diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/guard.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/guard.ts
index eed1d6f727..7983f3adef 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/guard.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/guard.ts
@@ -8,13 +8,11 @@ import {
   UseGuards,
 } from '@nestjs/common';
 import { Reflector } from '@nestjs/core';
+import { PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client';
 import type { NextAuthOptions } from 'next-auth';
 import { AuthHandler } from 'next-auth/core';
 
-import {
-  getRequestResponseFromContext,
-  PrismaService,
-} from '../../fundamentals';
+import { getRequestResponseFromContext } from '../../fundamentals';
 import { NextAuthOptionsProvide } from './next-auth-options';
 import { AuthService } from './service';
 
@@ -57,7 +55,7 @@ class AuthGuard implements CanActivate {
     @Inject(NextAuthOptionsProvide)
     private readonly nextAuthOptions: NextAuthOptions,
     private readonly auth: AuthService,
-    private readonly prisma: PrismaService,
+    private readonly prisma: PrismaClient,
     private readonly reflector: Reflector
   ) {}
 
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/next-auth-options.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/next-auth-options.ts
index b65ed520c0..70a58c3205 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/next-auth-options.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/next-auth-options.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { PrismaAdapter } from '@auth/prisma-adapter';
 import { FactoryProvider, Logger } from '@nestjs/common';
 import { verify } from '@node-rs/argon2';
+import { PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client';
 import { assign, omit } from 'lodash-es';
 import { NextAuthOptions } from 'next-auth';
 import Credentials from 'next-auth/providers/credentials';
@@ -8,12 +9,7 @@ import Email from 'next-auth/providers/email';
 import Github from 'next-auth/providers/github';
 import Google from 'next-auth/providers/google';
 
-import {
-  Config,
-  MailService,
-  PrismaService,
-  SessionService,
-} from '../../fundamentals';
+import { Config, MailService, SessionService } from '../../fundamentals';
 import { FeatureType } from '../features';
 import { Quota_FreePlanV1_1 } from '../quota';
 import {
@@ -31,7 +27,7 @@ export const NextAuthOptionsProvider: FactoryProvider<NextAuthOptions> = {
   provide: NextAuthOptionsProvide,
   useFactory(
     config: Config,
-    prisma: PrismaService,
+    prisma: PrismaClient,
     mailer: MailService,
     session: SessionService
   ) {
@@ -284,5 +280,5 @@ export const NextAuthOptionsProvider: FactoryProvider<NextAuthOptions> = {
     };
     return nextAuthOptions;
   },
-  inject: [Config, PrismaService, MailService, SessionService],
+  inject: [Config, PrismaClient, MailService, SessionService],
 };
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/next-auth.controller.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/next-auth.controller.ts
index ab083845aa..22ef1dca5f 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/next-auth.controller.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/next-auth.controller.ts
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import {
   UseGuards,
 } from '@nestjs/common';
 import { hash, verify } from '@node-rs/argon2';
-import type { User } from '@prisma/client';
+import { PrismaClient, type User } from '@prisma/client';
 import type { NextFunction, Request, Response } from 'express';
 import { pick } from 'lodash-es';
 import { nanoid } from 'nanoid';
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ import {
   AuthThrottlerGuard,
   Config,
   metrics,
-  PrismaService,
   SessionService,
   Throttle,
 } from '../../fundamentals';
@@ -45,7 +44,7 @@ export class NextAuthController {
 
   constructor(
     readonly config: Config,
-    readonly prisma: PrismaService,
+    readonly prisma: PrismaClient,
     private readonly authService: AuthService,
     @Inject(NextAuthOptionsProvide)
     private readonly nextAuthOptions: NextAuthOptions,
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/service.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/service.ts
index 26f863d1f7..41535175e2 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/service.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/service.ts
@@ -8,13 +8,12 @@ import {
 } from '@nestjs/common';
 import { hash, verify } from '@node-rs/argon2';
 import { Algorithm, sign, verify as jwtVerify } from '@node-rs/jsonwebtoken';
-import type { User } from '@prisma/client';
+import { PrismaClient, type User } from '@prisma/client';
 import { nanoid } from 'nanoid';
 
 import {
   Config,
   MailService,
-  PrismaService,
   verifyChallengeResponse,
 } from '../../fundamentals';
 import { Quota_FreePlanV1_1 } from '../quota';
@@ -32,7 +31,7 @@ export const getUtcTimestamp = () => Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000);
 export class AuthService {
   constructor(
     private readonly config: Config,
-    private readonly prisma: PrismaService,
+    private readonly prisma: PrismaClient,
     private readonly mailer: MailService
   ) {}
 
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/utils/jwt.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/utils/jwt.ts
index 929a26f1ad..92eac1f55c 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/utils/jwt.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/auth/utils/jwt.ts
@@ -2,14 +2,15 @@ import { randomUUID } from 'node:crypto';
 
 import { BadRequestException } from '@nestjs/common';
 import { Algorithm, sign, verify as jwtVerify } from '@node-rs/jsonwebtoken';
+import { PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client';
 import { JWT } from 'next-auth/jwt';
 
-import { Config, PrismaService } from '../../../fundamentals';
+import { Config } from '../../../fundamentals';
 import { getUtcTimestamp, UserClaim } from '../service';
 
 export const jwtEncode = async (
   config: Config,
-  prisma: PrismaService,
+  prisma: PrismaClient,
   token: JWT | undefined,
   maxAge: number | undefined
 ) => {
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/doc/history.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/doc/history.ts
index 303b6fd56e..5a65c3bea5 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/doc/history.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/doc/history.ts
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ import { isDeepStrictEqual } from 'node:util';
 
 import { Injectable, Logger } from '@nestjs/common';
 import { Cron, CronExpression } from '@nestjs/schedule';
+import { PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client';
 
 import {
   Config,
   type EventPayload,
   metrics,
   OnEvent,
-  PrismaService,
 } from '../../fundamentals';
 import { QuotaService } from '../quota';
 import { Permission } from '../workspaces/types';
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ export class DocHistoryManager {
   private readonly logger = new Logger(DocHistoryManager.name);
   constructor(
     private readonly config: Config,
-    private readonly db: PrismaService,
+    private readonly db: PrismaClient,
     private readonly quota: QuotaService
   ) {}
 
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/doc/manager.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/doc/manager.ts
index 1fa7ffafc5..3d0035e1ed 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/doc/manager.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/doc/manager.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import {
   OnModuleInit,
 } from '@nestjs/common';
 import { Cron, CronExpression } from '@nestjs/schedule';
-import { Snapshot, Update } from '@prisma/client';
+import { PrismaClient, Snapshot, Update } from '@prisma/client';
 import { chunk } from 'lodash-es';
 import { defer, retry } from 'rxjs';
 import {
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ import {
   mergeUpdatesInApplyWay as jwstMergeUpdates,
   metrics,
   OnEvent,
-  PrismaService,
 } from '../../fundamentals';
 
 function compare(yBinary: Buffer, jwstBinary: Buffer, strict = false): boolean {
@@ -72,7 +71,7 @@ export class DocManager implements OnModuleInit, OnModuleDestroy {
   private busy = false;
 
   constructor(
-    private readonly db: PrismaService,
+    private readonly db: PrismaClient,
     private readonly config: Config,
     private readonly cache: Cache,
     private readonly event: EventEmitter
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/features/management.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/features/management.ts
index e2e0f8c82c..3176e4d7d6 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/features/management.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/features/management.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { Injectable, Logger } from '@nestjs/common';
+import { PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client';
 
-import { Config, PrismaService } from '../../fundamentals';
+import { Config } from '../../fundamentals';
 import { FeatureService } from './service';
 import { FeatureType } from './types';
 
@@ -12,7 +13,7 @@ export class FeatureManagementService {
 
   constructor(
     private readonly feature: FeatureService,
-    private readonly prisma: PrismaService,
+    private readonly prisma: PrismaClient,
     private readonly config: Config
   ) {}
 
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/features/service.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/features/service.ts
index 23b442492e..2183b27c5b 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/features/service.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/features/service.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { Injectable } from '@nestjs/common';
+import { PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client';
 
-import { PrismaService } from '../../fundamentals';
 import { UserType } from '../users/types';
 import { WorkspaceType } from '../workspaces/types';
 import { FeatureConfigType, getFeature } from './feature';
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import { FeatureKind, FeatureType } from './types';
 
 @Injectable()
 export class FeatureService {
-  constructor(private readonly prisma: PrismaService) {}
+  constructor(private readonly prisma: PrismaClient) {}
 
   async getFeaturesVersion() {
     const features = await this.prisma.features.findMany({
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/quota/quota.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/quota/quota.ts
index 0aaf6d1282..d6d7657c01 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/quota/quota.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/quota/quota.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-import { PrismaService } from '../../fundamentals';
+import { PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client';
+
 import { formatDate, formatSize, Quota, QuotaSchema } from './types';
 
 const QuotaCache = new Map<number, QuotaConfig>();
@@ -6,7 +7,7 @@ const QuotaCache = new Map<number, QuotaConfig>();
 export class QuotaConfig {
   readonly config: Quota;
 
-  static async get(prisma: PrismaService, featureId: number) {
+  static async get(prisma: PrismaClient, featureId: number) {
     const cachedQuota = QuotaCache.get(featureId);
 
     if (cachedQuota) {
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/quota/service.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/quota/service.ts
index f4880eda9e..d8b2b65fe7 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/quota/service.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/quota/service.ts
@@ -1,15 +1,16 @@
 import { Injectable } from '@nestjs/common';
+import { PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client';
 
-import { type EventPayload, OnEvent, PrismaService } from '../../fundamentals';
+import { type EventPayload, OnEvent } from '../../fundamentals';
 import { FeatureKind } from '../features';
 import { QuotaConfig } from './quota';
 import { QuotaType } from './types';
 
-type Transaction = Parameters<Parameters<PrismaService['$transaction']>[0]>[0];
+type Transaction = Parameters<Parameters<PrismaClient['$transaction']>[0]>[0];
 
 @Injectable()
 export class QuotaService {
-  constructor(private readonly prisma: PrismaService) {}
+  constructor(private readonly prisma: PrismaClient) {}
 
   // get activated user quota
   async getUserQuota(userId: string) {
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/users/resolver.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/users/resolver.ts
index b047f0c2f1..e76079d797 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/users/resolver.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/users/resolver.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import {
   ResolveField,
   Resolver,
 } from '@nestjs/graphql';
-import type { User } from '@prisma/client';
+import { PrismaClient, type User } from '@prisma/client';
 import GraphQLUpload from 'graphql-upload/GraphQLUpload.mjs';
 
 import {
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ import {
   EventEmitter,
   type FileUpload,
   PaymentRequiredException,
-  PrismaService,
   Throttle,
 } from '../../fundamentals';
 import { Auth, CurrentUser, Public, Publicable } from '../auth/guard';
@@ -40,7 +39,7 @@ import { UsersService } from './users';
 @Resolver(() => UserType)
 export class UserResolver {
   constructor(
-    private readonly prisma: PrismaService,
+    private readonly prisma: PrismaClient,
     private readonly storage: AvatarStorage,
     private readonly users: UsersService,
     private readonly feature: FeatureManagementService,
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/users/users.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/users/users.ts
index f733249f9a..06c8aa0b62 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/users/users.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/users/users.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 import { Injectable } from '@nestjs/common';
-
-import { PrismaService } from '../../fundamentals';
+import { PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client';
 
 @Injectable()
 export class UsersService {
-  constructor(private readonly prisma: PrismaService) {}
+  constructor(private readonly prisma: PrismaClient) {}
 
   async findUserByEmail(email: string) {
     return this.prisma.user.findFirst({
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/controller.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/controller.ts
index 02dc651ba8..006518acd1 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/controller.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/controller.ts
@@ -7,9 +7,10 @@ import {
   Param,
   Res,
 } from '@nestjs/common';
+import { PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client';
 import type { Response } from 'express';
 
-import { CallTimer, PrismaService } from '../../fundamentals';
+import { CallTimer } from '../../fundamentals';
 import { Auth, CurrentUser, Publicable } from '../auth';
 import { DocHistoryManager, DocManager } from '../doc';
 import { WorkspaceBlobStorage } from '../storage';
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ export class WorkspacesController {
     private readonly permission: PermissionService,
     private readonly docManager: DocManager,
     private readonly historyManager: DocHistoryManager,
-    private readonly prisma: PrismaService
+    private readonly prisma: PrismaClient
   ) {}
 
   // get workspace blob
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/permission.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/permission.ts
index 3c17355d4a..c188e1166b 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/permission.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/permission.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import { ForbiddenException, Injectable } from '@nestjs/common';
-import { Prisma } from '@prisma/client';
+import { type Prisma, PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client';
 
-import { PrismaService } from '../../fundamentals';
 import { Permission } from './types';
 
 export enum PublicPageMode {
@@ -11,7 +10,7 @@ export enum PublicPageMode {
 
 @Injectable()
 export class PermissionService {
-  constructor(private readonly prisma: PrismaService) {}
+  constructor(private readonly prisma: PrismaClient) {}
 
   /// Start regin: workspace permission
   async get(ws: string, user: string) {
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/resolvers/page.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/resolvers/page.ts
index 11401895da..8364a351b5 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/resolvers/page.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/resolvers/page.ts
@@ -9,9 +9,12 @@ import {
   ResolveField,
   Resolver,
 } from '@nestjs/graphql';
-import type { WorkspacePage as PrismaWorkspacePage } from '@prisma/client';
+import {
+  PrismaClient,
+  type WorkspacePage as PrismaWorkspacePage,
+} from '@prisma/client';
 
-import { CloudThrottlerGuard, PrismaService } from '../../../fundamentals';
+import { CloudThrottlerGuard } from '../../../fundamentals';
 import { Auth, CurrentUser } from '../../auth';
 import { UserType } from '../../users';
 import { DocID } from '../../utils/doc';
@@ -43,7 +46,7 @@ class WorkspacePage implements Partial<PrismaWorkspacePage> {
 @Resolver(() => WorkspaceType)
 export class PagePermissionResolver {
   constructor(
-    private readonly prisma: PrismaService,
+    private readonly prisma: PrismaClient,
     private readonly permission: PermissionService
   ) {}
 
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/resolvers/workspace.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/resolvers/workspace.ts
index 57e01ef2c4..87fe5bd46d 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/resolvers/workspace.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/core/workspaces/resolvers/workspace.ts
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import {
   ResolveField,
   Resolver,
 } from '@nestjs/graphql';
-import type { User } from '@prisma/client';
+import { PrismaClient, type User } from '@prisma/client';
 import { getStreamAsBuffer } from 'get-stream';
 import GraphQLUpload from 'graphql-upload/GraphQLUpload.mjs';
 import { applyUpdate, Doc } from 'yjs';
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ import {
   EventEmitter,
   type FileUpload,
   MailService,
-  PrismaService,
   Throttle,
 } from '../../../fundamentals';
 import { Auth, CurrentUser, Public } from '../../auth';
@@ -57,7 +56,7 @@ export class WorkspaceResolver {
   constructor(
     private readonly auth: AuthService,
     private readonly mailer: MailService,
-    private readonly prisma: PrismaService,
+    private readonly prisma: PrismaClient,
     private readonly permissions: PermissionService,
     private readonly quota: QuotaManagementService,
     private readonly users: UsersService,
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/fundamentals/index.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/fundamentals/index.ts
index 350955530a..af674c34ff 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/fundamentals/index.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/fundamentals/index.ts
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ export {
   GlobalExceptionFilter,
   OptionalModule,
 } from './nestjs';
-export { PrismaService } from './prisma';
 export { SessionService } from './session';
 export * from './storage';
 export { type StorageProvider, StorageProviderFactory } from './storage';
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/fundamentals/prisma/index.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/fundamentals/prisma/index.ts
index 1c5c8e257b..535e238122 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/fundamentals/prisma/index.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/fundamentals/prisma/index.ts
@@ -3,16 +3,16 @@ import { PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client';
 
 import { PrismaService } from './service';
 
-// both `PrismaService` and `PrismaClient` can be injected
+// only `PrismaClient` can be injected
 const clientProvider: Provider = {
   provide: PrismaClient,
-  useExisting: PrismaService,
+  useClass: PrismaService,
 };
 
 @Global()
 @Module({
-  providers: [PrismaService, clientProvider],
-  exports: [PrismaService, clientProvider],
+  providers: [clientProvider],
+  exports: [clientProvider],
 })
 export class PrismaModule {}
 export { PrismaService } from './service';
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/payment/resolver.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/payment/resolver.ts
index 34746757d3..e171b7a998 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/payment/resolver.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/payment/resolver.ts
@@ -18,11 +18,12 @@ import {
   Resolver,
 } from '@nestjs/graphql';
 import type { User, UserInvoice, UserSubscription } from '@prisma/client';
+import { PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client';
 import { groupBy } from 'lodash-es';
 
 import { Auth, CurrentUser, Public } from '../../core/auth';
 import { UserType } from '../../core/users';
-import { Config, PrismaService } from '../../fundamentals';
+import { Config } from '../../fundamentals';
 import { decodeLookupKey, SubscriptionService } from './service';
 import {
   InvoiceStatus,
@@ -303,7 +304,7 @@ export class SubscriptionResolver {
 export class UserSubscriptionResolver {
   constructor(
     private readonly config: Config,
-    private readonly db: PrismaService
+    private readonly db: PrismaClient
   ) {}
 
   @ResolveField(() => UserSubscriptionType, { nullable: true })
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/payment/service.ts b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/payment/service.ts
index 069763ffef..30a1ffb3f8 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/payment/service.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/src/plugins/payment/service.ts
@@ -7,10 +7,11 @@ import type {
   UserStripeCustomer,
   UserSubscription,
 } from '@prisma/client';
+import { PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client';
 import Stripe from 'stripe';
 
 import { FeatureManagementService } from '../../core/features';
-import { EventEmitter, PrismaService } from '../../fundamentals';
+import { EventEmitter } from '../../fundamentals';
 import { ScheduleManager } from './schedule';
 import {
   InvoiceStatus,
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ export class SubscriptionService {
 
   constructor(
     private readonly stripe: Stripe,
-    private readonly db: PrismaService,
+    private readonly db: PrismaClient,
     private readonly scheduleManager: ScheduleManager,
     private readonly event: EventEmitter,
     private readonly features: FeatureManagementService
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/tests/app.e2e.ts b/packages/backend/server/tests/app.e2e.ts
index 8c59029ddb..6fd112927c 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/tests/app.e2e.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/tests/app.e2e.ts
@@ -4,14 +4,13 @@ import { randomUUID } from 'node:crypto';
 import { Transformer } from '@napi-rs/image';
 import type { INestApplication } from '@nestjs/common';
 import { hashSync } from '@node-rs/argon2';
-import { type User } from '@prisma/client';
+import { PrismaClient, type User } from '@prisma/client';
 import ava, { type TestFn } from 'ava';
 import type { Express } from 'express';
 import request from 'supertest';
 
 import { AppModule } from '../src/app.module';
 import { FeatureManagementService } from '../src/core/features';
-import { PrismaService } from '../src/fundamentals/prisma';
 import { createTestingApp } from './utils';
 
 const gql = '/graphql';
@@ -52,7 +51,7 @@ test.beforeEach(async t => {
     imports: [AppModule],
     tapModule(builder) {
       builder
-        .overrideProvider(PrismaService)
+        .overrideProvider(PrismaClient)
         .useClass(FakePrisma)
         .overrideProvider(FeatureManagementService)
         .useValue({ canEarlyAccess: () => true });
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/tests/mailer.e2e.ts b/packages/backend/server/tests/mailer.e2e.ts
index ee8ac1ec38..8197c8befa 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/tests/mailer.e2e.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/tests/mailer.e2e.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import {
   getLatestMailMessage,
 } from '@affine-test/kit/utils/cloud';
 import { TestingModule } from '@nestjs/testing';
-import { PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client';
 import ava, { type TestFn } from 'ava';
 
 import { AuthService } from '../src/core/auth/service';
@@ -20,13 +19,6 @@ const test = ava as TestFn<{
   skip: boolean;
 }>;
 
-// cleanup database before each test
-test.beforeEach(async () => {
-  const client = new PrismaClient();
-  await client.$connect();
-  await client.user.deleteMany({});
-});
-
 test.beforeEach(async t => {
   t.context.module = await createTestingModule({
     imports: [
diff --git a/packages/backend/server/tests/mailer.spec.ts b/packages/backend/server/tests/mailer.spec.ts
index cb4c4353bd..7b983649e2 100644
--- a/packages/backend/server/tests/mailer.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/server/tests/mailer.spec.ts
@@ -1,126 +1,11 @@
-import { randomUUID } from 'node:crypto';
-
 import type { INestApplication } from '@nestjs/common';
-import { hashSync } from '@node-rs/argon2';
-import { type User } from '@prisma/client';
-import { PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client';
 import ava, { type TestFn } from 'ava';
+import Sinon from 'sinon';
 
 import { AppModule } from '../src/app.module';
-import { FeatureKind, FeatureManagementService } from '../src/core/features';
-import { Quotas } from '../src/core/quota';
+import { FeatureManagementService } from '../src/core/features';
 import { MailService } from '../src/fundamentals/mailer';
-import {
-  createTestingApp,
-  createWorkspace,
-  getInviteInfo,
-  inviteUser,
-  signUp,
-} from './utils';
-
-const FakePrisma = {
-  fakeUser: {
-    id: randomUUID(),
-    name: 'Alex Yang',
-    avatarUrl: '',
-    email: 'alex.yang@example.org',
-    password: hashSync('123456'),
-    emailVerified: new Date(),
-    createdAt: new Date(),
-  } satisfies User,
-
-  get user() {
-    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-this-alias
-    const prisma = this;
-    return {
-      async findFirst() {
-        return null;
-      },
-      async create({ data }: any) {
-        return {
-          ...prisma.fakeUser,
-          ...data,
-        };
-      },
-      async findUnique() {
-        return prisma.fakeUser;
-      },
-    };
-  },
-  get workspace() {
-    return {
-      id: randomUUID(),
-      async create({ data }: any) {
-        return {
-          id: this.id,
-          public: data.public ?? false,
-          createdAt: new Date(),
-        };
-      },
-    };
-  },
-  snapshot: {
-    id: randomUUID(),
-    async create() {},
-    async findFirstOrThrow() {
-      return { id: this.id, blob: Buffer.from([0, 0]) };
-    },
-  },
-  get workspaceUserPermission() {
-    return {
-      id: randomUUID(),
-      prisma: this,
-      async count() {
-        return 1;
-      },
-      async create() {
-        return { id: this.id };
-      },
-      async findUniqueOrThrow() {
-        return { id: this.id, workspaceId: this.prisma.workspace.id };
-      },
-      async findFirst() {
-        return { id: this.id };
-      },
-      async findFirstOrThrow() {
-        return { id: this.id, user: this.prisma.fakeUser };
-      },
-      async workspaceUserPermission() {
-        return {
-          id: randomUUID(),
-          createdAt: new Date(),
-        };
-      },
-    };
-  },
-  get features() {
-    return {
-      async findFirst() {
-        return {
-          id: 1,
-          type: FeatureKind.Quota,
-          feature: Quotas[0].feature,
-          configs: Quotas[0].configs,
-          version: Quotas[0].version,
-          createdAt: new Date(),
-        };
-      },
-    };
-  },
-  get userFeatures() {
-    return {
-      async findFirst() {
-        return {
-          createdAt: new Date(),
-          featureId: 1,
-          reason: '',
-          expiredAt: null,
-        };
-      },
-    };
-  },
-};
-
+import { createTestingApp, createWorkspace, inviteUser, signUp } from './utils';
 const test = ava as TestFn<{
   app: INestApplication;
   mail: MailService;
@@ -130,15 +15,11 @@ test.beforeEach(async t => {
   const { module, app } = await createTestingApp({
     imports: [AppModule],
     tapModule: module => {
-      module
-        .overrideProvider(PrismaClient)
-        .useValue(FakePrisma)
-        .overrideProvider(FeatureManagementService)
-        .useValue({
-          hasWorkspaceFeature() {
-            return false;
-          },
-        });
+      module.overrideProvider(FeatureManagementService).useValue({
+        hasWorkspaceFeature() {
+          return false;
+        },
+      });
     },
   });
 
@@ -153,38 +34,34 @@ test.afterEach.always(async t => {
 
 test('should send invite email', async t => {
   const { mail, app } = t.context;
+
   if (mail.hasConfigured()) {
     const u1 = await signUp(app, 'u1', 'u1@affine.pro', '1');
     const u2 = await signUp(app, 'u2', 'u2@affine.pro', '1');
 
     const workspace = await createWorkspace(app, u1.token.token);
-    const inviteId = await inviteUser(
+
+    const stub = Sinon.stub(mail, 'sendMail');
+
+    await inviteUser(
       app,
       u1.token.token,
       workspace.id,
       u2.email,
-      'Admin'
+      'Admin',
+      true
     );
 
-    const inviteInfo = await getInviteInfo(app, u1.token.token, inviteId);
+    t.true(stub.calledOnce);
 
-    const resp = await mail.sendInviteEmail(
-      'production@toeverything.info',
-      inviteId,
-      {
-        workspace: {
-          id: inviteInfo.workspace.id,
-          name: inviteInfo.workspace.name,
-          avatar: '',
-        },
-        user: {
-          avatar: inviteInfo.user?.avatarUrl || '',
-          name: inviteInfo.user?.name || '',
-        },
-      }
+    const args = stub.args[0][0];
+
+    t.is(args.to, u2.email);
+    t.true(
+      args.subject!.startsWith(
+        `${u1.name} invited you to join` /* we don't know the name of mocked workspace */
+      )
     );
-
-    t.is(resp.accepted.length, 1, 'failed to send invite email');
   }
   t.pass();
 });