feat(editor): support markdown adapter preprocessed with latex delimiters (#11431)

To close [BS-2870](https://linear.app/affine-design/issue/BS-2870/支持识别-和-[-包裹内容为公式)

## Add Markdown Preprocessor Extension and Enhanced LaTeX Support

### Markdown Preprocessor Extension
This PR introduces a new preprocessor extension for Markdown adapters that allows preprocessing of content before conversion:

Adds a new PreprocessorManager for handling text transformations
Introduces extensible preprocessor interface that supports different processing levels (block/slice/doc)

Integrates preprocessor extension into the existing Markdown adapter workflow

### LaTeX Support Enhancement
Extends LaTeX support to handle both traditional and alternative syntax:
Adds support for backslash LaTeX syntax:

Block math: ```\[...\] ``` alongside existing ```$$...$$```
Inline math: ```\(...\) ``` alongside existing ```$...$```

Implements LaTeX preprocessor to standardize syntax before conversion

Updates tests to cover both syntax variants

packages/common/nbstore/src/sync/indexer/crawler.ts

@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
-import { defaultBlockMarkdownAdapterMatchers } from '@blocksuite/affine/adapters';
+import { MarkdownAdapterExtension } from '@blocksuite/affine/adapters';
 import { Container } from '@blocksuite/affine/global/di';
-import {
-  InlineDeltaToMarkdownAdapterExtensions,
-  MarkdownInlineToDeltaAdapterExtensions,
-} from '@blocksuite/affine/inlines/preset';
 import type {
   AttachmentBlockModel,
   BookmarkBlockModel,
@@ -123,11 +119,7 @@ function generateMarkdownPreviewBuilder(
   };
 
   const container = new Container();
-  [
-    ...MarkdownInlineToDeltaAdapterExtensions,
-    ...defaultBlockMarkdownAdapterMatchers,
-    ...InlineDeltaToMarkdownAdapterExtensions,
-  ].forEach(ext => {
+  [...MarkdownAdapterExtension].forEach(ext => {
     ext.setup(container);
   });