+  electronApp: ElectronApplication,
+  filePath: string
+) {
+  await electronApp.evaluate(({ dialog }, mockedFilePath) => {
+    const original = dialog.showOpenDialog.bind(dialog);
+    dialog.showOpenDialog = async () => {
+      dialog.showOpenDialog = original;
+      return { canceled: false, filePaths: [mockedFilePath] };
+    };
+  }, filePath);
+}
+
 test('check workspace has a DB file', async ({ appInfo, workspace }) => {
   const w = await workspace.current();
   const dbPath = path.join(
@@ -34,7 +61,7 @@ test('check workspace has a DB file', async ({ appInfo, workspace }) => {
   expect(await fs.exists(dbPath)).toBe(true);
 });
 
-test('export then add', async ({ page, appInfo, workspace }) => {
+test('export then add', async ({ electronApp, page, appInfo, workspace }) => {
   await clickNewPageButton(page);
   const w = await workspace.current();
 
@@ -60,11 +87,7 @@ test('export then add', async ({ page, appInfo, workspace }) => {
   const tmpPath = path.join(appInfo.sessionData, w.meta.id + '-tmp.db');
 
   // export db file to tmp folder
-  await page.evaluate(tmpPath => {
-    return window.__apis?.dialog.setFakeDialogResult({
-      filePath: tmpPath,
-    });
-  }, tmpPath);
+  await mockNextSaveDialog(electronApp, tmpPath);
 
   await page.getByTestId('workspace-setting:storage').click();
   await page.getByTestId('export-affine-backup').click();
@@ -78,11 +101,7 @@ test('export then add', async ({ page, appInfo, workspace }) => {
   // in the codebase
   await clickSideBarCurrentWorkspaceBanner(page);
 
-  await page.evaluate(tmpPath => {
-    return window.__apis?.dialog.setFakeDialogResult({
-      filePath: tmpPath,
-    });
-  }, tmpPath);
+  await mockNextOpenDialog(electronApp, tmpPath);
 
   // load the db file
   await page.getByTestId('add-workspace').click();