diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/auth/guard.spec.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/auth/guard.spec.ts
index 6a0ebd0500..2260793d5b 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/auth/guard.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/auth/guard.spec.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import ava, { TestFn } from 'ava';
 import Sinon from 'sinon';
 import request from 'supertest';
 
+import { Due } from '../../base';
 import { AuthModule, CurrentUser, Public, Session } from '../../core/auth';
 import { AuthService } from '../../core/auth/service';
 import { Models } from '../../models';
@@ -125,7 +126,7 @@ test('should be able to refresh session if needed', async t => {
       sessionId,
     },
     data: {
-      expiresAt: new Date(Date.now() + 1000 * 60 * 60 /* expires in 1 hour */),
+      expiresAt: Due.after('1h'),
     },
   });
 
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/doc/history.spec.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/doc/history.spec.ts
index 8600863edd..4f33d542d5 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/doc/history.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/doc/history.spec.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client';
 import test from 'ava';
 import * as Sinon from 'sinon';
 
+import { Due } from '../../base';
 import { DocStorageModule, PgWorkspaceDocStorageAdapter } from '../../core/doc';
 import { DocStorageOptions } from '../../core/doc/options';
 import { DocRecord } from '../../core/doc/storage';
@@ -122,7 +123,7 @@ test('should create history if time diff is larger than interval config and stat
 
   // @ts-expect-error private method
   Sinon.stub(adapter, 'lastDocHistory').resolves({
-    timestamp: new Date(timestamp.getTime() - 1000 * 60 * 20),
+    timestamp: Due.before('20m', timestamp),
     state: Buffer.from([0, 1]),
   });
 
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/models/session.spec.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/models/session.spec.ts
index 66630b2f6a..ee8257573b 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/models/session.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/models/session.spec.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { Config } from '../../base/config';
 import { SessionModel } from '../../models/session';
 import { UserModel } from '../../models/user';
 import { createTestingModule, type TestingModule } from '../utils';
+import { Due } from '../../base/utils';
 
 interface Context {
   config: Config;
@@ -137,9 +138,7 @@ test('should not refresh userSession when expires time not hit ttr', async t =>
   let newExpiresAt =
     await t.context.session.refreshUserSessionIfNeeded(userSession);
   t.is(newExpiresAt, undefined);
-  userSession.expiresAt = new Date(
-    userSession.expiresAt!.getTime() - t.context.config.auth.session.ttr * 1000
-  );
+  userSession.expiresAt = Due.before(t.context.config.auth.session.ttr);
   newExpiresAt =
     await t.context.session.refreshUserSessionIfNeeded(userSession);
   t.is(newExpiresAt, undefined);
@@ -154,9 +153,9 @@ test('should not refresh userSession when expires time hit ttr', async t => {
     user.id,
     session.id
   );
-  const ttr = t.context.config.auth.session.ttr * 2;
   userSession.expiresAt = new Date(
-    userSession.expiresAt!.getTime() - ttr * 1000
+    userSession.expiresAt!.getTime() -
+      Due.ms(t.context.config.auth.session.ttr) * 2
   );
   const newExpiresAt =
     await t.context.session.refreshUserSessionIfNeeded(userSession);
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/payment/service.spec.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/payment/service.spec.ts
index 4c0da9c178..5620b1f029 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/payment/service.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/__tests__/payment/service.spec.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import Sinon from 'sinon';
 import Stripe from 'stripe';
 
 import { AppModule } from '../../app.module';
-import { EventBus } from '../../base';
+import { Due, EventBus } from '../../base';
 import { ConfigFactory, ConfigModule } from '../../base/config';
 import { CurrentUser } from '../../core/auth';
 import { AuthService } from '../../core/auth/service';
@@ -129,8 +129,8 @@ const sub: Stripe.Subscription = {
   object: 'subscription',
   cancel_at_period_end: false,
   canceled_at: null,
-  current_period_end: unixNow() + 60 * 60 * 24 * 30,
-  current_period_start: unixNow() - 60 * 60 * 24 * 1,
+  current_period_end: Due.after('30d').getTime() / 1000,
+  current_period_start: Due.before('1d').getTime() / 1000,
   // @ts-expect-error stub
   customer: {
     id: 'cus_1',
@@ -914,7 +914,7 @@ const subscriptionSchedule: Stripe.SubscriptionSchedule = {
         },
       ],
       start_date: unixNow(),
-      end_date: unixNow() + 30 * 24 * 60 * 60,
+      end_date: Due.after('30d').getTime() / 1000,
     },
     {
       items: [
@@ -924,7 +924,7 @@ const subscriptionSchedule: Stripe.SubscriptionSchedule = {
           quantity: 1,
         },
       ],
-      start_date: unixNow() + 30 * 24 * 60 * 60,
+      start_date: Due.after('30d').getTime() / 1000,
     },
   ],
 };
@@ -1550,10 +1550,7 @@ test('should be able to subscribe onetime payment subscription', async t => {
   t.is(subInDB?.recurring, SubscriptionRecurring.Monthly);
   t.is(subInDB?.status, SubscriptionStatus.Active);
   t.is(subInDB?.stripeSubscriptionId, null);
-  t.is(
-    subInDB?.end?.toDateString(),
-    new Date(Date.now() + 30 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000).toDateString()
-  );
+  t.is(subInDB?.end?.toDateString(), Due.after('30d').toDateString());
 });
 
 test('should be able to accumulate onetime payment subscription period', async t => {
@@ -1574,7 +1571,7 @@ test('should be able to accumulate onetime payment subscription period', async t
   });
 
   // add 365 days
-  t.is(subInDB!.end!.getTime(), end.getTime() + 365 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000);
+  t.is(subInDB!.end!.getTime(), Due.after('1y', end).getTime());
 });
 
 test('should be able to recalculate onetime payment subscription period after expiration', async t => {
@@ -1599,10 +1596,7 @@ test('should be able to recalculate onetime payment subscription period after ex
   });
 
   // add 365 days from now
-  t.is(
-    subInDB?.end?.toDateString(),
-    new Date(Date.now() + 365 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000).toDateString()
-  );
+  t.is(subInDB?.end?.toDateString(), Due.after('1y').toDateString());
 });
 
 test('should not accumulate onetime payment subscription period for redeemed invoices', async t => {
@@ -1617,10 +1611,7 @@ test('should not accumulate onetime payment subscription period for redeemed inv
     where: { targetId: u1.id },
   });
 
-  t.is(
-    subInDB?.end?.toDateString(),
-    new Date(Date.now() + 365 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000).toDateString()
-  );
+  t.is(subInDB?.end?.toDateString(), Due.after('1y').toDateString());
 });
 
 // TEAM
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/base/cache/provider.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/base/cache/provider.ts
index 397ab66ac3..91813f9980 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/base/cache/provider.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/base/cache/provider.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 import Redis from 'ioredis';
+import { type Duration, Due } from '../utils';
 
 export interface CacheSetOptions {
   /**
    * in milliseconds
    */
-  ttl?: number;
+  ttl?: Duration;
 }
 
 export class CacheProvider {
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ export class CacheProvider {
   ): Promise<boolean> {
     if (opts.ttl) {
       return this.redis
-        .set(key, JSON.stringify(value), 'PX', opts.ttl)
+        .set(key, JSON.stringify(value), 'PX', Due.ms(opts.ttl))
         .then(() => true)
         .catch(() => false);
     }
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ export class CacheProvider {
   ): Promise<boolean> {
     if (opts.ttl) {
       return this.redis
-        .set(key, JSON.stringify(value), 'PX', opts.ttl, 'NX')
+        .set(key, JSON.stringify(value), 'PX', Due.ms(opts.ttl), 'NX')
         .then(v => !!v)
         .catch(() => false);
     }
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/base/config/__tests__/config.spec.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/base/config/__tests__/config.spec.ts
index 55185b4592..ed5eef725d 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/base/config/__tests__/config.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/base/config/__tests__/config.spec.ts
@@ -103,8 +103,8 @@ test('should override correctly', t => {
       // keyed config
       // 'session.ttl', 'session.ttr'
       session: {
-        ttl: 2000,
-        ttr: 1000,
+        ttl: '1M',
+        ttr: '1d',
       },
     },
     storages: {
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ test('should override correctly', t => {
       },
       allowSignup: true,
       session: {
-        ttl: 3000,
+        ttl: '2M',
       },
     },
     storages: {
@@ -159,8 +159,8 @@ test('should override correctly', t => {
 
   // right merged to left
   t.deepEqual(config.auth.session, {
-    ttl: 3000,
-    ttr: 1000,
+    ttl: '2M',
+    ttr: '1d',
   });
 
   // right covered left
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/base/job/queue/index.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/base/job/queue/index.ts
index f6f954e4ad..a67274d620 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/base/job/queue/index.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/base/job/queue/index.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import { type QueueOptions } from 'bullmq';
 
 import { Config } from '../../config';
 import { QueueRedis } from '../../redis';
+import { Due } from '../../utils';
 import { Queue, QUEUES } from './def';
 import { JobExecutor } from './executor';
 import { JobQueue } from './queue';
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ export class JobModule {
           ...QUEUES.map(name => {
             if (name === Queue.NIGHTLY_JOB) {
               // avoid nightly jobs been run multiple times
-              return { name, removeOnComplete: { age: 1000 * 60 * 60 } };
+              return { name, removeOnComplete: { age: Due.ms('1m') } };
             }
             return { name };
           })
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/base/storage/providers/s3.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/base/storage/providers/s3.ts
index 188a1c18de..21ae75f01d 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/base/storage/providers/s3.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/base/storage/providers/s3.ts
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ import {
   PutObjectMetadata,
   StorageProvider,
 } from './provider';
-import { autoMetadata, SIGNED_URL_EXPIRED, toBuffer } from './utils';
+import { autoMetadata, SIGNED_URL_EXPIRED_SEC, toBuffer } from './utils';
 
 export interface S3StorageConfig extends S3ClientConfig {
   usePresignedURL?: {
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ export class S3StorageProvider implements StorageProvider {
               Bucket: this.bucket,
               Key: key,
             }),
-            { expiresIn: SIGNED_URL_EXPIRED }
+            { expiresIn: SIGNED_URL_EXPIRED_SEC }
           );
 
           return {
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/base/storage/providers/utils.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/base/storage/providers/utils.ts
index 4f926e8201..7ab7045dee 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/base/storage/providers/utils.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/base/storage/providers/utils.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { crc32 } from '@node-rs/crc32';
 import { getStreamAsBuffer } from 'get-stream';
 
 import { getMime } from '../../../native';
+import { Due } from '../../utils';
 import { BlobInputType, PutObjectMetadata } from './provider';
 
 export async function toBuffer(input: BlobInputType): Promise<Buffer> {
@@ -43,4 +44,4 @@ export function autoMetadata(
   return metadata;
 }
 
-export const SIGNED_URL_EXPIRED = 60 * 60; // 1 hour
+export const SIGNED_URL_EXPIRED_SEC = Due.s('1h');
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/base/utils/duration.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/base/utils/duration.ts
index e6fb5abf40..7f6c815d3e 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/base/utils/duration.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/base/utils/duration.ts
@@ -53,26 +53,28 @@ function parse(str: string): DurationInput {
   return input;
 }
 
+export type Duration = string | DurationInput;
+
 export const Due = {
-  ms: (dueStr: string | DurationInput) => {
-    const input = typeof dueStr === 'string' ? parse(dueStr) : dueStr;
+  ms: (duration: Duration) => {
+    const input = typeof duration === 'string' ? parse(duration) : duration;
     return Object.entries(input).reduce((duration, [unit, val]) => {
       return duration + UnitToSecMap[unit as DurationUnit] * (val || 0) * 1000;
     }, 0);
   },
-  s: (dueStr: string | DurationInput) => {
-    const input = typeof dueStr === 'string' ? parse(dueStr) : dueStr;
+  s: (duration: Duration) => {
+    const input = typeof duration === 'string' ? parse(duration) : duration;
     return Object.entries(input).reduce((duration, [unit, val]) => {
       return duration + UnitToSecMap[unit as DurationUnit] * (val || 0);
     }, 0);
   },
   parse,
-  after: (dueStr: string | number | DurationInput, date?: Date) => {
-    const timestamp = typeof dueStr === 'number' ? dueStr : Due.ms(dueStr);
+  after: (duration: Duration, date?: Date) => {
+    const timestamp = Due.ms(duration);
     return new Date((date?.getTime() ?? Date.now()) + timestamp);
   },
-  before: (dueStr: string | number | DurationInput, date?: Date) => {
-    const timestamp = typeof dueStr === 'number' ? dueStr : Due.ms(dueStr);
+  before: (duration: Duration, date?: Date) => {
+    const timestamp = Due.ms(duration);
     return new Date((date?.getTime() ?? Date.now()) - timestamp);
   },
 };
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/base/utils/unit.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/base/utils/unit.ts
index f0798822b6..9603b2ad9e 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/base/utils/unit.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/base/utils/unit.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 export const OneKB = 1024;
 export const OneMB = OneKB * OneKB;
 export const OneGB = OneKB * OneMB;
-export const OneDay = 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24;
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/config.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/config.ts
index 05e5695c6f..73bf3bfbf4 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/config.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/config.ts
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ import { defineModuleConfig } from '../../base';
 
 export interface AuthConfig {
   session: {
-    ttl: number;
-    ttr: number;
+    ttl: string;
+    ttr: string;
   };
   allowSignup: boolean;
   requireEmailDomainVerification: boolean;
@@ -60,10 +60,10 @@ defineModuleConfig('auth', {
   },
   'session.ttl': {
     desc: 'Application auth expiration time in seconds.',
-    default: 60 * 60 * 24 * 15, // 15 days
+    default: '15d',
   },
   'session.ttr': {
     desc: 'Application auth time to refresh in seconds.',
-    default: 60 * 60 * 24 * 7, // 7 days
+    default: '7d',
   },
 });
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/controller.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/controller.ts
index 809d0b3dc2..ab32ae6f27 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/controller.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/controller.ts
@@ -199,21 +199,17 @@ export class AuthController {
       throw new WrongSignInCredentials({ email });
     }
 
-    const ttlInSec = 30 * 60;
+    const ttl = '30m';
     const token = await this.models.verificationToken.create(
       TokenType.SignIn,
       email,
-      ttlInSec
+      ttl
     );
 
     const otp = this.crypto.otp();
     // TODO(@forehalo): this is a temporary solution, we should not rely on cache to store the otp
     const cacheKey = OTP_CACHE_KEY(otp);
-    await this.cache.set(
-      cacheKey,
-      { token, clientNonce },
-      { ttl: ttlInSec * 1000 }
-    );
+    await this.cache.set(cacheKey, { token, clientNonce }, { ttl });
 
     const magicLink = this.url.link(callbackUrl, {
       token: otp,
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/service.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/service.ts
index c50273aa94..74b72e7ca9 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/service.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/service.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { Injectable, OnApplicationBootstrap } from '@nestjs/common';
 import type { CookieOptions, Request, Response } from 'express';
 import { assign, pick } from 'lodash-es';
 
-import { Config, SignUpForbidden } from '../../base';
+import { Config, type Duration, SignUpForbidden } from '../../base';
 import { Models, type User, type UserSession } from '../../models';
 import { FeatureService } from '../features';
 import { Mailer } from '../mail/mailer';
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ export class AuthService implements OnApplicationBootstrap {
     return await this.models.session.findUserSessionsBySessionId(sessionId);
   }
 
-  async createUserSession(userId: string, sessionId?: string, ttl?: number) {
+  async createUserSession(userId: string, sessionId?: string, ttl?: Duration) {
     return await this.models.session.createOrRefreshUserSession(
       userId,
       sessionId,
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ export class AuthService implements OnApplicationBootstrap {
   async refreshUserSessionIfNeeded(
     res: Response,
     userSession: UserSession,
-    ttr?: number
+    ttr?: Duration
   ): Promise<boolean> {
     const newExpiresAt = await this.models.session.refreshUserSessionIfNeeded(
       userSession,
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/doc/adapters/workspace.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/doc/adapters/workspace.ts
index 77530ff68e..fd6c712552 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/doc/adapters/workspace.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/doc/adapters/workspace.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { chunk } from 'lodash-es';
 import {
   DocHistoryNotFound,
   DocNotFound,
+  Due,
   EventBus,
   FailedToSaveUpdates,
   FailedToUpsertSnapshot,
@@ -251,7 +252,8 @@ export class PgWorkspaceDocStorageAdapter extends DocStorageAdapter {
         force ||
         // last history created before interval in configs
         lastHistoryTimestamp <
-          snapshot.timestamp - this.options.historyMinInterval(snapshot.spaceId)
+          snapshot.timestamp -
+            Due.ms(this.options.historyMinInterval(snapshot.spaceId))
       ) {
         shouldCreateHistory = true;
       }
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/doc/config.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/doc/config.ts
index ca61f34d00..40e841a6f5 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/doc/config.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/doc/config.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ declare global {
   interface AppConfigSchema {
     doc: {
       history: {
-        interval: number;
+        interval: string;
       };
       experimental: {
         yocto: boolean;
@@ -20,6 +20,6 @@ defineModuleConfig('doc', {
   },
   'history.interval': {
     desc: 'The minimum time interval in milliseconds of creating a new history snapshot when doc get updated.',
-    default: 1000 * 60 * 10 /* 10 mins */,
+    default: '10m',
   },
 });
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/doc/reader.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/doc/reader.ts
index 2c6da66edf..a377ffb1e9 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/doc/reader.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/doc/reader.ts
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@ import {
 import { PgWorkspaceDocStorageAdapter } from './adapters/workspace';
 import { type DocDiff, type DocRecord } from './storage';
 
-const DOC_CONTENT_CACHE_7_DAYS = 7 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
-
 export interface WorkspaceDocInfo {
   id: string;
   name: string;
@@ -90,7 +88,7 @@ export abstract class DocReader {
     const content = await this.getDocContentWithoutCache(workspaceId, docId);
     if (content) {
       await this.cache.set(cacheKey, content, {
-        ttl: DOC_CONTENT_CACHE_7_DAYS,
+        ttl: '7d',
       });
     }
     return content;
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/notification/__tests__/service.spec.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/notification/__tests__/service.spec.ts
index ff0849ee21..a6025d5bfd 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/notification/__tests__/service.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/notification/__tests__/service.spec.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import {
   createTestingModule,
   type TestingModule,
 } from '../../../__tests__/utils';
-import { NotificationNotFound } from '../../../base';
+import { Due, NotificationNotFound } from '../../../base';
 import {
   DocMode,
   MentionNotificationBody,
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ test('should clean expired notifications', async t => {
   // wait for 100 days
   mock.timers.enable({
     apis: ['Date'],
-    now: Date.now() + 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24 * 100,
+    now: Due.after('100d'),
   });
   await t.context.models.notification.cleanExpiredNotifications();
   count = await notificationService.countByUserId(member.id);
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ test('should clean expired notifications', async t => {
   // wait for 1 year
   mock.timers.enable({
     apis: ['Date'],
-    now: Date.now() + 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24 * 365,
+    now: Due.after('1y'),
   });
   await t.context.models.notification.cleanExpiredNotifications();
   count = await notificationService.countByUserId(member.id);
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/quota/utils.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/quota/utils.ts
index b4688799d1..b075838daf 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/quota/utils.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/quota/utils.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { OneDay, OneKB } from '../../base';
+import { Due, OneKB } from '../../base';
 
 export const ByteUnit = ['B', 'KB', 'MB', 'GB', 'TB', 'PB', 'EB', 'ZB', 'YB'];
 
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ export function formatSize(bytes: number, decimals: number = 2): string {
   );
 }
 
+const ONE_DAY_IN_MS = Due.ms('1d');
 export function formatDate(ms: number): string {
-  return `${(ms / OneDay).toFixed(0)} days`;
+  return `${(ms / ONE_DAY_IN_MS).toFixed(0)} days`;
 }
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/resolvers/doc.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/resolvers/doc.ts
index c1b6e2eb5c..2c0a66f38e 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/resolvers/doc.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/resolvers/doc.ts
@@ -403,8 +403,7 @@ export class WorkspaceDocResolver {
     const allowed = await this.cache.setnx(
       `fixingOwner:${workspaceId}:${docId}`,
       1,
-      // TODO(@forehalo): we definitely need a timer helper
-      { ttl: 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24 }
+      { ttl: '1d' }
     );
 
     // fixed by other instance
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/types.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/types.ts
index c09ac4c5f3..7d30846ed5 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/types.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/types.ts
@@ -174,13 +174,11 @@ export class InviteResult {
   error?: object;
 }
 
-const Day = 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
-
 export enum WorkspaceInviteLinkExpireTime {
-  OneDay = Day,
-  ThreeDays = 3 * Day,
-  OneWeek = 7 * Day,
-  OneMonth = 30 * Day,
+  OneDay = '1d',
+  ThreeDays = '3d',
+  OneWeek = '1w',
+  OneMonth = '1M',
 }
 
 registerEnumType(WorkspaceInviteLinkExpireTime, {
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/models/__tests__/notification.spec.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/models/__tests__/notification.spec.ts
index 47602f2a29..a943db94f8 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/models/__tests__/notification.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/models/__tests__/notification.spec.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { mock } from 'node:test';
 import ava, { TestFn } from 'ava';
 
 import { createTestingModule, type TestingModule } from '../../__tests__/utils';
+import { Due } from '../../base';
 import { Config } from '../../base/config';
 import {
   DocMode,
@@ -259,7 +260,7 @@ test('should clean expired notifications', async t => {
   // wait for 1 year
   mock.timers.enable({
     apis: ['Date'],
-    now: Date.now() + 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24 * 365,
+    now: Due.after('1y'),
   });
   count = await t.context.models.notification.cleanExpiredNotifications();
   t.is(count, 1);
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/models/common/feature.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/models/common/feature.ts
index 1fc5117fa9..ba765111ac 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/models/common/feature.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/models/common/feature.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { z } from 'zod';
 
-import { OneDay, OneGB, OneMB } from '../../base';
+import { Due, OneGB, OneMB } from '../../base';
 
 const UserPlanQuotaConfig = z.object({
   // quota name
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ export const FeatureConfigs: {
       blobLimit: 10 * OneMB,
       businessBlobLimit: 100 * OneMB,
       storageQuota: 10 * OneGB,
-      historyPeriod: 7 * OneDay,
+      historyPeriod: Due.ms('7d'),
       memberLimit: 3,
       copilotActionLimit: 10,
     },
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ export const FeatureConfigs: {
       name: 'Pro',
       blobLimit: 100 * OneMB,
       storageQuota: 100 * OneGB,
-      historyPeriod: 30 * OneDay,
+      historyPeriod: Due.ms('30d'),
       memberLimit: 10,
       copilotActionLimit: 10,
     },
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ export const FeatureConfigs: {
       name: 'Lifetime Pro',
       blobLimit: 100 * OneMB,
       storageQuota: 1024 * OneGB,
-      historyPeriod: 30 * OneDay,
+      historyPeriod: Due.ms('30d'),
       memberLimit: 10,
       copilotActionLimit: 10,
     },
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ export const FeatureConfigs: {
       blobLimit: 500 * OneMB,
       storageQuota: 100 * OneGB,
       seatQuota: 20 * OneGB,
-      historyPeriod: 30 * OneDay,
+      historyPeriod: Due.ms('30d'),
       memberLimit: 1,
     },
   },
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/models/notification.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/models/notification.ts
index a180c4befa..28d2b1a2ec 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/models/notification.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/models/notification.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import {
 } from '@prisma/client';
 import { z } from 'zod';
 
-import { PaginationInput } from '../base';
+import { Due, PaginationInput } from '../base';
 import { BaseModel } from './base';
 import { DocMode } from './common';
 
@@ -15,8 +15,6 @@ export { NotificationLevel, NotificationType };
 export type { Notification };
 
 // #region input
-
-export const ONE_YEAR = 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24 * 365;
 const IdSchema = z.string().trim().min(1).max(100);
 
 export const BaseNotificationCreateSchema = z.object({
@@ -237,7 +235,7 @@ export class NotificationModel extends BaseModel {
   async cleanExpiredNotifications() {
     const { count } = await this.db.notification.deleteMany({
       // delete notifications that are older than one year
-      where: { createdAt: { lte: new Date(Date.now() - ONE_YEAR) } },
+      where: { createdAt: { lte: Due.before('1y') } },
     });
     if (count > 0) {
       this.logger.log(`Deleted ${count} expired notifications`);
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/models/session.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/models/session.ts
index 44940b27cb..e35024b67a 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/models/session.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/models/session.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import {
   type UserSession,
 } from '@prisma/client';
 
-import { Config } from '../base';
+import { Config, Due, Duration } from '../base';
 import { BaseModel } from './base';
 
 export type { Session, UserSession };
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ export class SessionModel extends BaseModel {
   async createOrRefreshUserSession(
     userId: string,
     sessionId?: string,
-    ttl = this.config.auth.session.ttl
+    ttl: Duration = this.config.auth.session.ttl
   ) {
     // check whether given session is valid
     if (sessionId) {
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ export class SessionModel extends BaseModel {
       sessionId = session.id;
     }
 
-    const expiresAt = new Date(Date.now() + ttl * 1000);
+    const expiresAt = Due.after(ttl);
     return await this.db.userSession.upsert({
       where: {
         sessionId_userId: {
@@ -87,19 +87,17 @@ export class SessionModel extends BaseModel {
 
   async refreshUserSessionIfNeeded(
     userSession: UserSession,
-    ttr = this.config.auth.session.ttr
+    ttr: Duration = this.config.auth.session.ttr
   ): Promise<Date | undefined> {
     if (
       userSession.expiresAt &&
-      userSession.expiresAt.getTime() - Date.now() > ttr * 1000
+      Due.before(ttr, userSession.expiresAt) > new Date()
     ) {
       // no need to refresh
       return;
     }
 
-    const newExpiresAt = new Date(
-      Date.now() + this.config.auth.session.ttl * 1000
-    );
+    const newExpiresAt = Due.after(this.config.auth.session.ttl);
     await this.db.userSession.update({
       where: {
         id: userSession.id,
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/models/verification-token.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/models/verification-token.ts
index 5da61e5190..65a23762f1 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/models/verification-token.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/models/verification-token.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { randomUUID } from 'node:crypto';
 import { Injectable } from '@nestjs/common';
 import { type VerificationToken } from '@prisma/client';
 
+import { Due, Duration } from '../base';
 import { CryptoHelper } from '../base/helpers';
 import { BaseModel } from './base';
 
@@ -25,18 +26,14 @@ export class VerificationTokenModel extends BaseModel {
   /**
    * create token by type and credential (optional) with ttl in seconds (default 30 minutes)
    */
-  async create(
-    type: TokenType,
-    credential?: string,
-    ttlInSec: number = 30 * 60
-  ) {
+  async create(type: TokenType, credential?: string, ttl: Duration = '30m') {
     const plaintextToken = randomUUID();
     const { token } = await this.db.verificationToken.create({
       data: {
         type,
         token: plaintextToken,
         credential,
-        expiresAt: new Date(Date.now() + ttlInSec * 1000),
+        expiresAt: Due.after(ttl),
       },
     });
     return this.crypto.encrypt(token);
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/captcha/service.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/captcha/service.ts
index c687abdc3c..0d601ef2b7 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/captcha/service.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/captcha/service.ts
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ export class CaptchaService {
     const challenge = await this.models.verificationToken.create(
       TokenType.Challenge,
       resource,
-      5 * 60
+      '5m'
     );
 
     return {
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/message.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/message.ts
index 4dd7e987ac..90f30cee8b 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/message.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/copilot/message.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import { SessionCache } from '../../base';
 import { SubmittedMessage, SubmittedMessageSchema } from './types';
 
 const CHAT_MESSAGE_KEY = 'chat-message';
-const CHAT_MESSAGE_TTL = 3600 * 1 * 1000; // 1 hours
 
 @Injectable()
 export class ChatMessageCache {
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ export class ChatMessageCache {
     const parsedMessage = SubmittedMessageSchema.parse(message);
     const id = randomUUID();
     await this.cache.set(`${CHAT_MESSAGE_KEY}:${id}`, parsedMessage, {
-      ttl: CHAT_MESSAGE_TTL,
+      ttl: '1h',
     });
     return id;
   }
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/indexer/__tests__/job.spec.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/indexer/__tests__/job.spec.ts
index 8977879711..2642299d96 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/indexer/__tests__/job.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/indexer/__tests__/job.spec.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import Sinon from 'sinon';
 
 import { createModule } from '../../../__tests__/create-module';
 import { Mockers } from '../../../__tests__/mocks';
-import { JOB_SIGNAL } from '../../../base';
+import { Due, JOB_SIGNAL } from '../../../base';
 import { ConfigModule } from '../../../base/config';
 import { ServerConfigModule } from '../../../core/config';
 import { Models } from '../../../models';
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ test('should not index workspace if it is not updated in 180 days', async t => {
     user,
     workspaceId: workspace.id,
     docId: workspace.id,
-    updatedAt: new Date(Date.now() - 180 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000 - 1),
+    updatedAt: Due.before('181d'),
   });
 
   const count = module.queue.count('indexer.indexWorkspace');
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/indexer/job.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/indexer/job.ts
index f68b2c590b..7863375da9 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/indexer/job.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/indexer/job.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { Injectable, Logger } from '@nestjs/common';
 
-import { Config, JOB_SIGNAL, JobQueue, OnJob } from '../../base';
+import { Config, Due, JOB_SIGNAL, JobQueue, OnJob } from '../../base';
 import { readAllDocIdsFromWorkspaceSnapshot } from '../../core/utils/blocksuite';
 import { Models } from '../../models';
 import { IndexerService } from './service';
@@ -182,8 +182,7 @@ export class IndexerJob {
       // ignore 180 days not updated workspaces
       if (
         !snapshotMeta?.updatedAt ||
-        Date.now() - snapshotMeta.updatedAt.getTime() >
-          180 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000
+        snapshotMeta.updatedAt < Due.before('180d')
       ) {
         continue;
       }
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/license/service.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/license/service.ts
index b8a9d2d559..d5525c4e1d 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/license/service.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/license/service.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import { z } from 'zod';
 
 import {
   CryptoHelper,
+  Due,
   EventBus,
   InternalServerError,
   InvalidLicenseToActivate,
@@ -337,7 +338,7 @@ export class LicenseService {
     const licenses = await this.db.installedLicense.findMany({
       where: {
         validatedAt: {
-          lte: new Date(Date.now() - 1000 * 60 * 60 /* 1h */),
+          lte: Due.before('1h'),
         },
       },
     });
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/oauth/service.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/oauth/service.ts
index b6f06b6053..a943b27ef3 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/oauth/service.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/oauth/service.ts
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ export class OAuthService {
   async saveOAuthState(state: OAuthState) {
     const token = randomUUID();
     await this.cache.set(`${OAUTH_STATE_KEY}:${token}`, state, {
-      ttl: 3600 * 3 * 1000 /* 3 hours */,
+      ttl: '3h',
     });
 
     return token;
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/worker/controller.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/worker/controller.ts
index b2e2bd86ce..1521819d4e 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/worker/controller.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/worker/controller.ts
@@ -26,9 +26,6 @@ import {
 } from './utils';
 import { decodeWithCharset } from './utils/encoding';
 
-// cache for 30 minutes
-const CACHE_TTL = 1000 * 60 * 30;
-
 @Public()
 @UseNamedGuard('selfhost')
 @Controller('/api/worker')
@@ -98,7 +95,7 @@ export class WorkerController {
       if (contentType?.startsWith('image/')) {
         const buffer = Buffer.from(await response.arrayBuffer());
         await this.cache.set(cachedUrl, buffer.toString('base64'), {
-          ttl: CACHE_TTL,
+          ttl: '30m',
         });
         const contentDisposition = response.headers.get('Content-Disposition');
         return resp
@@ -118,7 +115,7 @@ export class WorkerController {
       if (response.status >= 400 && response.status < 500) {
         // rejected by server, cache a empty response
         await this.cache.set(cachedUrl, Buffer.from([]).toString('base64'), {
-          ttl: CACHE_TTL,
+          ttl: '30m',
         });
       }
       this.logger.error('Failed to fetch image', {
@@ -302,7 +299,7 @@ export class WorkerController {
         responseSize: json.length,
       });
 
-      await this.cache.set(cachedUrl, res, { ttl: CACHE_TTL });
+      await this.cache.set(cachedUrl, res, { ttl: '30m' });
       return resp
         .status(200)
         .header({