diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/metrics/utils.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/metrics/utils.ts
index f2fb599e0f..a4ee1ab86a 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/metrics/utils.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/metrics/utils.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-import { Counter, Gauge, Summary } from 'prom-client';
+import { Counter, Gauge, register, Summary } from 'prom-client';
+
+function getOr<T>(name: string, or: () => T): T {
+  return (register.getSingleMetric(name) as T) || or();
+}
 
 type LabelValues<T extends string> = Partial<Record<T, string | number>>;
 type MetricsCreator<T extends string> = (
@@ -14,11 +18,15 @@ export const metricsCreatorGenerator = () => {
     name: string,
     labelNames?: T[]
   ): MetricsCreator<T> => {
-    const counter = new Counter({
+    const counter = getOr(
       name,
-      help: name,
-      ...(labelNames ? { labelNames } : {}),
-    });
+      () =>
+        new Counter({
+          name,
+          help: name,
+          ...(labelNames ? { labelNames } : {}),
+        })
+    );
 
     return (value: number, labels: LabelValues<T>) => {
       counter.inc(labels, value);
@@ -29,11 +37,15 @@ export const metricsCreatorGenerator = () => {
     name: string,
     labelNames?: T[]
   ): MetricsCreator<T> => {
-    const gauge = new Gauge({
+    const gauge = getOr(
       name,
-      help: name,
-      ...(labelNames ? { labelNames } : {}),
-    });
+      () =>
+        new Gauge({
+          name,
+          help: name,
+          ...(labelNames ? { labelNames } : {}),
+        })
+    );
 
     return (value: number, labels: LabelValues<T>) => {
       gauge.set(labels, value);
@@ -44,11 +56,15 @@ export const metricsCreatorGenerator = () => {
     name: string,
     labelNames?: T[]
   ): TimerMetricsCreator<T> => {
-    const summary = new Summary({
+    const summary = getOr(
       name,
-      help: name,
-      ...(labelNames ? { labelNames } : {}),
-    });
+      () =>
+        new Summary({
+          name,
+          help: name,
+          ...(labelNames ? { labelNames } : {}),
+        })
+    );
 
     return (labels: LabelValues<T>) => {
       const now = process.hrtime();
@@ -71,3 +87,68 @@ export const metricsCreatorGenerator = () => {
 };
 
 export const metricsCreator = metricsCreatorGenerator();
+
+export const CallTimer = (
+  name: string,
+  labels: Record<string, any> = {}
+): MethodDecorator => {
+  const timer = metricsCreator.timer(name, Object.keys(labels));
+
+  // @ts-expect-error allow
+  return (
+    _target,
+    _key,
+    desc: TypedPropertyDescriptor<(...args: any[]) => any>
+  ) => {
+    const originalMethod = desc.value;
+    if (!originalMethod) {
+      return desc;
+    }
+
+    desc.value = function (...args: any[]) {
+      const endTimer = timer(labels);
+      let result: any;
+      try {
+        result = originalMethod.apply(this, args);
+      } catch (e) {
+        endTimer();
+        throw e;
+      }
+
+      if (result instanceof Promise) {
+        return result.finally(endTimer);
+      } else {
+        endTimer();
+        return result;
+      }
+    };
+
+    return desc;
+  };
+};
+
+export const CallCounter = (
+  name: string,
+  labels: Record<string, any> = {}
+): MethodDecorator => {
+  const count = metricsCreator.counter(name, Object.keys(labels));
+
+  // @ts-expect-error allow
+  return (
+    _target,
+    _key,
+    desc: TypedPropertyDescriptor<(...args: any[]) => any>
+  ) => {
+    const originalMethod = desc.value;
+    if (!originalMethod) {
+      return desc;
+    }
+
+    desc.value = function (...args: any[]) {
+      count(1, labels);
+      return originalMethod.apply(this, args);
+    };
+
+    return desc;
+  };
+};
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/modules/doc/manager.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/modules/doc/manager.ts
index 81f519cfb1..e27ec546b4 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/modules/doc/manager.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/modules/doc/manager.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import {
   OnModuleInit,
 } from '@nestjs/common';
 import { Snapshot, Update } from '@prisma/client';
+import { chunk } from 'lodash-es';
 import { defer, retry } from 'rxjs';
 import { applyUpdate, Doc, encodeStateAsUpdate, encodeStateVector } from 'yjs';
 
@@ -89,10 +90,10 @@ export class DocManager implements OnModuleInit, OnModuleDestroy {
 
   protected applyUpdates(guid: string, ...updates: Buffer[]): Doc {
     const doc = this.recoverDoc(...updates);
-    this.metrics.jwstCodecMerge(1, {});
 
     // test jwst codec
     if (this.config.doc.manager.experimentalMergeWithJwstCodec) {
+      this.metrics.jwstCodecMerge(1, {});
       const yjsResult = Buffer.from(encodeStateAsUpdate(doc));
       let log = false;
       try {
@@ -163,7 +164,12 @@ export class DocManager implements OnModuleInit, OnModuleDestroy {
   /**
    * add update to manager for later processing.
    */
-  async push(workspaceId: string, guid: string, update: Buffer) {
+  async push(
+    workspaceId: string,
+    guid: string,
+    update: Buffer,
+    retryTimes = 10
+  ) {
     await new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
       defer(async () => {
         const seq = await this.getUpdateSeq(workspaceId, guid);
@@ -176,7 +182,7 @@ export class DocManager implements OnModuleInit, OnModuleDestroy {
           },
         });
       })
-        .pipe(retry(MAX_SEQ_NUM)) // retry until seq num not conflict
+        .pipe(retry(retryTimes)) // retry until seq num not conflict
         .subscribe({
           next: () => {
             this.logger.verbose(
@@ -184,7 +190,54 @@ export class DocManager implements OnModuleInit, OnModuleDestroy {
             );
             resolve();
           },
-          error: reject,
+          error: e => {
+            this.logger.error('Failed to push updates', e);
+            reject(new Error('Failed to push update'));
+          },
+        });
+    });
+  }
+
+  async batchPush(
+    workspaceId: string,
+    guid: string,
+    updates: Buffer[],
+    retryTimes = 10
+  ) {
+    await new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
+      defer(async () => {
+        const seq = await this.getUpdateSeq(workspaceId, guid, updates.length);
+        let turn = 0;
+        const batchCount = 10;
+        for (const batch of chunk(updates, batchCount)) {
+          await this.db.update.createMany({
+            data: batch.map((update, i) => ({
+              workspaceId,
+              id: guid,
+              // `seq` is the last seq num of the batch
+              // example for 11 batched updates, start from seq num 20
+              // seq for first update in the batch should be:
+              // 31             - 11                + 0        * 10          + 0 + 1 = 21
+              // ^ last seq num   ^ updates.length    ^ turn     ^ batchCount  ^i
+              seq: seq - updates.length + turn * batchCount + i + 1,
+              blob: update,
+            })),
+          });
+          turn++;
+        }
+      })
+        .pipe(retry(retryTimes)) // retry until seq num not conflict
+        .subscribe({
+          next: () => {
+            this.logger.verbose(
+              `pushed updates for workspace: ${workspaceId}, guid: ${guid}`
+            );
+            resolve();
+          },
+          error: e => {
+            this.logger.error('Failed to push updates', e);
+            reject(new Error('Failed to push update'));
+          },
         });
     });
   }
@@ -370,7 +423,7 @@ export class DocManager implements OnModuleInit, OnModuleDestroy {
     return doc;
   }
 
-  private async getUpdateSeq(workspaceId: string, guid: string) {
+  private async getUpdateSeq(workspaceId: string, guid: string, batch = 1) {
     try {
       const { seq } = await this.db.snapshot.update({
         select: {
@@ -384,13 +437,13 @@ export class DocManager implements OnModuleInit, OnModuleDestroy {
         },
         data: {
           seq: {
-            increment: 1,
+            increment: batch,
           },
         },
       });
 
       // reset
-      if (seq === MAX_SEQ_NUM) {
+      if (seq >= MAX_SEQ_NUM) {
         await this.db.snapshot.update({
           where: {
             id_workspaceId: {
@@ -406,9 +459,10 @@ export class DocManager implements OnModuleInit, OnModuleDestroy {
 
       return seq;
     } catch {
+      // not existing snapshot just count it from 1
       const last = this.seqMap.get(workspaceId + guid) ?? 0;
-      this.seqMap.set(workspaceId + guid, last + 1);
-      return last + 1;
+      this.seqMap.set(workspaceId + guid, last + batch);
+      return last + batch;
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/modules/sync/events/error.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/modules/sync/events/error.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4d832e0e12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/modules/sync/events/error.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+enum EventErrorCode {
+  WORKSPACE_NOT_FOUND = 'WORKSPACE_NOT_FOUND',
+  DOC_NOT_FOUND = 'DOC_NOT_FOUND',
+  NOT_IN_WORKSPACE = 'NOT_IN_WORKSPACE',
+  ACCESS_DENIED = 'ACCESS_DENIED',
+  INTERNAL = 'INTERNAL',
+  VERSION_REJECTED = 'VERSION_REJECTED',
+}
+
+// Such errore are generally raised from the gateway handling to user,
+// the stack must be full of internal code,
+// so there is no need to inherit from `Error` class.
+export class EventError {
+  constructor(
+    public readonly code: EventErrorCode,
+    public readonly message: string
+  ) {}
+
+  toJSON() {
+    return {
+      code: this.code,
+      message: this.message,
+    };
+  }
+}
+
+export class WorkspaceNotFoundError extends EventError {
+  constructor(public readonly workspaceId: string) {
+    super(
+      EventErrorCode.WORKSPACE_NOT_FOUND,
+      `You are trying to access an unknown workspace ${workspaceId}.`
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+export class DocNotFoundError extends EventError {
+  constructor(
+    public readonly workspaceId: string,
+    public readonly docId: string
+  ) {
+    super(
+      EventErrorCode.DOC_NOT_FOUND,
+      `You are trying to access an unknown doc ${docId} under workspace ${workspaceId}.`
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+export class NotInWorkspaceError extends EventError {
+  constructor(public readonly workspaceId: string) {
+    super(
+      EventErrorCode.NOT_IN_WORKSPACE,
+      `You should join in workspace ${workspaceId} before broadcasting messages.`
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+export class AccessDeniedError extends EventError {
+  constructor(public readonly workspaceId: string) {
+    super(
+      EventErrorCode.ACCESS_DENIED,
+      `You have no permission to access workspace ${workspaceId}.`
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+export class InternalError extends EventError {
+  constructor(public readonly error: Error) {
+    super(EventErrorCode.INTERNAL, `Internal error happened: ${error.message}`);
+  }
+}
+
+export class VersionRejectedError extends EventError {
+  constructor(public readonly version: number) {
+    super(
+      EventErrorCode.VERSION_REJECTED,
+      // TODO: Too general error message,
+      // need to be more specific when versioning system is implemented.
+      `The version ${version} is rejected by server.`
+    );
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/modules/sync/events/events.gateway.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/modules/sync/events/events.gateway.ts
index 6334fd3804..df2725a00a 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/modules/sync/events/events.gateway.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/modules/sync/events/events.gateway.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-import { Logger } from '@nestjs/common';
+import { applyDecorators, Logger } from '@nestjs/common';
 import {
   ConnectedSocket,
   MessageBody,
   OnGatewayConnection,
   OnGatewayDisconnect,
-  SubscribeMessage,
+  SubscribeMessage as RawSubscribeMessage,
   WebSocketGateway,
   WebSocketServer,
 } from '@nestjs/websockets';
@@ -12,12 +12,40 @@ import { Server, Socket } from 'socket.io';
 import { encodeStateAsUpdate, encodeStateVector } from 'yjs';
 
 import { Metrics } from '../../../metrics/metrics';
+import { CallCounter, CallTimer } from '../../../metrics/utils';
 import { DocID } from '../../../utils/doc';
 import { Auth, CurrentUser } from '../../auth';
 import { DocManager } from '../../doc';
 import { UserType } from '../../users';
 import { PermissionService } from '../../workspaces/permission';
 import { Permission } from '../../workspaces/types';
+import {
+  AccessDeniedError,
+  DocNotFoundError,
+  EventError,
+  InternalError,
+  NotInWorkspaceError,
+  WorkspaceNotFoundError,
+} from './error';
+
+const SubscribeMessage = (event: string) =>
+  applyDecorators(
+    CallCounter('socket_io_counter', { event }),
+    CallTimer('socket_io_timer', { event }),
+    RawSubscribeMessage(event)
+  );
+
+type EventResponse<Data = any> =
+  | {
+      error: EventError;
+    }
+  | (Data extends never
+      ? {
+          data?: never;
+        }
+      : {
+          data: Data;
+        });
 
 @WebSocketGateway({
   cors: process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production',
@@ -52,38 +80,50 @@ export class EventsGateway implements OnGatewayConnection, OnGatewayDisconnect {
     @CurrentUser() user: UserType,
     @MessageBody() workspaceId: string,
     @ConnectedSocket() client: Socket
-  ) {
-    this.metric.socketIOEventCounter(1, { event: 'client-handshake' });
-    const endTimer = this.metric.socketIOEventTimer({
-      event: 'client-handshake',
-    });
-
+  ): Promise<EventResponse<{ clientId: string }>> {
     const canWrite = await this.permissions.tryCheck(
       workspaceId,
       user.id,
       Permission.Write
     );
-    if (canWrite) await client.join(workspaceId);
 
-    endTimer();
-    return canWrite;
+    if (canWrite) {
+      await client.join(workspaceId);
+      return {
+        data: {
+          clientId: client.id,
+        },
+      };
+    } else {
+      return {
+        error: new AccessDeniedError(workspaceId),
+      };
+    }
   }
 
   @SubscribeMessage('client-leave')
   async handleClientLeave(
     @MessageBody() workspaceId: string,
     @ConnectedSocket() client: Socket
-  ) {
-    this.metric.socketIOEventCounter(1, { event: 'client-leave' });
-    const endTimer = this.metric.socketIOEventTimer({
-      event: 'client-leave',
-    });
-    await client.leave(workspaceId);
-    endTimer();
+  ): Promise<EventResponse> {
+    if (client.rooms.has(workspaceId)) {
+      await client.leave(workspaceId);
+      return {};
+    } else {
+      return {
+        error: new NotInWorkspaceError(workspaceId),
+      };
+    }
   }
 
+  /**
+   * This is the old version of the `client-update` event without any data protocol.
+   * It only exists for backwards compatibility to adapt older clients.
+   *
+   * @deprecated
+   */
   @SubscribeMessage('client-update')
-  async handleClientUpdate(
+  async handleClientUpdateV1(
     @MessageBody()
     {
       workspaceId,
@@ -96,31 +136,37 @@ export class EventsGateway implements OnGatewayConnection, OnGatewayDisconnect {
     },
     @ConnectedSocket() client: Socket
   ) {
-    this.metric.socketIOEventCounter(1, { event: 'client-update' });
-    const endTimer = this.metric.socketIOEventTimer({ event: 'client-update' });
-
     if (!client.rooms.has(workspaceId)) {
       this.logger.verbose(
         `Client ${client.id} tried to push update to workspace ${workspaceId} without joining it first`
       );
-      endTimer();
       return;
     }
 
     const docId = new DocID(guid, workspaceId);
+
     client
       .to(docId.workspace)
       .emit('server-update', { workspaceId, guid, update });
 
-    const buf = Buffer.from(update, 'base64');
+    // broadcast to all clients with newer version that only listen to `server-updates`
+    client
+      .to(docId.workspace)
+      .emit('server-updates', { workspaceId, guid, updates: [update] });
 
+    const buf = Buffer.from(update, 'base64');
     await this.docManager.push(docId.workspace, docId.guid, buf);
-    endTimer();
   }
 
+  /**
+   * This is the old version of the `doc-load` event without any data protocol.
+   * It only exists for backwards compatibility to adapt older clients.
+   *
+   * @deprecated
+   */
   @Auth()
   @SubscribeMessage('doc-load')
-  async loadDoc(
+  async loadDocV1(
     @ConnectedSocket() client: Socket,
     @CurrentUser() user: UserType,
     @MessageBody()
@@ -134,12 +180,9 @@ export class EventsGateway implements OnGatewayConnection, OnGatewayDisconnect {
       stateVector?: string;
     }
   ): Promise<{ missing: string; state?: string } | false> {
-    this.metric.socketIOEventCounter(1, { event: 'doc-load' });
-    const endTimer = this.metric.socketIOEventTimer({ event: 'doc-load' });
     if (!client.rooms.has(workspaceId)) {
       const canRead = await this.permissions.tryCheck(workspaceId, user.id);
       if (!canRead) {
-        endTimer();
         return false;
       }
     }
@@ -148,7 +191,6 @@ export class EventsGateway implements OnGatewayConnection, OnGatewayDisconnect {
     const doc = await this.docManager.get(docId.workspace, docId.guid);
 
     if (!doc) {
-      endTimer();
       return false;
     }
 
@@ -160,53 +202,138 @@ export class EventsGateway implements OnGatewayConnection, OnGatewayDisconnect {
     ).toString('base64');
     const state = Buffer.from(encodeStateVector(doc)).toString('base64');
 
-    endTimer();
     return {
       missing,
       state,
     };
   }
 
+  @SubscribeMessage('client-update-v2')
+  async handleClientUpdateV2(
+    @MessageBody()
+    {
+      workspaceId,
+      guid,
+      updates,
+    }: {
+      workspaceId: string;
+      guid: string;
+      updates: string[];
+    },
+    @ConnectedSocket() client: Socket
+  ): Promise<EventResponse<{ accepted: true }>> {
+    if (!client.rooms.has(workspaceId)) {
+      return {
+        error: new NotInWorkspaceError(workspaceId),
+      };
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const docId = new DocID(guid, workspaceId);
+      client
+        .to(docId.workspace)
+        .emit('server-updates', { workspaceId, guid, updates });
+
+      const buffers = updates.map(update => Buffer.from(update, 'base64'));
+
+      await this.docManager.batchPush(docId.workspace, docId.guid, buffers);
+      return {
+        data: {
+          accepted: true,
+        },
+      };
+    } catch (e) {
+      return {
+        error: new InternalError(e as Error),
+      };
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Auth()
+  @SubscribeMessage('doc-load-v2')
+  async loadDocV2(
+    @ConnectedSocket() client: Socket,
+    @CurrentUser() user: UserType,
+    @MessageBody()
+    {
+      workspaceId,
+      guid,
+      stateVector,
+    }: {
+      workspaceId: string;
+      guid: string;
+      stateVector?: string;
+    }
+  ): Promise<EventResponse<{ missing: string; state?: string }>> {
+    if (!client.rooms.has(workspaceId)) {
+      const canRead = await this.permissions.tryCheck(workspaceId, user.id);
+      if (!canRead) {
+        return {
+          error: new AccessDeniedError(workspaceId),
+        };
+      }
+    }
+
+    const docId = new DocID(guid, workspaceId);
+    const doc = await this.docManager.get(docId.workspace, docId.guid);
+
+    if (!doc) {
+      return {
+        error: docId.isWorkspace
+          ? new WorkspaceNotFoundError(workspaceId)
+          : new DocNotFoundError(workspaceId, docId.guid),
+      };
+    }
+
+    const missing = Buffer.from(
+      encodeStateAsUpdate(
+        doc,
+        stateVector ? Buffer.from(stateVector, 'base64') : undefined
+      )
+    ).toString('base64');
+    const state = Buffer.from(encodeStateVector(doc)).toString('base64');
+
+    return {
+      data: {
+        missing,
+        state,
+      },
+    };
+  }
+
   @SubscribeMessage('awareness-init')
   async handleInitAwareness(
     @MessageBody() workspaceId: string,
     @ConnectedSocket() client: Socket
-  ) {
-    this.metric.socketIOEventCounter(1, { event: 'awareness-init' });
-    const endTimer = this.metric.socketIOEventTimer({
-      event: 'init-awareness',
-    });
+  ): Promise<EventResponse<{ clientId: string }>> {
     if (client.rooms.has(workspaceId)) {
       client.to(workspaceId).emit('new-client-awareness-init');
+      return {
+        data: {
+          clientId: client.id,
+        },
+      };
     } else {
-      this.logger.verbose(
-        `Client ${client.id} tried to init awareness for workspace ${workspaceId} without joining it first`
-      );
+      return {
+        error: new NotInWorkspaceError(workspaceId),
+      };
     }
-    endTimer();
   }
 
   @SubscribeMessage('awareness-update')
   async handleHelpGatheringAwareness(
     @MessageBody() message: { workspaceId: string; awarenessUpdate: string },
     @ConnectedSocket() client: Socket
-  ) {
-    this.metric.socketIOEventCounter(1, { event: 'awareness-update' });
-    const endTimer = this.metric.socketIOEventTimer({
-      event: 'awareness-update',
-    });
-
+  ): Promise<EventResponse> {
     if (client.rooms.has(message.workspaceId)) {
-      client.to(message.workspaceId).emit('server-awareness-broadcast', {
-        ...message,
-      });
+      client
+        .to(message.workspaceId)
+        .emit('server-awareness-broadcast', message);
+      return {};
     } else {
-      this.logger.verbose(
-        `Client ${client.id} tried to update awareness for workspace ${message.workspaceId} without joining it first`
-      );
+      return {
+        error: new NotInWorkspaceError(message.workspaceId),
+      };
     }
-
-    endTimer();
-    return 'ack';
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/tests/doc.spec.ts b/packages/backend/server/tests/doc.spec.ts
index 0f3dd67905..5f18bedbed 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/tests/doc.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/tests/doc.spec.ts
@@ -225,6 +225,31 @@ test('should have sequential update number', async t => {
   t.not(records.length, 0);
 });
 
+test('should have correct sequential update number with batching push', async t => {
+  const manager = m.get(DocManager);
+  const doc = new YDoc();
+  const text = doc.getText('content');
+  const updates: Buffer[] = [];
+
+  doc.on('update', update => {
+    updates.push(Buffer.from(update));
+  });
+
+  text.insert(0, 'hello');
+  text.insert(5, 'world');
+  text.insert(5, ' ');
+
+  await manager.batchPush('2', '2', updates);
+
+  // [1,2,3]
+  const records = await manager.getUpdates('2', '2');
+
+  t.deepEqual(
+    records.map(({ seq }) => seq),
+    [1, 2, 3]
+  );
+});
+
 test('should retry if seq num conflict', async t => {
   const manager = m.get(DocManager);
 
@@ -240,3 +265,19 @@ test('should retry if seq num conflict', async t => {
 
   t.is(stub.callCount, 3);
 });
+
+test('should throw if meet max retry times', async t => {
+  const manager = m.get(DocManager);
+
+  // @ts-expect-error private method
+  const stub = Sinon.stub(manager, 'getUpdateSeq');
+
+  stub.resolves(1);
+  await t.notThrowsAsync(() => manager.push('1', '1', Buffer.from([0, 0])));
+
+  await t.throwsAsync(
+    () => manager.push('1', '1', Buffer.from([0, 0]), 3 /* retry 3 times */),
+    { message: 'Failed to push update' }
+  );
+  t.is(stub.callCount, 5);
+});
diff --git a/packages/frontend/workspace/package.json b/packages/frontend/workspace/package.json
index 7a3cf9af3c..4a9293c246 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/workspace/package.json
+++ b/packages/frontend/workspace/package.json
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
     "js-base64": "^3.7.5",
     "ky": "^1.0.1",
     "lib0": "^0.2.87",
+    "lodash-es": "^4.17.21",
     "nanoid": "^5.0.1",
     "next-auth": "^4.23.2",
     "react": "18.2.0",
diff --git a/packages/frontend/workspace/src/affine/batch-sync-sender.ts b/packages/frontend/workspace/src/affine/batch-sync-sender.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..daebb9bc53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/frontend/workspace/src/affine/batch-sync-sender.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+interface SyncUpdateSender {
+  (
+    guid: string,
+    updates: Uint8Array[]
+  ): Promise<{
+    accepted: boolean;
+    retry: boolean;
+  }>;
+}
+
+/**
+ * BatchSyncSender is simple wrapper with vanilla update sync with several advanced features:
+ *   - ACK mechanism, send updates sequentially with previous sync request correctly responds with ACK
+ *   - batching updates, when waiting for previous ACK, new updates will be buffered and sent in single sync request
+ *   - retryable, allow retry when previous sync request failed but with retry flag been set to true
+ */
+export class BatchSyncSender {
+  private buffered: Uint8Array[] = [];
+  private job: Promise<void> | null = null;
+  private started = true;
+
+  constructor(
+    private guid: string,
+    private readonly rawSender: SyncUpdateSender
+  ) {}
+
+  send(update: Uint8Array) {
+    this.buffered.push(update);
+    this.next();
+    return Promise.resolve();
+  }
+
+  stop() {
+    this.started = false;
+  }
+
+  start() {
+    this.started = true;
+    this.next();
+  }
+
+  private next() {
+    if (!this.started || this.job || !this.buffered.length) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const lastIndex = Math.min(
+      this.buffered.length - 1,
+      99 /* max batch updates size */
+    );
+    const updates = this.buffered.slice(0, lastIndex + 1);
+
+    if (updates.length) {
+      this.job = this.rawSender(this.guid, updates)
+        .then(({ accepted, retry }) => {
+          // remove pending updates if updates are accepted
+          if (accepted) {
+            this.buffered.splice(0, lastIndex + 1);
+          }
+
+          // stop when previous sending failed and non-recoverable
+          if (accepted || retry) {
+            // avoid call stack overflow
+            setTimeout(() => {
+              this.next();
+            }, 0);
+          } else {
+            this.stop();
+          }
+        })
+        .catch(() => {
+          this.stop();
+        })
+        .finally(() => {
+          this.job = null;
+        });
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export class MultipleBatchSyncSender {
+  private senders: Record<string, BatchSyncSender> = {};
+
+  constructor(private readonly rawSender: SyncUpdateSender) {}
+
+  async send(guid: string, update: Uint8Array) {
+    return this.getSender(guid).send(update);
+  }
+
+  private getSender(guid: string) {
+    let sender = this.senders[guid];
+    if (!sender) {
+      sender = new BatchSyncSender(guid, this.rawSender);
+      this.senders[guid] = sender;
+    }
+
+    return sender;
+  }
+
+  start() {
+    Object.values(this.senders).forEach(sender => sender.start());
+  }
+
+  stop() {
+    Object.values(this.senders).forEach(sender => sender.stop());
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/frontend/workspace/src/affine/crud.ts b/packages/frontend/workspace/src/affine/crud.ts
index 2e631f3d0e..0edbcf663e 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/workspace/src/affine/crud.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/workspace/src/affine/crud.ts
@@ -59,14 +59,6 @@ export const CRUD: WorkspaceCRUD<WorkspaceFlavour.AFFINE_CLOUD> = {
       WorkspaceFlavour.AFFINE_CLOUD
     );
 
-    const datasource = createAffineDataSource(
-      createWorkspace.id,
-      newBlockSuiteWorkspace.doc,
-      newBlockSuiteWorkspace.awarenessStore.awareness
-    );
-
-    await syncDataSourceFromDoc(upstreamWorkspace.doc, datasource);
-
     Y.applyUpdate(
       newBlockSuiteWorkspace.doc,
       Y.encodeStateAsUpdate(upstreamWorkspace.doc)
@@ -85,6 +77,16 @@ export const CRUD: WorkspaceCRUD<WorkspaceFlavour.AFFINE_CLOUD> = {
       })
     );
 
+    const datasource = createAffineDataSource(
+      createWorkspace.id,
+      newBlockSuiteWorkspace.doc,
+      newBlockSuiteWorkspace.awarenessStore.awareness
+    );
+
+    const disconnect = datasource.onDocUpdate(() => {});
+    await syncDataSourceFromDoc(upstreamWorkspace.doc, datasource);
+    disconnect();
+
     const provider = createIndexedDBProvider(
       newBlockSuiteWorkspace.doc,
       DEFAULT_DB_NAME
diff --git a/packages/frontend/workspace/src/affine/index.ts b/packages/frontend/workspace/src/affine/index.ts
index 327c5ab7c4..c5d5796d65 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/workspace/src/affine/index.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/workspace/src/affine/index.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { DebugLogger } from '@affine/debug';
+import { isEqual } from 'lodash-es';
 import type { Socket } from 'socket.io-client';
 import { Manager } from 'socket.io-client';
 import {
@@ -10,6 +11,7 @@ import {
 import type { DocDataSource } from 'y-provider';
 import type { Doc } from 'yjs';
 
+import { MultipleBatchSyncSender } from './batch-sync-sender';
 import {
   type AwarenessChanges,
   base64ToUint8Array,
@@ -41,8 +43,44 @@ export const createAffineDataSource = (
     console.warn('important!! please use doc.guid as roomName');
   }
 
-  logger.debug('createAffineDataSource', id, rootDoc.guid, awareness);
+  logger.debug('createAffineDataSource', id, rootDoc.guid);
   const socket = getIoManager().socket('/');
+  const syncSender = new MultipleBatchSyncSender(async (guid, updates) => {
+    const payload = await Promise.all(
+      updates.map(update => uint8ArrayToBase64(update))
+    );
+
+    return new Promise(resolve => {
+      socket.emit(
+        'client-update-v2',
+        {
+          workspaceId: rootDoc.guid,
+          guid,
+          updates: payload,
+        },
+        (response: {
+          // TODO: reuse `EventError` with server
+          error?: any;
+          data: any;
+        }) => {
+          // TODO: raise error with different code to users
+          if (response.error) {
+            logger.error('client-update-v2 error', {
+              workspaceId: rootDoc.guid,
+              guid,
+              response,
+            });
+          }
+
+          resolve({
+            accepted: !response.error,
+            // TODO: reuse `EventError` with server
+            retry: response.error?.code === 'INTERNAL',
+          });
+        }
+      );
+    });
+  });
 
   return {
     get socket() {
@@ -54,78 +92,93 @@ export const createAffineDataSource = (
         : undefined;
 
       return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-        logger.debug('doc-load', {
+        logger.debug('doc-load-v2', {
           workspaceId: rootDoc.guid,
           guid,
           stateVector,
         });
         socket.emit(
-          'doc-load',
+          'doc-load-v2',
           {
             workspaceId: rootDoc.guid,
             guid,
             stateVector,
           },
-          (docState: Error | { missing: string; state: string } | null) => {
+          (
+            response: // TODO: reuse `EventError` with server
+            { error: any } | { data: { missing: string; state: string } }
+          ) => {
             logger.debug('doc-load callback', {
               workspaceId: rootDoc.guid,
               guid,
               stateVector,
-              docState,
+              response,
             });
-            if (docState instanceof Error) {
-              reject(docState);
-              return;
-            }
 
-            resolve(
-              docState
-                ? {
-                    missing: base64ToUint8Array(docState.missing),
-                    state: docState.state
-                      ? base64ToUint8Array(docState.state)
-                      : undefined,
-                  }
-                : false
-            );
+            if ('error' in response) {
+              // TODO: result `EventError` with server
+              if (response.error.code === 'DOC_NOT_FOUND') {
+                resolve(false);
+              } else {
+                reject(new Error(response.error.message));
+              }
+            } else {
+              resolve({
+                missing: base64ToUint8Array(response.data.missing),
+                state: response.data.state
+                  ? base64ToUint8Array(response.data.state)
+                  : undefined,
+              });
+            }
           }
         );
       });
     },
     sendDocUpdate: async (guid: string, update: Uint8Array) => {
-      logger.debug('client-update', {
+      logger.debug('client-update-v2', {
         workspaceId: rootDoc.guid,
         guid,
         update,
       });
-      socket.emit('client-update', {
-        workspaceId: rootDoc.guid,
-        guid,
-        update: await uint8ArrayToBase64(update),
-      });
 
-      return Promise.resolve();
+      await syncSender.send(guid, update);
     },
     onDocUpdate: callback => {
-      socket.on('connect', () => {
-        socket.emit('client-handshake', rootDoc.guid);
-      });
       const onUpdate = async (message: {
         workspaceId: string;
         guid: string;
-        update: string;
+        updates: string[];
       }) => {
         if (message.workspaceId === rootDoc.guid) {
-          callback(message.guid, base64ToUint8Array(message.update));
+          message.updates.forEach(update => {
+            callback(message.guid, base64ToUint8Array(update));
+          });
         }
       };
-      socket.on('server-update', onUpdate);
-      const destroyAwareness = setupAffineAwareness(socket, rootDoc, awareness);
+      let destroyAwareness = () => {};
+      socket.on('server-updates', onUpdate);
+      socket.on('connect', () => {
+        socket.emit(
+          'client-handshake',
+          rootDoc.guid,
+          (response: { error?: any }) => {
+            if (!response.error) {
+              syncSender.start();
+              destroyAwareness = setupAffineAwareness(
+                socket,
+                rootDoc,
+                awareness
+              );
+            }
+          }
+        );
+      });
 
       socket.connect();
       return () => {
+        syncSender.stop();
         socket.emit('client-leave', rootDoc.guid);
-        socket.off('server-update', onUpdate);
+        socket.off('server-updates', onUpdate);
         destroyAwareness();
         socket.disconnect();
       };
@@ -138,6 +191,23 @@ function setupAffineAwareness(
   rootDoc: Doc,
   awareness: Awareness
 ) {
+  let lastAwarenessState: Map<number, any> = new Map();
+  // can't compare on update binary because the protocol will encode clock in it but the state is still the same
+  const compareAwarenessState = (clients: number[]) => {
+    const newAwarenessState = new Map();
+    clients.forEach(client => {
+      newAwarenessState.set(client, awareness.states.get(client));
+    });
+
+    const equal = isEqual(lastAwarenessState, newAwarenessState);
+
+    if (!equal) {
+      lastAwarenessState = newAwarenessState;
+    }
+
+    return equal;
+  };
+
   const awarenessBroadcast = ({
     workspaceId,
     awarenessUpdate,
@@ -148,7 +218,6 @@ function setupAffineAwareness(
     if (workspaceId !== rootDoc.guid) {
       return;
     }
-
     applyAwarenessUpdate(
       awareness,
       base64ToUint8Array(awarenessUpdate),
@@ -166,6 +235,11 @@ function setupAffineAwareness(
       ...cur,
     ]);
 
+    // hit the last awareness update cache, skip
+    if (compareAwarenessState(changedClients)) {
+      return;
+    }
+
     const update = encodeAwarenessUpdate(awareness, changedClients);
     uint8ArrayToBase64(update)
       .then(encodedUpdate => {
@@ -174,7 +248,7 @@ function setupAffineAwareness(
           awarenessUpdate: encodedUpdate,
         });
       })
-      .catch(err => console.error(err));
+      .catch(err => logger.error(err));
   };
 
   const newClientAwarenessInitHandler = () => {
@@ -188,7 +262,7 @@ function setupAffineAwareness(
           awarenessUpdate: encodedAwarenessUpdate,
         });
       })
-      .catch(err => console.error(err));
+      .catch(err => logger.error(err));
   };
 
   const windowBeforeUnloadHandler = () => {
@@ -199,12 +273,10 @@ function setupAffineAwareness(
   conn.on('new-client-awareness-init', newClientAwarenessInitHandler);
   awareness.on('update', awarenessUpdate);
 
-  conn.on('connect', () => {
-    conn.emit('awareness-init', rootDoc.guid);
-  });
-
   window.addEventListener('beforeunload', windowBeforeUnloadHandler);
 
+  conn.emit('awareness-init', rootDoc.guid);
+
   return () => {
     awareness.off('update', awarenessUpdate);
     conn.off('server-awareness-broadcast', awarenessBroadcast);
diff --git a/packages/frontend/workspace/src/providers/index.ts b/packages/frontend/workspace/src/providers/index.ts
index 83589f9970..29864d1009 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/workspace/src/providers/index.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/workspace/src/providers/index.ts
@@ -38,13 +38,10 @@ const createAffineSocketIOProvider: DocProviderCreator = (
   const lazyProvider = createLazyProvider(doc, dataSource, {
     origin: 'affine-socket-io',
   });
-  return {
-    flavour: 'affine-socket-io',
-    ...lazyProvider,
-    get status() {
-      return lazyProvider.status;
-    },
-  };
+
+  Object.assign(lazyProvider, { flavour: 'affine-socket-io' });
+
+  return lazyProvider as unknown as AffineSocketIOProvider;
 };
 
 const createIndexedDBBackgroundProvider: DocProviderCreator = (
diff --git a/yarn.lock b/yarn.lock
index 7c1111063d..a2fd82e50c 100644
--- a/yarn.lock
+++ b/yarn.lock
@@ -865,6 +865,7 @@ __metadata:
     js-base64: "npm:^3.7.5"
     ky: "npm:^1.0.1"
     lib0: "npm:^0.2.87"
+    lodash-es: "npm:^4.17.21"
     nanoid: "npm:^5.0.1"
     next-auth: "npm:^4.23.2"
     react: "npm:18.2.0"